DESIGN PROJECT GLYCEROL

SRINIVAS REDDY CHERUKULA (09bch020) SANATH KUMAR VELLANKI (09bch066)

MARKET ANALYSIS : The global market for glycerin is projected to reach 4.4 billion pounds in consumption by the year 2015 and 5.4 billion pounds by the year 2017, propelled by the emerging use of glycerin in various novel applications such as propylene glycol and growing demand from oral care, personal care, pharmaceuticals and food & beverage sectors.

There are over 2,000 established uses for glycerine in the drug, food, beverage, chemicals and synthetic material industries

Demand-supply scenario in different countries :

2011 US Europe China ASEAN Japan

Demand(ktons) 377 620 507 91 55

Supply(ktons) 276 750 113 320 42

India
Latam Africa Middle East Total

75
50 30 40 1845

40
210 30 0 1781

 For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is manufactured,

100 kg of glycerol is produced.( glycerin is a byproduct in biodiesel manufacturing)

Usually this crude glycerol has to be purified, typically

by performing vacuum distillation. This is rather energy intensive

Conclusion:
1)Demand for Glycerin in chemical industry is growing leaps and bounds! But the supply is limited! 2) It is evident that in the very near future the demand-supply gap increases enormously

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :

1) Molecular weight = 92.09 2) Melting point =18.17C 3) Boiling point(760mm Hg) = 290C 4) Density (20C) =1.261 g/cm3 5) Vapor pressure = 0.0025 mm Hg at 50C = O.195 mm Hg at 100C = 4.3 mm Hg at 150C = 46 mm Hg at 200C 6) Refractive index = 1.474 7) Surface tension = 63.4 dyne/cm at 20C(100% glycerol) 8) Compressibility (28.5C) = 2.110 MPa 9) Viscosity = 1499 c.p. at 20C (100% glycerol) 10) Specific heat = 0.5779 cal/gm at 26C(99.94%glycerol) 11) Heat of vaporization = 21060 cal/mole at 55C = 18170 cal/mole at 195C 12) Heat of formation = 159.6 Kcal/gm mole 13) Heat of combustion = 1662 KJ/mole 14) Heat of fusion = 18.3 KJ/mole Glycerol is completely soluble in water and alcohol. It is slightly soluble in ether, ethyl acetate, and dioxane and insoluble in hydrocarbons. Glycerol has useful solvent properties similar to those of water and simple aliphatic alcohol's because of its three-hydroxyl groups. Glycerol is a useful solvent for many solids, both organic and inorganic which is particularly important for the preparation of pharmaceuticals.The solubility of gases in glycerol,like other liquids is temperature and pressure dependent.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 1)Glycerol is a reactive molecule that undergoes all the usual reactions of alcohols. 2)The two terminal primary hydroxyl groups are more reactive than the internal secondary hydroxyl group. 3)Under neutral or alkaline conditions, glycerol can be heated to 250C without formation of acrolein. 4)Reactions with glycerol are therefore best carried out under alkaline or neutral conditions at 180C, alkaline glycerol begins to dehydrate forming ether-linked polyglycerols. 5)At room temperature glycerol rapidly absorbs water. When dilute it is attacked by microorganism 6) On oxidation, glycerol yields variety of product depending upon the reaction conditions. 7)By the use of mild oxidizing agent it is possible to oxidize only one hydroxyl group to yield Glyceraldehyde. 8) Nitric acid converts glycerol to glyceric acid CH2CHCHOHCOOH melting at 134-135C

USES: 1. Glycerin has a role in virtually every industry. 2. it is present in combined form in all vegetable and animal fats 3. Glycerin as a food is easily digested and non-toxic 4. In candies and icings glycerin prevents crystallization of sugar 5. In drugs and the medicine glycerin is an ingredient of many tinctures and elixirs and as a glyceride of starch is used in jellies and ointments 6. In cosmetics glycerin is used in many creams and lotion to keep the skin soft and replace skin moisture 7. In processing tobacco, glycerin is important part of casing solution sprayed on tobacco before leaves are shredded and packed 8. Glycerin can be used as a lubricant in places where oil can fail.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES : Glycerol is the simplest trihydric alcohol which was originally obtained merely as a byproduct of fat saponification After 1940s glycerin began to dominate the market and the glycerol produced was no longer sufficient to meet the rising demand 1)FROM FATS AND OILS : In fats and oils glycerol exists as triglycerides this varies between 8 to 14% To obtain glycerol fats must be split

TRANSESTERIFICATION : glycerol can be obtained from the continuous transesterification of oils and fats to their methyl esters CH2OCOR Lipase CHOCOR + 3MeOH CH2OCOR 3 R.COOMe + CHOH CH2OH CH2OH

SAPONIFICATION: Splitting of fats is done by the addition of alkali or alkali carbonate

Until 1949 all glycerin was obtained from the glycerides in the form of fats and oils, but from that time on production of synthetic glycerin increased until, in 1965 it accounted for about 60% of the market. The first glycerol process put on stream in 1948,followed the discovery that propylene could be converted to glycerol by several routes, the synthesis of glycerol from propylene became possible.

2) FROM ALLYLCHLORIDE :
Hypochlorination:

Dehydrochlorination:

Hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin to glycerol:

3)HYDROGENATION OF CARBOHYDRATES :

Hydrogenation of natural polyalcohols such as cellulose, starch, or sugar followed by distillation gives glycerol Catalyst used in high temperature includes nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium and tungsten as well as oxides of some of the lanthanides

 The crude glycerin produced is poor in quality and requires drastic, expensive refining methods.

4)AS A BYPRODUCT IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION:

1)For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol is produced.( glycerin is a byproduct in biodiesel manufacturing) 2)Usually this crude glycerol has to be purified, typically by performing vacuum distillation. This is rather energy intensive

SELECTION OF PROCESS: 1)Out of these processes production of glycerin from allyl chloride is the better one 2)yield is high >90% 3)Majority of the glycerol producers i.e more than 80% of the total 4)glycerol capacity worldwide use allyl chloride as the feedstock 5)Yields from other processes are very low. 6)They are economically unimportant 7)The glycerol content of fats and oils varies between 8 and 14%. So

production from them doesnt meet the needs

FLOSHEET:

REACTIONS:

1)Epichlorohydrin is hydrolyzed at 80-200C in the precence of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide at atmospheric pressure 2)The yield of dilute (10-25%) glycerol solution is > 98 % 3)This aqueous glycerol solution containing sodium chloride is evaporated in a multistage evaporation plant under vacuum to a glycerol concentration of > 75 % 4)Centrifuge is used to saperate the sodium chloride precipitated sodium chloride is separated at the same tim

Enthalpy balance: DATA: SPECIFIC HEATS: 1) H2O = 4.18 KJ/Kg K (at 25 C) 2) Epichlorohydrin = 1.422 KJ/Kg K (at 25 C) 3) Sodium Hydroxide = 3.93 KJ/Kg K (at 25 C) 4) Sodium chloride = 3.31 KJ/Kg K ( at 31 C) 5) Glycerol = 2.4234 KJ/Kg K ( at 31 C) STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION : H2O = -285.830kcal/mol Epichlorohydrin = -35.6 kcal/mol Sodium hydroxide= -210kcal/mol Glycerol= -259.428 kcal/mol Sodium chloride = -385.92 kcal/mol CSTR: H2O stream : temperature: 298 K Molefraction: H2O =1 H (in)=MCPdT = 9972.93*4.18*(25) =10421.7 KJ/kg Epichlorohydrin stream: Temperature :298 K Mole fraction: epichlorohydrin = 0.69 sodium hydroxide= 0.31 H(in) = (0.69*1.422)+(0.31*3.93) *25 = 40350.56KJ/kg Glycerol stream: Temperature: 304 Mole fraction: glycerol= 0.611 sodium chloride= 0.389; H= 51479 KJ/kg Heat Generated:

(Heat of formation of products) (Heat of formation of reactants) = -359.428-385.92-(-269.15-35.6-285.830) cal/mol = 39455 KJ Centrifuge: Enthalpy of NaCl stream: H= 32361*3.31* 27 = 28921KJ Enthalpy from the centrifuge: 10000KJ Calculations of evaporators enthalpy Are as follows: Glycerol solution is to be concentrated from 7Wt% to a final concentration of 80Wt% The feed is available at 50993 Kg/Hr and 27C. Steam is supplied at 103.66Kpa (Abs.) to the first effect and a vacuum of 74.2(Abs.) mm of Hg is maintained in the last effect. Heat losses by radiation and by entertainment are neglected. Condensate are assumed to enter each effect at its saturation temperature. Glycerol in feed = 50993*0.07 = 3569.51 Kg/Hr Feed rate WF = 50993/3600 = 14.16 Kg/Sec Bottom outlet from third effect = 3569.51/(0.83600) = 1.24 Kg/Sec
Total evaporation =14.16 1.24 =12.9 Kg/Sec

Assuming equal evaporation in all the three effects. W1 Evaporation rate in first effect W2- Evaporation rate in second effect W3 Evaporation rate in the third effect W1 = W2 = W3 = (12.9/3) = 4.3 Kg/sec Outlet from first effect = WF - W1
= 14.16 4.3 = 9.86 Kg/sec

Outlet from second effect = WF W1- W2 = 14.16 4.3 4.3 = 5.56 Kg/sec

Outlet from third effect = WF W1 W2 W3 = 14.16 4.3 4.3 4.3 == 1.26 Kg/sec

Concentration of glycerol in outlet from first effect = (14.16 0.07 )/9.86 = 10 wt% Concentration of glycerol in outlet from second effect = (14.16.07)/5.5 6 = 0.178 = 17.8 wt% Concentration of glycerol in outlet from third effect = (14.16.07)/1.26 = 0.79 = 79 wt% Saturation temperature of inlet steam TS = 100C Boiling point of water in the third effect = 12C Temperature difference =100 12 = 88C BOILING POINT RISE FOR GLYCEROL SOULTION 1) BPR for the third effect at 79 Wt% glycerol = 10.4C 2) BPR for the second effect at 17.8 Wt% glycerol = 1.5C
3) BPR for the first effect at 10 Wt% glycerol = 0.5C Sum of the BPR of the glycerol solution = 10.4 + 1.5 + 0.5

= 12.4C Effective temperature difference = 88 12.4 = 75.6C Now we assume that the amount of heat transfer from steam to the solution is the same in all the three effects i.e. Q (heat transfer in the first effect) = Q (heat transfer in the second effect) = Q (heat transfer in the third effect) OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Since it is a vertical effect evaporator, the overall heat transfer coefficient can safely be assumed as

follows: In the first effect U1 = 2325 W/mC In the second effect U2 = 1275 W/mC In the third effect U3 = 1031 W/mC Now as we have assumed heat transfer rates to be equal , we have

Q1 = Q2 = Q3 (U1 A1 t1 ) = (U2 A2 t2 ) = (U3 A3 t3 ) We design the triple effect evaporator such that the heating area in all the three effect is the same A1 = A2 = A3 U1 t1 = U2 t 2 = U3 t3 t2 / t1 = U1 / U2 = 2352 / 1275 = 1.8 t3 / t 2 = U2 / U3 =1275 / 1031 = 0.6 t1 + t2 + t3 = 75.6C 0.6 t2 + t2 + 0.6 t2 = 75.6C t2 = 32.3C
t1 = 21.54C t3 = 21.64C

ACTUAL BOILING POINTS IN EACH EFFECT First effect: T1 = TS - t1 = 100 - 21.54 = 78.54C Second effect: T2 = T1 - (BPR)1 -t2 = 78.5 - 0.5 - 32.3 = 45.7C Third effect: T3 = T2 - (BPR)2 -t3 = 45.7 - 1.5 - 21.64 = 22.56C

Effect 1 ( C ) TS = 100 T1 = 78.5

Effect 2 ( C ) T1 T2 = 78 = 45.7

Effect 3 ( C ) T2 T3 = 44.2 =22.56

HEAT BALANCE FIRST EFFECT: WS S + WFHF = W1H1 + ( WF - W1 ) h1 latent heat of steam S = 2257.86 KJ/ kg HF Enthalpy of feed at inlet temperature ( 27C) = Cpf ( Tf - 0) = ( 0.576 4.18) 27 = 65 KJ / Kg H1- Enthalpy of vapor leaving the first effect = H2S + (Cp)steam (BPR1)superhea = 2640 + (1.884 0.5) = 2487 KJ/ Kg H2s- Enthalpy of steam at 78C = 2640 KJ / Kg (Cp)steam at 78C = 1.884 KJ/ Kg h1 - enthalpy of outlet from first effect at 78.5C = Cp1 ( t1 0 ) = 0.65 4.18 78.5 = 213.28 KJ/Kg WS (2257.86) + (14.16 65) = ( W1 2487 ) + ( 14.16 W1 ) 213.28 WS (2257.86) = 2273.7 W1 + 2099.6 WS = W1 + 0.93 ------------------------(1)

SECOND EFFECT: W1 1 + ( WF W1 ) h1 = W2 H2 + ( WF W1 W2 ) h2 H3S Enthalpy of steam vapor at 44.2C = 2580 KJ /Kg H2 - Enthalpy of vapor leaving the second effect = H3S + ( Cp)steam (BPR2)supreheat = 2580 + ( 1.884 1.5 ) = 2583 KJ/Kg h2-Enthalpy of outlet from the second effect at 45.7C = Cp2 ( t2 - 0 ) = 0.6 4.18 45.7 = 114.62 KJ /Kg
W1 2162 + ( 14.16 W1 ) 213.28 = (W2 2583 ) + ( 14.16 W1 W2 )114.62

2063.34 W1 = 1397 + 2468.38 W2 W1 + 0.667 = 1.196 W2 -------------------(2) THIRD EFFECT: W2 2+ (WF W1 W2 ) h2 = W3 H3 + (WF W1 - W2 - W3 ) h3 H4S -Enthalpy of steam vapor at 12 .16C = 2523 KJ/Kg H3 -Enthalpy of vapor leaving the third effect = H4S + (Cp)steam (BPR3)ssuperheat = 2523 + (1.884 10.4 ) = 2543 KJ/ Kg h3 Enthalpy of outlet from third effect at 22.56C = Cp3 ( t3 - 0)

= 0.57 4.18 22.56 = 53.75 KJ /Kg

W2 2393 + (14.16 W1 W2 ) 114.62 = W3 2543 + ( 14.16 W1 W2 W3 ) 53.75

2332.13 W2 - 60.87 = 2489.25 W3 + 861.92 W2 + 0.370 = 1.067 W3 + 0.026 W1 --------------------(3) W1 + W2 + W3 = 12.9 Kg/ Sec -------------------------(4) Solving equations' (1),(2),(3) and (4), we get: WS = 5.153 Kg/sec W1 = 4.223 Kg/sec W2 = 4.089 Kg/sec W4 = 4.588 Kg/sec

EVAPORATOR DESIGN:
Now, Q1 = WSS =11634.75 KJ/sec But Q1=U1A1t1 Therefore A1= (11634.7510 )/(21.542325) = 232.32 m Q2 = W11 = 9130.13 KJ/sec But Q2 = U2A2t2 Therefore A2 = (9130.1310 )/(32.31275) = 228 m Q3 = W22 = 9784.98 KJ/sec But Q3 = U3A3t3 Therefore A3 = (9784.9810 )/(21.641031) = 235 m
2 3 2 3 2 3

Thus the obtained areas are within the acceptable range of 5% difference Therefore the average area per effect of the evaporator is 232 m .
2

Tube details: Most generally used diameters today ranges from 1.25 to 2.00 in. outer diameter and most generally used lengths of tubes ranges from 4 to 15 ft. Let us choose 5/4-in. nominal diameter, 80 schedule, brass tubes of 10-ft length. Therefore Outer diameter do = 42.164 mm Inner diameter di = 32.46 mm Length L = 10 ft = 3.048 m Tube pitch ()PT = 1.25 do = 1.25 42.164 = 52.705 mm Surface area of each tube a = doL = 52.70510 3.048 = 0.4037 m Number of tubes required Nt = A /a = 619 Area occupied by tubes = Nt (1/2) PT PT sin = 619 0.5 (52.705 10 ) 0.866 = 0.7445 m Where = 60 1.0. Let us choose this factor as 0.9.
Therefore actual area required = 0.7445/ 0.9 = 0.827 m
2

-3 2

-3 2

But actual area is more than this. Hence this area is to be divided by factor which varies from 0.8 to

The central downcomer area is taken as 40 to 70% of the total cross sectional area of tubes. Let us take it as 50%. Therefore Downcomer area = 0.5 [Nt (/4) do ] = 0.5 [619 (/4) (0.04216) ] = 0.432 m Downcomer diameter = (4 0.432) /
2 2 2

= 0.742 m
Total area of tube sheet in evaporator = downcomer area + area occupied by tubes

= 0.432+ 0.827 = 1.259 m Thus tube sheet diameter = (4 7.1025)/ = 1.27 m

2

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR: Amount of water to be evaporated = 15480 kg/hr Heating surface required A = 232 m2 Design pressure = 5% extra of maximum working pressure = 1.05 1.03 = 1.082 bar = 1.103 kgf/cm2 Evaporator low carbon steel Tubes brass Permissible stress for low carbon steel Modulus of elasticity for low carbon steel Modulus of elasticity for brass Tube sheet thickness: To find tube sheet thickness K = [Ests(Do ts)] / [EtNttt (do tt)] Es = elastic modulus of shell Et = elastic modulus of tube Do - outside diameter of shell = 3 m do - outside diameter of tube = 60.325 mm ts - shell thickness = 12 mm ts - shell thickness = 12 mm tt - tube wall thickness = 5.5 mm Nt - number of tubes in shell = 2108 Therefore K = [19 105 12 (1270 10)] / [9.5 105 619 4.85 (42.164 4.85)] = 0.027 F = [(2 + K) / (2 + 3 K)] = [(2 + 0.027) / (2 + 3 0.027)] =0.99 The effective tube sheet thickness is given by tts = FDo [(0.25 P) / f] = 0.991270[(0.25 1.103) / 980] = 21 mm

= 980 kg/cm2 = 19 105 kg/cm2 = 9.5 105 kg/cm2

with corrosion allowance the thickness may be taken as 25 mm. CHECK FOR TUBE THICKNESS: The tube thickness is given by tt = Pdi / (2fJ P) The permissible stress for brass = 538 kg/cm2 and J = 1 Therefore tt = (1.103 32.46) / [(2 538 1) 1.103] = 0.033 mm But provided thickness is 4.85 mm. Therefore chosen tubes have enough strength to withstand within operating conditions EVAPORATOR DRUM DIAMETER: The following equations help to determine the drum diameter.. Rd = (V/A) / [0.0172 {(l - v) / v}] Where V volumetric flow rate of vapour in m3/sec A cross sectional area of drum For drums having wire mesh as entrainment separator device, Rd may be taken as 1.3. A = V / [Rd 0.0172 {(l - v) / v}] = [15480 /(3600 0.258)] / [1.3 0.0172 {(1019 0.258)/0.258}] = 11.87 m2 Therefore drum diameter = {(4 11.87) /3.14} =3.89 m Drum height can be taken as 2 to 5 times of tube sheet diameter. Thus drum height = 21.27 = 3.81 m ESTIMATION OF BOLT LOADS : Load due to design pressure H = (/4)G^2 P = (/4) (1.3)^20.11 = 0.15 MN Load to keep joint tight under operation Hp = G(2b)mP = 1.3(3.2510-3 ) 2 0.11 = 2.92 103 MN Total operating load Wo = H + Hp = 0.15+2.92 103 = 0.153 MN To find weight of vessel with contents: Weight of vapour drum = dLt = 1.27 3.81 0.015 7820 W1= 1783 kg Weight of tubes W2 = (/4)Nt(do^2 di^2) L = (/4) 619 (0.0422 2 0.032462) 3.048 8450 = 9150 kg weight of tube sheet W3 = 2 (/4)Ds^2 t = (/4) 1.272 0.025 7820 2 = 495 kg Therefore total weight W = W1 + W2 + W3 = 10728 kg

ENTHALPY BALANCE

COST ESTIMATION: Evaporator: Evaporator type: falling film Area= 232m^2 = 2497 sq ft. C= 1.218 exp[2.23620.0126ln(2497)+0.0244(ln(2497))^2) Cost =Rs.632663$ No.=2 Total cost= 2* 632663 = 1265326$ Centrifuge: 1.68m^2 cost= 50,0000$ No.=2 Total cost= 2*500000= 1000000$ Pumps: number of pumps: 4 Cost= 22,000*4 =88000$ Reactor: volume= 14.8 cubic meter From perrys hand book, for 0.38 m3 and N=0.53, cost= 465000$ C2 = C1 (Q2/Q1)n
C2= 465000*(14.8/0.38)^0.53 C2= 3238965$

Total cost of equipment= 5592291 $

Cost index in 2003 = 402 Cost index in 2012 = 588.8 Therefore the total cost of equipment = 5592291* 588.8/402 = 8* 10^6 $
ESTIMATION OF FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT:

DIRECT COST: Purchased equipment E= 8.190 * 10^6 $ Purchased equipment installation = 39% E =3194450$ Piping (installed), 31%E = 2539178 $ Electrical installed,10% E = 819089.7$ Land, 6% E =491453.8$ Total direct Cost =13.01* 10^6 $ INDIRECT COST : a) Engineering and supervision:(5-30% of DC) Assume 30% =3.90 *10^6 $ a) Construction expenses:(10% of DC) =1.31* 10^6 $ b) Contractors fee:(2-7% 0f DC) Assume 7% =9.17*10^5$ c) Contingency:(8-20% of DC) Assume 10% =1.31*10^6 $ Therefore total indirect cost = 7.437 *10^6 $

Fixed capital investment: Fixed capital investment(FCI) = DC+IC = Rs 20.447 * 10^6 $ Working capital investment: 10 20% of FCI Assume 15% =3.06*10^6 $ Total capital investment: = FCI + WC =23.514* 10^6 $ Estimation of total product cost(TPC): Fixed charges: a) Depreciation:(10% of FCI for machinery) =2.044*10^6 $ b) Local taxes:(3-4% of FCI) Assume 3% =6.13*10^5 $ c) Insurances:(0.4-1% of FCI) Assume 1% =2.044*10^5 $ d) Rent:(8-12% of FCI) Assume 9% =1.840*10^6 $ Therefore total fixed charges =4.70 *10^6 $ But, Fixed charges = (10-20% of TPC) Assume 10% Therefore Total product cost =155506507/0.1 =4.70*10^7 $ Direct production: a) Raw material:(10-50% 0f TPC) Assume 30%

=1.41*10^7 $ b) Operating labour(OL):(10-20% of TPC) Assume 15% =7.05*10^6 $ c) Direct supervisory and electric labour:(10-25% of OL) Assume 15% =1.05*10^6 $ d) Utilities:(10-20% of TPC) Assume 15% =7.05*10^6 $ e) Maintainence:(2-10% of FCI) Assume 6% =1.22*10^6 $ e) Operating supplies (OS):(10-20% of maintainence) Assume 15% =1.84*10^5 $ f) Laboratory charges:(10-20% of OL) Assume 15% =1.05*10^6$ g) Patent and royalties:(2-6% of TPC) Assume 4% =1.88*10^6 $ Plant overhead cost: 50-70% of (OL+OS+M) Assume 60% =5.077*10^6$ General expenses: a) Administration cost:(40-60% of OL) Assume 55% =3.87*10^6$ b) Distribution and selling price:(2-30% of TPC) Assume 15% =7.05*10^6$ c) Research and development cost:(3% of TPC) =1.41*10^6$

Therefore general expenses(GE) =12.337*10^6 Therefore manufaacturing cost(MC)= Product cost+fixed charges+Plant overhead expenses = 56.777*10^6$ Total production cost: Total production cost =MC + GE =69.114*10^6$ Gross earnings and rate of return: The plant is working for say 300 days a year Selling price =2.71$/kg Total income =10030010002.71 =81.30*10^6 $ Gross income =Total income total product cost =12.186*10^6$ Tax =40% Net profit = Gross income - Taxes = Gross income (1- Tax rate)
7.311*10^6$

Rate of return = net profit/total capital investment =7.311/23.514 *100 =31.09%

SAFETY AND HAZARDS IN GLYCEROL MANUFACTURING

Effects, Acute Exposure (GLYCEROL) Skin Contact skin) Skin Absorption by this route Eye Contact Inhalation little to no effect (may soften slight; no toxic effects possible may be slightly irritating mist may be slightly irritating

Gaseous emission: Epichlorohydrin and accompanying organic materials in exhaust gases from the hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin can be removed, e.g. by adsorption on activated carbon. Waste water: Contaminated with epichlorohydrin can be treated with, thereby converting the epichlorohydrin to glycerol.Regulations exists in several countries concerning exhaust gas and waste water purification's well as measures for the protection of plant personnel.

Residues:

Residues from evaporation and distillations column should be treated. STABILITY / REACTIVITY: Dangerously Reactive With strong oxidising agents may cause explosion Decomposes in Presence of heat above 290 Decomposition Products toxic acrolein fumes on thermal decomposition

Storage and transportation: Storage: Glycerol is stable when stored below 100C:it is non corrosive and presents little risk of ignition because of its high flash point.Anhydrous glycerol does not corrode steel,but storage tank of carbon steel must be protected by surface coating to prevent rusting by residual moisture.Glycerol is therefore stored in tanks of stainless steel of aluminum. Transportation: Glycerol is shipped in tank trucks, containers and drums. The tank trucks and containers are usually made of stainless steel, galvanized or resin coated steel is used for drums: for small drums, plastic is also employed. Toxicology and occupational health: Glycerol is not harmful to health. Ingestion even of large amounts causes no harm to humans. The use of glycerol as a food additive is permitted in most countries in particular

those off the EEC and in the United States. Slight irrition of the skin or mucous is possible on contact with undiluted glycerol because the strongly hygroscopic glycerol draws water from the skin.

FIRST AID SKIN: Wash with soap and plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and do not reuse until thoroughly laundered. EYES: Wash eyes with plenty of water, holding eyelids open. Seek medical assistance promptly if there is irritation. INHALATION: Remove from contaminated area promptly. CAUTION: Rescuer must not endanger himself! If breathing stops, administer artificial respiration and seek medical aid promptly. INGESTION: Give plenty of water to dilute product. Do not induce vomiting (NOTE below). Keep victim quiet. If vomiting occurs, lower victims head below hips to prevent inhalation of vomited material. Seek medical help promptly.