INDEX

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION LIGHT PHENOMENA Light and its phenomena Human vision PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION Location of lamps Scenic effects Specific light planning THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT The lamps Incandescent lamps Incandescent lamps with halogen Fluorescent lamps Metal iodide lamps The different types of fixtures Light emission The direction of fittings BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY Light flow Average illumination Lighting efficiency Light intensity Percentage of reflection Average luminosity in a given direction Visual task Glare SAFETY AND QUALITY Quality Degree of safety DECORATING WITH LIGHT The porch - The hall The living room The dining room The study The kitchen The bedroom The children's room The bathroom The wardrobe and housework areas page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page 1 2 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 14 18 19 20 20 22 22 23 23 23 24

page 25 page 26 page page page page page page page page page page 28 28 32 36 40 42 44 48 50 54

59

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION

The home, the area enclosed by the four walls of a dwelling, is an expression of the identity of its owner. It can be illuminated with original and imaginative solutions. In fact, we all tend, perhaps unconsciously, to make our home unique, to make it fit our individual requirements and preferences. To do so, one may experiment tentatively, often making the right decisions, even without knowing the fundamental principles of lighting technology. Home illumination therefore becomes an example of how subjective "casting light" on an interior can be. There is no true technique or set of rules on how to light a home. Some scientific and technical knowledge is nevertheless a useful, if not indispensable, instruments enabling us to achieve, rapidly and with a minimum of experiments, the light effects we desire in the space where we live our private life.

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION

The home, the area of a dwelling enclosed by four walls is an expression of the owners identity. It can be illuminated with original and imaginative solutions. In fact, we all tend, perhaps unconsciously, to make our home unique, to make it fit our individual requirements and preferences. To do so, one may experiment tentatively, often making the right decisions, even without knowing the fundamental principles of lighting technology. Home illumination therefore becomes an example of how subjective "casting light" on an interior can be. There is no true technique or set of rules on how to light a home. Some scientific and technical knowledge is nevertheless a useful, if not indispensable, instrument enabling us to achieve, rapidly and with minimum experimentation, the light effects we desire in the space where we live.

LIGHT PHENOMENA LIGHT AND ITS PHENOMENA

Technically speaking, light can be defined as the field of electromagnetic radiation ranging between a wavelength of 380 nm and 780 nm, which reaches our brain through our visual system, enabling us to see the world around us. Each wavelength is perceived, in the field of visual radiation, as a certain colour in a spectrum from violet (about 400 nm) to blue (450 nm), to green (500 nm), to orange (600 nm) to red (700 nm). The human eye does not respond to single colours in the light spectrum, nor to different illuminations, in the same way. In daylight (photopic vision) it is most sensitive to the radiation found in the centre of the spectrum (yellow-green colour - 555 nm) while the sensitivity gradually decreases and is eventually cancelled at the extremities of the spectrum (pict.1). In dimmed light (scotopic vision), for instance at night, the sensitivity curve moves by 48 nm towards violet. As a consequence, in the same condition of energy radiation, a room will appear brighter when it is illuminated with a yellow light, and if the light is soft cold colours (blue and violet) it will be perceived better than with warm colours (orange and red). A perfect perception of colours and small detail requires strong illumination. This may be realised with light sources with a compact light spectrum, complete with all visible wavelengths. The light necessary for a correct visual perception varies with age, and is not identical for all individuals. From birth throughout the growth period human beings need 4 or 5 times more light than adults; this requirement reappears with advanced age, after 50, keeping in mind that every individual is different. All environmental stimuli are very important to visual perception; they influence vision, and thus taste in light. Such factors as the latitude at which one is born, race and culture, as well as primordial and ingrained habits affect us. In the same way as we prefer a dress, a colour or music due to our place of birth and culture, so we find a certain light, its colour, intensity and effects parti-

cularly pleasant. It is essential to remember that light radiation is not transformed only in visual sensations by the brain; a part of it also affects the centre governing the psychophysical state of the individual, mood, ability to pay attention and concentrate and behaviour; indeed, incorrect illumination can be a source of discomfort and even stress. The purpose of this manual is to provide the basic knowledge necessary to stimulate the reader's fantasy and creativity in using artificial illumination, not just to identify the most suitable evening or night illumination in the individual rooms of the home, but also to create atmospheres reflecting the taste and personality of the inhabitant. Our chief interest, when we venture on the difficult task of giving the home the best possible illumination, is the effects perceived by the eyes and the visitors. Light passes through or is reflected by surfaces and objects in the interior of our home, and enables us to see and enjoy the beauty of the people, the furniture and everything else around us. Any atmosphere is the result of the illumination creating it, and any interior changes appearance, affecting us differently, as the lighting is changed. The world around us is only perceptible because it is lit, perhaps half in shade, but nevertheless illuminated. A total absence of light is profound darkness, a total lack of visual sensations, an immaterial world, nothingness.

HUMAN VISION
Due to the important role played by a vision of our environment, our visual apparatus has developed so as to function in very disparate light conditions. Our eyes can adapt themselves to the burning sun of the desert and the thousand reflections of a mountain glacier, as well as to the half-shade of a forest or a night with a full moon. Our world is made to be lit at all times, by the sun in the day and by the stars and moon at night. Our visual apparatus, formed by the eyes, the optical nerves and the visual cortex of the brain, therefore functions uninterruptedly, if we consider that it is also active when we dream.

Pct. 1
1,0

FACTOR OF RELATIVE VISIBILITY

0,8

Day-light Night-light

0,6

0,4

0,2

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

WAVELENGTH IN nm

PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION

To venture along the complex path leading to creative yet functional home illumination, we must commence with method. A good rule is to obtain a plan of the space, at least on a scale 1/50. However, not just a plan indicating the size and arrangement of the floors, it must also include information such as: the location of electricity outlets, the types of walls, structural or partitions, the position of pillars, chimneys, openings and pipes, the position and sizes of furniture and accessories, along with a description of the types of surfaces, their colour and brilliance, and information on all other items such as plants, curtains and carpets. The plan must indicate the height of the rooms and the furniture, unless sections and perspectives of the most important areas are available.

walls: floor: walls: floor: furniture: walls: floor: white dark parquet light cream dark parquet furniture:

white dark parquet light

walls: cream floor: dark parquet furniture:dark wood

h. 3 m

furniture:

light wood

walls: floor: furniture: white

white white

LOCATION OF LAMPS
Once the architectural scheme of the home is complete: - Indicate, with a coloured pencil, the horizontal (such as the floors) or vertical (bookcases, paintings, furniture) areas to be illuminated or emphasised. - Defining the directions from which it is believed the light should come. This initial phase serves to make a general estimate of the number and type of lamps required. It will immediately become clear that the best illumination is achieved with lamps designed specifically for each visual function. For instance, the living room needs general light, a lamp for the dining table and one for reading. It may also benefit from other lights specifically to create different atmospheres: for listening to music, talking with friends, dining, watching slides or television, and so on. The conditions one may create in a domestic environment are almost unlimited, and not just to illuminate something or someone, but to create effects.

SCENIC EFFECTS

As on a theatre stage, light can also be used to decorate entire walls, from the floor to the ceiling. Light rays can be aimed, for instance, on an otherwise bare wall, decorating it with triangular, circular or elliptical spots of light. By using special lamps equipped with different types of filters, strange, coloured patterns can be projected. Lamps creating special light effects (dichroic, coloured etc.) are also available.

SPECIFIC LIGHT PLANNING

There is now a plan and sections with a number of circles or ellipses marked in pencil. The next step is to identify how actually to achieve these effects, and choose the most suitable lamp. By comparing plans and sections we can calculate the width of the light cones which must be created. For instance, if the diameter of the dining table is 2 meters and the lamp is placed above it, at a height of about 1.8 meters, the emission of the lamp must measure about 2x30. If we use projectors, the illuminated area becomes progressively wider as the distance between the lit object and the lamp increases. To create a circle of light with a diameter of 2 meters, it is also possible to use several lamps to cover the area together; in fact, by using more than one lamp one can also illuminate square or irregular surfaces. One can also use the entire room and its surfaces as parts of a gigantic lamp, creating indirect illumination, i.e. making the light rays reflect off walls and ceilings, thus giving the entire room a more luminous atmosphere. In fact, illumination only with direct light can create a "cave effect", that is to say, the points where light is needed are lit but the rest of the room, and in particular the ceiling, is in shadow. The effect is almost the same as a cave lit by sun rays, with very bright areas and other, profoundly dark ones, and consequently strong contrasts between light and shade (optically dramatic effects). This can be prevented by using diffusers which, by making the light reflect against all the surfaces, make the room and the elements in it very luminous.

BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY

LIGHT FLOW
Indica la quantit di luce emessa nellunit di tempo da una sorgente: dipende dallenergia radiante emessa dalla sorgente luminosa e dalla curva di sensibilit dellocchio. Si misura in lumen (lm) mediante speciali strumenti di laboratorio (Sfera di Ulbricht).

AVERAGE ILLUMINATION
Relationship between the light flow received by a surface and its area. It is measured by means of a luxmeter and is expressed in lux (lx = lm/m2). The levels of illumination, often considered as the sole relevant parameter of a system, is only a part of the effect achieved. Each individual may prefer different levels of illumination, and the same individual may prefer more or less lux in his or her dwelling depending on passing moods and physical conditions. To light a room in which ordinary activities take place (diffused illumination) 100 lux is sufficient, while more demanding activities, such as applying makeup, or cooking requires from 200 to 500 lux (focused illumination); to attract attention to a painting, an object or a detail from 500 to 1,000 lux (spot illumination) is

1 lumen

1 mq

1 lux

20

necessary. The human eye is able to distinguish forms with as little as 5 lux, perceive forms and colours with at least 30 lux, read and work with 150 lux and more; on a sunny day the light outdoors can be equivalent to 200,000 lux or more. The UNI 10380 Standards can be used in order to choose accurately and safely. If only projectors are used, the technical information supplied in the catalogues can be consulted. A simple performance chart is often supplied for every lamp with incorporated reflector and for the reflector itself, indicating: the light cone, the diameter of the light spots and the levels of illumination obtained at different distances between source and illuminated area.

H(m)

(m)

Emax(lux) En(lux)

H (m)

EMAX (lux)

EM (lux)

(m)

ROOM (UNI 10380) passage area conversation area reading area writing area meal area kitchen bathroom (general lighting) bathroom (mirror) bedrooms (general lighting) bedrooms (wardrobes) bedrooms (beds) service area (to iron, to sew)

REQUESTED LIGHTING (IR) 50 50 200 300 100 200 50 200 50 200 200 500 100 100 300 1500 150 300 100 300 100 300 300 750 150 150 500 750 200 500 150 500 150 500 500 1000
Emissione Wall Washer

1 2 3 4 5

4186 3055 1046 465 262 167 764 339 191 122

0,87 1,74 2,61 3,48 4,34

Angolo di emissione 55x35

H (m)

EMAX (lux)

EM (lux)

(m)

1 2 3 4 5

1018 255 113 64 41

651 163 72 41 26

0,62 1,24 1,86 2,48 3,10

H (m)

EMAX (lux)

EM (lux)

(m)

1 2 3 4 5

2061 1353 515 229 129 82 338 150 85 54

0,62 1,25 1,87 2,49 3,11

Angolo di emissione 2x20

21

LIGHTING EFFICIENCY
Relationship between the light flow emitted and the output of the source. It is measured in lumen/watt (lm/W). Allows comparison of different types of artificial light sources in terms of running costs.

LIGHT INTENSITY
180 150

120

90

60

30

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Indicates the light emission in relation to its direction. For a punctiform source the intensity is calculated as the relationship between the light flow issued in an infinitesimally small cone and the measure of the solid angle of the cone, expressed in steradiants. It is measured in watts (w). If one represents the luminous intensities emitted by an apparatus in space with vectors issuing from the centre (real or conventional) of the source, the extremities of these vectors is a surface enclosing a volume called the "photometric solid". In terms of illumination technology, a lamp or lighting apparatus is defined by the distribution in space of the intensity emitted (i.e. luminous flux from photometric solid) and the geometry of the area. Catalogues normally show the two photometric curves resulting from the intersection between the photometric solid and the two normal surfaces, longitudinal and transversal, with respect to the lamp.

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?@f?@?@?@ ?@f?@?@? ?@f?@? ?@e@@?@?@?@ ?@e@@?@?@? ?@e@@?@? ? ? @@e @@? @ ? ? ? ? @? ? @ ?J@@ ?J@ ? ?7<? ?7< ? ?@e ?@? ? ? ? ? ? @(e'@e@@ @?@?e?@? @@f@?@ @?(YeV'f ? ? ? ? ?@ ? ? ? ? @@e@@e@@ @@e@@e@ @@e@@? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? @@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ ? ? ?@e ?)X W @?he ?@?@@??@?3) @@e@?& ?V4 @@ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

22

PERCENTAGE OF REFLECTION
Relationship, in percentage, between the light flow reflected by a surface and the total light flow falling onto it. It depends on the type, colour and character of the reflecting surface.

AVERAGE LUMINOSITY IN A GIVEN DIRECTION (watt/m2)

Relationship between the average intensity, in a given direction, on a surface and the area of that surface, perpendicularly with respect to that direction. It is measured with a luminosity meter and is expressed in watt per square meters (w/m2). The luminosity is associated, with the state of adaptation of the eye, with the concept of intensity of the visual sensation, and any discomfort provoked by glare.

VISUAL TASK
This term conventionally indicates the objects, details and their immediate background which will be seen during a given activity. Luminosity contrast (C) The following relationship is defined as luminosity contrast: C= (Ld-L) L Where "Ld" is the luminosity of the detail (for instance the letters of a document to read) and "L" that of its background (the sheet and its immediate surroundings). In general "L" is also the value to which the eye has adapted itself.

23

GLARE
The presence, in the field of vision, of an area with very high luminosity in comparison to the average luminosity of the field (luminosity of adaptation). This reduces the visual capacity of the individual. This phenomenon is called blinding and occurs, for instance, when we meet a car by night with high beams or when light sources appear, perhaps due to reflection off glossy surfaces, in our area of normal observation. One distinguishes between two types of blinding: - disability glare which provokes instantaneous impairment of the visual functions. - discomfort glare which is manifested as a sense of visual discomfort which does not always cause serious disturbance of vision, but which in time causes visual fatigue, stress, difficulty of concentration, reduction of attentiveness, an increased liability to commit errors, a reduced performance.

Opaque surface

Semigloss surface

24

Glossy surface

THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT

After this, there is a clearer picture of the lamps necessary to achieve the desired effects; it is possible to leaf through catalogues with a better idea of what is needed, and only focus on the most suitable lamps. We may find that a suitable lamp is available in different versions, using different light sources, or energy supply controls. How do we make a decision at this point? It is necessary to be familiar with the main characteristics of the light sources (the lamps) and emission controls.

THE LAMPS
Every light source has three fundamental characteristics which are relevant for the purposes of the project; two of them influence the aesthetic characteristics of the space and one is economical. More specifically, they are: the temperature of the colour, the index of chromatic rendition and the luminous efficiency. While the first two enable us to create a more or less "warm" light and to obtain different effects of colour perception, the last influences energy consumption and running costs. These three characteristics differ in every lamp; likewise incandescent lamps, incandescent halogen lamps, fluorescent and metallic iodide lamps differ greatly in physical appearance. Practically speaking, normal incandescent or halogen lamps are best suited to projectors and when the light has to be pointed

at distant areas (4-5 meters or more from the lamp) and to distinguish clearly the illuminated area, creating light and shade, or to achieve a warm, brilliant atmosphere, are the characteristics of these lamps. Fluorescent lamps are useful for achieving different tones of light, from warm, pink to cold and blue; they are suitable for general illumination, for soft diffused light or minimising consumption. Metallic iodide lamps, apart from being among the most economical modern lamps available, with some of the characteristics of halogen lamps, i.e., they are suitable for projectors, and some of those of fluorescent lamps, in that they are available in three different colour temperatures, and thus in cool or warm light hues.

Incandescent lamps

Incandescent lamps are traditional lamps with Edison E27/E14 screw lampholders. More than a century after their invention, they are still widely used for domestic illumination. Their efficiency is close to 10 lumen/watt, their nominal duration about 1000 hours. They are sensitive to impact and vibrations. When lit they rapidly reach a temperature of up to 600 C and one should therefore avoid touching them with fingers or with easily inflammable objects. The hue of the light is a warm white of 2700 K; they enhance red hues. They are also available with incorporated reflectors (Par), coloured or with specially treated glass. They are powered simply by connection to the mains voltage electrical circuit.

Incandescent lamps with halogen

Halogen lamps are made to withstand higher temperatures than normal incandescent lamps; moreover the gas halogen cycle is introduced in the lamp to prevent blackening. Such halogen lamps are smaller than normal incandescent lamps with the same power. Some of the most diffused types are equipped with a reflector, which makes it possible to point and control the light flow. The appropriate light cone width and power can be chosen from a catalogue. Dichroic lamps, with a particular type of reflector and treated glass, emit less heat in the direction of the illuminated area than lamps with a metal parabola. In fact, the special glass reflector disperses about 70% of the heat towards the rear of the lamp, along with just a small percentage of the light; this gives dichroic lamps their characteristic, very fashionable image. To create a group of fittings with an identical halo of coloured light, the best solution is dichroic lamps with titanium-plated glass parabolas. Linear and simple types of lamps can be connected direct to the electrical system, while the more common lamp requires 12V energy supply and consequently a 240V/12V transformer.

10

Fluorescent lamps

In recent years the range of fluorescent lamps has been enriched with a series of compact lamps, of similar size to ordinary incandescent lamps and T5 type lamps (16 mm diameter for linear and circular lamps). Also the general characteristics, in terms of light hue and colour rendition, have improved. The use of fluorescent lamps for domestic illumination is therefore recommended not just because of their low consumption but long duration. They can be used in a large variety of interiors. Fluorescent lamps require a special electronic energy supply circuit which eliminates the stroboscopic effect, increases the efficiency and average life of the lamp and makes it possible to illuminate immediately, essential in a dwelling.

Metal iodide lamps

Metal iodide lamps are almost as economical to use and as durable as fluorescent lamps, but they are much more compact; they are almost no larger than halogen lamps. They can create direct and indirect illumination, and each lamp can light large areas without consuming undue amounts of energy. For instance, a large living room measuring 8 x 6 meters can be lit with 4 floor or wall lamps. Each of which with halogen lamp would consume 500 watts, but with a metal iodide lamp only 150 watt. They require a complex power supply control. Their main defect is the fact that they illuminate gradually (reaching maximum performance in about 5 minutes) and above all, that they are slow to reignite. If accidentally switched off, peak performance will only be reached about 10 minutes after reigniting.

11

INCANDESCENT Incandescent

Incandescent HALOGEN Halogen, capsule

Volt 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 12V 12V 12V 24V 230V 230V 230V 230V 12V 12V 12V 12V 24V 24V 230V 12V 12V 12V 230V 230V 230V 230V

Symbol A60 A60 A60 A65 D45 D60 HR HR HR HR HALO HALO HALO HALO MR11 MR16 MR16 F1 F1 F1 PAR30 AR111 AR111 AR111 HALO QL HALO QL HALO QL HALO

Socket E27 E27 E27 E27 E14 E27 G4 Gy6.35 Gy6.35 Gy6.35 E27 E27 E27 E27 Gu4 Gu5.3 Gu5.3 Gy 6.35 Gy 6.35 Gy 6.35 E27 G53 G53 G53 R7s R7s R7s B15d

Watt 60W 75W 100W 150W 40W 40W 20W 50W 75W 100W 75W 100W 150W 250W 35W 20W 50W 50W 50W 100W 75W 50W 75W 100W 150W 200W 300W 100W

Flux 730 lm 960 lm 1380 lm 2220 lm 400 lm 400 lm 300 lm 950 lm 1600 lm 2200 lm 1100 lm 1500 lm 2500 lm 4200 lm -

Halogen, single ended

Dichroic halogen Aluminium halogen PAR 30 halogen AR111 halogen Linear halogen Halogen LINEAR FLUORESCENT Linear fluorescent Linear fluorescent COMPACT FLUORESCENT Compact fluorescent Compact fluorescent

2600 lm 3200 lm 5000 lm 1500 lm

230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V

T8 T8 T8 T5 T5 TC-EL TC-D TC-D TC-D TC-D

G13 G13 G13 G5 G5 E27 G24d-1 G24d-1 G24d-2 G24d-3

18W 36W 58W 28W 35W 20W 10W 13W 18W 26W

1350 lm 3350 lm 5200 lm 2900 lm 3650 lm 1200 lm 600 lm 900 lm 1200 lm 1800 lm

12

COMPACT FLUORESCENT Compact fluorescent Compact fluorescent Compact fluorescent Compact fluorescent Compact fluorescent Compact fluorescent built-in ballast Compact fluorescent

Volt 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V

Symbol TC-DE TC-DE TC-DE TC-S TC-S TC-S TC-L TC-L TC-L TC-T TC-F TC-F TC-F TC-SL TC-DD TC-DD TC-DD TC-DD T-R

Socket G24q-1 G24q-2 G24q-3 G23 G23 G23 2G11 2G11 2G11 Gx24d3 2G10 2G10 2G10 E27 GR10q GR8 GR10q GRy10q3 G10q

Watt 13W 18W 26W 7W 9W 11W 18W 36W 55W 26W 18W 24W 36W 25W 21W 28W 38W 55W 22W

Flux 600 lm 900 lm 1200 lm 1800 lm 400 lm 600 lm 900 lm 1200 lm 2900 lm 4800 lm 1800 lm 1100 lm 1700 lm 2800 lm 1200 lm 1350 lm 2050 lm 2850 lm 3900 lm 1000 lm

Round fluorescent

DISCHARGE LAMPS Sodium-Xeno High pressure sodium vapour

High pressure sodium vapour W SON Metal halide Metal halide Metal halide, single ended Metal halide, ellipsoidal Metalarc Metal halide, single ended Mercury vapour

230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V 230V

DSX-T HSE HSE HSE HSE HST HQI -TS HQI -TS HQI -TS HQI-T HQI-T HIE HIE HIE CDM-T CDM-T HME HME HME HME QL QL

PG12-3 E27 E27 E40 E40 PG12 Rx7s Rx7s FC-2 G12 G12 E27 E27 E27 G12 G12 E27 E27 E27 E40 -

100W 50W 70W 100W 150W 100W 70W 150W 250W 70W 150W 75W 100W 150W 70W 150W 50W 80W 125W 250W 55W 85W

4800lm 3500 lm 5600 lm 9500 lm 14000 lm 4800 lm 5000 lm 11000 lm 20000 lm 5200 lm 12000 lm 5000 lm 8000 lm 12500 lm 6200 lm 13500 lm 2000 lm 4000 lm 6500 lm 14000 lm 3500 lm 6000 lm

Induction lamp

13

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIXTURES

Fixtures can be distinguished, in the first place, on the basis of how they are installed: on the ceiling, pendant, to the wall, on the floor, on a table, recessed, fixed to track or special emergency solutions.

Floor lights
J. Van Lierde

Floor lights are the easiest solution for illuminating any room. They can be placed, if necessary, some meters from the electrical socket. Taking care to make safe the cable. They are easy to move around, thus giving flexibility of illumination. Some attention has to be paid to how they are placed (to prevent knocks and ensure they are distant from inflammable objects).

ECHOS

Wall lights
M. De Lucchi

The chief advantage of lights fixed to vertical walls is that they provide diffused illumination for the room. Their light softens any shadows produced by ceiling or pendant lamps. Wall lamps can be essential to illuminate vertical surfaces, such as the walls of the room, bookcases or paintings. The effect of their light also represents a decorative element on the walls; however, as wall lights require work on the masonry to install the electric cables, their definitive position has to be chosen carefully.

14

DIOSCURI

Table lights

The optimum light for all work done within a limited area. Combined with suitable diffused general illumination, then it is the ideal solution for writing, drawing and reading, particularly when the text is placed on a table.

Ceiling lights
D. Palterer

Pendant lights
. Halloween

15

PANTALICA

Lights suspended from the ceiling by wires or rigid shafts are available in a large variety of solutions. Being suspended, they provide a diffused light.

TIMETE

Ceiling lights are fixed direct to the ceiling; therefore the maximum range of their light emission is 180 degrees. They require suitably concealed electric cables, which may mean masonry work.

NESSO

G. Mattioli

A. Meda - P. Rizzatto

Track
This is the most flexible solution, and is therefore used where the illumination must be changed frequently. Each track has a special mechanical and electric attachment to which only specifically prepared lamps can be fixed. Modern electrified track can be used for different types of lamps, from fluorescent diffusing ones to traditional spotlights; all types of lighting effects can therefore be created. The track can supply energy to different lamps. Track can be mains voltage (240 volt) or low voltage (12 volt). The former can be used both for metal halide, fluorescent and halogen lamps, if equipped with suitable transformers, usually up to a total output of about 3000 watts. The latter can only supply halogen lamps, up to an output of 300 watt. If the position of the track is planned carefully and a suitable number of lamps mounted on it, everything can be lit with this solution, which makes it possible to change the arrangement easily and quickly.

CRONOCOLOR

E. Gismondi

STARSHIP

Recessed fittings
AYRTON

False ceilings, installed to lower the height and to conceal cables and ducts are becoming increasingly common in residential interiors. Recessed lights are simple and economical. However when choosing this type of lamp one must consider the type of material of the false ceiling and the energy which can be absorbed. Recessed lights can also be used in the wall; in this case they are perfect for creating scenic lighting effects.

16

Obligatory for illumination of all public areas, these lamps should also be a regular feature in every home. Emergency lights have a battery and a circuit to make them switch on automatically in case of blackout. They are very useful if the electricity should be cut temporarily, and should be placed in the different crucial points of the dwelling: in the bedroom, near the mains switch, in the bathroom and work rooms. They should be switched on and the batteries completely exhausted at least once every six months to guarantee safe and lasting function.

17

PANTAREI

E. Gismondi

Emergency lamps

LIGHT EMISSION
Lamps are not only sub-divided into categories on the basis of the type of installation: floor, wall, ceiling and pendant. Every lamp is distinguished by its type of emission: Direct emission: downwards, Indirect emission: upwards, Dual emission: upwards and downwards Diffusing emission Extra-diffusing emission Semi-concentrated emission Concentrated emission Wall washer emission The choice of light emission to use is crucial for achieving the desired atmosphere. Lamps with indirect and diffused light are not suitable for creating intimate and cosy atmospheres; on the contrary, by using only spotlights which concentrate the light on limited areas it is impossible to achieve a bright, radiant interior.

Diffusing emission

Extra-diffusing emission

Dual emission

Wall washer emission

Concentrated emission

Semi-concentrated emission

18

THE DIRECTION OF FITTINGS

The location of lights is decisive for the quality of the illumination system. The greatest difficulty encountered when planning home illumination often lies in the possibility, or impossibility, to place the lamps in a specific place. Walls occupied by furniture, ceilings which cannot be touched make it hard to find the points where not only is it possible to bring electrical wires, but from which the light creates the desired effects. The location is essential when using lamps emitting a concentrated light, and for lamps providing a diffused light, even if for different reasons. In both cases, it is equally important to control the direction in which the light rays issue from the lamp, and affect the different surfaces. The effects of the light, the reflections, uncomfortable glare and shadows are the result of careful control and this is often underestimated.

Above lighting

Behind lighting

Right lighting

19

DECORATING WITH LIGHT

THE PORCH

The outer entrance of the home can be lit both in a rational and in an expressive manner. The entrance door of a home can be lit with a spotlight, which may be switched on automatically by a sensor mechanism, and which illuminates both the area around the door and the name plate and bell. If the spotlight is to remain switched on at all times, it is better to opt for a compact 18 watt fluorescent lamp, which consumes little energy; otherwise a 50 watt halogen with incorporated projector is perfect.

28

PANTAREI

E. Gismondi

CHIOS

C. Forcolini

GIASOLE T.S.

E. Gismondi

ORESTE PARETE

E. Gismondi

LUCERI SYSTEM

NIKI

E. Gismondi

29

THE HALL
This room represents the border between the world outside and the home, and should be lit as such. The best solution is spotlights or wall fittings with halogen lamps. If the entrance opens into a corridor the path can be illuminated by 35 watt halogen spotlights placed at a distance of about 1.5 meters, and at shorter intervals in the hall itself. The wall fittings may emit indirect light, but this solution usually creates a quite dull atmosphere; it is better to opt for lamps with glass diffusers that brighten up both vertical surfaces, including faces, and horizontal ones such as the floor.

30

ICARO

C. Forcolini

VESTA

E. Gismondi - G. Fassina

GAIA PARETE 3

. Halloween

MIKADO SYSTEM

F. A. Porsche

LD SYSTEM

A. Meda - P. Rizzatto

MASHA PARETE

J. Cerutti

CRONOCOLOR

E. Gismondi

31

THE LIVING ROOM

This room is the most representative one in the home. It is where the family and its guests meet, converse, play games, watch television and listen to music. It must therefore serve many different purposes, and it must be possible to meet a variety of visual requirements simultaneously. It is important not to forget that while adequate illumination criteria must be followed to illuminate the different activities, the overall result must nevertheless be cosy and appealing. The general illumination, with an average of 100-200 lux, can be provided with recessed wide-angle spotlights, if there is a lowered ceiling, or with halogen wall lamps. Individual areas can be lit by a pendant fitting for a dining table, and with floor lamps near the conversation area. Adjustable floor lamps can be arranged in the area where games are played, while table lamps can be placed on sideboards and coffee tables. A lamp with one or two dichroic 50 watt lamps can be used for the reading area, or if preferred, a more diffusing 150 W lamp can be suspended above the reader. It should be possible to adjust the light in the area near the television, in such a way that the area behind the screen is lit by the diffused light of a dim table lamp, to soften the contrast between the background and the screen and guarantee more comfortable viewing.

32

TOLOMEO STELO TERRA

M. De Lucchi - G. Fassina

ECHOS

J. Van Lierde

NESTORE LETTURA

C. Forcolini

ESPERIA

E. Gismondi

ARCADIA TAVOLO

E. Gismondi

33

34
TEBE TERRA
E. Gismondi

CHIMERA

V. Magistretti

MICONOS TAVOLO

E. Gismondi

AMINTA

E. Schweinberger

COPPA

J. Cerrutti

MENELAO TERRA

E. Gismondi

OBLIO TEBE PARETE TITIES 26

E. Gismondi E. Gismondi

Zebulon

MENELAO TAVOLO

E. Gismondi

LIBERA

M. De Lucchi

ROBBIA 60

E. Pasini

STARDUST

AYRTON

ARPASIA PARETE

J. M. Valery

35

THE DINING ROOM

The room must be bright but free from glare, with an appealing and warm atmosphere, created by an harmonious distribution of light without excessive and glaring contrasts. The table is the central element, and should be lit with 100-150 lux. A pendant lamp suspended at least 2.2 meters from the floor, which matches the interior and the colour of the furniture, may be used. Lamps with warm hues and perfect colour rendition, perhaps softone type incandescent lamps should be considered. The walls can be decorated with wall fittings to match the pendant lamp.

36

KYRON

R. Sapper

DUCALE SOSPENSIONE

G. Righetto

LEDA PARETE 2

. Halloween

LEDA SOSPENSIONE

. Halloween

DUCALE PARETE 2

G. Righetto

37

38
GALATEA PARETE
A. Anastasio

MUSA SOSPENSIONE

R. Dordoni

GALATEA SOSPENSIONE
A. Anastasio

GAIA SOSPENSIONE

. Halloween

ZSU-ZSU SOSPENSIONE

. Halloween

CETRA

V. Magistretti

PANTALICA SOSPENSIONE

. Halloween

OMEGA

V. Magistretti

GIOCASTA SOFFITTO 3 A. Anastasio

PANTALICA PARETE 3 . Halloween

GIOCASTA PARETE 2

A. Anastasio

39

THE STUDY
0,60 m

zona 2 IP X3

zona 1 IP X4

zona 0 IP X7

The visual requirements are very high in this area, both in terms of quantity and quality of illumination. In the study the criteria adopted should be similar to those used for the work station in the office: 500 lux horizontal illumination level, elimination of direct glare and disturbing reflections on the work areas and the computer screen, regulation of the light flows to adapt them to individual requirements and habits. Floor lamps placed close to the desk, wall lamps or pendant lamps with indirect emission may be used. On the work top, table fittings with incandescent lamps may be used; these, appropriately oriented, can illuminate even tiny details. If a computer is used, a table lamp with normal emission should be placed at eye level, with light beam directed towards the keyboard, but not towards the screen. If a lamp designed specifically for computer screens is used, it can be placed higher, thanks to the controlled width of the emission band.

40

RODOPE

Zed

PAN TERRA

E. Gismondi

TOLOMEO CREONTE TAVOLO

M. De Lucchi - G. Fassina E. Gismondi

SURF SYSTEM

N. Poulton

E-LIGHT

E. Gismondi

TIZIO

R. Sapper

SPY TAVOLO

H. Wettstein

41

THE KITCHEN
To render normal household chores comfortable, prevent accidents and facilitate the necessary cleaning work, the lighting of the kitchen must feature specific characteristics: - Level of illumination: basic 300 lux average horizontal light distributed very uniformly in the room, and about 300 lux on work tops and the cooker. - Lamps with warm hues and perfect colour rendition. - Fittings equipped with sufficient protection, which are easy to clean. - Absence of glare, especially on work areas and on the cooker. These requirements can be met by using, for the general diffused illumination, fluorescent lamps providing 12W/m2. If there are large windows in the room, the modules should be aligned with the windows. The focused illumination directed towards the work tops and the cooker should be recessed or semi-recessed adjustable spotlights fixed to the ceiling, possibly by means of a closed track. Pendant lamps hung above the table can be used in the dining area.

42

MIKADO TRACK

F. A. Porsche

ALEPPO SOSPENSIONE 44

M. De Lucchi

AGGREGATO SOSPENSIONE

E. Mari - G. Fassina

MICONOS SOSPENSIONE

E. Gismondi

NULLA

E. Gismondi

GUM

Zebulon

DIOSCURI

M. De Lucchi

43

THE BEDROOM
This room requires two types of illumination: a general diffused light, of maximum 100 lux, if possible indirect, or from dim pendant lamps creating a cosy atmosphere. Lamps with warm, light hues and excellent colour rendition, with an average illumination capacity of 50-150 lux, are excellent. A local illumination of mirrors, chests of drawers, wardrobes and, if applicable, a writing desk should also be provided. If lamps with incorporated projector are used on the bedside table, it is possible to read in bed without illuminating the entire room and thus disturbing one's companion. Wardrobes should be illuminated with strong light, i.e. 400-500 lux, from recessed spotlights, if the room has a lowered ceiling, or projectors fixed direct to the ceiling.

44

GIOCASTA NOTTE

A. Anastasio

E-LIGHT AFRODISIA

E. Gismondi

F. C. Morelli

GALATEA TAVOLO 40

A. Anastasio

ARPASIA LUMINATOR

J. M. Valery

BIBI

A. Mendini

45

46
IOLE TAVOLO
E. Gismondi - G. Fassina

ORIONE TAVOLO

R. Dordoni

MASK

E. Pasini

TEBE SOSPENSIONE

E. Gismondi

MICONOS TAVOLO

E. Gismondi

GOCCIA IOLE SOFFITTO MELLISSA

E. Gismondi - G. Fassina

Studio Veart

T. Cordero

AYRTON

UTOPIA PARETE - SOFFITTO

E. Gismondi

ERMES

M. Tortel

47

THE CHILDREN'S ROOM

This room serves many purposes. The kids use it to sleep, play, do homework, and spend time with their friends. The illumination must therefore be flexible, to meet the requirements of the different visual functions, keeping in mind that: - Youths need more light than adults do. - The lamps will probably remain switched on even when they are not used, thus consuming energy and developing unnecessary heat. - Safety must be a fundamental characteristic of the lamps. Consequently, to provide a general horizontal illumination of about 350 lux (10W/m2) we choose recessed lamps with compact fluorescent lamps, if there is a lowered ceiling, and otherwise ceiling lamps, also with compact fluorescent lamps. The homework desk has to be illuminated by at least 350 lux directed towards the work area, using pendant lamps. Wardrobes or shelves may be lit with PAR 30 spotlights mounted on a track.

48

GILDA

In Suk Il - S. Capponi

TOLOMEO

M. De Lucchi - G. Fassina

CRICKET TAVOLO

R. Blumer

NIKI E. Gismondi LUCERI SYSTEM

TOLOMEO FARETTO M. De Lucchi - G. Fassina

TOLOMEO SOSPENSIONE DECENTRATA

M. De Lucchi - G. Fassina

E-LIGHT

E. Gismondi

49

THE BATHROOM
The bathroom must, apart from meeting the aforementioned safety regulations, be lit brightly with lamps guaranteeing a good colour rendition. This room must be lit in such a way that one can see clearly, not only the surrounding objects, which will seem cleaner if illuminated with a cold fluorescent light of 40005000 kelvin, but also oneself, in order to take care of one's body and appearance. The illumination of the mirror becomes essential, and likewise does a correct background light. The mirror and the surrounding area must be lit with at least 2000 lumen, and the rest of the room with at least 500 lumen per square meter of floor area. While lamp shades and glass screens can be of very different and vivacious colours in the rest of the home, they should be of soft colours or white in the bathroom, in order not to modify the light and thus the colour of the objects. The CIE 64-8 regulations provide, for bathrooms or rooms with water outlets, two drawings with indications of the areas where certain measures must be taken. In fact areas that are more or less near water outlets are classified with numbers from 0 to 3, and differ in size according to whether the bathtub is protected by a box or not. No electrical apparatuses may be installed in area 0, only boilers may be installed in area 1, while lamps of class II and with a minimum protection degree of IP 44 may be installed in area 2. Area 3 is free, but also here it is nevertheless safer to use apparatuses with a minimum degree of IP.

zona 0 zona 1 zona 2 zona 3

It corresponds to the inside volume of the bath or shower. IP 27 Classe III It corresponds to the volume near the bath or shower for an height of 2,25 m. IP 24 Classe III It corresponds to the volume arand the bath or shower for a width of 0,50 m and an hight of 2,25 m. IP 23 Classe II IT corresponds to the volume araund the wash-basin of a width of 2,40 m for the hight of the room. IP 21 Classe I - II

2,40 m

0,60 m

2,25 m

zona 3 IP X1

zona 2 IP X3

zona 1 IP X4

zona 0 IP X7

50

CANNE IP 23

R. Dordoni

KALIS - TRIKALIAS - DELTAKALIAS

E. Gismondi

GIASOLE IP 23

E. Gismondi

FAMA IP 23

T.oso, Massari & Associati

51

52
MASHA IP 23
J. Cerutti

ROLLA IP 23

Studio Veart

TELEFO 50 IP 44

. Halloween

MASK 15 IP 23

E. Pasini

TOPLITE IP 44

ONFALE 20 IP 23

L. Vistosi

HIDRA IP 23

J. M. Valery

GUM IP 44

Zebulon

VESTA IP 23

E. Gismondi - G. Fassina

CILLA

E. Gismondi

53

THE WARDROBE AND HOUSEWORK AREAS

To illuminate wardrobes, cabinets and all vertical surfaces in general, it is necessary to install adjustable recessed lamps if the room has a lowered ceiling, or movable spotlights mounted on tracks, with high chromatic rendition, to distinguish the colours of the garments properly. Said lamps are installed in front of the wardrobes, at a distance exceeding the figure indicated on the label of the lamp A vertical value of 100/200 lux must be obtained by using a power of about 10-20 W/m2. A stronger, pin point light is necessary for work areas (ironing, mending), perhaps using lamps with an adjustable arm.

54

ALAIN

TOLOMEO BRACCIO

M. De Lucchi - G. Fassina

MIKADO B.T.

F. A. Porsche

PROJELIT

SPY BRACCIO

H. Wettstein

MANDRAKI PARETE

R. Blumer

55

In addition to obligatory EC labelling, the presence of the label of a third party institution, as for instance ENEC or IMQ, on the lamp confirms that they meet the standards for products established by the individual countries where such labels are used.

DEGREE OF SAFETY
To guarantee a correct choice and use of luminaires it is necessary also to consider the degree of protection against the penetration of solids and liquids. Luminaires must guarantee a minimum degree of protection of IP 20; this degree of protection guarantees that a standard testing finger cannot come into contact with live parts, while it does not guarantee any protection against the penetration of water. This therefore means that while one cannot touch live metal parts directly, access to the inside of the luminaire is not impossible. As the degree of protection increases, the protection guaranteed against foreign bodies increases accordingly (Number 3 guarantees protection against solid bodies of a diameter of 2.5 mm. Number 4 guarantees protection against solid bodies of a diameter of 1 mm. Number 5 guarantees protection against dust). As to the second IP degree, degree 3 means that the luminaire is protected against water splashed at a 60 angle from the vertical. Degree 4 means it is protected against splashes from any direction, while degree 5 guarantees protection against sprays of water. It is particularly important to choose the right protection in the case of luminaires to be installed in damp areas (bathrooms) and outdoors. It is moreover necessary to choose the correct product for the type of material on which it is to be fixed (installation surface); the safest products can be attached directly to normally inflammable surfaces and carry the "F" label. To ensure the product is used correctly it is, in any case, necessary to follow the

26

56
TOPLITE BI-ORIENTABILE PRADO SU ADATTATORE
Zebulon

SPOTS ROLL-MOB

E. Sol

PRADO SU BASETTA

Zebulon

BOX

ACCENT PLUS ORIENTABILE

STARSHIP ATON BARRA MIKADO PARETE

A. Meda - P. Rizzatto E. Gismondi

F. A. Porsche

AGGREGATO BRACCIO

E. Mari - G. Fassina

SOLAR

E. Sol

NIKI

E. Gismondi

PANTAREI

E. Gismondi

57

INDEX
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION LIGHT PHENOMENA Light and its phenomena Human vision PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION Location of lamps Scenic effects Specific light planning THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT The lamps Incandescent lamps Incandescent lamps with halogen Fluorescent lamps Metal iodide lamps The different types of fixtures Light emission The direction of fittings BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY Light flow Average illumination Lighting efficiency Light intensity Percentage of reflection Average luminosity in a given direction Visual task Glare SAFETY AND QUALITY Quality Degree of safety DECORATING WITH LIGHT The porch - The hall The living room The dining room The study The kitchen The bedroom The children's room The bathroom The wardrobe and housework areas page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page page 1 2 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 14 18 19 20 20 22 22 23 23 23 24

page 25 page 26 page page page page page page page page page page 28 28 32 36 40 42 44 48 50 54

59

www.artemide.com

WORLD HEADQUARTERS Via Bergamo, 18 20010 Pregnana Milanese (MI) Italia Tel. 02/93518.1 Fax 02/93590254-93590496 numero verde 800-834093 (for Italy only) e-mail: info@artemide.com Argentina Edimetra S.A. Paraguay 860 Buenos Aires Tel. 011/43124871 Fax 011/43124700 e-mail: artemide_ar@artemide.com Austria Artemide Handelsgesellschaft mbH Altmannsdorferstrasse 86 7&8 A - 1120 Wien Tel. 01/8038323 Fax 01/803832320 e-mail: artemide_at@artemide.com Benelux (Belgium/Holland/Luxemburg) Artemide Benelux Beemdstraat 25 1601 Ruisbroek Tel. 02/3348450 Fax 02/3781217 e-mail: artemide_benelux@artemide.com Canada Artemide Ltee/Ltd. 9200, Place Picasso Montreal (St.Leonard), Quebec H1P 3J8 Tel. 514/3236537 Fax 514/3238864 e-mail: artemide_ca@artemide.com France Artemide S.A. Z.I. du Breuil, BP 55 F-18400 Saint Florent sur Cher Tel. 02/48556730 Fax 02/48551623 e-mail: artemide_fr@artemide.com Artemide S.A. 6/8 Rue Basfroi, F-75011 Paris Tel. 01/43671717 Fax 01/43672402 e-mail: artemide_fr@artemide.com

Germany Artemide GmbH Itterpark 5 40724 Hilden Tel. 02103/2000-0 Fax 02103/2000-11 e-mail: artemide_de@artemide.com Great Britain Artemide GB Ltd. 106 Great Russel Street London WC1B 3LJ Tel. 0171/6315200 Fax 0171/6315222 e-mail: artemide_uk@artemide.com Greece Artemide Hellas S.A. 34, Solonos Str. 10673 Athens Tel. 01/3646770-4-5 Fax 01/3646823 e-mail: artemide_gr@artemide.com Hong Kong Artemide Ltd. Shop 102-103 Ruttonjiee Centre 11 Duddell Street, Central Hong Kong Tel. 852/25230333 Fax 852/28450544 e-mail: artemide_hk@artemide.com Japan Artemide Inc. - c/o Glex Corp. 2-4-8 Fukuura Kanazawa-Ku Yokohama-Shi Kanazawa-Ken 236-004 Tel. 045/7813562 Fax 045/7813593 e-mail: artemide_jp@artemide.com Italy Artemide S.p.A. Via Bergamo, 18 20010 Pregnana Milanese (MI) Tel. 02/93518.1 Fax 02/93590254-93590496 numero verde 800-834093 (for Italy only) e-mail: info@artemide.com Showrooms Corso Monforte 19 20122 Milano Tel. 02/76006930 - 794039 Fax 02/794039 Via Margutta 107 00187 Roma Tel. 06/36001808 - 36001802

Fax 06/36001810 Via Vittoria Colonna 35/36 80121 Napoli Tel. 081/415827 Fax 081/415827 Peoples Republic of China Artemide S.p.A. China Representative Office Room 2203, Lucky Target Square no. 500 Chengdu Road (N) 200003 Shanghai Tel. 021/63617655 Fax 021/63618930 Portugal Artemide Portugal S.A. Av. Afonso Costa, Lote 20 A 1900-036 Lisboa Tel. 01/8462055 Fax 01/8462055 e-mail: artemide_pt@artemide.com Artemide Portugal S.A. Rua Coutinho de Azevedo 305 4000 Porto Tel. 02/5102475 Fax 02/5100311 Spain Artemide S.A. C/Lerida 68 y 70 08820 Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona) Tel. 93/4783911 Fax 93/3707306 e-mail: artemide_es@artemide.com Switzerland Artemide Illuminazione SA Via Trevano 72 6900 Lugano Tel. 091/9728881/2 Fax 091/9728891 e-mail: artemide_ch@artemide.com U.S.A. Headquarters, National Sales & Customer Service Center: Artemide Inc. 1980 New Highway Farmingdale NY 11735 Tel. 516/694 9292 Fax 516/694 9275 e-mail: artemide_us@artemide.com

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Australia Ornare Lighting Australia 28 Fullarton Road Norwood 5067 Tel. 08/83623029 Fax 08/83622909 e-mail: ornare@camtech.net.au Brazil La Lampe Iluminaao Al. Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva 1258 01441-001 So Paulo Tel. 011/5353573 Fax 011/5360367 e-mail: llsp.magali@lalampe.com.br Chile Interdesign S.A. Isidora Goyenechea 3200 Santiago Tel. 02/2314114 Fax 02/2461197 e-mail: interdes@cmet.net

Fax 70201701 Ecuador Integral Iluminacion Victor Emilio Estrada 806 Y Guayacanes Guayaquil Tel. 034/880635 - 880632 - 886629 Fax 034/880635 - 880632 - 886629 e-mail: integral@gu.pro.ec Korea Kunyang Trading Co. Ltd. 721-39 Yoksam-Dong Kangnam-Gu P.O. Box 7594 Seoul 135-080 Tel. 02/5611891/4 Fax 02/5611895 e-mail: nam8912@chollian.net Ireland Applied Lighting Piltown, Drogheda, Co. Meath Tel. 041/29434 Fax 041/29474 Israel Kamchi Lighting Ltd. Kibbutz Shefayin, Post Shefayin 60990 Tel. 09/9567474 Fax 09/9554311 e-mail: office@kamchi.co.il Lebanon Vent Nouveau S.A.R.L. 437, Autostrade Jal-El-Dib P.O. Box 60, 233 Jal-El-Dib Beirut Tel. 04/411994 - 405034 Fax 04/881131 - 407607 e-mail: info@ventnouveau.com.lb Morocco Eurolux 83 Bd Al Massira, Maarif Casablanca Tel. 02/234978 - 256218 Fax 02/255811 New Zealand Ecc Lighting Ltd. 39 Nugent Street P.O. Box 391 Auckland Tel. 09/3799680 Fax 09/3735614 Philippines Arrakis Oggetti Unit nos. 255 and 257, 2/F Makati

Av./Arcade, Shangri-La Hotel Makati Makati, Av. Makati City 1200 Metro Manila Tel. 02/8674952 - 8674954 - 8946009 Fax 02/8946001 e-mail: arrakis.manila@hotmail.com Poland Lotronic Light System UL. Plebaska, 5 44100 Gliwice Tel. 032/2308916 Fax 032/2308838 e-mail: katowice@lotronic.com.pl Russia Velta Ltd. Myasnickaya, 30/1/2, st. 1 127247 Moskau Tel. 095/9238075 Fax 095/9238075 e-mail: velta@dak-decor.ru Saudi Arabia Arteclight Khair M. Al-Khadra Trading Est. Lighting Branch Alawi New Center Medina Road, P.O. Box 52940 Jeddah 21573 Tel. 02/6697269 - 6609863 Fax 02/6697269 - 6609863 Serbia MCS International LJ. Bogdana 1A/215 11000 Beograd Tel. 011/3221246 Fax 011/3237978 e-mail: mcs@eunet.yu Singapore Abraxas Designs PTE Ltd 10 Teck Lim Road 088386 Singapore Tel. 65/2259883 - 2253815 Fax 65/2256992 e-mail: constmak@abraxas.com.sg Slovakia Uni Light Sro. Palackeho 14 81102 Bratislava Tel. 017/54430700 Fax 017/54430712 Slovenia Arcadia D.O.O. Cesta Dveh Cesarjev 403 1000 Ljubljana Tel. 061/1233025 - 1234025

Fax 061/1235025 e-mail: arcadia@eunet.si Thailand Architectural Products Co., Ltd. 29/4 Soi Sukhumvit 31 Klong-Ton, Klong-Toey 10110 Bangkok Tel. 02/2596199 Fax 02/2596190 - 2591309 Turkey Fil Design Centre Spor Cad. 159 Akaretler 80680 Istanbul Tel. 0212/2602099 - 2597002 Fax 0212/2602112 Ukraine M.I.K. Schorr GmbH Vorovskogo str. 49 252054 Kiev Tel. 044/2386050 Fax 044/2386050 Hungary V.A.M. Design Center Kiraly U. 22, Kaldy GY U.1 1061 Budapest Tel. 01/2679540 Fax 01/3227079 e-mail: vamdesign@mail.datanet.hu United Arab Emirates Marconi Lighting Systems L.L.C. P.O. Box 50007 Dubai Tel. 04/2222741 Fax 04/238005 e-mail: marconi@emirates.net.ae Venezuela Lamparas Diana Dos Sa Calle Fermin/Genoves 6301 Porlamar, Isla Margarita Tel. 095/631933 - 610942 Fax 095/611319 Iluminacion Helios C.A. Av. San Felipe Centro Coinasa Mezzanina La Castellana Caracas 1060 Tel. 02/2655883 Fax 02/2654008 e-mail: informacion@helios.com.ve

Colombia Mealma Design Ltda. Diagonal 109 n. 20-21 Santafe de Bogot Tel. 01/2159092 Fax 01/6190338 Cyprus Hc Furniture and Art Ltd. 24B Pindarou Street, P.O. Box 586 1660 Nicosia Tel. 02/758788 Fax 02/758497 Croatia AAG Design Center Ilica 15 10000 Zagreb Tel. 01/4812900 Fax 01/4817217 e-mail: aag.dizajn.centar@zg.tel.hr Czech Republic Selene Spol S.R.O. Neumannova 161 383 01 Prachatice Tel. 0338/313410 Fax 0338/313410 e-mail: selene@pt.bohem-net.cz Denmark/Finland/Norway/Sweden Renzo dEste H.E. Teglersvej 5 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Tel. 70201700

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Art Direction: Carlotta de Bevilacqua Design: Concept Ippolita Ciampini Print: Arti Grafiche Garzanti Verga September 1999 100/99

SAFETY AND QUALITY QUALITY

The safety of a dwelling for its inhabitants is determined by the correct co-ordination between the safety level of the installations, the electrical wires and protective devices, and the lamps. It is also significant to note that, while the regulations governing electrical installations in dwellings are not as rigid as those concerning public areas, it is nevertheless important that the system meets "general" prerequisites. To determine the degree of protection against electric shock, it is first necessary to sub-divide the fittings into three categories: Class I Fittings where electrical safety is guaranteed by a supplementary protective cable (earth) connected to the metal structure of the lamp. Class II Fittings where protection against electric shock is not just guaranteed by fundamental isolation, but also by supplementary safety measures consisting of a double or reinforced insullation. These measures do not include earth devices and do not depend on the type of installation. Class III Fittings where protection against shock is based on the very low voltage of the power supply (usually 12 or 24V), and in which higher voltages are not produced. Class II fittings do not have to be earthed. In general, in products supplied by voltage higher than 50V, the presence of EC labelling guarantees that the minimum safety requirements defined by the Low Voltage Directive issued by the European Community and implemented on a national level are met.
MARCHI DI QUALITA ENEC Certification of EN 03 EC European conformity Italian Institute of Quality Mark German Certification Institute Swiss Cer tification Institute
LU

MI N AI RE S

ELECRICITE'

French Certification Institute German Certification Institute (regional) English Certification Institute

S FI
CEBEC

Swedish Certification Institute Finnish Certification Institute Belgian Certification Institute Austrian Certification Institute Danish Certification Institute

VE

FI

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