CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The term CAD (Computer Aided Design) applies to a wide range of programs that allow

the user to created drawings, plans, and designs electronically. AutoCAD is one such program and it main claim to fame is that it is relatively easy to use, it is very comprehensive in its ability to create 2D and some 3D drawings, and it is very popular. Seventy percent of the CAD users in the world use AutoCAD. STARTING AUTOCAD AutoCAD 2007 is designed to work in a Windows operating system. In general, to open AutoCAD 2007, either double-click on the AutoCAD 2007 shortcut in the Windows desktop (Fig. 1.1), or right-click on the icon, followed by a left-click on Open in the menu which then appears Fig. 1.1 (Fig. 1.2). The program will start and after a minute or so should display a screen similar to the one shown below. The dialog box in the middle will aid you in getting started at either creating a new drawing or continuing your work on a drawing that is not finished. When working in education or in industry, computers may be configured to allow other methods of opening AutoCAD, such as a list appearing on the computer in use when the computer is switched on, from which the operator can select the program they wish to use. When AutoCAD 2007 is opened a window appears, depending upon whether a Classic Fig. 1.2 AutoCAD, a 3D Modeling or an AutoCAD Default workspace has been used previously. In this example the Classic AutoCAD workspace is shown and includes the drop-down menu from which a choice of the AutoCAD workspace to be opened can be made (Fig. 1.3). This Classic AutoCAD workspace shows:

Fig. 1.3 The AutoCAD 2007 Classic AutoCAD workspace showing its various parts

Standard toolbar (Fig. 1.4) docked at the top of the workspace under the Menu bar.

Fig. 1.4 The tools in the Standard toolbar

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Fig. 1.5 The tools in the Draw and Modify toolbars BUTTONS IN THE STATUS BAR A number of buttons in the status bar can be used for toggling (turning on/off) various functions when operating within AutoCAD 2007 (Fig. 1.6). A click on a button turns that function on, if it is off, a click on a button when it is off turns the function back on. Similar results can be obtained by using function keys of the computer keyboard (keys F1 to F10).

Fig. 1.6 The buttons in the status bar SNAP: GRID: ORTHO: POLAR: OSNAP: OTRACK: DUCS: DYN: LWT: also toggled using the F9 key. When set on, the cursor under mouse control can only be moved in jumps from one snap point to another. also toggled using the F7 key. When set on, a series of grid points appears in the drawing area. also toggled using the F8 key. When set on, lines etc. can only be drawn vertically or horizontally. also toggled using the F10 key. When set on, a small tip appears showing the direction and length of lines etc. in degrees and units. also toggled using the F3 key. When set on, an osnap icon appears at the cursor pick box. when set on, lines etc. can be drawn at exact coordinate points and precise angles. Dynamic UCS. Also toggled by the F6 key. Used when constructing 3D solid models. Dynamic Input. When set on, the x, y coordinates and prompts show when the cursor hairs are moved. when set on, lineweights show on screen. When set off, lineweights only show in plotted/printed drawings.

When constructing drawings in AutoCAD 2007 it is advisable to toggle between Snap, Ortho, Osnap and the other functions in order to make constructing easier.
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INITIAL SETTINGS IN AUTOCAD In any respect we draw the line 2D or 3D and can be adjusted accordingly and display the UCS icon on your desktop. View => Display => UCS Icon => Properties

Fig. 1.7 In what format will save the finished drawing (an older version of AutoCAD)? How often will create AutoCAD*. BAK file (backup) in case of problems with the computer and power supply. Tools => Options

Fig. 1.8 What size mouse pointer will be? What color is your desktop? etc...

Fig. 1.9
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The size of the line for the mouse pointer (Crosshair size) should not be changed unless you're dealing with surveying, then it is advisable to set it at 100%. Why? I have no idea as I saw that surveyors work;-), and probably has a purpose that can see a certain point in the line of the cursor while drawing lines and the like. In this dialog box has more settings you can change, but it leaves you to explore. Yet this is the only web for education BASIS. (for the beginner) Also set the parameters of units (units) where you draw the drawing. FORMAT => UNITS. AutoCAD is used as a measuring parameter "UNIT" (units) and setting the settings I choose whether to be millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers, etc.... In mechanical engineering using millimeters, centimeters and building surveying meters. So this is important because of the plotting (printing on paper) and scale that is set to end. FUNCTION KEYS IN AUTOCAD Help

Fig. 1.10

opens and closes the text window in which to see history from the Command Line turned on / off function OSNAP function (aiming / targeting points) turned on / off electronic panel board ( TABLET ) transition from one view to another ( Isoplane Top, Isoplane Right, Isolane Left ) turned on / off function for the Dynamic UCS ( DUCS ) turned on / off GRID turned on / off function ORTHO turned on / off function for the step network SNAP turned on / off function for the polar tracking ( POLAR ) turned on / off function for monitoring OTRACK TOOLBARS in AUTOCAD Toolbar activate by clicking DTM (right-click) in the territory where the Text menu, just below the zone where the other toolbars, or via a text menu.

Fig. 1.11
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To set the Toolbar click on View => Toolbars on the text menu. The most widely used toolbars (toolbars) markup are bold. CAD Standard Camera Adjustment Dimension Draw Draw Order Inquiry Insert Layers Layers Layouts Lights Mapping Modeling Modify Modify II Object Snap Orbit Properties Refedit Reference Render Solid Editing
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Standard Styles Text UCS View Viewports Visual Styles Walk and Fly Web Workspaces Zoom

SIZE OF DRAWING AREA The drawing area is as large as you need it to be. The usable drawing area does not just consist of the area that you can see. You can pan around the drawing area to reveal areas of your drawing that are out of view. You can also ZOOM in and out to reveal more or less of the drawing area. Because the drawing area is so large, it is a good idea to indicate the region that you wish to use. This is called drawing size or limits. Limits in AutoCAD represents the rectangular working area that you will draw in, which usually corresponds to the paper size. Setting limits correctly lets you display the drawing grid over your working area, use ZOOM. All to display that working area, and plot your working area from model space. The following table sets out the dimensions in whole feet or feet and inches of work areas for different paper sizes at different drawing scales. You can change your drawing size using the LIMITS command. Setting your drawing size type: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: {Enter the lower left corner of your limits.
Usually this should always remain 0,0.}

Specify upper right corner <420.0000,297.0000>:

{Enter the coordinates for the upper right corner of the drawing area you want to use. You can use the mouse to select the upper right corner of the limits.}

ZOOMING IN ON DETAIL You enlarge or reduce the size of an object on the screen with the ZOOM command. At the command prompt type: ZOOM and AutoCAD responds with: [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: There are many options to the ZOOM command. Some of the more useful are: All Change the scale so that all of the drawing is shown in the window.
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Previous Scale

ZOOM to the previous view of the drawing. Enter a scale factor in the form nX where n is a scaling factor and X is just the letter X. A number larger than 1 makes the drawing appear larger and a number smaller than 1 makes the drawing smaller. For example 2 makes the drawing twice as large as it currently is and .5 makes the drawing half its current size. Window Allows you to draw a window around the area of the drawing you want to see enlarged. The window is drawn by selecting opposite diagonal corners with the mouse. You can start the ZOOM command by just typing ZOOM or Z at the command prompt. A very easy to zoom in or out can be done with the mouse. Move the mouse till it is near a location you want to remain on the screen. Roll the wheel between the two mouse buttons forward to make the object larger and roll it backwards (towards you) to make the object on the screen smaller. If you zoom in to make the object larger, the object you want to see can zoom off of the screen if you did not place your mouse close to it before you started zooming. If it does scroll off of the screen, move your mouse over until it is as close as you can get to the object, hold down on the wheel, and drag the screen over until you can see the object you want to see. This operation is called PANNING. DIMENSION STYLE SETTINGS There are many ways to dimension a drawing, each drafting discipline has it own set of "rules". For example, a drawing of a gear would use a different style of dimensioning than that of a subdivision. My background is in mechanical drafting, so I use that discipline as an example of how to work with setting your dimensions to work with your drawing. Below is an example of how a drawing can be dimensioned:

Fig. 1.13 The great thing about AutoCAD is that it is very versatile. In the case of dimensions, you can modify any component that is part of it. Below are the names of various parts of a dimension:

Fig. 1.14 Also, you can modify the dimension text dramatically, here are some examples:
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Fig. 1.15 The Dimension Style Manager So now that you have seen what can do - how do you do it? All options are available in the DDIM (Dimension Style Manager) dialog box. On the left is current style for working with (highlighted in blue). In this lesson, you will create a new Dimension Style and use it in a drawing. From there, you should try different styles and get familiar with the options. Fig. 1.16 Most companies these days will have a standard style (or set of styles) to use on drawings, but this is a very important tool to know if you want to turn out professional looking drawings. Start but invoking the DDIM command and press the NEW button to open the small dialog for entering the name of the style you are creating. In this example I used the name "DIMSTYLE 1". Make sure that "Start with" has "Standard" as its setting. Press the Continue Button when everything is set. This will open the dialog box for settings, so just press OK to close it for now. Back at the "Dimension Style Manager" dialog box, you will see that the new style you created is listed at the top (left side). To modify it, select the name, then press the modify button. The dialog box opens and click on the second tab (Symbols and Arrows). As a general rule, I recommend not change much on this tab - especially when you're learning. Set as defaults, the dimensions are sized proportionately, if you change the setting on one parameter, your dimension can look 'off-balance'. For example, you could end up with huge arrows and small text. For the purposes of this lesson, the only thing that will change on this tab is the
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Fig. 1.17

Fig. 1.18

arrowheads. Select something other than the standard. You'll also see that you can set the colors, but just like regular objects, it's best to leave them set to "Bylayer" - and make sure you have a separate layer for all dimensions. Go to the third tab (Text). Start up the Text Styles dialog box by pressing the button with the ... next to the text name. Create a new textstyle using Romans and a width of 0.8 and call it "DIMTEXT". Close the Text Styles dialog box.

Fig. 1.19

Select DIMTEXT as your text for dimensions as shown. The great thing about this dialog box is that it shows you a preview of what your changes will do the final dimension in the top right window. In the bottom right, select ISO as the Text Alignment option. Try some other changes to see their effects in the preview, then end with the settings as shown below: So far you haven't changed much, but you've seen the options available in just 2 tabs. Click on the next tab to continue. As a rule, I leave this tab alone. AutoCAD does a good job of placing and fitting dimension where I want them. If I don't agree, I usually just use grips to edit the placement. Click on the next tab (Primary Units) to continue. In the Primary Units, you find some of the more common parameters that need to be changed. Precision is very important. First off, you usually don't need to show 4 decimal places. If you do show 4 decimals places and send your drawing off to the Fig. 1.20 machinist, you are asking him to manufacture the part to within 1/10000 of a unit - which can be a very expensive mistake. 3 Decimal places is usually enough - or less for rougher jobs. Also, I have added a couple of other changes; adding trailing zeros and a suffix denoting the units. Note how angular dimensions have a separate section - make sure you don't neglect them. The next tab (alternate units) is used if you want to display two different units in your dimension. For example, you can draw your drawing in imperial inches, then Fig. 1.21 dimension with inches as your primary units and add the alternate units behind. Skip this tab for now and go on to the last tab (Tolerances). In this example (fig. 1.22), you will set the tolerances to be +/- .05 units and display them at 80% of the primary units. Sound easy? It is. Look at the image below to see how this is done. Once again - preview shows you how it will turn out. Click OK to close the dialog box. At the original Dimension Style Manger, press the name of your new style, then click the "Make Current" button. Close the dialog box to go back to your workspace.
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Draw the wedge shape at the top of the less and dimension it using your new Dimension Style. It should look something like this: Make the changes you see above and check the preview after each change. In this tab, you can also set the overall scale of your dimensions. This can also be done using the DIMSCALE command.

Fig. 1.22

COORDINATE SYSTEM IN AUTOCAD

To work in AutoCAD is necessary to know the characteristics of a UCS (User Coordinate System) and work with them because without the knowledge of how to set the UCS is almost impossible to work in AutoCAD. When we draw a line or any character or point, the start position will be set in relation to the coordinate system. Coordinate system understands as a plane that can be in a position if it is a 2D drawing or more positions when it comes to drawing in 3D. So we start from starting point in relation to the axis X and Y coordinates with the position we are in a certain place (more about that below), but remember the word origins, to the position which is currently located prior to drawing. Each time when we are positioned somewhere, our starting point is the starting point no matter where in the drawing are. The position of the origin depends on the draw in the absolute or polar coordinate system (although we may in the course of combined systems that we want). Be sure to learn the coordinate system, if not, then it will be almost impossible to design a more complex 2D drawing about in 3D not to speak of. For 3D drawing, drawing a line in space must review the toolbar UCS and UCS II, because using them will be positioned at a starting point, surface, plane and so forth. LAYOUT COORDINATE SYSTEM Short explanation of coordinate system. Our starting point is always in the direction East and to the first X followed by Y coordinates in direction North. (x, y). So our starting point is the central starting point. When the Command line write some coordinates, AutoCAD will be based on this starting point (which is currently on the drawing) in relation to his position will be the starting point drawing. Used as a guide to X axis first coordinate and Y axis for the second coordinate (except in Cartography Geodesy, there are reversed coordinates replaced, what is the X axis Fig. 1.23 in mechanical engineering and construction to the Y axis in geodesy). It is also important to note that the axis X and Y can be so negative compared to the starting point for some sort of starting point
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we can enter a drawing and negative coordinates. These negative coordinates positioned in Quadrant II and III for the X axis, and III and IV quadrant of the Y axis Example: If when you start drawing enter coordinate X = 50 then AutoCAD X axis count by 50 units in the East direction, depending on the value of Y axis, the result will be in quadrant I or IV, but if you write X = -50 then AutoCAD count 50 units in the minus i.e. in the direction of West and again depending on the value of Y axis, the result will be in quadrant II or III. The same is true for the Y axis (Please note the Geodesy is reversed, first write the Y axis and then X (y, x). All of this applies to enter angles in Command Line. "COUNTER CLOCKWISE" and "CLOCKWISE" directions are in the drawing coordinate system. The engineering and building construction uses direction "Counter Clockwise" and geodesy "Clockwise" What does it mean? Means that when we draw circular arcs, and other elements depending on the direction that we will set our direction and drawing, the starting point to the end. By default AutoCAD 2007 in this direction is set in the Counter Clockwise direction, and that means the opposite of clockwise. If you want to change this direction then the text menu, select Format => Units (Fig. 1.1) and select the option Clockwise. Here is set and other parameters related to the units to work in AutoCAD. Or the same parameters can be set via a dialog window in the STARTUP ADVANCE SETUP window

Fig. 1.24

Fig. 1.25

TYPES OF COORDINATES IN AUTOCAD

Explore this kind of coordinates and consider them good. The pictures to see how the coordinates are entered in the Command Line. These coordinates, I will elaborate later but for now it is important to understand the scheme and coordinate their method of application (under the name of the coordinates). Course to enter some of the following commands to coordinate an important starting point (starting point where we are, on the basis of it we will choose which of these commands coordinates can be used.)

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Fig. 1.21

Fig. 1.22 Toolbars UCS and UCS II coordinate system AutoCAD 2007

Here I will not describe all the icons (buttons) for positioning a UCS-but only some of the most important. (more about UCS icons and their specific functions in the following topics) First we must distinguish between the command ORIGIN which locks and unlocks the positioning of a UCS (the same on and off the View => Display => UCS icon => ORIGIN). If the Origin option is off then we have UCS run in the bottom left corner of the window. Depending in which respect we will vary the UCS (2D, 3D Wireframe, 3D Realistic Visual Style and 3D Conceptual Visual Style) If we shrank the UCS work flow and we want to return to the starting position then using the World UCS icon (2) we can do the same, and UCS will be positioned in the left lower corner of the window. This icon, we have both the Toolbar (UCS and UCS II). When we move the mouse pointer over the icon it will show you her name. Use the first icon on the toolbar1 UCS, UCS positioning by clicking on the icon called UCS and then the X axis direction and then in a direction of Y axis at any point. The first course will determine the position of the x-axis (in this case the Origin should be included, then a check mark next to View. (View => Display => UCS icon => ORIGIN). Observe the activity functions of ORTHO and SNAP. If Ortho is turned on then you will not be able to position the UCS at an angle and if SNAP function is activated then you will not be able to position the starting point exactly where you want it to AutoCAD for Snap-step and constantly dodge your precise intention. It looks like this

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Rotate UCS-using a button that can be seen in the picture below. In the case of UCS rotated at an angle and then turn on Ortho mode all drawing lines follow the axis X and Y. (imagine that you just rotate the paper on which you draw in 2D). If you want to UCS back to the starting position click on the WCS. Use the icon No. 3 to position ourselves to Origin UCS at a particular point (Origin active - clip included) by first clicking on the icon and then to a certain point, UCS, and we will be positioned at the respective point in the plane, now we can rotate the axis X or Y or Z. Use the icons No. 4 Z-Axis Vector by using the 3D drawing UCS positioned so that clicking on the icon and then to the point where you want to set the UCS hold the left mouse button and then determine the direction of Z axis by dragging the mouse pointer in the direction of Z axis and click to end. It looks like this Use the icons No. 5 3 Point that we use the 3D drawing UCS positioned so that clicking on the icon and then to the point where you want to set the UCS and then click on another point and then the third point (we take into account the direction of Counter Clockwise). It looks like this

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These three icons are used to rotate the UCS around a particular axis. Each individually. We have positioned the UCS in 3D drawing, click on the icon and then the axis around which we rotate the UCS, for example, about the X axis and then determine the rotation angle (taking into account the direction of Counter Clockwise). Here in the figure below, I rotated the UCS around the X axis by 75 degrees counterclockwise-clockwise so that we can raise the Y-axis (out of plane) to 75 degrees and with that also rotate the Z axis by 75 degrees for rotation performed around the axis X.

PREPARATION OF DRAWING BOUNDARIES AND SETTING DRAWINGS Right at the beginning of the plot we decide if it will be 2D (drawing in the plane) or 3D (spatial) drawing. To understand this more closely you need to understand that for 2D drawing using a plane (XY) and a 3D drawing using the 3 planes (XZ, XY and YZ).
Coordinate plane XZ Coordinate plane YZ

Coordinate X Center

Coordinate planes XZ - Plane plan XY- Plane ground- plan YZ- Plane

Also note that when you draw in 2D (drawing in the plane) the location of art is set to coincide with the coordinate system and its parts of the world. So the position of the East, North, West and South, as in real life, except when we reconfigure the Startup Settings). Also note that the 3D drawing can have a look in one plane and on it we can switch between using the buttons on the toolbar VIEW. Where we can use views: - Top - Bottom - Left - Right - Front
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- Back - SW Isometric - SE Isometric - NE Isometric - NW Isometric

Notice that we can draw in 3D view and in my opinion it is even desirable to set the UCS and to avoid problems when you draw that occur when Osnap is ON, its magnet attracts a certain point where we draw the line. If you want (no need), we set the boundaries of the area where we draw the drawing. This depends on whether you activate STARTUP dialog window. If so then all of these settings can go step by step when you start AutoCAD. If not then you can set all the settings later on (the border drawings, units of measurement, as well as other). We move with the assumption that we will subsequently set the border areas of the drawing. So we set limits on the size of the drawing (dimension) A4 paper. As we know, A4 has the dimensions of 210 297 mm in position PORTRAIT or 297 210 mm in position LANDSCAPE. To set up PORTRAIT position is required in Command Line LIMITS command key and then enter the dimensions of the area. The first is written the WIDTH => the LENGTH. Note, in the 2D drawing no height (there are only Width and Length)) In the Command Line, type the command LIMITS + Enter key and type 210,297 + enter. PAPER FORMAT - A0 => 841 1189 - A1 => 594 841 - A2 => 420 594 - A3 => 297 420 - A4 => 210 297 LAYERS AND STYLES In preparing for a drawing you should take account of Layer (layer) and the plan for their settings. In drawing, there are some rules guiding the thickness of lines.

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WHAT IS LAYERS IN AUTOCAD Think of them as a transparent PVC film used to lecture in a school on an overhead projector. Each film (layer) is part of the drawing in a certain color when they are arranged for a second get a complete look of art. A particular film (layer) can be removed so it is not visible when projected onto the canvas. Each layer (film) has its particular color, thickness and type of line, and the layer can be switched on and off to be visible/ displayed or possibly plot Finally, when all layers overlapping each other are displayed, we have a finished drawing. To set the layers, work through the layers toolbar. To draw a more complex 2D drawing(s), it should be planned in line thickness, color, line types, and in 3D we need to plan all the elements that will make the final drawing. So if you plan to paint a house in 3D we plan to have a layer for each element of which will comprise the finished drawing (e.g. Layer for: floor plan, walls, windows, doors, beams, rafters, roof, chimney, terrace, plate glass, etc. ... Click on Layer Properties Manager dialog box activate respective Manager and in it create a new layer, delete, sets the color, type and thickness of the line, click on the yellow lamp (bulb) include or exclude it. THE LINE COMMAND Now that you have started AutoCAD and configured tool bars you want, you are ready to start learning to use the program. We will start with relatively simple commands and eventually, in later lessons, look at some of the more complex things that AutoCAD can do. The first command we will look at drawing straight lines. At the keyboard, type: line and press the ENTER key. You can use either upper or lower case when you type in AutoCAD commands. The program will respond with: Specify First Point: Each line has a beginning and ending point and the program wants you to specify the beginning point of the line. You enter the beginning point by either typing the point coordinates at the keyboard or by clicking the mouse on a location of the screen where you want the line to begin. It is certainly much simpler to click with the mouse than it is to type in coordinates but engineering drawings are drawn precisely to scale and for the most part we will have to enter coordinates from the keyboard. When you type a coordinate, enter the X or horizontal coordinate first followed by a comma and the Y or vertical coordinate. You cannot enter a space between the two coordinates. AutoCAD interprets a space as the ENTER key and assumes that you have finished entering the coordinates. For Example, you could type: Specify First Point: 3.5,6 The 3.5 coordinate is the X or horizontal coordinate and the 6 is the vertical coordinate.

Fig. 1.7 After you enter the coordinates, press the enter key. The enter key tells the program that you have entered the first coordinate and are ready to enter the coordinates for the next which will be the end of the line. The program responds by displaying:
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To Point: If you want a horizontal line that is 5 units long, you enter the coordinates @5,0 which is shown below. To Point: @5,0

Fig. 1.8 The @ sign tells the program this coordinate is measured from the last coordinate entered. In other words, it says place the end if the line 5 units horizontally from the beginning point and 0 units vertically. The line drawn is shown above. Using the @ sign to specify relative coordinates is easier than specifying absolute coordinates without the @ sign. The first point we drew had an absolute coordinate of 3.5,6 and the second point had an absolute coordinate of 8.5,6 since it is displaced 5 units horizontally from the first point. We will continue with this to create the object shown below. It has lines, an arc, and a circle. We have drawn the first and we will continue drawing the rest of the lines.

Fig. 1.9 As a shortcut, you can start the LINE command by typing L instead of the entire word LINE. Many AutoCAD commands can be abbreviated to just the first letter of the command. Continue Drawing the Object We can continue drawing the object shown on the right by adding more lines. If the line command is still operating, press ENTER to end it. We will start it again to draw the remaining lines. You can draw the remaining lines by typing: Line Specify First Point: 8.5,6 {these are the coordinates of the end of the first line we drew} To Point: @-2,2 To Point @2,2 To Point @-5,0 {Press ENTER without entering To point coordinates. This will end the line command} When you have finished entering all of the coordinates, you should have the object shown in fig. 1.10

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Fig. 1.10 ERASING OBJECTS AutoCAD calls lines, circles, arcs and other things that you draw objects. You can erase any of these objects by typing the command: ERASE The program will respond with: Select Objects: You select the objects (lines, arcs, circles, etc.) in several different ways. The easiest way is to click on the object you want to erase. When you do, the object is redrawn as a dashed line. This shows the object has been selected for deletion. Click on all of the objects that you want to erase then press the ENTER key to terminate the command and erase the objects. AutoCAD commands frequently have command modifiers that change the way the command works. For the ERASE command, you can type: ERASE ALL and AutoCAD selects all of the objects in the drawing for erasure. The word ALL modifies the way command works. Another option is: ERASE W The W stands for window which allows you to select the objects by drawing a box around them. First click above and to the right of the objects that you want to erase. When you do, the mouse pointer changes to an elastic box with one corner fixed at the place where you clicked. Move the mouse until the box completely covers the information you want selected and click the mouse button again. All of the objects inside the box will be selected for erasure. Press the ENTER key to erase the objects. You can type E to start the ERASE command. OOPS If you make a mistake and erase something that you did not want to erase, type: OOPS to undo the last erasure. OOPS always undoes the last erasure even though you have continued with other commands since the objects were erased. CANCELING A COMMAND If you start a command and do not want to complete it, you can press the Esc key to cancel the command. For some commands, you may have to press the key more than once. Keep pressing the Esc key until you see the Command: prompt at the bottom of the screen. DRAWING ARCS The ARC command is used to draw arcs. We can use this command to draw the semicircle on the left side of the object. Enter: Arc {The end point of the Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3.5,10 last line we drew} Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: c {Enter C to tell the
program we want to enter the center point instead of the end point of the arc}
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Specify center point of arc: @0,-2 Specify end point of arc: @0,-2

{The center of the arc is 2 units below the start point} {The end of the arc is 2 units below the center}

The completed arc is shown in the drawing below. Unless otherwise specified, AutoCAD will draw arcs in a counterclockwise (anticlockwise) direction.

Fig. 1.11 DRAWING CIRCLES Circles are created with the CIRCLE command. Type: CIRCLE at the command prompt and AutoCAD will respond with: 3P/2P/TTR/<Center point>: There are several different ways you can define a circle. In the computer response above, the words Center point are surrounded by angle brackets and this shows you the program is expecting you to enter the coordinates of the center of the circle. You can either type the coordinates or click with the mouse. The quantity in angle brackets is always the default selection for a command. The letters 3P/2P/TTR/are options you can use to modify the input required to create a circle. These options are: 3P Define the circle with 3 non-collinear points. 2P Define the circle with points on either end of the circle diameter. TTR Define the circle by specifying two other objects that are tangent to the circle and the radius of the circle. We can complete the drawing by drawing a circle. The center of the circle is two units vertically above the beginning point where we started the drawing. The coordinates for the center of the circle are 3.5,8. The circle has a diameter of 2.0. circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr]: 3.5,8 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: d Specify diameter of circle: 2 The completed object is shown in the figure below.

Fig. 1.12

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UNDOING MISTAKES If you make a mistake with a command you can undo anything it has done by typing U at the command prompt. The entire effects of the last thing you typed will be undone and AutoCAD will return to the state it was in prior to the typing. If you are inside a LINE or other command, you can enter U to undo the last coordinates entered or the last option selected. You can undo the last command by holding down the Ctrl key and pressing Z. Each time you press Z, AutoCAD will remove the last command. If your press Z five times, it will backup through the last five commands.

DRAWING A BOAT PROPELLER IN AUTOCAD 2007 - 2D EXAMPLE

For example, I will show you how the line 2D character using the command LINE, CIRCLE, ARRAY, TRIM, Tan-Tan-Radius can be use to create a drawing in 2D. To be clear, I am presenting an example of how I drew the drawing. Each individual has his own system and way of drawing and the drawing can be drawn in several ways. So do not keep strictly the steps that I show. Draw a drawing the way you think you is the easiest. (Of course, use all possible commands that you know the sequence of steps as you want.). So let's start with the following settings. I defined the color line for the layer. STEPS

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Include the sight of Tangent

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2D EXERCISES

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