GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING TOLERANCING [GD & T]

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DATUMS DATUM SYSTEM Set of symbols and rules that communicate to the drawing user how dimensional measurements are to be made. DATUM A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum feature. A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature. DATUM FEATURE A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the part and contacts a datum. SIMULATED DATUM A simulated datum is the plane established by the inspection equipment. DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment that includes the gage elements used to establish the simulated datum.

DATUM SELECTION Datum features are selected on the basis of part function and assembly requirements. Datum features often orient (stabilize) and locate the part in its assembly. DEGREES OF FREEDOM The part is immobilized using primary, secondary & tertiary datums to arrest six degrees of freedom. It should be understand that the contact of datum surfaces will always be made on high points.

 In the example shown the primary datum will locate the part with three contact points, the secondary with two contact points, the tertiary with one contact point.

Datums Primary Secondary Teritary

Degrees of freedom arrested 1 Translational, 2 Rotational 1 Translational, 1 Rotational 1 Translational

DATUM ORDER OF PRECEDENCE The part is aligned with the datum planes of a reference frame using 3-2-1 contact alignment. 3 points of contact align the part to the primary datum plane, 2 points of contact align the part to the secondary datum plane, and 1 point of contact aligns the part with the tertiary datum plane.

Fig. The tertiary datum plane is perpendicular to primary and

secondary planes and is located by the tertiary datum feature on a part. DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

DATUM TARGET SYMBOL

MULTIPLE DATUM

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH DATUM FEATURE

ALL ROUND SYMBOL

DATUM FEATURE AT MMC

COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

TWO SINGLE SEGMENTED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE

MATERIAL CONDITION SYMBOLS AND MEANING Maximum material condition Least material condition Regardless of feature size

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 Maximum material condition Maximum material condition is the condition of a feature where in the feature contains the most material. It is often thought of as the heaviest feature. It is the smallest hole or the largest shaft.

Least material condition Least material condition is the condition of a feature where in feature contains the least material. It is often thought of as the lightest feature. It is the largest hole or the smallest shaft.

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 Regardless of feature size This condition implies that geometric tolerance is to remain the same no matter what size hole or shaft is produced. RFS concept is used where balance is important. Modifier Commonly used in these functional applications Assembly Location of non critical FOS (feature of size) Minimum wall thickness Minimum part distance Minimum m/c stock To control a symmetrical relationship When the effects of bonus or datum shift will be detrimental to the function Centering Alignment Bonus or datum shift permissible Yes Relative cost to produce & verify Lowest Greater than MMC,less than RFS

Yes

No

Highest

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STATISTICAL TOLERANCE

Total Tolerance = Tolerance A + Tolerance B

Tolerance stackups occur as a result of assembling components that have individual tolerances specified on them. If the tolerances are added up with worst case calculations the total tolerance can assume a large value. The components manufactured by a process under statistical control show dimensions that are normally distributed. A normal distribution has a very small area under its tails. In a process under statistical control and good process capability, the probability of the components getting produced at the border of tolerance zone is much smaller than at center. Statistical tolerancing may be used for increased individual tolerance. The increased tolerance may reduce manufacturing cost, but shall only be employed where the appropriate statistical control will be used. Features identified as statistically tolerance shall be produced with SPC.

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 Features identified as statistically tolerance shall be produced with statistical process controls, or to the more restrictive arithmetic limits.

STATISTICAL TOLERANCE WITH GEOMETRIC CONTROLS

FREE STATE VARIATION Free State variation is the variation that occurs due to the distortion of the part when the forces applied released by clamping. This tolerance implies that the measurement needs to be done when all the restraining forces on the workpiece that are applied for clamping or machining are removed.

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 A free state tolerance is often applied to the parts with thin sections & parts which can easily be distored due to the external force.

TANGENT PLANE Tangent plane that contacts the high points of a surface. Tangent plane symbol can be applied to many of the geometric characteristics. The tangent plane symbol is shown below with the parallelism tolerance.

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 The tangent plane must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 apart which are parallel to datum plane A. In addition, the surface must be within the specified limits of size or profile. PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE When specifying a threaded hole or a hole for a press fit pin, the orientation of the hole determines the orientation of the mating pin. Although the location and orientation of the hole and the location of the pin will be controlled by the tolerance zone of the hole, the orientation of the pin outside the hole cannot be guaranteed, as shown in Fig. a. The most convenient way to control the orientation of the pin outside the hole is to project the tolerance zone into the mating part. The tolerance zone must be projected on the same side and at the greatest height of the mating part, as shown in Fig.b. The height of the tolerance zone is equal to or greater than the thickest mating part or tallest stud or pin after installation. In other words, the tolerance zone height is specified to be at least as tall as the MMC thickness of the mating part or the maximum height of the installed

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stud or pin. The dimension of the tolerance zone height is specified as a minimum.

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DATUM TARGETS Datum targets designate specific points, lines or areas of contact on a part that are used in establishing a datum reference frame. Because of inherent irregularities, the entire surface of some features cannot be effectively used to establish a datum. Examples are nonplanar or uneven surfaces produced by casting, forging or molding, weldments etc. Datum targets may be used to set up the datum reference frame. In past these points had a variety of different names such as : set up points, principle locating points, tooling points, fixture points etc. All of these names have been discarded and we now call these points datum targets. DATUM TARGET SYMBOLS The use of solid leader line indicates that the datum target is on the near (visible) surface.

The use of dashed leader line indicates that the datum target is on the far (hidden) surface.

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DATUM TARGET POINTS A datum target point is indicated by the target point symbol, dimensionally located on a direct view of a surface. Where there is no direct view, the point location is dimensioned on two adjacent views.

DATUM TARGET LINES A datum target line is indicated by the target point symbol on an edge view of the surface, a phantom line on direct view or both. Where the

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length of datum target line must be controlled, its length and location are dimensioned.

DATUM TARGET AREAS Where it is determined that an area or areas of contact is necessary to assure establishment of the datum, a target area of desired shape is specified. The datum target area is indicated by section lines inside a phantom outline of a desired shape, with controlling dimensions added.

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PRIMARY DATUM PLANE ESTABLISH BY THREE DATUM TARGET AREAS

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PRIMARY DATUM PLANE ESTABLISH BY TWO DATUM TARGET POINTS AND ONE DATUM TARGET LINE

COMPOSITE TOLERANCE Composite tolerance concepts can be applied on position and profile. Here we see composite tolerance with position only.

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COMPOSITE POSITION TOLERANCING

The PLTZF is located to applicable datums with basic dimensions. It specifies the larger positional tolerance for the location of the pattern of features as a group. Applicable datums are entered in the upper segment in their order of precedence. The upper segment locates and orients the features to each other as well as specified datums. The FRTZF specifies a smaller position tolerance for the feature to feature relationship within the pattern. Basic dimensions apply between the features but do not apply to the datums. The lower entry is orientation only to the specified datums not location. If datums are not specified in the lower segment, the FRTZF is allowed to tilt, rotate, and/or shift within the confines of the PLTZF. If datums are specified, they govern orientation (not location) of the FRTZF relative to specified datums. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COMPOSITE TOLERANCE AND TWO SINGLE SEGMENTED FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES

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COMPOSITE POSITION FRAME

TWO SINGLE SEGMENTED FRAMES

[ NOTE : The difference between the terms location and orientation should be clear. Location locates features and is associated with basic linear dimensions. It can also include orientation. Orientation on the other hand, is not associated with location or with basic linear dimensions, only basic angles. Orientation is usually thought of as parallelism, perpendicularity or angularity.] APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE TOLERANCING Composite position tolerancing can be used where the locations of the holes are important to each other, but the relation of the holes,

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relative to datums are not as important. This might be an application where a switch or bracket attaches with the holes but the location of the bracket or switch has less importance to the edges.

COMPOSITE POSITION TOLERANCING ONE DATUM FEATURE

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MEANS THIS

NOTES: 1) The 0.8 Dia. PLTZF is basically located and oriented to the datum reference frame. 2) The 0.25 Dia. FRTZF is basically located and oriented between the features and basically oriented perpendicular to the datum reference frame. (Plane A) 3) The FRTZF may skew, rotate and/or be displaced within the confines of PLTZF. The axis of the holes must be in both zones simultaneously.

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COMPOSITE POSITION TOLERANCING TWO DATUM FEATURES

MEANS THIS

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NOTES: 1) The 0.8 Dia. PLTZF is basically located and oriented to the datum reference frame. 2) The 0.25 Dia. Positional zones (FRTZF) are basically located & oriented to each other and basically oriented (perpendicular & parallel) to the datum reference frame (Plane A & B). Basic dimensions are unlocked to the datums. 3) The FRTZF may move up & down or left/right within the confines of PLTZF but it may not skew or rotate. The axis of holes must lie in both zones simultaneously. The axis of the holes may only rotate within the confines of the FRTZF. POSITION TOLERANCE WITH TWO SINGLE SEGMENTED FRAMES

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MEANS THIS

NOTES: 1) The 0.8 Dia. Positional zones are basically located & oriented to the datum reference frame. 2) The 0.25 Dia. Positional zones are basically located & oriented to each other & basically located & oriented to the DRF. Since this is two single segmented feature control frames and not composite, the basic dimension applies to datum B. 3) The 0.25 zones, as a group may move left & right within the confines of the 0.8 zone, but are located up & down to datum B. The 0.25 zones may not skew or rotate. The axis of the holes must lie in both zones

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simultaneously and may only rotate within the confines of the 0.25 zones.

VIRTUAL & RESULTANT CONDITION VIRTUAL CONDITION: Constant value outer locus & constant value inner locus values are derived & termed virtual condition. RESULTANT CONDITION: Worst case inner locus & worst case outer locus values are derived & termed resultant condition.

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