GAS POWER SYSTEM

Objective: Study Gas Power Plants in which working fluid is always a gas Gas turbines Internal combustion engines: spark-ignition and compression-ignition Internal Combustion Engines Engine Terminology Air-Standard Cycles: Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles Gas Turbine Power Plants Modelling gas turbine power plants Air-Standard Brayton cycle Improving performance using Regeneration, reheating and intercooling Gas turbines for aircraft propulsion Combined gas turbine vapour power cycle
ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics Ericsson and Sterling cycles 1

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS

Lighter than Vapour Power Plants Compact as Compared to Vapour Power Plants Higher Power-Output-to-Weight-Ratio Simple Cycle based GTPP have Lower Efficiency 15 to 18% Regenerative Cycle based GTPP have Higher Efficiency 25 to 42%

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics Moran and Shapiro (2006)

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS

OPEN SYSTEM

CLOSED SYSTEM
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CYCLE ANALYSIS

TURBINE

COMPRESSOR

HEAT INPUT

Thermal Efficiency HEAT REJECTED

Back work ratio (bwr) higher compared to VPS

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NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Air enters the compressor of an ideal air-standard Brayton cycle at 100 kPa, 300 K, with a volumetric flow rate of 5 m3/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 9. The turbine inlet temperature is 1500 K. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the back work ratio, (c) the net power developed, in kW.
ASSUMPTIONS: 1. Each component is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. 2. The turbine and compressor processes are isentropic. 3. There are no pressure drops for flow through the heat exchangers. 4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 5. The working fluid is air modeled as an ideal gas. 6. Specific heat is assumed to be constant.
s (T ) =
0 T
'

c p (T ) T

dT

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics Moran and Shapiro (2006)

EFFECT OF PRESSURE RATIO

(T T ) (T2 T1 ) = 1 T4 T1 = 3 4
T3 T2 T3 T2

= 1

(R )
p

( 1) /

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics Moran and Shapiro (2006)

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM WORK OUTPUT

W = cp (T3 T4 ) (T2 T1 ) m
Differentiate and equate it to zero

T3 Rp = T1

2( 1)

T2 = T4 = T1T3

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics Moran and Shapiro (2006)

Regenerative Gas Turbines

Regenerator effectiveness
ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics Moran and Shapiro (2006)

around 60-80%
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Gas Turbines with Reheat

Moran and Shapiro 2006

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Gas Turbines with Intercooling

Moran and Shapiro 2006

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Regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat

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Gas Turbines for Aircraft Propulsion

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Combined Gas TurbineVapor Power Cycle

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Other Cycles
Ericsson Cycle

Stirling Cycle

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Moran and Shapiro (2006)

Condition for minimum work

If the inlet state and the exit pressure are specified for a two-stage compressor operating at steady state, show that the minimum total work input is required when the pressure ratio is the same across each stage. Use a cold air-standard analysis assuming that each compression process is isentropic, there is no pressure drop through the intercooler, and the temperature at the inlet to each compressor stage is the same. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. 1. The compressor stages and intercooler are analyzed as control volumes at steady state. 2. The compression processes are isentropic. 3. There is no pressure drop for flow through the intercooler. 4. The temperature at the inlet to both compressor stages is the same. 5. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 6. The working fluid is air modeled as an ideal gas. 7. The specific heat cp and the specific heat ratio k are constant.

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

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Moran and Shapiro (2006)

Numerical Problem
Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300K and is compressed to 1000 kPa. The temperature at the inlet to the first turbine stage is 1400 K. The expansion takes place isentropically in two stages, with reheat to 1400 K between the stages at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A regenerator having an effectiveness of 70% is also incorporated in the cycle. Determine the thermal efficiency. Consider an isentropic efficiency of 85% for each turbine.

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

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Moran and Shapiro (2006)

Numerical Problem
A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operates at steady state. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K with a mass flow rate of 5.807 kg/s. The pressure ratio across the two-stage compressor is 10. The pressure ratio across the two-stage turbine is also 10. The intercooler and reheater each operate at 300 kPa. At the inlets to the turbine stages, the temperature is 1400 K. The temperature at the inlet to the second compressor stage is 300 K. The isentropic efficiency of each compressor and turbine stage is 80%. The regenerator effectiveness is 80%. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the back work ratio, (c) the net power developed, in kW.

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Moran and Shapiro (2006)

Air enters a turbojet engine at 0.8 bar, 240  K, and an inlet velocity of 1000 km/h (278 m/s). The pressure ratio across the compressor is 8. The turbine inlet temperature is 1200  K and the pressure at the nozzle exit is 0.8 bar. The work developed by the turbine equals the compressor work input. The diffuser, compressor, turbine, and nozzle processes are isentropic, and there is no pressure drop for flow through the combustor. For operation at steady state, determine the velocity at the nozzle exit and the pressure at each principal state. Neglect kinetic energy at the exit of all components except the nozzle and neglect potential energy throughout.

Moran and Shapiro (2006)

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