Breaker Duty User Guide PDF

CAPE Series
Breaker Duty User's Guide
October 2007
Electrocon International, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan
Copyright 1990, 2007 by Electrocon International, Inc. All rights reserved This document is the sole property of Electrocon International, Inc. It may not be supplied to any third party, or copied or reproduced in any form, without the express written permission of Electrocon International, Inc. All copies and reproductions shall be the property of Electrocon International, Inc. and must bear this ownership statement in its entirety.
Contents
Introduction Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer Preparing Data for a Breaker Duty Study Performing a Breaker Duty Study CUPL Interface to the Breaker Duty Module Local Options Report Options ANSI X/R Ratios vs. the Short-Circuit Thevenin Impedance
Breaker Duty Analysis
Introduction
Introduction How to Use this Guide
Figure 1: Specifying Breaker Data in the Network. This is the user's guide to the breaker duty module (BD) in CAPE. The purpose of the breaker duty module is to enable the user to quickly and easily rate circuit breakers in an electrical system. The guide is organized into a number of sections:
Intro-1
Introduction
1. Breaker Duty Analysis A primer: In this section, you will learn some of the theory behind breaker duty analysis. In this version of the user's guide, emphasis has been placed on circuit breakers rated according to ANSI/IEEE standards. IEC standards will be treated in a future release of the program. We will also look at how actual circuit breaker configurations affect the fault current computations for a breaker, and how such configurations can be specified within the breaker duty module. 2. Preparing Data for a Breaker Duty Study: The first step in a breaker duty analysis is the preparation of data. Data preparation is done in the CAPE Database Editor (DBE). You will first create a catalog of circuit breaker models that your company owns. Information to be specified here include the rated interrupting capacity, the maximum rated voltage, the voltage range factor (K factor), etc. Then you will also create a short catalog of various breaker reclosing schemes that your company uses. The library information you create is not tied to any particular circuit breaker in the system. Lastly, you will place circuit breakers in the network, and associate them with circuit breaker models and reclosing schemes in the library. Section 2 of the guide explains all three steps of the data preparation process. 3. Performing a Breaker Duty Study: After preparing the data, you can check breaker ratings in the breaker duty module. In this section, you will learn how to select breakers for a study, set the breaker duty study and reporting options, and perform an actual study. You will also learn how to interpret the results of the study, and look at various reports that the breaker duty module generates. 4. CUPL Interface to the Breaker Duty Module: This section describes the CAPE User Programming Language (CUPL) equivalent for all the breaker duty commands and options. Also, the data entered in the DBE at the system and library levels are accessible via pre-defined CUPL variables. The CUPL commands and the CUPL variables can be used to write macros for breaker duty analyses. Appendices A and B summarize the various breaker duty options that you can set to control the analysis and reporting. Conventions In all the sections below, any commands that you may have to type or select from a menu are shown in bold typeface. Further, they are also enumerated. Commands in SS are case insensitive; you may enter them in upper or lower case. Two terms are used frequently in this tutorial, clicking and entering. When you see the word enter, type the specified information from the keyboard followed by the Enter key. The words left click and select refer to the left mouse button of a right-handed mouse; likewise, right click refers to the right mouse button and is commonly used to pop up a menu of actions allowed for the object you are pointing to. The sections also use [M1] to denote the act of clicking the left mouse button and [M3] to denote the act of clicking the right mouse button.
Intro-2
Introduction
Questions Questions and comments regarding CAPE should be directed to: Electrocon International, Inc. 405 Little Lake Drive, Suite C Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA Tel: (734) 761-8612 Toll Free: (888) 240-4044 (USA only) Fax: (734) 761-8078 Email: eii@electrocon.com
Intro-3
Introduction
Intro-4
Section 1
Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer
Section 1 Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer I. Introduction
The CAPE breaker duty module rates breakers according to both the ANSI/IEEE standards and the IEC 909 standard. Within the ANSI/IEEE classification, support is provided for breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis, according to IEEE C37.010-1999, [1] and IEEE C37.04-1999, [2], and for breakers rated on a total current basis, according to ANSI C37.5-1979, [3] and ANSI C37.6-1971, [4]. (ANSI/IEEE now rate breakers only on the symmetrical current basis. The total current standard has been withdrawn, although CAPE supports the analysis of total current breakers also.) The IEC method of short-circuit current computation is somewhat different from the ANSI method, as far as breaker rating analysis is concerned. The IEC method is described in the standard IEC 909, [5]. The breaker rating structure for IEC breakers is described in the standard IEC 56, [6]. After the required short-circuit currents are computed, the process of comparing the computed currents with the actual breaker ratings are similar in the two standards. In this section, a brief introduction to the theory involved in breaker duty studies is provided. The following topics are addressed: 1. Description of the short-circuit currents involved. 2. Circuit breaker ratings as defined by the ANSI and IEC standards. 3. Comparing the currents computed by a short-circuit program (like CAPE) with the actual breaker ratings to determine the breaker margin. 4. Discussion of actual breaker arrangements and the type of currents that will need to be computed for those arrangements. II. Short-Circuit Currents
Figure 2 shows the short-circuit current that might be experienced in a network. The peakpeak amplitude of the ac current is 2. A dc offset of 100% is shown at fault initiation. Notice that the height of the dc envelope remains a constant. In other words, the effect of ac decay in the network is not shown here. The ac decay is appreciable for faults that are close to large rotating machines.
1-1
Section 1
Peak or Closing-Latching Current, IP
Current DC Value Upper Envelope Lower Envelope
1.5
IAC
Current
0.5
iDC
0
0.5
I 2 I rms = AC + ( iDC ) 2
1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 Time 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 2: Short Circuit Current Wave. The peak-peak amplitude of the ac component of the current is 2. 100% dc offset is shown, although, by the time the ac component can reach its maximum value in 0.5 cycles, some of the dc has decayed.
Both the IEEE and IEC standards define three currents that are of interest from a breakerduty point of view. These are shown below in Table 1 and defined afterward.
IEEE Currents First cycle Closing-latching Interrupting IEC Currents Initial (Ik) Peak (Ip) Breaking (Ib)
Table 1: IEEE vs IEC Currents.
1. First cycle current: This current is a symmetrical current and it is the rms value of the current when the fault occurs. Short-circuit programs like CAPE typically compute this current when a fault is applied in the network. The IEC equivalent is called Initial current and is denoted by Ik. 2. Closing-latching current: The IEEE standard defines this current as an asymmetrical current, 0.5 cycles after fault occurrence. See Figure 2. For breakers close
1-2
Section 1
to large induction motor loads, it is important to check whether the breaker is adequately rated for withstanding the closing-latching current. The IEC standard defines this current as the Peak current, denoting it by Ip. While the standard does not say outright that this current is defined at 0.5 cycles, it is obvious that that is the intent, since the peak is expected to occur at 0.5 cycles from fault initiation. Since it is an asymmetrical current, it consists of both ac and dc components. 3. Interrupting current: The interrupting current is the actual current that the circuit breaker will encounter at the time of contact parting. The IEC equivalent is Ib, the Breaking current. This current consists of a symmetrical (ac) part, and a dc part. Both parts are used for comparison against the breaker ratings. Before understanding how these currents are computed, let us take a look at the IEEE and IEC breaker current rating definitions.
III. Circuit Breaker Ratings according to IEEE Standards
Breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis are defined in ANSI C37.010-1999 while breakers rated on a total current basis are defined in ANSI C37.5-1979 and C37.6-1971. The total current standards have been withdrawn by the IEEE although many total current breakers are still in service today. The CAPE breaker analysis module supports both breaker types. For a symmetrical breaker, the following ratings are defined: 1. Symmetrical Interrupting Rating: It is the value of the symmetrical component of the short-circuit current in rms amperes at the instant of contact separation, that the circuit breaker will have to interrupt. It can have an asymmetry (dc component) of up to 20% of the current value of the symmetrical part. 2. Closing-Latching Rating: The circuit breaker should be able to close and latch a current whose peak value can be as large as 2.6 times the initial symmetrical fault current. For a total breaker, the closing-latching rating is known as the momentary rating. While a circuit breaker may have a certain rated interrupting capability, the actual interrupting capability depends on the breaker operating voltage and the voltage range factor (K factor). Further, symmetrical breaker ratings are also affected by the type of fault (three-phase or single-line-ground).
A. Symmetrical Current Breakers
The preferred ratings tables of the symmetrical current standard specify: 1. kVMAX: The maximum rated voltage of the breaker (kV, rms, line-to-line) 2. ISC: The interrupting rating of the breaker (kA, rms), defined at kVMAX 1-3
Section 1
3. K: The voltage range factor, which when multiplied with ISC gives the maximum interrupting capacity of the breaker Other parameters like the rated voltage, interrupting time etc. are also mentioned, but are not relevant to the computation of the interrupting capacity of the breaker. The actual interrupting capacity of the breaker changes with the actual operating voltage. Let VOP denote the actual operating voltage of the breaker (kV, rms, line-to-line). Then, the actual interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker is given by
I SC , ACTUAL = I SC kVMAX VOP
(1)
if VOP is between kVMAX/K and kVMAX. For operating voltages below kVMAX/K, the actual interrupting capacity is given by
I SC , ACTUAL = I SC K
(2)
Thus, the maximum interrupting capacity that the breaker can have is K ISC. For single-line-ground faults, the interrupting capacity is increased by 15% over the computed ISC,ACTUAL, but it cannot exceed K ISC. The close-latch capacity of the breaker (in peak kA) is 2.6 K ISC, where ISC is the rated interrupting capacity of the breaker (not the actual interrupting capacity) and K is the voltage range factor. For example, consider an oilless circuit breaker with the following specifications:
Specification Value
Maximum kV rating kVMAX Rated interrupting capacity ISC Voltage range factor K
15kV 9.3kA 2.27
For this breaker, the maximum interrupting capacity is K ISC = 2.27 9.3 = 21.11kA, at a voltage of 15/2.27 = 6.61kV. Therefore, if this breaker is operated at voltages below 6.61kV, its actual interrupting capacity will be capped at 21.11kA. For operating voltages between 6.61kV and 15 kV, the actual interrupting capacity will depend on the operating voltage. The close-latch capacity depends on the rated interrupting capacity ISC and not on the actual interrupting capacity and is equal to 2.6 K ISC = 2.6 2.27 9.3 = 54.89kA (peak).
1-4
Section 1 B. Total Current Breakers
The preferred ratings tables of the symmetrical current standard specify: 1. kVRATED: The rated voltage of the breaker (kV, rms, line-to-line) 2. ISC: The interrupting rating of the breaker (kA, rms), defined at kVRATED 3. ISC,MAX: The maximum interrupting capacity of the breaker, which when divided by ISC give the K factor Let VOP denote the actual operating voltage. Then, the actual interrupting capacity is given by
I SC , ACTUAL = I SC kVRATED VOP
(3)
but ISC,ACTUAL cannot exceed the maximum interrupting capacity ISC,MAX. Unlike symmetrical breakers, the same rating is used for both three-phase and single-lineground faults. The close-latch capacity of the breaker (in peak kA) is 2.6 K ISC. The computed short-circuit currents have to be compared against the interrupting and close-latch ratings of the circuit breakers to determine the duty margin. This is described next.
IV. Circuit Breaker Ratings according to IEC Standards
IEC 56 defines the following ratings: 1. Rated Short-Circuit Breaking Capacity: It is the value of the highest short-circuit current which the circuit breaker shall be capable of interrupting. It consists of an ac component ISC,SYMM and a dc component and is an rms value. We denote the asymmetrical interrupting capacity as ISC,ASYM.
I SC , ASYM = I SC ,SYM
%dc 1+ 2 100
(4)
where %dc is the dc component that the breaker can interrupt, as provided by the manufacturer. 2. Rated Short-Circuit Making Capacity: It is the value of the short-circuit current that a breaker has to make. Its value can be as large as 2.6 times the rms value of the ac component of the rated short-circuit breaking current of the circuit breaker.
1-5
Section 1
IEC 56 does not differentiate between symmetrical and total rated breakers. Further, the voltage range factor K is always 1. Therefore, the actual short-circuit capacity of the breaker will not vary with the voltage at which the breaker is applied. The user can enter the making capacity explicitly. The short-circuit making capacity of the breaker (close-latch capacity according to ANSI) is 2.6 times the short-circuit breaking capacity.
V. Computing the Short-Circuit Currents and Rating the Circuit Breaker (ANSI/IEEE)
To evaluate the duty margins of a circuit breaker, we need the interrupting current and the closing-latching current, so that these can be compared against the appropriate breaker ratings.
A. Computing the Interrupting Current
The interrupting current is the rms value of the current that the breaker has to interrupt. It consists of an ac component and a dc component. The computation proceeds as follows: 1. First, compute the quantity E/Z, where E is the maximum expected prefault voltage at the fault point and Z is the short-circuit (Thevenin) impedance at the fault point. Please note that the use of the maximum expected prefault voltage at the fault point makes this method different from the classical short-circuit computation method, which uses a 1.0 pu voltage at the fault point to compute the short-circuit currents. In computing Z, attention needs to be paid to the reactance of rotating machines in the network. Depending on the type of machine, capacity etc., we may have to use the subtransient or some multiple of the subtransient reactance. Table 2 shows the IEEE recommended values for machine reactances.
1-6
Section 1
Machine type
Turbo-generators Hydro-generators with dampers Condensers Hydro-generators without dampers Synchronous Motors Induction motors: a) above 1000hp @ 1800 rpm or less b) above 250hp @ 3600rpm Induction motors: a) from 50 to 1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less b) from 50 to 250 hp at 3600 rpm All other machines
First cycle and Closing-Latching Xd Xd Xd 0.75 Xd Xd Xd
Interrupting
Xd Xd Xd 0.75 Xd 1.5 Xd 1.5 Xd 3 Xd
1.2 Xd
Neglect
Neglect
Table 2: Machine Reactance Values Recommended by the IEEE. Depending on the type of current being computed (interrupting or closing-latching), multipliers from the appropriate column need to be used.
2. The current E/Z computed in Step 1 above has to be modified to account for ac and dc decrements. The modification takes the form of a multiplier that is a function of the contact parting time of the circuit breaker and the system X/R ratio. For a symmetrical breaker, this factor is obtained from a) Figure 10 of C37.010-1999 if only dc decrement is to be accounted for b) Figure 8 of C37.010-1999 if both ac and dc decrements are to be accounted for and the fault is a three-phase fault c) Figure 9 of C37.010-1999 if both ac and dc decrements are to be accounted for and the fault is a single-line-ground fault The decision to account for dc decrements only, or both ac and dc decrements depends on the nearness of the fault to generating units. Faults close to generation will show appreciable ac decay in the first few cycles after fault initiation. Figure 3 below shows the X/R multiplication factors for a symmetrical breaker, for three-phase faults, with both ac and dc decrements.
1-7
Section 1
9~
8~
6~
7~ 4~
X/R Ratio
6~
5~ 3~
2~
5~
4~
4~
3~
2~ 1.5~
8-CYCLE BREAKER
5-CYCLE BREAKER
3-CYCLE BREAKER
2-CYCLE BREAKER
X/R Factors for Symmetrical Breakers, TPH fault fed through not more than one transformation.
Figure 3: Multiplying Factors for Three-Phase Faults that include the effects of AC and DC decrements. 2, 3, 5 and 8 cycle symmetrically rated breakers are shown. For each breaker, curves at various contact parting times are shown. The first curve for each breaker is at a relay operation time of 0.5 cycles, which produces the most conservative X/R multiplication factor. Relay operation times greater than 0.5 cycles will yield smaller multiplication factors for a given breaker at a given X/R ratio.
Curves are provided for 2, 3, 5 and 8 cycle breakers. For each breaker type, the first curve is at a relay operation time of 0.5 cycles, which produces the most conservative X/R multiplication factor.
Note:
Each curve shown in Figure 3 above is at a specific contact parting time, which is determined as follows. Consider Figure 4, which shows a part of the sequence of events in the course of a circuit interruption and reclosure.
1-8
Section 1
INITIATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT ENERGIZATION OF TRIP CIRCUIT
EXTINCTION OF ARC ON PRIMARY CONTACTS
PARTING OF PRIMARY ARCING CONTACTS
INTERRUPTING TIME (RELAY TIME) TRIPPING OPENING DELAY TIME CONTACT PARTING TIME
ARCING TIME
Figure 4: Sequence of Events in the Course of a Circuit Breaker Operation.
The rated interrupting time of a breaker consists of the breaker opening time and the arcing time as shown in Figure 4. The relay operation time is given by the tripping delay. The contact parting time is therefore the sum of the breaker opening time and the relay operation time. The ANSI standards define the following breaker opening times for 2, 3, 5 and 8 cycle breakers: a) b) c) d) 2 cycle breaker Breaker opening time 1 cycle 3 cycle breaker Breaker opening time 1.5 cycles 5 cycle breaker Breaker opening time 2.5 cycles 8 cycle breaker Breaker opening time 3.5 cycles
Once the breaker opening time is known, the relay operation time determines the actual curve to be used for determining the X/R multiplication factor. It is important to note that accounting for dc decrements only will produce a higher multiplication factor than will accounting for both ac and dc decrements. As we shall see a little later on, accounting for dc decrements only all the time is an error on the side of safety. For a total rated breaker, the standard C37.5-1979 includes figures that provide the corresponding multiplicative factors. Curves are provided for 2, 3, 5 and 8 cycle breakers with a relay operation time of 0.5 cycles.
1-9
Section 1
The system X/R ratio, upon which the X/R multiplication factor depends, requires a special computation. According to ANSI/IEEE C37.010-1999, this ratio is computed in two stages: a) Determine the system X with system R completely ignored b) Determine the system R with system X completely ignored c) Use the X and R so determined to compute the X/R ratio In general, the X/R ratio determined using the method above will be different from the X/R ratio computed from the Thevenin impedances at the fault point. For an example, please see the Appendix C in this document. 3. Let the X/R multiplicative factor, determined above, be denoted by XRFACT. The current that the breaker now has to interrupt is given by
I BREAKING = E XRFACT Z
(5)
B.
Derating the Breaker for Reclosing Duties
Oil and air circuit breakers will need to be derated for reclosing duties other than the standard reclosing cycle. The derating factor R is computed according to
R = 100 d1 ( n 2 ) d1 15 t1 15 t2 d1 15 15
(6)
where n is the total number of openings, t1 is the first time interval less than 15s, t2 is the second time interval less than 15s and so on. d1 is a factor that depends on the actual interrupting capability of the circuit breaker. d1 = 3 if the actual interrupting capability is less than 18kA, and d1 = 1/6 of the actual interrupting capability of the breaker otherwise. The above formula is good for breakers manufactured after 1960. For breakers older than 1960, a different method is used for derating. That method does not have a specific formula that can be easily applied for all reclosing cycles.
C. Evaluating the Interrupting Margin of the Circuit Breaker
The interrupting current IBREAKING, the actual interrupting capacity ISC,ACTUAL, the X/R multiplication factor XRFACT and the reclosing derating factor R are now used to compute the interrupting duty margin of the circuit breaker as
INTERRUPTING DUTY MARGIN =
I SC , ACTUAL R I BREAKING I SC , ACTUAL R
100%
(7)
Please note the following: 1-10
Section 1
1. For symmetrical breakers, the actual interrupting rating for single-line-ground faults is 15% higher than the actual interrupting rating for three-phase faults. 2. For total rated breakers, the actual interrupting rating is the same for both three-phase and single-line-ground faults. 3. The interrupting current IBREAKING will in general be different for three-phase and single-line-ground faults. Therefore, the duty margins have to be evaluated separately for three-phase and single-line-ground faults. 4. As mentioned earlier, XRFACT taking into account dc decrements only is greater than XRFACT taking into account both ac and dc decrements. In other words, with dc decrement only, the actual current that the breaker will have to interrupt will be larger than the actual current that the breaker will have to interrupt if XRFACT accounted for both ac and dc decrements. The margin computed using Equation (7) will be more conservative with dc decrements only, when compared with the margin computed using ac and dc decrements.
D. Evaluating the Close-Latch Margin of the Circuit Breaker
As in the case of interrupting currents, the closing-latching current is computed as E/Z with Z accounting for rotating machine reactances as listed in Table 2. The close-latch margin is then computed as
2.6 K I SC E 2.6 Z 100% (8)
CLOSE LATCH DUTY MARGIN =
2.6 K I SC
where K is the voltage range factor and ISC is the rated short-circuit interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker. Separate margins are computed for three-phase and single-line-ground faults.
1-11
Section 1 VI.
Computing the Short-Circuit Currents and Rating the Circuit Breaker (IEC)
One significant difference between the IEEE and IEC methods is the way in which the system X/R ratio is computed. The IEEE recommends computing separate X and R matrices in the zero and positive sequence, with complete disregard for R when X is being computed and complete disregard for X when R is being computed. The actual X/R ratio of the system cannot be exactly known, but the standard assures us that its method is as accurate as possible, and errs on the side of conservatism. The IEC uses a completely different method; actually there are three possible methods one can use in determining the system X/R ratio, which are described below. As we know, the X/R value is needed in the computation of the dc decrement. 1. Uniform X/R ratio: In this method, the largest X/R ratio of that branch that carries at least 80% of the fault current is used in current computations. 2. Equivalent frequency method: An equivalent frequency source fC (20Hz for 50Hz system, 24Hz for a 60Hz system) is assumed to excite the network at the fault point. The equivalent fault impedance ZC = RC + jXC is computed and the desired X/R ratio is determined by
X XC f = R RC fc
(9)
where f is the system frequency. 3. X/R Ratio at the fault point: The short-circuit impedance Zk = Rk + jXk at the fault point, is used to compute the X/R ratio.
Note: CAPE uses the X/R ratio at the fault point, (method 3 above) in determining the peak current and the asymmetrical breaking current. The X/R ratio is used in the computation of the peak current Ip and the asymmetrical breaking current, as we shall see below. A. Initial Fault Current Ik
This current is equivalent to the ANSI First Cycle current. It is the symmetrical current immediately after the fault occurrence. The ANSI standard uses reactance multipliers to adjust machine reactance (Table 2). Also, it recommends using the maximum possible (prefault) voltage at the fault point to compute the initial current. The IEC 909 does not recommend any reactance multipliers. However, it does require the use of the c factor, which accounts for off-nominal transformer taps etc. The c factor value depends on the voltage level of the network. For example, it is fixed at 1.1 for voltage levels between 1 kV and 230 kV. The initial fault current is calculated as
1-12
Section 1
" Ik =c
Un 3 Zk
(10)
where Un is the nominal line-to-line voltage and Zk is the short-circuit impedance at the fault point.
B. Peak Current Ip
The IEC peak current is an asymmetrical current and is equivalent to the IEEE ClosingLatching current. In the IEEE case, this current is computed at 0.5 cycles after fault occurrence. The peak current is computed as:
" I p = 2 k Ik
(11)
where k is a multiplying factor defined as
k = 1.02 + 0.98e 3R / X
(12)
X/R is computed by the X/R Ratio at the fault point method described above. The value of k as computed above is multiplied by 1.15. The factor of 1.15 is a safety factor to cover for inaccuracies caused by using the fault X/R in meshed networks. In any case, 1.15k cannot exceed 1.8 for a low-voltage network (< 1kV) and 2.0 for a high-voltage network. The value of Ip can now be compared against the making current rating of the breaker.
C. Breaking Current Ib
The breaking current consists of a symmetrical part and an asymmetrical part. The IEEE name for this current is the interrupting current. Unlike the IEEE standard, the IEC standard does use not any universal multipliers for computing the breaking current. In general, the fault contribution of each generator and motor in the network has to be evaluated separately. The standard specifies formulas that compute a multiplier for a generator or motor. For a generator, this multiplier is denoted by (t). Its value depends on the time at which the breaking current is desired. In addition, it also depends on the initial fault current contribution of the generator, and the generators rated current. So, the symmetrical breaking current for a generator will be
" I bg (t ) = (t ) I kg
(13)
1-13
Section 1
The subscript g denotes a generator. Note that the above equation is true for a fault at the generator terminals. If the fault is not at the terminals, the standard provides for a way of computing the breaking current at the fault point, based on contributions from all generators and motors in the network. For a motor, two multipliers are defined: (t) and q(t). The value of depends on the time, and the motors rated current and initial fault current. The factor q depends on the time at which the breaking current is desired and the MW/pole-pair value of the motor. The symmetrical breaking current for a motor is
" Ibm (t ) = (t ) q(t ) I km
(14)
The standard defines exactly what to do if the fault is at the terminals of a generator or motor, and what to do if the fault is not at the terminals of the generator or motor. Treating each generator and motor individually is expected to give a highly accurate estimate of the symmetrical breaking current. At the same time, the standard also suggests that for a more conservative estimate, one can use the initial current Ik as the breaking current Ib. But the detailed modeling of the generators and motors is expected to give a more accurate estimate of the symmetrical breaking current. The asymmetrical or dc part of the breaking current is computed by
" iDC = 2 I k e t /
(15)
where = X/(R2f), f is the system frequency, and X/R is computed by one of the three methods described earlier. It is interesting to note that equations (13) and (14) represent the a.c. decay of machines a phenomenon that reduces the height of the current envelope shown in Figure 2. The location of the breaker determines whether the interrupting current will be affected by this a.c. decay also. The ANSI standard provides two different sets of X/R multipliers one set where the current experiences a d.c. decay only, and another set where the current experiences both a.c. and d.c. decay. The IEC standard does not provide ready-made multipliers equations (13), (14) and (15) have to be applied at the breaker location to determine the current the breaker has to interrupt.
Note: The CAPE implementation for IEC evaluation adopts the more conservative approach suggested by the standard ignore the a.c. decay of the current, but include the d.c. decay due to the X/R factor at the fault point.
The time t in the equations above is the time that has elapsed between fault occurrence and when the breaker contacts actually open. This is similar to the contact parting time as defined by the ANSI standard. CAPE computes this time as the sum of the breaker opening time (provided by the manufacturer) and the relay time (entered by the user). The total asymmetrical breaking current can now be computed as 1-14
Section 1

"2 2 Ik + iDC
Ib,asym =
(16)
The asymmetrical current computed via Equation (16) can be compared against the circuit breakers asymmetrical short-circuit breaking capacity ISC,ASYM, computed using equation (4).
D. Computing the Circuit Breaker Margins
The asymmetrical breaking current Ib,asym is used to determine the short-circuit breaking margin of the circuit breaker according to
BREAKING MARGIN =
I SC , ASYM I b,asym I SC , ASYM
100%
(17)
where ISC is the rated short-circuit capacity of the breaker. Note that the IEC standard does not derate breakers for reclosing duties other than normal. The short-circuit making margin of the breaker is determined using the peak current Ip.
MAKING MARGIN =
2.6 I SC ,SYM I p 2.6 I SC ,SYM
100%
(18)
Please note while equation (18) uses 2.6 times the symmetrical short-circuit capacity as the making capacity of the breaker, the user does have the ability to specify the making capacity explicitly in the CAPE database for the IEC breaker. 2.6 is a typical multiplier that the IEC standard uses for the making capacity.
1-15
Section 1
VII.
Actual Circuit Breaker Arrangements and Corresponding Currents
To be able to compute the interrupting margin for a circuit breaker, it is necessary to compute the current that the breaker will have to interrupt at the time of contact parting. The actual circuit breaker configuration determines the interrupting current that will be used in checking the breaker rating. In this section, some of the common breaker arrangements and the corresponding currents that are to be considered when determining the interrupting current of the breaker are discussed.
A. Bus Type Circuit Breaker
Bus Bus Breaker No sources downstream of the breaker

Figure 5: Bus Type Circuit Breaker.
Typically, a bus type breaker, shown in Figure 5, is responsible for the distribution system downstream of the breaker. There are no sources downstream of the breaker that can feed a fault at the bus to which the breaker is connected. For such a breaker, the only current that is required to be computed is the fault current for a fault at the bus. The fault current is measured in phase A for a three-phase and single-line-ground (A-G) fault. The measured fault current is the interrupting current, which after suitable modification is checked against the breaker rating.
B. Line Type Circuit Breaker
Bus Line Breaker Line

Figure 6: Line Type Circuit Breaker.
This type of breaker (Figure 6) is responsible for a single transformer or transmission line. Four different currents are considered: 1. Current through the breaker for a fault at the bus
1-16
Section 1
Bus 1
Bus 2
2. Current through the breaker for a fault just beyond the breaker (close-in fault)
Bus 1
Bus 2
This current is the same as the difference between the fault current for a fault at the bus and the line contribution to the same fault. It can therefore be computed from the first case. 3. Current through the breaker for a switch-on-to fault condition (remote end open)
Bus 1
Bus 2
This condition can arise if the circuit breaker is closed in the presence of grounding chains, and the remote end is open. 4. Current through the breaker for a line end fault
Bus 1
Bus 2
If the isolating switch at Bus 1 is open, but there are grounding chains on the circuit breaker, and the breaker is closed, the condition shown in the figure above will occur.
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In all cases above, the phase A current is measured separately for three-phase and singleline-ground faults. The maximum of the four currents is then used to check the breaker rating. Please note that the analysis above is valid even if the branch is a three- (or more) winding transformer.
C. Ring Bus Breaker or Line Breaker in 1 1/2 Breaker Scheme
A breaker in a ring bus arrangement or a line breaker in a breaker-and-a-half scheme will be responsible for two branches (Figure 7). Therefore, the four cases described above for a line breaker are evaluated separately for each of the two branches. The maximum of the currents from both branches is used to check the breaker rating.
Bus 1 Branch Branch Branch
Branch Branch Branch Bus 2

Figure 7: Ring Bus and 1 1/2 Breaker Schemes.
In certain situations, the line breaker, which is normally supposed to interrupt the maximum branch current, can be subjected to the total bus fault current. Therefore, it should also be possible to check this breaker against the total bus fault current (like a bus type breaker). See Figure 8. If breaker B-1 closed with the isolator open, and with grounding chains at the isolator, (assuming all the other breakers in the ring are closed), breaker B-1 will be subject to the total bus fault current.
Branch
B-1
Branch
Network Equivalent
Branch
Branch
Figure 8: Ring-Bus Breaker Interrupting Bus Fault Current.
In the DBE form for breakers, a check box is provided to indicate that the bus fault current should also be considered. 1-18
Section 1
Line breakers in 1 1/3 or 1 1/4 breaker schemes can also be analyzed in the same manner.
D. Bus Breaker in 1 1/2 Breaker Scheme
The bus breaker in a breaker-and-a-half scheme (Figure 9) is responsible for the bus on one side and a branch on the other side. Therefore it is evaluated as a bus type breaker, and then separately as a line type breaker. The maximum of all the possible currents is then used to check the breaker rating.
Bus 1
Branch
Bus 2
Figure 9: Bus Breaker in 1 1/2 Breaker Scheme. E. Generator Breaker
Figure 10: Generator Breaker.
For this breaker, a fault is applied at the bus to which the generator is connected. The following currents are considered: 1. Contribution of the generator to the bus fault. This current is the same as the current through the breaker for a fault on the bus side of the breaker, with breaker disconnected from the bus (open switch) 2. Contribution of the rest of the system to the bus fault. This current is the same as the current through the breaker for a fault on the machine side of the breaker. Please note that while the line type breaker required four currents to be checked, the generator breaker requires only two currents to be checked. The remaining two line-type currents take the same value as the two currents that are computed for the generator. 1-19
Section 1
F.
Bus-Tie Breaker
Bus Tie Breaker

Figure 11: Closed Bus-Tie Breaker.
For this type of breaker, four currents are considered: 1. 2. 3. 4. Tie current for a fault on one end of the tie Tie current for a fault on the other end of the tie With the tie open, fault current for a fault on one end of the tie With the tie open, fault current for a fault on the other end of the tie
Items 3 and 4 above are equivalent to the situation shown in Figure 12.
Bus Tie Breaker

Figure 12: Bus-Tie Breaker with Fault on the Isolator. G. Transfer Bus Breaker
Figure 13 below shows a typical transfer bus breaker arrangement.
Transfer Bus Breaker
Transfer
Main
Feeders
Figure 13: Transfer Bus Breaker Arrangement.
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In this arrangement, the feeders are all usually fed from the Main bus. If one of the feeder breakers is to be taken into maintenance, the isolators for that feeder are rearranged so that the transfer bus breaker now becomes responsible for the feeder whose breaker has been taken into maintenance. Therefore, at any given time, the transfer bus breaker has to interrupt the maximum current that will be seen in any one of the feeders connected to the bus. The feeders themselves can be lines, transformers or machines.
H. Other Breaker Arrangements
The OTHER type of circuit breakers can be used to model special cases which do not fit into one of the pre-defined breaker types described above. An example is shown below.
XFMR
G B-1 G G G
Network Equivalent
Branch
Branch
Figure 14: Special Breaker Arrangement.
The OTHER breaker allows you to specify four different types of interrupting fault currents in two sections: 1. Total of all connected branches: In this case, you will be required to specify a bus, the default being the one you were at when you added the breaker. 2. Maximum of all connected branches: Again, you will have to specify a bus. The program will then evaluate each connected branch separately, and pick the overall maximum as the decisive current. 3. Total of specified branches: In this case, you will have to specify what branches the breaker is responsible for. Note that the breaker is responsible for the total of all specified branches and not the individual maxima. 4. Maximum of specified branches: In this case, you will have to specify what branches the breaker is responsible for. However, the program will not treat the specified branches as a single unit; rather, each branch will be treated separately, and the overall maximum will be picked as the decisive current. With that, we conclude our introduction to the theoretical aspects of breaker duty analysis. Next, we will learn how to enter circuit breaker data in the CAPE Database Editor, in preparation for a breaker duty study.
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Section 1 References
[1] IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, IEEE Standard C37.010-1999, IEEE, May 2000. [2] IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers, IEEE Standard C37.04-1999, IEEE, 2000. [3] ANSI Guide for Calculation of Fault Currents for Application of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total Current Basis, ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.5-1979, IEEE, 1979. [4] ANSI Schedules of Preferred Ratings for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total Current Basis, ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.6-1971, IEEE, 1971. [5] Short-circuit Current Calculation in Three-phase AC Systems, International Standard IEC 909, 1988. [6] High-Voltage Alternating Current Circuit-Breakers, IEC standard 56, 1987.
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Section 2
Preparing Data for a Breaker Duty Study
Section 2 Preparing Data for a Breaker Duty Study I. Introduction
Section 1 described the theoretical nature of breaker duty analysis. The evaluation methods recommended by the ANSI/IEEE standards were outlined, and some of the issues in dealing with actual circuit breaker arrangements were discussed. In this section, we describe the data that has to be entered with the CAPE Database Editor (DBE) to enable breaker duty calculations to be performed in the CAPE Breaker Duty (BD) module. There are three types of data, two in the library and one in the system. Typically, a user will enter: 1. Circuit breaker catalog data: This consists of information provided by the manufacturer for each type of circuit breaker employed in your network. The year of manufacture, rated interrupting capacity, voltage range factor, maximum rated voltage and the rated interrupting time are some of the data that needs to be entered. This becomes your library of circuit breakers. 2. Reclosing scheme information: You will specify the number of openings and the time intervals between the openings, and will gave a name to each reclosing scheme your company uses. In practice, the library of reclosing schemes is short. 3. Circuit breaker data in the system: Here you identify each circuit breaker to be studied by specifying the location of the circuit breaker, the type of circuit breaker arrangement, model of the circuit breaker used, reclosing scheme used and the actual operating voltage. Please note that to enter circuit breaker data in the database, your database will need to be of schema version 3.3 or higher. The update_schema program should be used to update your databases schema, if required.
II. Circuit Breaker Catalog Data (Library)
To add a circuit breaker model to the catalog, click on Library/Breaker Catalog in the DBE main menu. This will bring up the breaker catalog search form as shown in Figure 15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
[M1] Start/Programs/CAPE/Database Editor [M1] File/Connect to Database [M1] on your database [M1] Open [M1] Library/Breaker Catalog
This particular example already has some breaker models defined in it.
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Figure 15: Breaker Catalog Search Form.
Click on the Add Record button at the bottom of the MODEL column. 6. [M1] Add Record (at the bottom of the MODEL column) You will see the form shown in Figure 16.
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Figure 16: Breaker Catalog Form (ANSI View).
You can choose to view this breaker as an ANSI/IEEE breaker or as an IEC breaker. The radio button in the upper left corner of the form lets you choose this. The data required for both breaker types is essentially the same, except that the names of some of the ratings are different between ANSI and IEC. Fields like Rating Basis and K Range Factor are not part of the IEC breaker rating structure and will not appear on the form if the IEC view is chosen. The fields encircled in Figure 16 are fields that are required to be specified by the user. Fields in black are optional (except kV Rating, which will appear in red if the rating basis is Total, and will become a required field). 1. Manufacturer: This is a required field. You can type in the name of the manufacturer in the text area or use the drop-down button to choose from an existing list. 2. Model: Circuit breaker model name. This is a required field. 3. Year Manufactured: This is a required field for ANSI/IEEE breakers. Breakers manufactured prior to 1960 are derated for reclosing differently than breakers manufactured after 1960. In this breaker catalog, you have to choose if the breaker is a Pre 1960 breaker or a Post 1960 breaker. The actual year of manufacture can be specified later in the system instance of this breaker. Not required for IEC. 2-3
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4. Interrupt Medium: This field is required fir ANSI/IEEE breakers. If the interrupting medium is air or oil, the system instance of this breaker will be derated according to the reclosing scheme information. Vacuum and gas circuit breakers will not be derated. Not required for IEC breakers. 5. Rated Interrupting Time: This is a required field and specifies the rated interrupting time of the breaker. The ANSI standard C37.010-1999 defines it is the sum of the breaker opening time and the arcing time. The same standard determines the X/R multiplication factors in terms of the contact parting time, which is the sum of the breaker opening time and the relay operation time. Please see Figure 4. The ANSI standards specify breakers with rated interrupting times of 2, 3, 5 and 8 cycles (on a 60Hz basis). These breakers typically have breaker opening times of 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 cycles respectively. The relay operation time is specified in the system instance of a circuit breaker, rather than with the breaker model, because every breaker can be relayed differently. The program will automatically compute the contact parting time from the rated interrupting time specified in the breaker catalog and the relay operation time specified in the system. For IEC breakers, the relay operation time is added to the rated opening time (described next) to determine the time at which the breaker contacts open. 6. Rated Opening Time: This field becomes active only for IEC breakers. It is required so that the program can compute the actual time at which the breaker contacts part. The contact parting time is computed as the sum of the breaker opening time and the relay operation time. 7. Breaker Closing Time: This field is not required and is provided for record-keeping purposes. 8. Rating Basis: This is a required field and should be set to either Symmetrical or Total for ANSI/IEEE breakers. If the rating basis is symmetrical, the rated shortcircuit interrupting capacity of the breaker is specified in terms of the Max kV Rating and the Interrupting current rating. If the rating basis is total, the rated short-circuit interrupting capacity of the breaker is specified in terms of the Interrupting current rating and the kV Rating. More details are given below. This field will not be visible if the IEC view is chosen. 9. kV Rating: This field is not required for symmetrical breakers and appears in black in Figure 16. For total current breakers, the field is required, because the rated interrupting capacity is defined at the rated voltage here. Therefore, for both symmetrical and total current breakers, you should enter the nominal operating voltage of the circuit breaker here. The label will appear in red if the rating basis is changed to Total. This field is not required for IEC breakers.
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10. Max kV Rating: This is a required field for symmetrical current breakers because the rated interrupting capacity is defined at the maximum kV rating. The maximum kV rating of the breaker should be entered here. For a breaker rated on the total current basis, this label will appear as Max Design kV and will be black in color. For total current breakers, this field is optional, and the user may enter the maximum design kV of the total rated breaker here. This field is not required for IEC breakers. 11. MVA Rating: This is not a required field for ANSI/IEEE or IEC breakers. The user may enter the 3-phase MVA of the breaker here. It will be used to determine the rated interrupting current of the breaker only if the user has failed to enter a value for the interrupting rating of the breaker in the fields described below. 12. K Range Factor: This is the manufacturer-specified voltage range factor for ANSI/IEEE breakers. It is a required field. This field defaults to value of 1. The user can enter a K factor here directly, or specify the K factor indirectly by entering a value for the maximum interrupting rating of the breaker (field described below). This field will not appear on the form if the IEC view is chosen. 13. Continuous (current rating): This field is not required and is provided only for recordkeeping purposes. It will appear with the label Normal if the IEC view is chosen. 14. Interrupting (current rating): This is a required field for all breakers. The rated interrupting capacity of the breaker in kA has to be entered. For ANSI/IEEE breakers rated on the total current basis, it is understood that this quantity is defined at the rated voltage of the breaker. For ANSI/IEEE symmetrical current breakers, this quantity is defined at the max. kV rating of the breaker. This field is required for IEC breakers also. For IEC breakers, the user must specify the percentage of dc that the breaker can interrupt.
Figure 17: Percentage dc Component for IEC Breakers.
15. Making (current rating): Required field for IEC breakers. Specifies the making capacity of the breaker. Unlike the ANSI breakers, the making current is explicitly specified. 16. Maximum (current rating): This is a required field for ANSI/IEEE breakers. The maximum interrupting rating of the breaker is equal to the rated interrupting rating of the breaker multiplied by the K factor. The user can enter either the interrupting rating and the maximum current rating in which case the form will automatically compute the K factor; or enter the interrupting rating and the K factor, in which case the form will 2-5
Section 2
automatically compute the maximum current rating. For IEC breakers, the maximum current is the same as the rated breaking current. 17. Short Time (current rating): Provided for record-keeping purposes only. 18. Remarks: Optional comments about the model may be entered here. You can see all system locations where this breaker is used by clicking on the Show System Breakers button in the top right corner of the form. Press the F1 key on your keyboard to get help on filling out the form.
III. Reclosing Scheme Information (Library)
To add a reclosing scheme to the library, click on Library/Breaker Reclosing Schemes in the DBE main menu. In the resulting search form, click on the Add Record button at the bottom of the form. You will then see the form shown in Figure 18. 1. [M1] Library/Breaker Reclosing Schemes 2. [M1] Add Record (at the bottom of the form)
Figure 18: Breaker Reclosing Schemes.
You have to specify the scheme name, the number of openings and the value of each time interval. The ANSI standard allows a maximum of 5 openings (4 time intervals between openings). The number of time interval boxes that show on the form depends on the number of openings.
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The program uses the number of openings, and the time intervals, along with the actual interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker to determine the reclosing derating factor for the breaker. It is important to note that only oil and air circuit breakers will be derated according to the specified scheme. Vacuum and gas circuit breakers will not be derated. That is, the derating factor will be fixed at 1.0 for vacuum and gas circuit breakers. Please also note that the same scheme can yield different factors for different breakers because those breakers may have different interrupting capacities. Even if the rated interrupting capacities are the same, the actual operating voltages can produce different derating factors. The method of computing the derating factor from the number of openings and time intervals depends on the year of manufacture of the circuit breaker. Breakers manufactured prior to 1960 (inclusive) are derated differently than breakers manufactured after 1960. The ANSI standard for post-1960 breakers gives a general formula that can be applied for any reclosing scheme [Equation (6)]. This method is implemented in the CAPE breaker duty program. For breakers manufactured prior to 1960, there is no general formula that is given by the ANSI standard. A set of curves is published in ANSI C37.7-1952, which were digitized for use in the CAPE breaker duty program. IEC breakers are not derated for reclosing. Press the F1 key on your keyboard to get help on filling out this form.
IV. Breaker Data at the System Level
The next step is to add breaker data at the system level. To do so, use the system search form in the DBE. Click on System/System Search in the main menu of the Database Editor. In the system search form, select a substation in column 1, a bus in column 2 and then click on the BREAKER radio button in column 3. You will see a list of all circuit breakers that are present at the selected bus. To add a new breaker record, click on the Add Record button at the bottom of column 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
[M1] System/System Search [M1] On any substation in column 1 [M1] On any bus in column 2 [M1] BREAKER (Radio button in column 3) [M1] Add Record (to add a new breaker record)
Figure 19 shows a list of circuit breakers at a certain bus in a substation.
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Figure 19: Circuit Breakers at a Bus in a Substation.
Upon clicking Add Record at the bottom of column 3, the form shown in Figure 20 will appear.
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Section 2
Figure 20: Breaker Data Form (System).
On this form, you have to specify the location of the circuit breaker, its name, the model used and the reclosing scheme, if any. You also have to choose the actual breaker arrangement bus or line-type breaker, ring bus breaker, etc. All the required fields are shown in red. These fields are circled in the figure. Some non-required fields are also circled since they may be relevant to your study.
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1. Substation: This is a required field and will be filled in for you when you add a breaker at a bus. You can also click in the white box next to the Substation label and the resulting pop-up will let you choose a different substation where this breaker is to be located. 2. Breaker Name: This is a required field. You can type in any text string with length up to 35 characters. The breaker name has to be unique within a substation. 3. Breaker ID: This field is not required. A six-character text string identifying this breaker may be entered here. 4. General Derating Factor: This field is not a required field. In addition to the reclosing derating factor, if you wish to derate the circuit breaker capacity with some empirical factor, then you should enter a value other than 1 in this field. The default value for this factor is 1.0. If you enter a number greater than 1, the breaker duty program will automatically use 1.0. That is, there will be no additional derating. 5. Operating Voltage: According to ANSI/IEEE C37.010, when computing the fault currents, the prefault voltage at the fault point need not be 1.0 pu, as in classical shortcircuit studies. The maximum expected voltage at the point of fault could be used. The Operating Voltage field allows you to specify this maximum expected voltage for this instance of the breaker. The value of this field defaults to 1.0 pu (based on the base kV of the bus to which this breaker is connected). Change the value in this field to a number other than 1.0 if you know the maximum expected voltage for this breaker. In addition to specifying the operating voltage on this form, you also have to set a breaker duty option to tell the program to use the voltage specified here. This option can be found on the breaker duty preference form and is described in a later section that explains how to perform a breaker duty study. The operating voltage needs to be specified explicitly only for ANSI/IEEE breakers. For IEC type breakers, the bus voltage is automatically changed according to the kV level of the bus. 6. Breaker Tag: The breaker tag is a number that the DBE internally generates. 7. In Service Date: The date when this breaker will go into service. This field is not required. 8. Out Service Date: The date when this breaker will go out of service. This field is not required. 9. Category: The equipment category to which this breaker belongs. This field is not required. Items 7, 8 and 9 above may be used to include/exclude breakers from breaker duty studies (similar to the inclusion/exclusion of other network equipment).
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10. Breaker Type: This field is required. The user has to specify the breaker arrangement for this breaker using the drop-down box. Figure 21 shows the available choices. When you add a breaker at a bus, the breaker type BUS is chosen by default.
Figure 21: Available Breaker Types.
The types of currents that will be evaluated for these breaker types were described earlier. The OTHER category is used for breaker arrangements that do not fit the standard types provided in the list. Depending on the type of breaker chosen, the graphic on the right will change to indicate the actual arrangement. Also, the breaker type will determine whether network equipment has to be specified in Section 1 alone or both Section 1 and Section 2. For example, a breaker of type LINE requires a branch specification only in Section 1. The bus-breaker in a breaker-and-a-half scheme requires a branch to be specified in Section 1 and a bus in Section 2. See Figure 22 below.
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Figure 22: Portion of Breaker Data Showing Circuit Breaker Arrangement.
11. Select Network Equipment: (Section 1 and 2) Click on this button to choose network equipment for section 1, and, if required by the breaker type, for section 2 also. You will have to choose specific network equipment, like a bus, branch, transformer, bus-tie, etc for Section 1, and, depending on the Breaker Type you selected, Section 2 may also be activated. Ring-bus breakers and breakers in a breaker-and-a-half scheme will require equipment selection in section 2. 12. Check Total Bus Fault Current?: (Section 1 and 2) In some breaker configurations such as the ring-bus, the breaker can in some instances be subjected to the total fault current for a fault at the bus. Depending on the policy of your company, this breaker may need to be capable of interrupting the total bus fault current too. Checking this box will include the bus fault current as one of the currents to be considered when evaluating the breaker margin. 13. Relay Operating Time: (Section 1 and 2) This field defaults to 0.5 cycles. The breaker opening time will be added to the relay operating time to arrive at the contact parting time. As explained earlier, the contact parting time and the ANSI X/R ratio determine the X/R factor to be used in computing the current that the breaker will interrupt. If you wish to use a relay operating time other than 0.5 cycles, you can enter it here. Different times can be specified for the two sections. 14. Number of Transformations from Source: In determining the X/R multiplication factors from the X/R ratio and the contact parting time, a choice has to be made whether the fault current will experience both ac and dc decrements (up to 1 transformation 2-12
Section 2
from a generating source) or dc decrements only (2 or more transformations from a generating source). If a fault is close to a generating source, then the fault current will experience both ac and dc decrements. This will cause the fault current to decay faster than it would with dc decrements only. Therefore, for a given contact parting time, the current that the circuit breaker will have to interrupt will be larger with dc decrements only than with both ac and dc decrements. In other words, the breaker margins computed with the number of transformations from source set to 2 or more will be more conservative than the margins computed with 1 transformation from source. The default value for this field is 2 or more indicating that an X/R multiplying factor for dc decrements only will be calculated, unless you want the computation to be made with the less conservative factor. You can choose different numbers of transformations from source for three-phase and single-line-ground faults. 15. Select Model: Click on this button to choose a circuit breaker from the breaker catalog. 16. Select Reclosing Scheme: Click on this button to choose a reclosing scheme from the library. The actual reclosing derating factor depends on the actual interrupting current. Oil and air circuit breakers will be derated. Gas and vacuum breakers will not be derated. Items 15 and 16 above are accessible by clicking on the Breaker Catalog tab at the bottom of the form. Items 17 and 18 below are accessible by clicking on the Miscellaneous tab at the bottom of the form. See Figure 23.
Figure 23: The Miscellaneous Tab.
17. Utility ID Number: This field is not required. If your utility uses an ID number for breakers, then you can enter that number here. 18. Year of Manufacture: This field is not required. The actual year of manufacture of this breaker instance can be entered here. The number entered here need not be consistent with the value chosen for the breaker model in the library (pre or post 1960).
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Finally, any comments for the circuit breaker may be entered in the Remarks tab of the form. The Breaker Catalog form, Reclosing Scheme form and the Breaker Data form are the three forms that you will repeatedly use to enter circuit breaker information into the database. In the next section, you will learn how to use the breaker duty module to perform rating studies on the breakers in your network.
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Performing a Breaker Duty Study
Section 3 Performing a Breaker Duty Study I. Introduction
This section assumes that you have used the DBE to enter all the required data at both the library and system levels of the database at least for the breakers you wish to evaluate. The library data consists of data for the breaker catalog and data for reclosing schemes. The system data consists of specifying circuit breakers at the required network locations, the actual breaker arrangement, association of the system breaker to a specific breaker model and reclosing scheme, etc. To perform breaker margin studies in CAPE, start CAPE in the usual manner from the Windows Start button. In the CAPE Executive module, attach your database. In the Session Setup form, ensure that the SC Computation Type button is set to IEEE or IEC appropriately.
Figure 24: Session Setup Form
Then, build the short circuit network and invoke the breaker duty module from the Cape Modules menu. The network data will be read, and the breaker duty window will appear as shown in Figure 25. 1. [M1] Start/Programs/CAPE/CAPE Executive 2. [M1] File/Attach Database 3. Attach a database of your choice
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4. [M1] IEEE or IEC in the Session Setup Form 5. [M1] Ok; Build SC Network 6. [M1] Cape Modules/Breaker Duty
Figure 25: The Breaker Duty Module.
The module window consists of a text area and a graphics area, similar to the Short-Circuit module in CAPE. On the left-hand side is the data tree, which is a tree-like view of the database. From this tree, you can access almost all the equipment in your network, including buses, branches, shunts, transformers, CTs, VTs, Local Zones of Protection, relays etc. Circuit breakers are not accessible from the tree at this time, and will be added soon. The main menu is at the top of the screen. The File, ShortCuts, Edit, View, Cape Modules, Graphics, Macros&Sets, Window and Help menus are common to all CAPE modules. The Action and Reports menus are specific to the breaker duty module.
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Some of the more frequently used commands from the Action and Reports menus are available as clickable buttons below the main menu. For example, Select Individual Breakers, Select Breakers at a Bus, Perform Study, Report Duty for Marginal Breakers and Preferences (from the File menu).
II. Selecting Circuit Breakers for a Study
The important menus in this module are the Action menu and the Results menu. In the Action menu, you can select the breakers that you want to study. You can select individual breakers, all breakers at a bus, all breakers in a bus set or all breakers in a substation. The Macros & Sets menu will let you define bus sets.
Figure 26: Selecting Breakers for a Study.
The breaker selection commands in the Action menu are: 1. Select Breakers for Study a) Individual Breakers: This command is useful for choosing a small number of breakers for evaluation. The breaker search form is shown below:
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Section 3
Figure 27: Selecting Individual Breakers.
b) Breakers at Bus: Select all breakers connected to one particular bus. The bus to which the breaker is connected is determined by the from bus number defined in Section 1 of the Breaker Data form (Figure 20). c) Breakers in Bus Set: Select all breakers connected to buses in a bus set
Figure 28: Selecting Breakers in a Bus Set.
When the Ok button is clicked, the program will fetch the required breaker information from the database. d) Breakers in Substation: Select all breakers in a substation. You will be prompted with a list of substations in the database, out of which you will have to choose one. This command will let you add more circuit breakers to a previously selected list of breakers. This is similar to adding more relay elements to display in the
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Coordination Graphics module. When you add breakers, you will add then individually using the form in Figure 27. 2. Add More Breakers: You can add to the list of breakers already selected. Breakers can be added individually, at a bus, from a bus set or at a substation. 3. Report Breaker: This command in the Action menu is similar to the Report Element command for relay elements. On clicking this command, you will be prompted to choose a breaker from the breaker search form (Figure 27). Clicking OK will display a summarized data report for the chosen breaker. If the breaker you choose had already been selected before, a database call is not required to get the data. If a new breaker is chosen, then, a database call is made, and the breaker is added to the list of previously selected breakers. The breaker information is reported in the text area of the BD module. An example is shown below:
*** Report for Circuit Breaker Substation : Bus : Breaker Name : Manufacturer : Breaker Mod el : Reclosing Scheme : Rated Int. Time : Rated Int. Capacity: Year of Manufacture: Transformations SLG: Transformations TPH: Gen. Drat. Factor : Breaker Type : 16 CHEMSTRAND 2 ***
CRIST 400001 CRIST 115 CHEMSTRAND 2 SA BZO 121 NEW CO+0+CO 3.000 cycles 40.000 kA 1993 2 2 0.950 LINE Section 1 --------400001 400023 1 Section 2 --------0 0 0
Connection Information From Bus To Bus Circuit
Figure 29: Data Report for One Circuit Breaker.
4. Refresh Breaker Data: Re-read the database for all currently selected breakers. 5. Reset Selected Breakers: This command will clear the list of selected breakers.
III. Viewing Data for Selected Breakers
Once circuit breakers have been selected using one of the methods described above, it is possible to get three different data reports for all of the selected breakers: namely system level data, the corresponding breaker catalog data, and the reclosing scheme data. To view these reports, click on the Action menu, followed by View Data for Selected Breakers.
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Figure 30: Viewing Breaker Data for Selected Breakers.
1. View Breaker System Data: This command will display system level data for all selected breakers. See Figure 31.
Figure 31: Data for Selected Breakers.
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Section 3
For each breaker, the breaker name, breaker ID, model, reclosing scheme tag if any, the rated interrupting time, rated interrupting capacity, breaker type, and the connection information for section 1 and 2 are shown. The relay operation time in each section is also indicated, along with the number of transformations. The report is organized according to the substation to which the selected breakers belong, followed by buses within the substation to which the breakers are connected. 2. View Breaker Catalog Data: To display information from the breaker catalog for the selected breakers. 3. View Reclosing Scheme Data: To display reclosing scheme information for all selected breakers. Before running a breaker duty study on the selected breakers, let us take a look at the options that we can set for the study.
IV. Setting the Options for a Breaker Duty Study
The options can be set by selecting Preferences from the File menu of the BD module. Alternatively, you can also click on the Preferences button in the quick-command toolbar.
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Section 3
Figure 32: Local Options for a Study.
The Local options tab is used to specify parameters that control the breaker duty study. The Margin Units radio button lets you specify the breaker margins in either kA or %. That is, in the breaker duty study, a breaker is identified as violating its margin on either a % basis or kA basis, depending on the choice made on this form. Separate margins can be entered for three-phase and single-line-ground faults. The Type of Study radio button controls the types of faults to be simulated. At present, you can choose between Three-phase only or Three-phase & Single-line-ground faults. The Evaluate Single Contingencies check box is provided for the user to decide if single contingencies need to be evaluated while applying the various faults. If checked, the
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Section 3
program will automatically outage all branches connected to the bus in question, one branch at a time (except the branch for which the breaker is responsible). A second check box labeled Use voltage specified on breaker form is provided for the user to decide if the operating voltage specified on the breaker form is to be used or not. If checked, the voltage specified on the breaker form will be used as the prefault voltage at the breaker bus. Otherwise, the voltage specified at the time of the initialization of the short-circuit network will be used. The third check box, Adjust rotating machine reactance for interrupting and closelatch currents, is provided so that reactances of rotating machines can be adjusted according to Table 2. Of course, this means that every time a machine reactance is changed, the network impedance matrices have to be rebuilt before a fault calculation. Therefore, the breaker duty study can take a lot of time to complete. This option must be used with care. If you are evaluating breakers on transmission systems, then you can leave this box unchecked. For breakers in distribution systems, near large machines, you should check this box. For breakers that are responsible for lines and transformers, it is possible to control the types of currents that will be used in determining the worst-case current that the breaker will experience. Click on the Advanced button. You will see the graphics corresponding to each of the four currents that CAPE checks when determining the worst-case current. You can uncheck some of those boxes if such a situation can never occur on your network. CAPE will then ignore the current for the excluded cases. You can also click on the Help button to get explanations for all the options here (See Figure 33).
3-9
Section 3
Figure 33: Help for Local Options.
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Section 3
Options that control the reporting of information during a breaker duty study are in the Report tab of the preferences window.
Figure 34: Reporting Options for a Study.
An explanation of the various options can be obtained by clicking the Help button. When you perform a study on all the selected breakers, the amount of information that is printed in the text are of the BD module is controlled by the various check boxes in this tab. 1. Print Info Report for Selected Breakers: If this box is checked, then the output of the View Breaker System Data, View Breaker Catalog Data and View Reclosing Scheme Data commands in the Action/For Selected Breakers menu will be printed in the text area. 2. Print Breaker Duty Study Options: If this box is checked, then the options set for the breaker duty study under the Local and Report tabs will be printed in the text area. 3. Print Duty Report for Marginal Breakers: Breaker margin information for those breakers that violate their three-phase or single-line-ground fault margins will be printed in the text area, if this box is checked. 3-11
Section 3
4. Print Duty Report for all Selected Breakers: Margin information for all the selected breakers is printed in the text area, if this box is checked. 5. Print Close-Latch Margins: The close-latch margin information (for marginal breakers or all selected breakers) is printed in the text area. 6. Margin Computation: The margin can be computed and displayed as in Equation (7) or as per
SERVICE RATIO = I BREAKING 100% I SC , ACTUAL R
(19)
where IBREAKING is the asymmetrical interrupting current that the breaker will have to interrupt, ISC,ACTUAL is the actual interrupting capacity of the breaker and R is the reclosing derating factor. However, if the Margin Units radio button is on kA, this option becomes moot. All margin information will be reported in kA only. For IEC breakers, R = 1.0. The actual interrupting capacity is the same as the rated interrupting capacity. The voltage range factor K is 1. It is also possible to direct all the information that appears in the legend area to a report file. Specify a file name in the File_Reports box. Do not forget to check the File_Reports check box. Then all information that is printed to the text area is also spooled to the report file. The report file can be closed by going to the File menu and then clicking on Save/Report. When the report file is closed, all the spooled information is written to the report file, and information cannot be spooled to the report file any more.
V. Performing a Breaker Duty Study and Viewing the Results
Once you have selected the breakers and set the options, you can perform a study on all the selected breakers or on exactly one breaker. Click on the Perform Study button in the Action menu.
Figure 35: Performing a Breaker Duty Study.
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Section 3
1. On All Selected Breakers: Evaluate all selected circuit breakers. If no breakers have been selected, a message in the text area will alert you to this fact. 2. On One Breaker: Evaluate exactly one breaker. With this command, you will be prompted via the breaker search form (Figure 27) to select a breaker. If this breaker had been previously selected, a study will be immediately performed. If not previously selected, the required data for the breaker is fetched from the database first, the breaker is added to the list of selected breakers, and then a study is performed. A breaker duty study is basically a series of short-circuit calculations to determine the worst-case current for each breaker. From the worst-case current, the appropriate breaker margins are computed. Then depending on the reporting options, information will be printed in the text area of the BD module. A part of a study report is shown below:
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Section 3
EII Breaker Duty Study

JUL 15 2002 09:20:26 Page 1
*********************************************************************************** B R E A K E R D U T Y R E P O R T F O R A L L S E L E C T E D B R E A K E R S *********************************************************************************** THREE-PHASE AND SINGLE-LINE-GROUND STUDY FOR ALL SELECTED BREAKERS -----------------------------------------------------------------Breakers are listed according to the substation they are located in, and then according to the buses they are connected to. Notes for Interrupting Margins: ------------------------------Interrupting Rating * Reclosing Derating Factor - Fault Amps * XR Mult. Factor Interrupting Margin (%) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * 100% Interrupting Rating * Reclosing Derating Factor Interrupting Service Ratio (%) = 100 - Interrupting Margin Interrupting capacity shown here might be different from rated capacity due to K factor. Interrupting capacity for SLG margin is 1.15 * TPH interrupting capacity (Symmetrical ANSI breakers only) Actual Interrupting capacity cannot exceed the breaker's maximum interrupting rating. Margins with and without reclosing derating are shown. Explanation of Letters in the TYP column ---------------------------------------T : L : E : M : B : X1: Total Bus Fault Current Line-out Fault Current. (Bus Fault Current with Local Breaker Open) Local Line-End Fault Current. (Branch Current with Local Breaker Open, Fault at Open Breaker) Total Minus Line Current. (Total Bus Fault Current - Branch Contribution) Branch Current. (Branch Current for Fault at Local Bus) Max. Current Occurred in Presence of a Network Contingency (Single Branch Outage). Please contact Electrocon.
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The first part of the report prints out some explanatory messages. Formulas that are used for computing the circuit breaker margin are printed.
Section 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUB NAME : Bessemer TS BUS NAME : Bessemer #1 BUS NUMBER : 32 <----BUS VOLTAGE-----> NOMINAL kV PREFAULT % ---------- ---------115.0 100.0 TOTAL FAULT VALUES -----------------THREE PHASE SINGLE-LINE-GROUND I (AMPS) -------45912. 47510. X/R RATIO --------9.987 11.408
INTERRUPTING DUTY MARGINS ------------------------CONT. PART TIME (SEC) ----0.033 <---------T H R E E X/R BRK DRAT MULT CAP CAP X/R FACT kA kA ---- ---- ---- ---10.0 1.06 50.0 50.0 P T Y P -L H A S SYMM FAULT AMPS ----45912 E---------> % MARG BRK W/O MARG DRAT ----- ----2.7 2.7 <------L I N E X/R BRK MULT CAP X/R FACT kA ---- ---- ---11.4 1.09 50.0 - TO DRAT CAP kA ---50.0 - G R O U N D------> T SYMM % MARG Y FAULT BRK W/O P AMPS MARG DRAT -- ----- ----- ----T 47510 -3.2 -3.2
RATED INT BKR ID BREAKER NAME MODEL NAME (SEC) ------ --------------- ---------- ----792 115-44 BANK#1 BZO 115 - 0.050
PREF VOLT (PU) ---1.00
RECL DRAT FACT ---1.00
GEN. DRAT FACT ---1.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
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10 11 12 13 14
15
16
The second part of the report shows the actual margins that were computed for each breaker in the study. The report is organized according to substations, and then buses within substations. For each bus, the total fault values of current and X/R ratios are printed out first. These currents are the fault currents in phase A for faults at the bus. An explanation of the numbered columns follows on the next page.
Section 3
1. The breaker ID as specified in the database 2. The breaker name as specified in the database 3. The model name as specified in the database 4. The rated interrupting time of the breaker model 5. Actual prefault voltage used at the from bus of the breaker 6. The derating factor for reclosing duties other than the standard duty cycle 7. A general derating factor, in addition to the reclosing derating factor 8. Contact parting time 9. X/R Ratio used for three-phase faults 10. Multiplying factor for three-phase faults 11. The rated breaker capacity for three-phase faults 12. The derated capacity (both reclosing derating and general derating factors applied) 13. Type of fault that produced the maximum current 14. The maximum symmetrical fault current seen by the circuit breaker. This current is multiplied by the X/R multiplying factor to get the actual interrupting current seen by the breaker 15. The interrupting margin or service ratio (depending on reporting option chosen) or margin in kA. 16. The interrupting margin or service ratio or margin in kA, without any derating Items 9 through 16 are repeated for single-line-ground faults. If the reporting options were set so that nothing was printed to the text area, the Results menu can be used to view the results of the study.
Figure 36: The Results Menu.
You can view the results for all selected breakers, or for only those breakers that violate the duty margin specified in the Local options. You can also view the information report for the selected breakers. The information report consists of general breaker information about the selected breakers, reclosing schemes and breaker models. For all commands in the Results menu, a separate window will open with the requested information.
VI. Using the One-Line Diagram in the Breaker Duty Module
Using the one-line diagram, you can:
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Section 3
1. Check for associations between logical breakers or bus ties and real breakers 2. Perform a breaker duty study on all breakers at a given bus Right-click on a logical breaker or a bus-tie. From the context menu choose Associated Real Breakers followed by View breaker data. If that logical breaker or bus tie is associated with exactly one real breaker, then the Breaker Data form for that real breaker (Figure 20) will appear. If the logical breaker or tie is associated with more than one real breaker, a pop-up with the list of real breakers will appear. Click on the breaker whose data you are interested in seeing.
Figure 37: Logical Breakers and Real Breakers.
You can also perform a study on any real breaker that is associated to a logical breaker. Choose Perform a study in the context menu shown above. To perform a study on all breakers at a bus, simply click the right-mouse button on a bus, and choose Studies followed by Check breakers at bus from the context menu that appears.
Figure 38: Checking Breakers from the One-line Diagram.
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Section 3
VII.
Help Features in the Breaker Duty Module
The Breaker Duty Users Guide (this document) is accessible from within CAPE online help. Select the Help Topics menu item from the Help menu. In the resulting window, look for the Breaker Duty Tutorial in the Contents tab. A number of short How Do I help documents are also available. These can be accessed from the How Do I menu item in the Help menu. For a new user, these can be quite useful in getting started with breaker duty analyses.
Figure 39: How Do I Help.
That concludes the description of the CAPE breaker duty module.
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Section 4
CUPL Interface to the Breaker Duty Module
Section 4 CUPL Interface to the Breaker Duty Module I. Introduction
In most cases, you will be performing breaker duty studies by using the commands in the Action and Results menu of the BD module. You will also use the Preferences window to set the options for the study. Alternatively, you can use the CAPE User Programming Language (CUPL) to to automate the process of breaker evaluation. This typically takes the form of macros, which are nothing but a number of CUPL statements, executed one after the other. To make this possible, every command in the Action and Results menu, and every Local and Report option is provided with an equivalent CUPL statement. Typing the CUPL statement at the command line and pressing the Enter key on the keyboard is equivalent to clicking on the command from the menus or choosing an option in the Preferences window. In this section, the CUPL equivalent of every breaker duty command and option is listed. The syntax for using these statements from the command line and examples are also provided. In addition to CUPL statements for the commands and options, a large set of pre-defined CUPL variables are also available. These CUPL variables provide access to system level breaker data, breaker catalog data, reclosing scheme data and evaluation result data for every circuit breaker. All the available CUPL variables are listed. The CUPL statements, combined with the CUPL variables provide the user with a toolbox with which to write breaker duty macros tailored to their needs.
II. CUPL Commands Action and Results Menus
Commands in the Action and Results menus allow the user to choose breakers from the database, perform studies and view results. The CUPL equivalents are:
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Section 4 Command: Purpose: Syntax:
SELECT_INDIVIDUAL_BREAKERS Select one or more breakers from the breaker search form (Figure 27) SELECT_INDIVIDUAL_BREAKERS <breaker_tag> x Specify one or more breaker tags. Terminate command with x. Command will fetch only those tags that are found in the database. If x is not entered, the breaker search form (Figure 27) will be popped up.
Example:
SELECT_INDIVIDUAL_BREAKERS 4 3 15 25 x SELECT_ BREAKERS_AT_BUS Select all breakers connected to a certain bus SELECT_BREAKERS_AT_BUS <bus_number> Specify a bus number. If a bus number is not entered, the bus selection form will be popped up.
Command: Purpose: Syntax:
Example: Command: Purpose: Syntax:
SELECT_BREAKERS_AT_BUS 400001 SELECT_BREAKERS_IN_BUS_SET Select all breakers connected to all the buses in a bus set SELECT_BREAKERS_IN_BUS_SET <bus_set_name> Specify name of the bus set. If a set name is not entered, you will be prompted to choose a bus set from a list of available bus sets.
Example:
SELECT_BREAKERS_IN_BUS_SET ALLBUSES In this example, ALLBUSES is a pre-defined set consisting of all buses in the network. Use the Define Set command in the Macros&Sets menu to define your own bus sets.
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ADD_BREAKERS Add one or more breakers to the previously selected breakers. ADD_BREAKERS <breaker_tag> x Specify one or more breaker tags. Terminate command with x. Command will fetch only those tags that have not already been selected. If x is not entered, the breaker search form (Figure 27) will be popped up.
Example:
ADD_BREAKERS 4 3 15 25 x REPORT_BREAKER Data summary report for a single breaker. REPORT_BREAKER <breaker_tag> Specify one breaker tag. If a tag is not entered, the breaker search form (Figure 27) will be popped up. If the chosen breaker has already been selected before, a database call to fetch the breaker will not be made.
Example:
REPORT_BREAKER 4 REFRESH_BREAKER_DATA Reread the database to refresh data for all currently selected breakers REFRESH_BREAKER_DATA REFRESH_BREAKER_DATA RESET_SELECTED_BREAKERS Empty the list of selected breakers RESET_SELECTED_BREAKERS RESET_SELECTED_BREAKERS
Command: Purpose: Syntax: Example:
Command: Purpose: Syntax: Example:
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LIST_SELECTED_BREAKERS VIEW_SELECTED_BREAKERS System data summary report for all selected breakers LIST_SELECTED_BREAKERS VIEW_SELECTED_BREAKERS Displays system data summary for all selected breakers. LIST_ outputs to the text area, while VIEW_outputs to a separate window.
LIST_SELECTED_BREAKERS LIST_BREAKER_CATALOG_DATA VIEW_BREAKER_CATALOG_DATA Breaker catalog data report for all selected breakers LIST_BREAKER_CATALOG_DATA VIEW_BREAKER_CATALOG_DATA Displays catalog (library) data summary for all selected breakers. LIST_ outputs to the legend text area, while VIEW_outputs to a separate window.
Example:
LIST_BREAKER_CATALOG_DATA LIST_RECLOSING_SCHEME_DATA VIEW_ RECLOSING_SCHEME _DATA Reclosing schemes data report for all selected breakers LIST_ RECLOSING_SCHEME _DATA VIEW_ RECLOSING_SCHEME _DATA Displays reclosing schemes data summary for all selected breakers. LIST_ outputs to the legend text area, while VIEW_outputs to a separate window.
Example:
LIST_RECLOSING_SCHEME _DATA
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PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ALL_BREAKERS Evaluate margins for all selected breakers PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ALL_BREAKERS At the end of the study, depending on the reporting options, the results of the study will be printed out in the text area. Alternatively, the commands in the Results menu can be used to view the results of the study.
PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ALL_BREAKERS PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ONE_BREAKER Evaluate margins for one breaker PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ONE_BREAKER <breaker_tag> Specify a breaker tag. If you do not specify a tag, you will be prompted to choose a breaker from the database. If the breaker has not already been selected, the required data will be fetched from the database. The result of the study will be automatically printed out in the text area.
Example:
PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ONE_BREAKER LIST_FULL_BREAKER_REPORT VIEW_ FULL_BREAKER_REPORT Report the results of a breaker duty study performed on all selected circuit breakers. LIST_FULL_BREAKER_REPORT VIEW_ FULL_BREAKER_REPORT LIST_ outputs to the text area, while VIEW_outputs to a separate window. If no breakers are selected, a message will alert the user. Invoking these two commands will automatically perform a study on all selected breakers, unless a particular breaker has been evaluated before with the PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ONE_BREAKER command.
Example:
VIEW_FULL_BREAKER_REPORT
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LIST_MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY VIEW_MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY Breaker duty study is performed on all selected circuit breakers. But only those breakers that violate the duty margins are reported. LIST_MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY VIEW_MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY LIST_ outputs to the text area, while VIEW_outputs to a separate window. If no breakers are selected, a message will alert the user. Invoking these two commands will automatically perform a study on all selected breakers, unless a particular breaker has been evaluated before with the PERFORM_STUDY_ON_ONE_BREAKER command.
Example:
LIST_MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY LIST_BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT VIEW_BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT For all selected breakers, report system data, catalog data, reclosing scheme data and breaker duty options. LIST_BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT VIEW_BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT LIST_ outputs to the text area, while VIEW_outputs to a separate window. If no breakers are selected, a message will alert the user.
Example: III.
LIST_BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT
CUPL Commands for Breaker Duty Options
The CUPL commands for setting the various breaker duty options are:
MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY Whether or not summary report for marginal breakers should be printed out in the legend area. MARGINAL_BREAKER_SUMMARY [ON|OFF]
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BREAKER_DUTY_REPORT Whether or not summary report for all selected breakers should be printed in the legend area. BREAKER_DUTY_REPORT [ON|OFF] BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT Whether or not the breaker information report for all selected breakers should be printed in the text area. BREAKER_INFORMATION_REPORT [ON|OFF] LIST_BD_OPTIONS Whether or not the breaker duty options should be printed in the text area. LIST_BD_OPTIONS [ON|OFF] MARGIN_UNITS Use % or kA as units for margin computation MARGIN_UNITS [PERCENT | KA] TPH_MARGIN Set the duty margin for three-phase faults to any number between 0 and 100% TPH_MARGIN <0-100> SLG_MARGIN Set the duty margin for single-line-ground faults to any number between 0 and 100% SLG_MARGIN <0-100>
Command: Purpose: Syntax: Command: Purpose: Syntax: Command: Purpose: Syntax: Command: Purpose: Syntax:
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TPH_MARGIN_KA Set the duty margin for three-phase faults to any number between 0 and 100 kA TPH_MARGIN_KA <0-100> SLG_MARGIN_KA Set the duty margin for single-line-ground faults to any number between 0 and 100 kA SLG_MARGIN_KA <0-100> TYPE_OF_STUDY Report results of three-phase fault study only or both three-phase and single-line-ground faults TYPE_OF_STUDY [TPH_ONLY | TPH_SLG] CLOSE_LATCH_MARGIN_REPORT Whether or not the close-latch margins should be printed in the legend area as a part of the breaker study report. CLOSE_LATCH_MARGIN_REPORT [ON|OFF] EVALUATE_N1_CONTINGENCIES Whether or not single contingencies (one branch out at a time) should be taken into account while evaluating the breakers. EVALUATE_N1_CONTINGENCIES [ON|OFF] USE_VOLTAGE_ON_BREAKER_FORM Whether the prefault voltage specified on the breaker form should be used or not, when evaluating the breakers. USE_VOLTAGE_ON_BREAKER_FORM [ON|OFF]
Command: Purpose: Syntax: Command: Purpose: Syntax: Command: Purpose: Syntax:
4-8
Section 4 Command: Purpose:
MARGIN_COMPUTATION Type of breaker margin to be computed. Set to MARGIN for actual spare margin. Set to STRESS_RATIO to get the interrupting current that the breaker sees, as a percentage of the actual interrupting capacity. MARGIN_COMPUTATION [MARGIN | STRESS_RATIO]
Syntax: IV.
Predefined CUPL Variables
The predefined CUPL variables provide access to system level breaker data, breaker catalog data, reclosing scheme data and evaluation result data for every circuit breaker. Typically, you will access this data with the display statement. For example, the CUPL variable BREAKER_NAME stores the name of a given circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is identified by means of its tag. The tag is automatically assigned by the Database Editor when you add a circuit breaker to the network. To display the value of BREAKER_NAME for a given breaker, you will type the following at the Breaker Duty Module command line:
display BREAKER_NAME <breaker_tag> x
The x at the end terminates the command. Without the x you will be prompted for more breaker tags. If the breaker you specify has not been selected before, it will be fetched from the database and added to the list of selected breakers. If you do not specify a breaker_tag, you will be prompted to choose a breaker via the breaker selection form (Figure 27). The name of the breaker as specified in the breaker data form will be displayed in the text area. You can use the save statement to save the predefined CUPL variables to other user variables. For example:
save BREAKER_NAME 16 as junk_name
The above statement will save the BREAKER_NAME for the breaker with tag 16 to the variable junk_name. The complete list of CUPL variables follows. In all cases, the input key is the breaker tag. That is, the data for a breaker is fetched based on the user entered breaker tag.
A. System Level Data CUPL Variable Function
BREAKER_TAG BREAKER_NAME BREAKER_ID BREAKER_SUB_ID
Tag for the specified breaker Breaker name Breaker ID Breaker Substation ID
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Section 4
BREAKER_YEAR BREAKER_FBUS1 BREAKER_TBUS1 BREAKER_CKT1 BREAKER_FBUS2 BREAKER_TBUS2 BREAKER_CKT2 BREAKER_RLY_TIME1 BREAKER_RLY_TIME2 BREAKER_TRANSF_TPH BREAKER_TRANSF_SLG BREAKER_GEN_DERATING_FACTOR BREAKER_OP_VPU BREAKER_ACTUAL_VPU
Year of manufacture Bus number of FROM bus in section 1 Bus number of TO bus in section 1 Circuit number in section 1 Bus number of FROM bus in section 2 Bus number of TO bus in section 2 Circuit number in section 2 Relay operating time in section 1 (in cycles) Relay operating time in section 2 (in cycles) Number of transformations for TPH faults Number of transformation for SLG faults General derating factor, specified on the breaker data form Operating voltage for the breaker as specified on the breaker data form. (p.u.) Actual prefault voltage used for evaluating this breaker. If the option USE_VOLTAGE_ON_BREAKER_FORM is ON, the actual prefault voltage used will be equal to BREAKER_OP_VPU. Else, the actual prefault voltage will be equal to the voltage to which the short-circuit network was initialized.
B.
Breaker Catalog Data CUPL Variable Function
BREAKER_MODEL BREAKER_MFR BREAKER_ERA BREAKER_RATED_TIME BREAKER_RATED_KA BREAKER_K_FACTOR BREAKER_RATING_BASIS BREAKER_INTR_MEDIUM BREAKER_RATED_MVA BREAKER_RATED_KV BREAKER_MAX_KV
C. Reclosing Scheme Data
Model name for the specified breaker Manufacturer for the specified breaker Pre 1960 or post 1960 breaker. The method used for derating for reclosing studies depends on this. Rated interrupting time of the breaker in cycles Rated interrupting capacity in kA Manufacturer specified voltage range factor Rating basis (symmetrical or total) Interrupting medium Three-phase MVA Nominal kV Rated max. kV (Max. Design kV)
CUPL Variable
Function
BREAKER_RECLOSING_SCHEME_NAME 4-10
Reclosing scheme name
Section 4
BREAKER_TIME_INT_1 BREAKER_TIME_INT_2 BREAKER_TIME_INT_3 BREAKER_TIME_INT_4

D.
Time interval 1 in seconds Time interval 2 in seconds Time interval 3 in seconds Time interval 4 in seconds
CUPL Variables for Accessing the Results of a Breaker Duty Study
The variables listed below store the results of a breaker duty study performed on a given breaker. These include the X/R ratios, X/R multiplication factors, actual interrupting capacities, derated interrupting capacities and finally, the breaker margins. These variables will hold meaningful values only after you perform a study on a given breaker. However, if you do request these variables before actually performing a study, the program will automatically evaluate the breaker you requested data for, and then supply the result.
CUPL Variable Function
BREAKER_RECL_DERATING_FACTOR BREAKER_XR_RATIO_TPH BREAKER_XR_RATIO_TPH BREAKER_XR_FACTOR_TPH BREAKER_XR_FACTOR_SLG BREAKER_SYMM_TPH_KA BREAKER_SYMM_SLG_KA BREAKER_TPH_I_TYPE
Reclosing derating factor X/R ratio computed for three-phase faults X/R ratio computed for single-line-ground faults X/R factor for three-phase faults X/R factor for single-line-ground faults Symmetrical phase A breaker current that was used to compute the breaker margin for three-phase faults (in kA) Symmetrical phase A breaker current that was used to compute the breaker margin for single-line-ground faults (in kA) Type of current that was the maximum, among all the current types, for three-phase faults: 7. T: Total bus fault current 8. L: Line-out current 9. E: Local line-end current 10. M: Total-minus-line current 11. B: Branch current 12. X1: Max. current occurred in the presence of a one-out contingency Type of current that was the maximum, among all the current types, for single-lineground faults: 1. T: Total bus fault current 2. L: Line-out current 3. E: Local line-end current 4. M: Total-minus-line current
BREAKER_SLG_I_TYPE
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Section 4
BREAKER_TPH_INT_MARGIN BREAKER_SLG_INT_MARGIN BREAKER_TPH_STRESS_RATIO BREAKER_SLG_STRESS_RATIO BREAKER_ACTUAL_TPH_INT_KA BREAKER_ACTUAL_SLG_INT_KA
5. B: Branch current 6. X1: Max. current occurred in the presence of a one-out contingency Three-phase interrupting margin (%) Single-line-ground interrupting margin (%) Three-phase stress ratio (%) Single-line-ground stress ratio (%) Actual three-phase interrupting capacity in kA Actual single-line-ground interrupting capacity in kA
Please note that all CUPL variables and commands are not case-sensitive. You can use a combination of upper and lower-case letters.
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Appendix A
Local Options
Appendix A Local Options Option Margin Units Margin for TPH Faults (%) Margin for SLG Faults (%) Margin for TPH Faults (kA) Margin for SLG Faults (kA) Type of Study Evaluate Single Contingencies Function
Use voltage specified on breaker form
Choice of % or kA for breaker margins Duty margin for three-phase faults in percent. Duty margin for single-line-ground faults in percent. Duty margin for three-phase faults in kA. Duty margin for single-line-ground faults in kA. Three-phase and single-line-ground fault study (or) three-phase fault study only. If checked, single contingencies will be evaluated during the breaker duty study. This involves outaging one at a time, all branches (transformers, lines) that are connected to the From Bus of the breaker being studied. The study branch (transformer, line, etc.) will not be outaged. In general, outaging a branch at the From Bus will reduce the fault current at the bus, and therefore stress the breaker less than usual. For ANSI/IEEE breakers, it is possible to specify the operating voltage on the breaker data form. If checked, the voltage specified on the breaker data form will be used as the prefault voltage at the breaker From Bus. If your network is initialized with a loadflow study, then you should not check this option. For ANSI/IEEE breakers, if this box is checked, the reactances of rotating machines will be adjusted according to ANSI/IEEE C37.010-1999, before computing the closelatch current and interrupting current. Should CAPE evaluate this fault current? Should CAPE evaluate this fault current? Should CAPE evaluate this fault current? Should CAPE evaluate this fault current?
Adjust rotating machine reactance
Branch Contribution Close-in Fault Line-out Fault Line-end Fault
A-1
Appendix B
Report Options
Appendix B Report Options Option Print Info Report for Selected Breakers Function
Print Breaker Duty Study Options Print Duty Report for Marginal Breakers Print Duty Report for all Selected Breakers Print Close-Latch Margins Margin Computation Lines/Page Report_Header Screen_Reports Screen_Messages File_Reports
At the end of the study, the breaker information report consisting of breaker catalog data and reclosing scheme data will be printed in the text area (or report file) if this option is checked. Otherwise, the breaker information will not be printed. At the end of the study, the options that have been set for the study will be printed in the text area (or report file) if this option is checked. Otherwise, the study options will not be printed. If this option is checked, margin information about breakers that violate the three-phase or single-line-ground duty margin will be printed out in the text area (or report file) at the end of the study. If this option is checked, margin information about all breakers that were a part of the study will be printed out in the text area (and/or report file). If this option is checked, close-latch margins of the breakers in the study will be printed out in the text area (and/or report file). Report either the service ratio or the actual margin Number of lines reported before a new-page control is inserted in a report file. If unchecked, no report header is generated in printed reports. If checked, either a standard header or one entered by the user in the adjoining field is used. If unchecked, reports are not sent to the screen; normally set this way only when File_Reports is unchecked. Normally checked. If unchecked, command prompt area messages no longer appear. Sometimes set this way in large macros to save time. If checked, output, which would normally be sent to the screen, is also sent to the open report file.
B-1
Appendix C
ANSI X/R Ratios vs. the Short-Circuit Thevenin Impedance
Appendix C ANSI X/R Ratios vs. the Short-Circuit Thevenin Impedance
The example given below illustrates the difference between the X/R ratios computed using the method described in ANSI C37.010-1999 and the X/R ratios computed from the Thevenin impedance at the fault point. Consider the system shown in Figure 40 below. The circuit breaker at bus 2 is open, and a three-phase fault is applied just beyond the closed breaker at bus 1.
OPEN ZG1 ZT ZL ZG2
BUS 1
BUS 2
Figure 40: Example Power System.
Positive-sequence impedances (in p.u.) are as follows: ZG1 ZT ZL ZG2 0.0017 + j0.15 0.0015 + j0.07 0.0120 + j0.12 0.0005 + j0.02
ANSI/IEEE C37.010-1999 gives a method for determining the X/R ratios that are to be used in evaluating breaker interrupting duties. This method involves evaluating the equivalent X as seen at the fault point, ignoring the R in the network. Then, we calculate the R as seen from the fault point, ignoring the X. In the example above, the equivalent X in the network is given by:
X1 =
( 0.15 + 0.07 )( 0.12 + 0.02 ) ( 0.15 + 0.07 + 0.12 + 0.02 )
= 0.08556
The equivalent R in the network is given by
R1 =
( 0.0017 + 0.0015 )( 0.012 + 0.0005 ) ( 0.0017 + 0.0015 + 0.012 + 0.0005 )
= 0.00255
C-1
Appendix C
ANSI X/R Ratios vs. the Short-Circuit Thevenin Impedance
This gives the ANSI X/R ratio for the three-phase fault as
X1 0.08556 = = 33.5529 R1 0.00255
The Thevenin impedance at the fault point is given by

ZTHEV =
( ZG1 + ZT )( ZL + ZG2 ) ( ZG1 + ZT + ZL + ZG2 )
Therefore, ZTHEV =
( 0.0032 + j0.22)( 0.0125 + j0.14 ) ( 0.0032 + j0.22 + 0.0125 + j0.14 )
= 0.0052 + j0.0857
This gives an X/R ratio, based on the Thevenin impedance as

X1 0.0857 = = 16.4808 R1 THEV 0.0052
The two methods can give appreciably different results for the same system.
C-2

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CAPE Series

Breaker Duty User's Guide

Electrocon International, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan

Breaker Duty Analysis

Introduction How to Use this Guide

Breaker Duty Analysis

Breaker Duty Analysis

Breaker Duty Analysis

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Section 1 Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer I. Introduction

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Peak or Closing-Latching Current, IP

Current DC Value Upper Envelope Lower Envelope

Table 1: IEEE vs IEC Currents.

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

15kV 9.3kA 2.27

Section 1 B. Total Current Breakers

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

First cycle and Closing-Latching Xd Xd Xd 0.75 Xd Xd Xd

Xd Xd Xd 0.75 Xd 1.5 Xd 1.5 Xd 3 Xd

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

EXTINCTION OF ARC ON PRIMARY CONTACTS

PARTING OF PRIMARY ARCING CONTACTS

Figure 4: Sequence of Events in the Course of a Circuit Breaker Operation.

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Derating the Breaker for Reclosing Duties

INTERRUPTING DUTY MARGIN =

I SC , ACTUAL R I BREAKING I SC , ACTUAL R

Please note the following: 1-10

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

CLOSE LATCH DUTY MARGIN =

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

where k is a multiplying factor defined as

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

I SC , ASYM I b,asym I SC , ASYM

2.6 I SC ,SYM I p 2.6 I SC ,SYM

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Actual Circuit Breaker Arrangements and Corresponding Currents

Bus Bus Breaker No sources downstream of the breaker

Bus Line Breaker Line

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Bus 1 Branch Branch Branch

Branch Branch Branch Bus 2

Figure 8: Ring-Bus Breaker Interrupting Bus Fault Current.

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Figure 10: Generator Breaker.

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Bus Tie Breaker

Bus Tie Breaker

Figure 13 below shows a typical transfer bus breaker arrangement.

Transfer Bus Breaker

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Figure 14: Special Breaker Arrangement.

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Breaker Duty Analysis A Primer

Preparing Data for a Breaker Duty Study