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Viscous Flow in Pipes Viscous Flow in Pipes


CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 8
Often required to size the Often required to size the
pipes and determine the pipes and determine the pipes and determine the pipes and determine the
pumps, etc. Thus, we need pumps, etc. Thus, we need
to determine all sorts of to determine all sorts of
friction losses. friction losses.
Sometimes we must use a judicious combination of
experimental data and JUDGEMENT, along with
theoretical considerations and dimensional analysis to
obtain the desired results. Modified quote from TEXT!!!! Modified quote from TEXT!!!!
Pipe Flow
Flowing Full
Open Channel Flow
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912) a British scientist and
engineer was the first to distinguish between these two
classifications of flow (LAMINAR and TURBULENT LAMINAR and TURBULENT).
Type of Flow
Laminar Transitional Turbulent
Reynolds Number DIMENSIONLESS
1. Laminar
2. Transitional
3. Turbulent

VD
= Re

= fluid density, = dynamic viscosity (with


units of FL
-2
T such as lbs/ft
2
or Ns/m
2
), V is the
average velocity in the pipe, and D is the INSIDE
pipe diameter.
2
Reynolds Number

VD
= Re
= dynamic viscosity withdimensionsof FL
-2
T
v
VD
= Re
= dynamic viscosity, with dimensions of FL
2
T,
with units of lbs/ft
2
or Ns/m
2
.
= kinematic viscosity =/, with dimensions of
L
2
T, with units of ft
2
s or m
2
s
MAKE SURE TO CHECK DEFINITION OF Re Re.
Reynolds Number

VD
= Re
L T L L M L T L L M
3 3
) )( / ( / ) )( / ( /
ESS DIMENSIONL
T ML
T ML
T ML T L
L T MLL
L T T ML
L T L L M
L FT
L T L L M
= =
= = =
2 4
2 4
3
2 2
2 2
3
2
3
) ( ) (
) (
/ ) / (
) )( / ( /
/
) )( / ( /
Re
Reynolds Number

VD
= Re
The flow in a round pipe is laminar if the The flow in a round pipe is laminar if the
Reynolds number is less than 2100 2100. The flow in
a round pipe is turbulent if the Reynolds
number is greater than approximately 4000 4000.
Entrance Region to pipe flow
Figure 8.5
Entranceregion, developingflow, and fully developed flow in apipesystem.
Length of the entrance region Length of the entrance region
Laminar FLOW
e
D
l
e
R 06 . 0 =
Turbulent FLOW
6
1
(Re) 4 . 4 =
D
e
l
D
3
Length of the entrance region
Laminar FLOW
e
D
e
R 06 . 0 =

6 / 1

Turbulent FLOW
For very low Reynolds numbers (Re = 10, the entrance
length can be quite short (l
e
=0.6 D).
For large Reynolds numbers (Re = 4000, it may take a
length of several pipe diameters before the end of
entrance region is reached (l
e
=17.5 D)
6 / 1
(Re) 4 . 4 =
D
e

Length of the entrance region


For many practical engineering problems, 10
4
<Re <10
6
,
thus 20D < l
e
<44D.
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Fully Developed Flow
Flow that begins at the point that the velocity
no longer changes with x, but only with r.
Flow will remain this way until there is a
change in the pipe.
Pressure
Fully developed steady flow in a constant
diameter pipe may be driven by:
1. GRAVITY or GRAVITY or
2. 2. PRESSURE PRESSURE FORCES FORCES
Pressure and Shear Stress
Horizontal pipe flow
Fully developed steady flow in a constant diameter
pipe may be driven by gravity and/or pressure
forces For horizontal pipeflow gravityhasno forces. For horizontal pipe flow, gravity has no
effect except for the pressure variation across the
pipe, D, that is usually negligible. It is the
pressure difference, p = p p = p
11
pp
22
along along
the pipe the pipe which forces the fluid through the
pipe.
Pressure gradient Caused by VISCOUS
effects
p/x = -p/l
WHY negative sign?
4
Nature of Pipe Flow
Dependent on Type of Flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
THREE THREE methods to derive the equations
describing fully developed LAMINAR flow.
1. Newtons law; F = ma applied directly to a pp y
fluid element
2. From the Navier-Stokes equations of motion,
3. Dimensional analysis methods.
Velocity Profile from F=ma Pressure
If gravitational effects are neglected the
pressure is constant across any vertical
cross section (DOESNT
SIGNINFICANTLY CHANGE across the
pipe diameter), but varies from one cross
section to the next.
Pressure decreases in the direction of
flow.
F=ma
Shear stress, t,
acts on the
surface of the
cylinder.
Viscous force is a
function of the
radius of the
cylinder. t = t(r)
Balancing the forces in the x
direction RESULTS in
r
p t 2
=
A

EQ 8.3
t and r (radial coordinate)
1. t = Cr
2. At r =0 t =0 (no shear stress0
3. At r =D/2 t is a maximum, t
w
, the wall shear stress wall shear stress
4. Therefore r
w
t
t
2
= EQ 8 4
D
t = EQ 8.4
5
Change in pressure
D
r
w
t
t
2
=
r
p t 2
=
A

EQ 8.3 EQ 8.4
D
p
w
t 4
= A
EQ 8.5
To further the analysis, we must prescribe how the
shear stress , is related to the velocity
How is shear stress related to velocity?
Recall fromChapter 1
that in laminar flow of
a Newtonian fluid,
shear stressis
dy
du
t =
shear stress is
proportional to the
velocity gradient.
For pipe flow: velocity
decreases fromthe pipe
centerline to the pipe
wall.
y
dr
du
t =
Velocity and Shear Stress
Combining

dr
du
t =
r
p t 2
=
A

EQ 8.3 and
We obtain
Which we can integrate
to obtain
d
r
p
dr
du
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
2
1
2
4
C r
p
u +
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=

Velocity
Find C
1
Where do we know the velocity? At the wall, the
velocity u is zero (r = D/2).
Velocity and Shear Stress
1
2
4
C r
p
u

+
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
2
1
16
0 , 2 /
4
D
p
C
thus u D r at

A
=
= =
|
.

\
Velocity
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
16
) (
D
r
V
D
r pD
r u
c

EQ 8.7
Where V
c
is the centerline or maximumvelocity
and
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
16
2
pD
V
c
6
Velocity
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
16
) (
D
r
V
D
r pD
r u
c

EQ 8.7
D
p
w
t 4
= A EQ 8.5
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
4
) (
R
r D
r u
w

t
Velocity
The velocity profile, plotted in Figure 8.9 is parabolic in
the radial coordinate, has a maximumvelocity at the pipe
centerline and a minimumvelocity (zero) at the pipe
ll wall.
Volume Flow Rate in a Horizontal Pipe (In
terms of maximum velocity)
Flow is axisymmetricabout the centerline.
Velocity is constant on small elements of radius r and
thickness dr.
(
| |
2
dr r
R
r
V dr r r u dA u Q
R r
r
R
c } } }
=
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
= = =
0 0
2
1 2 2 ) ( t t
2
2
c
V R
Q
t
=
Volume Flow Rate in a Horizontal Pipe (In terms of
average velocity)
By definition, the average velocity, V
t
t
2
) /( /
2
2
V R
Q with R Q A Q V
c
= = =

t
t
t
128
32 2
1
2
2
4
2
2
2
p D
Q
pD V
R
V R
V
c c
A
=
|
|
.
|

\
| A
= = = EQ 8.8
EQ 8.9 Poiseuilles LAW
Reynolds number is less than 2100 2100 in
a HORIZONTAL PIPE.
For Laminar Horizontal Pipe Flow the
Flowrate Is:
Directly proportional to the pressure drop
Inversely proportional to viscosity
Inversely proportional to pipe length Inversely proportional to pipe length
Proportional to pipe diameter to the 4
th
power.
Remember: MEAN V=V
c
/ 2

t
128
4
p D
Q
A
=
EQ 8.9 Poiseuilles LAW
For Laminar Flow
RESTRICTED TO REYNOLDS NUMBERS RESTRICTED TO REYNOLDS NUMBERS
LESS THAN APPROXIMATELY LESS THAN APPROXIMATELY 2100 2100 IN A IN A
HORIZONTAL PIPE. HORIZONTAL PIPE.

VD
= Re
7
Non-horizontal laminar pipe flow Balancing the forces
R b d /d df ll i h d l
(From force balance)
r
p t u 2 sin
=
A

EQ 8.10
Remember: t = - du/dr and following the same development as
horizontal flow:
( )

u
32
sin
2
D p
V
A
=
( )

u t
128
sin
4
D p
Q
A
=
EQ 8.11
EQ 8.12
Non-horizontal laminar flow
Driving force
1. PRESSURE drop in the flow direction
2. Component of WEIGHT in the flow direction.
If flow is downhill, gravity helps the helps the flow and a
smaller smaller pressure drop is required, sin < 0.
If flow is uphill, gravity works against works against the
flow and a larger pressure drop is required, sin
> 0.
Given an oil with a viscosity of = 0.40 Ns/m
2
and density =
900 kg/m
3
flows in a pipe diameter D = 0.020m. What pressure
drop is required to produce a flow rate of Q = 2x10
-5
m
3
/s if the
pipe is horizontal and the pipe length is 10 meters?
0.020m
s m
m
s m x
A Q V / 0637 . 0
) 020 . 0 ( 4 /
) / 10 2 (
/
2
3 5
= = =

t
m s m m kg VD ) 020 . 0 )( / 0637 . 0 )( / 900 (
Re
3

ar la Hence
m s N
min 87 . 2 Re
/ 40 . 0
Re
2
=

= =

m kPa
m
kPa p
kPa p
m
m s m x m s N
p
D
Q
p
/ 037 . 2
10
37 . 20
37 . 20
) 02 . 0 (
) 10 )( / 10 2 )( / 40 . 0 ( 128
128
4
3 5 2
4
= =
A
= A

= A
= A

t
t

EQ 8.9 Poiseuilles LAW
Same problem. How steep a hill() must the pipe be on if the oil
is to flow through the pipe at the same rate but no pressure loss?
s m
m
s m x
A Q V / 0637 . 0
) 020 . 0 ( 4 /
) / 10 2 (
/
2
3 5
= = =

t
m s N
m s m m kg VD
/ 40 . 0
) 020 . 0 )( / 0637 . 0 )( / 900 (
Re
2
3

= =

ar la Hence min 87 . 2 Re=


( )

u t
128
sin
4
D p
Q
A
=
EQ 8.12
Same problem. How steep a hill() must the pipe be on if the oil
is to flow through the pipe at the same rate but no pressure loss?
( )
( ) =
A
=
sin 128
128
sin
4
4
u t

u t
D Q
or
D p
Q

( )
=
=

=

34 . 13
23074 . 0 sin
) 02 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 900 (
) / 10 2 )( / 40 . 0 ( 128
sin
128
sin
4 2 3
3 5 2
4
u
u
t
u
t

u
m s m m kg
s m x m s N
D g
Q
8
Check Reynolds number with water, same pipe and same flow.
Viscosity of = 1.12 E
- 3
Ns/m
2
and density = 999 kg/m
3
flows in a pipe diameter D = 0.020m. Flow rate of Q = 2x10
-5
m
3
/s .
0.020m
s m
m
s m x
A Q V / 0637 . 0
) 020 . 0 ( 4 /
) / 10 2 (
/
2
3 5
= = =

t
) 020 0 )( / 0637 0 )( / 999 (
3
m s m m kg VD
1136 Re
/ ) 10 12 . 1 (
) 020 . 0 )( / 0637 . 0 )( / 999 (
Re
2 3
=

= =

m s N x
m s m m kg VD

What if the velocity were 1 m/s (3.2 ft/s)? What is the Reynolds
number?
17800 Re
/ ) 10 12 . 1 (
) 020 . 0 )( / 0 . 1 )( / 999 (
Re
2 3
3
=

= =

m s N x
m s m m kg VD

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