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VD
= Re
= dynamic viscosity withdimensionsof FL
-2
T
v
VD
= Re
= dynamic viscosity, with dimensions of FL
2
T,
with units of lbs/ft
2
or Ns/m
2
.
= kinematic viscosity =/, with dimensions of
L
2
T, with units of ft
2
s or m
2
s
MAKE SURE TO CHECK DEFINITION OF Re Re.
Reynolds Number
VD
= Re
L T L L M L T L L M
3 3
) )( / ( / ) )( / ( /
ESS DIMENSIONL
T ML
T ML
T ML T L
L T MLL
L T T ML
L T L L M
L FT
L T L L M
= =
= = =
2 4
2 4
3
2 2
2 2
3
2
3
) ( ) (
) (
/ ) / (
) )( / ( /
/
) )( / ( /
Re
Reynolds Number
VD
= Re
The flow in a round pipe is laminar if the The flow in a round pipe is laminar if the
Reynolds number is less than 2100 2100. The flow in
a round pipe is turbulent if the Reynolds
number is greater than approximately 4000 4000.
Entrance Region to pipe flow
Figure 8.5
Entranceregion, developingflow, and fully developed flow in apipesystem.
Length of the entrance region Length of the entrance region
Laminar FLOW
e
D
l
e
R 06 . 0 =
Turbulent FLOW
6
1
(Re) 4 . 4 =
D
e
l
D
3
Length of the entrance region
Laminar FLOW
e
D
e
R 06 . 0 =
6 / 1
Turbulent FLOW
For very low Reynolds numbers (Re = 10, the entrance
length can be quite short (l
e
=0.6 D).
For large Reynolds numbers (Re = 4000, it may take a
length of several pipe diameters before the end of
entrance region is reached (l
e
=17.5 D)
6 / 1
(Re) 4 . 4 =
D
e
EQ 8.3
t and r (radial coordinate)
1. t = Cr
2. At r =0 t =0 (no shear stress0
3. At r =D/2 t is a maximum, t
w
, the wall shear stress wall shear stress
4. Therefore r
w
t
t
2
= EQ 8 4
D
t = EQ 8.4
5
Change in pressure
D
r
w
t
t
2
=
r
p t 2
=
A
EQ 8.3 EQ 8.4
D
p
w
t 4
= A
EQ 8.5
To further the analysis, we must prescribe how the
shear stress , is related to the velocity
How is shear stress related to velocity?
Recall fromChapter 1
that in laminar flow of
a Newtonian fluid,
shear stressis
dy
du
t =
shear stress is
proportional to the
velocity gradient.
For pipe flow: velocity
decreases fromthe pipe
centerline to the pipe
wall.
y
dr
du
t =
Velocity and Shear Stress
Combining
dr
du
t =
r
p t 2
=
A
EQ 8.3 and
We obtain
Which we can integrate
to obtain
d
r
p
dr
du
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
2
1
2
4
C r
p
u +
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
Velocity
Find C
1
Where do we know the velocity? At the wall, the
velocity u is zero (r = D/2).
Velocity and Shear Stress
1
2
4
C r
p
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
2
1
16
0 , 2 /
4
D
p
C
thus u D r at
A
=
= =
|
.
\
Velocity
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
16
) (
D
r
V
D
r pD
r u
c
EQ 8.7
Where V
c
is the centerline or maximumvelocity
and
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
16
2
pD
V
c
6
Velocity
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
16
) (
D
r
V
D
r pD
r u
c
EQ 8.7
D
p
w
t 4
= A EQ 8.5
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
4
) (
R
r D
r u
w
t
Velocity
The velocity profile, plotted in Figure 8.9 is parabolic in
the radial coordinate, has a maximumvelocity at the pipe
centerline and a minimumvelocity (zero) at the pipe
ll wall.
Volume Flow Rate in a Horizontal Pipe (In
terms of maximum velocity)
Flow is axisymmetricabout the centerline.
Velocity is constant on small elements of radius r and
thickness dr.
(
| |
2
dr r
R
r
V dr r r u dA u Q
R r
r
R
c } } }
=
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
0 0
2
1 2 2 ) ( t t
2
2
c
V R
Q
t
=
Volume Flow Rate in a Horizontal Pipe (In terms of
average velocity)
By definition, the average velocity, V
t
t
2
) /( /
2
2
V R
Q with R Q A Q V
c
= = =
t
t
t
128
32 2
1
2
2
4
2
2
2
p D
Q
pD V
R
V R
V
c c
A
=
|
|
.
|
\
| A
= = = EQ 8.8
EQ 8.9 Poiseuilles LAW
Reynolds number is less than 2100 2100 in
a HORIZONTAL PIPE.
For Laminar Horizontal Pipe Flow the
Flowrate Is:
Directly proportional to the pressure drop
Inversely proportional to viscosity
Inversely proportional to pipe length Inversely proportional to pipe length
Proportional to pipe diameter to the 4
th
power.
Remember: MEAN V=V
c
/ 2
t
128
4
p D
Q
A
=
EQ 8.9 Poiseuilles LAW
For Laminar Flow
RESTRICTED TO REYNOLDS NUMBERS RESTRICTED TO REYNOLDS NUMBERS
LESS THAN APPROXIMATELY LESS THAN APPROXIMATELY 2100 2100 IN A IN A
HORIZONTAL PIPE. HORIZONTAL PIPE.
VD
= Re
7
Non-horizontal laminar pipe flow Balancing the forces
R b d /d df ll i h d l
(From force balance)
r
p t u 2 sin
=
A
EQ 8.10
Remember: t = - du/dr and following the same development as
horizontal flow:
( )
u
32
sin
2
D p
V
A
=
( )
u t
128
sin
4
D p
Q
A
=
EQ 8.11
EQ 8.12
Non-horizontal laminar flow
Driving force
1. PRESSURE drop in the flow direction
2. Component of WEIGHT in the flow direction.
If flow is downhill, gravity helps the helps the flow and a
smaller smaller pressure drop is required, sin < 0.
If flow is uphill, gravity works against works against the
flow and a larger pressure drop is required, sin
> 0.
Given an oil with a viscosity of = 0.40 Ns/m
2
and density =
900 kg/m
3
flows in a pipe diameter D = 0.020m. What pressure
drop is required to produce a flow rate of Q = 2x10
-5
m
3
/s if the
pipe is horizontal and the pipe length is 10 meters?
0.020m
s m
m
s m x
A Q V / 0637 . 0
) 020 . 0 ( 4 /
) / 10 2 (
/
2
3 5
= = =
t
m s m m kg VD ) 020 . 0 )( / 0637 . 0 )( / 900 (
Re
3
ar la Hence
m s N
min 87 . 2 Re
/ 40 . 0
Re
2
=
= =
m kPa
m
kPa p
kPa p
m
m s m x m s N
p
D
Q
p
/ 037 . 2
10
37 . 20
37 . 20
) 02 . 0 (
) 10 )( / 10 2 )( / 40 . 0 ( 128
128
4
3 5 2
4
= =
A
= A
= A
= A
t
t
EQ 8.9 Poiseuilles LAW
Same problem. How steep a hill() must the pipe be on if the oil
is to flow through the pipe at the same rate but no pressure loss?
s m
m
s m x
A Q V / 0637 . 0
) 020 . 0 ( 4 /
) / 10 2 (
/
2
3 5
= = =
t
m s N
m s m m kg VD
/ 40 . 0
) 020 . 0 )( / 0637 . 0 )( / 900 (
Re
2
3
= =
u t
128
sin
4
D p
Q
A
=
EQ 8.12
Same problem. How steep a hill() must the pipe be on if the oil
is to flow through the pipe at the same rate but no pressure loss?
( )
( ) =
A
=
sin 128
128
sin
4
4
u t
u t
D Q
or
D p
Q
( )
=
=
=
34 . 13
23074 . 0 sin
) 02 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 900 (
) / 10 2 )( / 40 . 0 ( 128
sin
128
sin
4 2 3
3 5 2
4
u
u
t
u
t
u
m s m m kg
s m x m s N
D g
Q
8
Check Reynolds number with water, same pipe and same flow.
Viscosity of = 1.12 E
- 3
Ns/m
2
and density = 999 kg/m
3
flows in a pipe diameter D = 0.020m. Flow rate of Q = 2x10
-5
m
3
/s .
0.020m
s m
m
s m x
A Q V / 0637 . 0
) 020 . 0 ( 4 /
) / 10 2 (
/
2
3 5
= = =
t
) 020 0 )( / 0637 0 )( / 999 (
3
m s m m kg VD
1136 Re
/ ) 10 12 . 1 (
) 020 . 0 )( / 0637 . 0 )( / 999 (
Re
2 3
=
= =
m s N x
m s m m kg VD
What if the velocity were 1 m/s (3.2 ft/s)? What is the Reynolds
number?
17800 Re
/ ) 10 12 . 1 (
) 020 . 0 )( / 0 . 1 )( / 999 (
Re
2 3
3
=
= =
m s N x
m s m m kg VD