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1

r

r
(rv
r
v
z) +

z

v
z
2 _
,

P
z
+
1
r

r

v
z
r
+
negl.
v
r
z
_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
+
negl.

2
v
z
z
_
,
+F
int,z
+ MAX[, 0]v
z,other
MAX[, 0]v
z
(B.11)
The indicated terms are neglected per the parabolic approximation. The final equation
results after a nomenclature change (x=z, u=v
z
, and u=v
r
):
1
r

r
(rvu) +

x

u
2 _
,

P
x
+
1
r

r

r
u
r
1
]
+ F
int,x
+ MAX[, 0]v
z,other
MAX[, 0]v
z
(B.12)
For the radial momentum equation:
1
r

r

rv
r
2 _
,
+
1
r

(v

v
r) +

z
(v
z
v
r)

P
r
+
1
r

r
(r
rr
) +
1
r

(
r
) +

z
(
zr
)

r
F
int,r
+ MAX[, 0]v
r,other
MAX[, 0]v
r
(B.13)
Following the procedure outlined above for the x-momentum equation, the r-momentum
equation eventually reduces to:
1
r

r

rv
2 _
,
+

x
(uv)
P
r
+
1
r

r

2r
v
r
_
,
+

x

u
r
_
,

2
r
2
v
+ F
int,r
+ [, 0]v
other
[, 0]v (B.14)
B.3 Energy Equation
Following White [36], again, the First Law of Thermodynamics applied to an infinitesimal
control volume can be expressed as:
.
Q
.
W


x
(u) +

y
(v) +

z
(w)
1
]
1
dxdydz + E
int
(B.15)
138
where is the total convected energy (internal+kinetic+flow work), and E
int
is the
interfacial energy transfer due to mass transfer. The following expressions detail these
terms specifically. The heat transfer term amounts to:
.
Q [ (kT) + q
int
]dxdydz (B.16)
where the first term is the standard conduction heat transfer occuring within the phase and
the second term is the interfacial heat transfer. For work transfer the following expression
is applicable:
.
W

V (
ij
)
1
2

V +

V
other
_
,


F
int
1
]
1
dxdydz (B.17)

where the first term is work done by the shear forces, the second term is viscous
dissipation (neglected) and the third term is work done by the interfacial drag forces.
Since each phase has a different velocity, it is assumed that an average velocity is
appropriate for this work term. The interfacial energy transfer due to mass transfer is
expressed as:
E
int

MAX[, 0]
V
other
2
2
+ MAX[, 0]
V
2
2
h
1
]
1
1
1
dxdydz (B.18)
where the first two terms are kinetic energy transfer. These terms reflect that whatever
loss of kinetic energy that occurs in one phase is a gain for the other phase. The second
term is the enthalpy transferred between phases. Substituting the above expressions into
the First Law expression yields:
139
(kT) +

V


ij
_
,
+ MAX[, 0]
V
other
2
2
MAX[, 0]
V
2
2
+ h + q
int
+
1
2

V +

V
other
_
,


F
int


x
(u) +

y
(v) +

z
(w) (B.19)
Using the following definition:
u +
1
2
V
2
+
P

h +
1
2
V
2
h +
1
2

u
2
+ v
2
+ w
2 _
,
(B.20)
where u is internal energy, and substituting gives:
(kT) +

V


ij
_
,
+ MAX[, 0]
V
other
2
2
MAX[, 0]
V
2
2
+ h + q
int
+
1
2

V +

V
other
_
,


F
int


x
(uh) +

y
(vh) +

z
(wh)

x
u

1
2

u
2
+ v
2
+ w
2 _
,
1
]
1
+

y
v

1
2

u
2
+ v
2
+ w
2_
,
1
]
1
+

z
w

1
2

u
2
+ v
2
+ w
2_
,
1
]
1
(B.21)
Next, the mechanical energy equation is subtracted from this expression to give the
thermal energy equation. The mechanical energy equation is formed by taking the dot
product of velocity with the momentum equation (Eqn. B.8), which gives:

V
_
,

V P +

V


ij
_
,
+

V

F
int
+ MAX[, 0]

V

V
other
MAX[, 0]

V

V (B.22)
The details of this subtraction are not shown here since they only amount to a large
amount of tedious algebra.
140
The result is:
(

V h) (kT) +

V (P) + h + q
int
+
viscous dissipation - always positive
MAX[, 0]

1
2
V
other
2
+
1
2
V
2


V

V
other
_
,
+
1
2

V
other


V
_
,


F
int
(B.23)
Note that the last two terms represent viscous dissipation, since all mechanical energy
transferred was cancelled out with the subraction of the mechanical energy equation. The
next step is to convert enthalpy to temperature in the above equation. This is done using
the property relationship (Bejan, [37]):
h c
p
T +
1 T

P (B.24)
where is the coefficient of thermal expansion. Taking the dot product of velocity with
this relationship multiplied by () gives:

V h c
p

V T + (1 T)

V P (B.25)
By the chain rule of calculus this equation can be expressed as follows:

Vh
_
,

(continuity)
h

V
_
,
c
p

VT
_
,
c
p
T
(continuity)

V
_
,
+(1 T)

V P (B.26)
Substituting this result into the energy equation to remove h and dividing through by c
p
yields:
141

VT
_
,

1
c
p
(kT) +
T
c
p

V P + T +
q
int
c
p
+
1
c
p
MAX[, 0]

1
2
V
other
2
+
1
2
V
2


V

V
other
_
,
+
1
2c
p

V
other


V
_
,


F
int
(B.27)
This expression is in general vector notation. Expanding in axisymmetric coordinates
yields:
1
r

r
(rvT) +

x
(uT)
1
c
p

1
r

r

rk
T
r
_
,
+
negl.

k
T
x
_
,
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
+
T
c
p

negl.
v
P
r
+u
P
x
_
,

+ T +
q
int
c
p
+
1
c
p
MAX[, 0]

1
2

negl.
v
other
2
+u
other
2
+
negl.
v
2
+u
2
_
,


negl.
vv
other
uu
other
1
]
1
1
1
+
1
2c
p

negl.
(v
other
v)F
int,r
+(u
other
u)F
int,x
1
]
1
1
1
(B.28)
where the noted terms are neglected due to the parabolic approximation. The final form
of the energy equation is thus:
1
r

r
(rvT) +

x
(uT)
1
c
p

1
r

r

rk
T
r
_
,
1
]
+
T
c
p
u
P
x
+ T +
q
int
c
p
1
c
p
MAX[, 0]

1
2
(u
other
2
+ u
2
) uu
other
1
]
1
+
1
2c
p
(u
other
u)F
int,x
(B.29)
142

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