PC37 122 4-G PDF

PC37.122.
4/DG, December 2012 Draft Guide for Application and User Guide for Gas-insulated Transmission Lines (GIL), Rated 72.5 kV and Above
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PC37.122.4/DG Draft Guide for Application and User Guide for Gas-insulated Transmission Lines (GIL), Rated 72.5 kV and Above
Sponsor
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Substations Committee
of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society

Approved <Date Approved>
IEEE-SA Standards Board

Copyright 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Three Park Avenue New York, New York 10016-5997, USA All rights reserved. This document is an unapproved draft of a proposed IEEE Standard. As such, this document is subject to change. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK! Because this is an unapproved draft, this document must not be utilized for any conformance/compliance purposes. Permission is hereby granted for IEEE Standards Committee participants to reproduce this document for purposes of standardization consideration. Prior to adoption of this document, in whole or in part, by another standards development organization, permission must first be obtained from the IEEE Standards Activities Department (stds.ipr@ieee.org). Other entities seeking permission to reproduce this document, in whole or in part, must also obtain permission from the IEEE Standards Activities Department. IEEE Standards Activities Department 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
PC37.122.4/DG, December 2012 Draft Guide for Application and User Guide for Gas-insulated Transmission Lines (GIL), Rated 72.5 kV and Above
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Participants
At the time this draft guide was completed, the Gas Insulated Substations K5 Working Group had the following membership: Patrick Fitzgerald, Chair <Vice-chair Name>, Vice Chair
Arun Arora George Becker Roberto Benato Philip Bolin Markus Etter
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Arnaud Ficheux Noboru Fujimoto David Giegel Jack Gustin Charles Hand
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Hermann Koch Ahmet Oztepe Devki Sharma Dave Solhtalab Ryan Stone
The following members of the <individual/entity> balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. [To be supplied by IEEE]
Balloter1 Balloter2 Balloter3
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When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on <Date Approved>, it had the following membership: [To be supplied by IEEE] <Name>, Chair <Name>, Vice Chair <Name>, Past Chair <Name>, Secretary
SBMember1 SBMember2 SBMember3 *Member Emeritus
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SBMember4 SBMember5 SBMember6
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SBMember7 SBMember8 SBMember9
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
<Name>, DOE Representative <Name>, NIST Representative <Name> IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development <Name> IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of PC37.122.4/DG, Draft Guide for Application and User Guide for Gas-insulated Transmission Lines (GIL), Rated 72.5 kV and Above.
GIL has been manufactured starting in the early 1970s when the first gas-insulated substations were introduced. IEEE has not had any standard to address any manufacturing of GIL. To address IEEE policy that IEEE standards should be harmonized with international standards whenever possible a study was conducted by a joint task force of the Substations Committee and IEC. This included creating an IEEE Standard that generally aligned with the IEC GIL standards.
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Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 2 2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 2 3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 3 4. Technical Details of GIL ............................................................................................................................ 3 4.1 Description .......................................................................................................................................... 3 4.2 Typical Installations ............................................................................................................................ 4 4.3 GIL Application Information ............................................................................................................... 5 4.4 Influence of GIL on the Transmission Network .................................................................................. 5 4.5 Temperature Design Criteria ............................................................................................................... 6 4.6 Seismic Aspects ................................................................................................................................... 6 4.7 Terminations ........................................................................................................................................ 6 4.8 Installation Criteria .............................................................................................................................. 7 4.9 Testing Criteria .................................................................................................................................... 8 4.10 Environmental Aspects ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.11 Technical Data to be given in the Request for Proposal .................................................................... 8 5. Detailed Project Implementation and Service ............................................................................................ 9 5.1 Construction Aspects ........................................................................................................................... 9 5.2 Transportation and Storage ................................................................................................................ 10 5.3 GIL Installation.................................................................................................................................. 11 5.4 Testing and Commissioning .............................................................................................................. 12 5.5 Secondary Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 14 5.6 GIL Grounding .................................................................................................................................. 15 5.7 Seismic Requirements ....................................................................................................................... 16 5.8 Repair Techniques ............................................................................................................................. 17 6. Gas Handling of Gas Mixtures ................................................................................................................. 17 6.1 Pure SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixture ................................................................................................... 17 6.2 Gas Handling Equipment ................................................................................................................... 17 6.3 Filling With SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture.......................................................................................... 18 6.4 Removal of SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture .......................................................................................... 18 7. Maintenance and Inspections.................................................................................................................... 18 8. Monitoring equipment shall be checked periodically as recommended by the manufacturer. Training .. 18 9. Decommissioning ..................................................................................................................................... 19 9.1 Removal of SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture .......................................................................................... 19 9.2 Dismantling of the GIL...................................................................................................................... 19 Annex A (Informative) Typical Installations ............................................................................................... 20 A.1 Installations in a Tunnel.................................................................................................................... 20 A.2 Above Ground .................................................................................................................................. 24 A.3 Direct Burried ................................................................................................................................... 27 viii
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Annex B (Informative) Comparison of GIL, OHL, and XLPE Cable .......................................................... 28 Annex C (Informative) Proposal Fill-in Data Table ..................................................................................... 30 Annex D (Informative) Execution of a GIL Project-Planning and Engineering Process ............................. 32 D.1 Initiation of a Project ........................................................................................................................ 33 D.2 Preliminary System Studies / Need Assessment ............................................................................... 33 D.3 Routing ............................................................................................................................................. 33 D.4 Pre-Proposal Stage ............................................................................................................................ 33 D.5 Further studies .................................................................................................................................. 33 D.6 Approval of the Right-of-way........................................................................................................... 34 D.7 Preparation of a Request for Proposal .............................................................................................. 34 D.8 Evaluation of Proposals .................................................................................................................... 35 D.9 Project implementation ..................................................................................................................... 35 Annex E (Informative) Bibliography............................................................................................................ 37
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Draft Guide for Application and User Guide for Gas-insulated Transmission Lines (GIL), Rated 72.5 kV and Above
IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading Important Notice or Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents. They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.
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1. Overview
The purpose of this guide is to provide technical assistance for the selection, application and project management for a Gas Insulated Line (GIL) transmission project from initial planning through decommissioning and retirement. It is not within the scope of this guide to address contractual or commercial questions related to GIL projects. The document included tables, flowcharts and other aids that maybe of use in a typical GIL project. While not required, a certain minimum knowledge of GIL is required in order to utilize the benefits of this technology. The relevant information for accurate system planning using GIL is also included in this document along with operations and maintenance information. This guide includes equipment with the following specifications or characteristics: rated voltage 72.5 kV and above, alternating current, single-phase, rigid (solid aluminum) enclosure, installed above ground, in a trench, directly buried or in tunnel, laid horizontally, vertically at any angle and using pure SF6 or a mixture of SF6 with nitrogen as the insulating medium.
1.1 Scope
This project will develop a guide for the planning, permitting, design, equipment specification, installation, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of gas insulated transmission lines. The guide will address 1
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technical aspects only. Commercial and legal issues associated with gas insulated transmission lines are not considered. This guide applies to AC transmission lines rated for maximum operating voltage of 72.5 kV and higher.
1.2 Purpose
There is currently no complete guide covering planning, design, installation, and operation of gas insulated transmission lines. The guide produced by this project will fill this void and become a useful reference for electric power engineers considering the installation of gas insulated lines.
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2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std C37.122 TM, IEEE Standard for Gas-Insulated Substations IEEE C37.122.1TM. IEEE Guide for Gas Insulated Substation IEEE Std C37.017 TM, IEEE Standard for Bushings for High-Voltage [over 1000 V (ac)] Circuit Breakers and Gas-Insulated Switchgear IEEE Std 80, IEEE Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding IEEE Std 693, IEEE Recommended Practice of Seismic Design of Substations IEEE Std C37.123TM, IEEE Specification for GIS Electric Power Substation Equipment IEEE Std C37.122.5, Guide for Moisture Measurement and Control in SF6 Gas-Insulated Equipment IEC 62271-1, Common clauses for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards IEC 62271-204, HV gas-insulated transmission lines for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above IEC 60376, Specification of technical grade sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for use in electrical equipment IEC 60480, Guidelines for the checking and treatment of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) taken from electrical equipment and specification for its re-use CIGRE 218, Gas-Insulated Transmission Line (GIL) (Brochure) CIGRE 351, Application of Long High Capacity Gas-Insulated Lines in Structures (Brochure) ASTM D2472, Standard Specification for Sulfur Hexafluoride ASTM D1933, Standard specification for Nitrogen Gas as an Electrical Insulating Material CIGRE 276, SF6Gas Handling Guide (Brochure) IEEE Std C37.122.3TM, IEEE SF6Gas Handling Guide
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CIGRE 360. Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC Condition (Brochure) IEEE Std C37.122.6TM, Recommended Practice for the Interface of New Gas-Insulated Equipment in Existing Gas-Insulated Substations Rated Above 52kV
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3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 1 Users should reference IEEE Std C37.122 for most definitions. support insulators: Epoxy insulating material that is used to hold the conductor concentric to the enclosure
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4. Technical Details of GIL

CIGRE 218 provides comprehensive information about GIL. The following sections provide a short overview of GIL features to familiarize the reader with the characteristics of GIL.
4.1 Description
The technology of GIL is similar to gas-insulated substations (GIS), where a high voltage conductor supported by insulators is positioned within a grounded enclosure and the remaining space between is filled with a pressurized gas for electrical insulation. The support insulators are composed of composite cast resin material. The conductor of each phase is located within an aluminum enclosure. Sliding Contacts provide compensation for thermal expansion of the conductor and where the enclosure expansion (i.e. in tunnel or trench installations) is compensated by bellows assemblies. The GIL is divided along its length into separate gas compartments. GIL dimensions are determined by the dielectric, thermal and mechanical design requirements. Conductor and enclosure diameters and thicknesses, and gas composition and pressure may be varied according to the application to provide an optimum solution. In typical standard applications, dielectric considerations will determine the enclosure dimensions. For high current rated circuits, thermal considerations may require larger dimensions in order to maintain temperatures within acceptable limits.
1 IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at: http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/standards_dictionary.html.
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4.2 Typical Installations
Figure 1 General design of GIL
The GIL installation is generally, defined by the transmission system or application requirements. The GIL is usually installed in three different methods: in a tunnel, duct, or trench, on steel structures above ground or directly buried in the ground. The above ground installation is most commonly found in electrical switchyards, installed on steel structures above ground and/or in concrete trenches or walls. In a switchyard application GIL connects the GIS with other remote equipment like transformers, overhead lines, or other sections of an existing substation. This application is also the most economical since minimal excavation is required for the structural supports. An above ground installation can also be provided in public access areas; however physical security should be considered including fences, climbing deterrents, and gas density monitor covers etc. Directly buried installations are used inside or outside substations where the GIL is used to connect remote equipment or switchyards. In this case, GIS is typically covered with a minimum of 1 m soil and provided with cathodic (corrosion) protection. This cathodic protection that can be used is either a traditional system, or a coating that is applied to the enclosure. If a concealed installation is required for either security or aesthetic purposes, a buried installation should also be considered. In any case, the GIL route should be carefully investigated for interferences above and below grade. Buried installation may also require a larger trench width foot print since the phases are usually arrangement in a flat configuration. A tunnel is widely used for underground installations in cities or other areas with limited space and obstacles along the route. These tunnels are either drilled very deep, typically 20 to 40 m below the surface, or close to the surface built in an open trench. A tunnel of 3 m in diameter is sufficient for incorporating a GIL double system. A GIL tunnel installation is often found in conjunction with hydroelectric or pump storage power plants where the electric power generation is in a mountain cavern and the GIL is used to transmit the electrical energy to the transmission grid at the surface All grounding should be done in accordance with IEEE 80. Examples of typical GIL installations are shown in Annex A. 4
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4.3 GIL Application Information

GIL has multiple features that may help the application engineer address specific problems, these include: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) a) b) c) Overall transmission losses are low compared to overhead lines, because of large conductor cross sections There are no significant dielectric losses Ratings of 2000MVA and more at 420-550 kV are available with directly buried GIL without auxiliary cooling Significantly greater than 2000MVA are available for outdoor installations in air (dependent chiefly on ambient temperature) GIL capacitance is approximately four times greater than the capacitance of an equivalent overhead line but approximately four times less than the capacitance of an XLPE cable The high voltage portion of GIL is exposed to environmental conditions like snow, ice, wind, pollution, contamination GIL lacks any significant aging phenomena, as reported by CIGRE on Gas-Insulated equipment, [B29] Lengths of lines are possible without phase compensation, in the range of 60-80 km Greater flexibility in routing the line, as any angle is possible Less visual impact than overhead lines Low external electromagnetic field levels No increased risk of fire as the enclosure, conductor, and insulation materials are made of materials that do not readily burn Lower transmission losses over the life of the GIL installation compared to overhead lines Higher availability due to minimal maintenance and established reliability
Some of the environmental features include:
High degree of gas tightness, especially in welded design, Some Economic considerations include: a) b)
Pure SF6 is used in switching elements of GIS and high voltage circuit breakers mainly because of its excellent arc quenching characteristics. To meet only electrical insulation requirements (non-switching), similar to a GIL, a gas mixture of 90-80% of Nitrogen (N2) and 10-20% by volume of SF6 is needed. This reduces the amount of SF6 required. Annex B provides a detailed comparison between OHL, Cable, and GIL.
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4.4 Influence of GIL on the Transmission Network

Due to the special characteristics of GIL, the following influences on the transmission network might to occur. The individual influence must be determined in network studies. See D.2 and D.5. Due to its lower inductance, the GIL will tend to carry a greater share of the transmitted power when connected parallel to existing OHL or cables.
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A requirement for line compensation should be studied. However, for very long GIL ( greater than 60-80 km), reactive compensation may be needed, depending on the inductive power already available in the network. See CIGRE Brochure 351 for further explanation. The high transmission capability of GIL (2000 MVA per system) may provides the same capacity in a direct buried installation as that of an overhead line with one circuit. The GIL/Overhead line hybrid system allows auto-reclosure as the probability that the fault is in the GIL section is very low. If the fault is in the GIL portion, the additional damage resulting from the reclosure will not normally cause damage beyond the faulted section of GIL(the insulating gas is self-restoring) or result in loss of gas. This allows the system to operate without major changes in operation and protection schemes.
4.5 Temperature Design Criteria

IEEE Std C37.122 should be followed with regards to the temperature limits, with the following additions: For tunnel installation, the maximum enclosure temperature should not exceed 70C. Outdoor (open air) installations, the maximal enclosure temperature should not exceed 80C. Direct buried installations the maximum enclosure temperature should be limited to avoid soil drying, typically between 50C and 60C.
4.6 Seismic Aspects

Seismic analysis should be performed as stated in IEEE Std 693. The seismic behavior of GIL is similar to pipelines. Welded tubes are very flexible and usually withstand earthquakes without any damage, as long as there is no significant settlement or gap in the ground. Special attention has to be paid to external elements that the GIL may pass through that modify the support characteristics of the GIL (e.g. crossing bridge abutments or expansion joints and building entries) as well as special laying areas, with poor soil stability (e.g. sands and shale formations) Seismic performance studies analyzing the line under the required seismic conditions shall be performed by the manufacturer or an independent consultant and form part of the order documentation. The specific requirements shall be defined in the request for proposal documents.
4.7 Terminations
4.7.1 SF6/Air Bushings SF6 gas bushings are typically used to transition from GIL to the transmission system. The bushings can be ceramic or composite by design. All Bushings should be designed and tested in accordance with IEEE Std C37.017.
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4.7.2 GIS Interfaces A GIS/GIL connection typically happens inside a switchyard, when a hazard or obstacle presents itself that no other alternative can be used. This connection, if done between different manufacturers or technologies, should be done in accordance with IEEE Std C37.122.6 & C37.122.1.
4.8 Installation Criteria

As noted earlier, GIL can be installed in various arrangements: above ground, in a duct, in a tunnel or directly buried, from horizontal or vertical arrangement, with tight bend radii and any required angle. With this flexibility however, there are some limitations that should be considered.
4.8.1 Bending Field bending of GIL is possible down to a bending radius of approximately 400 m without special elbow sections for all voltage classes. Smaller bending radii are possible for lower voltage class GIL. This GIL radius flexibility simplifies installations along most cross-country routes and in drilled tunnels. Smaller bending radii are possible with special design of elbow elements to accommodate angles between 0 and 180 degrees.
4.8.2 Gas Compartmentalization Long runs of GILs are segregated into multiple gas zones that simplify the gas management. The size of the zones will impact the time required to process the gas zone, and complete leak tests, evacuation and filling. Multiple gas zones also define a convenient gas volumes for handling purposes should the gas need to be removed. In the event of a failure, smaller gas zones also limit the contamination and impacts on the effort required to repair and return to service. In general, the size of the gas zones is a design parameter to be considered in view of the owners operational and maintenance requirements. Separation of gas compartments is done using a partition insulator and generally the position is marked by external means. The maximum volume of the gas compartments vary with the owners gas handling equipment capabilities provided for evacuation, storage and filling. Typical gas compartments should be sized to allow removal of the gas from any two adjacent compartments into the storage systems provided. In Figure 2, if work needs to be done in Gas Zone 3, gas needs to be evacuated from Gas Zone 2, Gas Zone 3, and Gas Zone 4 for safety reasons. The handling cart should have enough storage to accommodate this.
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Figure 2 Gas Zone Arrangement The GIL gas monitoring system uses a temperature compensated gas density monitor mounted directly on the bus enclosure. A gas density monitor is supplied on each single-phase gas compartment. The gas density monitor is normally supplied with two alarm contacts, one at generally 5% below rated filling pressure and the other at minimum functional pressure. Additional alarm contacts can be provided for special applications on the same density monitor. These alarm contacts should be wired into a local control
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cubicle for annunciation of the different alarm levels. Upon receiving an alarm, the system should be scheduled for any required maintenance. Each of the gas zones should be filled and evacuated through independent fill valves. All gas work should be done in accordance with IEEE Std C37.122.3 & CIGRE 276.
4.8.3 Pre-Construction Material Storage The installation is more efficient if the user provides sufficient space for storage, assembly, and installation of the GIL.
4.8.4 Shipping Assemblies Depending on the manufacturers design, there are two different types of shipping assemblies. One type ships the enclosure, conductor, and insulators as separate components. The other type ships factory assembled sections
4.9 Testing Criteria

IEC 62271-204 has recommendations regarding type-tests and site commissioning tests.
4.10 Environmental Aspects

4.10.1 Low Electromagnetic Fields The conductor current induces in the enclosure a reverse current of approximately the same size, so that the electromagnetic field outside the GIL is negligible. Values of below 10 T can be reached at rated current levels close to the GIL. Therefore no special shielding is required even in areas which are critical with respect to EMF, e.g. airports or computer centers. In order to further understand the shielding effectiveness of GIL, a GIL directly buried to a depth equal to 1.3 meters below the surface to the GIL axis and with a current of 3150A will create a magnetic field of 2 T at the GIL axis and a magnetic field of 0.5 T at a distance of 5 meters from the GIL axis. For the magnetic field produced by a GIL installed in a tunnel, refer to [B28].
4.10.2 Minimized Losses The resistive losses are very low (See Table B.1 Electrical Characteristics for 400 kV GIL, Overhead Lines, and Cable), and the dielectric losses are negligible. No reactive power compensation and sophisticated cooling systems are needed for lengths less than 60-80 km. This reduces the operation costs significantly and causes savings and contributes to environmental protection.
4.11 Technical Data to be given in the Request for Proposal

Annex C provides a detailed fill in form that has the minimum required information for a manufacturer to choose a suitable GIL design. 8
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4.11.1 Other Information Required The following information will help to provide the user with the most effective solution of the GIL system: a) Accurate plans of the route, showing all existing roads, buildings, other obstacles, all other underground installations, available assembly areas including use of steel structures, existing grounding system, dimensions of tunnels or shafts, approximate dimensions of existing right of way or street trench Vehicle or other access limitations to or on the site including temporary roadways and wetlands Maximum transport dimensions and weights allowed for transport Any building access limitations on site (doors, deck openings, hatches) Weight limitations at site (floors, ramps, lifting gear, etc.) Local working conditions and any restrictions that may apply (e.g., safety equipment, normal working hours, union requirements for local erection crew coordination, etc.) Health and Safety regulations that must be adhered to Specific pressure vessel rules and procedures that may apply during erection and commissioning tests Other local regulations having any influence on the work to be performed at site (e.g. noise limitations, traffic limitations, specific backfill requirements or waste/ground water handling, etc.) In-service conditions or operating restrictions of other equipment close to the installation site that must be respected Detailed scope of work description including electrical one-line diagram, and GIL interconnection types
b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k)
5. Detailed Project Implementation and Service
5.1 Construction Aspects

The route should be investigated for environmental impacts including archeological, hazardous waste, and endangered species habitat. If historical activity was likely, consideration should be given to having access (on-call) to an archeologist during the construction. If the GIL route involves public property permits including roadway openings, traffic control, bridge or street weight limitations should be investigated as part of the preliminary engineering. Projects may be required to use specific procedures and practices mandated by local or state regulations. Construction work times, equipment placement along the route, trench excavation techniques (Shoring) may require additional approvals. An initial meeting to review the route with the local governing authority is recommended. The route selection and evaluation process should also identify and examine interferences including major highway or street crossings, stream or other water body crossings, public parks or recreation areas. Legal easement requirements should also be identified as part of the preliminary engineering process. Material storage or lay down areas, marshalling sites for construction equipment, should also be incorporated in the initial planning. Dependent upon the projection location, consideration should be given to physical security of materials and equipment (e.g. fencing, locked storage containers). If the project
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requires excavation, removed soils may require removal from site. In urban or brown field sites, soils should be tested before removal for contaminates. All parties (owner, manufacturer, and installation company) in the project should participate in the schedule development and provide regular updates.
5.2 Transportation and Storage

5.2.1 General All the various parties involved in transport of the equipment between the manufacturers plant and the final users site should be included in the project planning. These parties may include: Manufacturer(s), general and subcontractors, freight/transportation companies, state or government transportation agencies, insurance companies, and customs agent/brokers; all of whom have different requirements, limitations, priorities, and specialties. Requirements from any of these parties could affect the material delivery schedule and project in service date.
5.2.2 Supplier Transportation Responsibilities The manufacturer's shipping methodology is generally finalized during the detailed design phase of the project, dependent on the choice of sub-suppliers and logistics needs. The manufacturer will customize each shipment to ensure the safe arrival of the materials at a user's site, taking into consideration: a) b) c) The optimized transport size of the shipping assemblies, depending on system design, transport and access limitations and with a consideration toward reducing the assembly work Special handling or packaging requirements for sensitive components (e.g. insulators or monitor equipment), to cover potential rough handling or off-road transport Size of delivered lots limitations. The shipping assemblies and other hardware needed for a GIL project is usually delivered in several lots. The size of the lots depends on storage facilities at or near the site The packing depends on transportation and storage facilities (outdoor or indoor). The shipping assemblies could be delivered in bundled lots or protected in a more sophisticated manner against contamination or ocean transport.
d)
5.2.3 Shipping Insurance and Customs A clear demarcation of responsibility associated with all shipments should be established during the ordering process. International standards (e.g. INCOTERMS) offer clear definitions of all options to meet a specific user requests. Overlapping or open areas of responsibility should be avoided and at each responsibility interface, both parties concerned should check the condition of the hardware. All appropriate documentation as stated in the contract (e.g. packing lists) required for clearing of the equipment through customs must be exchanged properly and in sufficient time between all parties.
5.2.4 Storage The storage method utilized (i.e. indoors, outdoors, covered, etc.) should be consistent with the storage method specified by the user and designed by the manufacturer. The equipment should have periodic inspections as recommended by the manufacturer. 10
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The temporary storage of GIL on-site will be defined by the manufacturer depending on his installation procedures. The actual GIL components are transported to and stored at the installation area in a logical manner, conducive to the installation sequence. A site storage area of sufficient size helps to optimize the installation process and reduce installation time.
5.3 GIL Installation

5.3.1 Laying Process There are two methods used to install GIL: Prefabricated segments and onsite assembled. This guide will focus on the on-site assembled since the prefabricated and tested sections are typical of GIS installations. The onsite assembled GIL is built of minimal components which are delivered directly from the subsupplier to site, where they are prepared for final assembly. This reduces the risk of transport damages, but also requires more temporary/lay down space close to the installation site. The laying is usually done in parallel with the civil works, i.e. GIL will be installed directly after a section of the tunnel or trench is completed, while the civil works continues at the next section. With this procedure, the installation requires continuous coordination between civil works and GIL installation crew.
5.3.2 Installation Crew The installation of GIL requires specially trained skilled workers for material preparation, assembly, welding and final installation. The specialists may be supported by local labor, either from the user or from other local contractors. The overall site management is defined by the contractual agreements between the parties; however the manufacturers representative should provide the required direction and be continuously consulted during the installation. Before starting the work, each contractor, work crew and other pertinent individuals should be provided training in the project health and safety requirements and the installation specific criteria (cleanliness requirements).
5.3.3 Equipment and Tool Requirements During installation, manufacturers use specialized welding tools and equipment (e.g. welding machines) for jointing the tubes to maximize efficiencies and provide high quality and productivity. This equipment is only required for the initial installation, and there is no requirement for the user to purchase it. If specialized welding equipment for future maintenance access is required, the requirements should be discussed with the manufacturer and may be addressed under a service agreement.. Two sets of any other required tools should be supplied by the manufacturer once the installation is complete.
5.3.4 Environmental Considerations The project schedule should allocate time for adverse weather conditions that may influence the project completion time and/or the costs. For example, an installation of a directly buried GIL in winter or during
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the rainy season might require extra protection against water or frost. Postponement of the project to a more favorable timeframe and season might be more effective.
5.3.5 Work Procedure The installation of GIL involves the coordination of multiple parties and compliance with various rules and regulations. Generally, the installation is often divided into three phases: prefabrication, assembly and laying. Prefabrication is where the components are unpacked and prepared for assembly; typically the tubes are prepared for jointing and components are cleaned. The assembly process includes the insertion of conductor tubes into the enclosures and aligning the insulators. Laying includes placing the GIL in its final position, and welding the joint to the previous section. Dependent on the project situation and manufacturers design and practices, the work phases may vary. If the user has not decided to run the project on a turn-key basis, the manufacturer should as part of the supply contract describe the installation work procedure. This will enable the user to identify and resolve possible conflicts in early stages of the project.
5.4 Testing and Commissioning

IEEE Std C37.122 and IEC 62271-204 define three types of tests for GIL: Type (design) Tests, Routine tests, and Commissioning tests.
5.4.1 Type Tests The type or design tests are for the purpose of proving the characteristics of the system. They are made on a given design, to prove compliance with the various engineering standards. The manufacturer must be able to demonstrate that all the type tests have been performed on subassemblies of the same design supplied to the user. Type tests are not part of a quality assurance system applicable to each supply consignment and are typically performed only once for a given design. In addition to the type test of short GIL samples, a long-term test should be performed at a typical direct buried GIL arrangement. Details of the test procedure are given in IEC 62271-204. The long term test goal is to establish the reliability of all components and to test the on-site mounting procedure. These long term tests performed at a voltage higher than the nominal system voltage and lasting thousands of hours are intended to represent aging over the equipment life expectancy. The long term test provides a unique opportunity to apply with a voltage stress in conjunction with other stresses affecting equipment life(e.g thermal limits due to current cycles, mechanical stresses associated with the enclosure thermal expansion). Once performed successfully on a GIL basic design, all GIL based on the same basic design, are expected to present similar long term behaviors.
5.4.2 Routine Tests Routine tests are a part of the quality assurance process. They are carried out during manufacturing on each item of equipment, with the purpose of revealing faults in material or construction. When the GIL is 12
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assembled on site, the routine tests are limited to prefabrication tests of some elements, like pressure tests on cast housings or partial discharge tests on the insulators. On the factory assembled sub-sections where the conductors and insulators are factory installed, all of these tests may be done at the factory before shipping.
5.4.3 Commissioning Tests For GIL, the tests during and after erection on site are the most important ones. They are carried out in order to detect possible damage suffered during transportation, storage, exposure to the environment, or final assembly. It is important to point out that on-site testing is not a repetition of the type tests or the routine tests. The aim is to prove the integrity of the system before it is energized. It is the final step in the process of quality control and quality assurance. Recommendations as well as technical and practical considerations of site testing are given IEC 62271-204. Particular attention must be paid to dielectric tests. Depending on the length of the line, the testing of GIL in separate sections might be required.
5.4.3.1 Basic Requirements The GIL may be completely assembled on-site with sub supplies delivered directly on-site. The on-site testing and commissioning is performed on completely assembled sections. There may also be additional tests in case of factory assembled elements that might also be necessary on-site. The tests carried out after installation is completed are: a) b) c) d) e) f) Pressure Test (When not completed in the factory) High Voltage Test Leak Check Contact Resistance Test Grounding and Bonding Density Monitor Test
Acoustic Partial Discharge Test in IEC 62271-204, testing requirements are given.
5.4.3.2 Overpressure Testing A field overpressure test is may be required for GIL welded at site.
5.4.3.3 High Voltage Testing The on-site HV testing and commissioning of GIL installations is very similar to the procedures used for GIS. The differences are related to the longer lengths of conductor, which has several implications: a) Test equipment must be capable of high test currents for long test sections, In general, variable inductance resonant test sets (available today) are capable of testing approx 10-20 nF of load (~200-400m of 550 kV GIL) . Variable frequency test systems are capable of much higher loads
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(up to ~1600 nF) but at much lower voltages (260 kV max) In some cases, combinations of 2 or more test systems can be used to achieve higher test capability. b) c) Larger test loads imply that more energy would be dissipated in the event of a testing flashover. In order to achieve testability in a practical sense, a GIL may be sectionalized and intermediate test points introduced. The logistics of testing needs to be considered at the design stage AC conditioning of the line prior to testing with long time sequences for each voltage step, up to the test voltage. AC Power Frequency at 80% of the type test voltage. Partial discharge test per IEEE Std C37.122 or IEC 62271-203. Discharge (PD) testing using sensitive UHF method or acoustic detection.
The following tests are recommended: a) b) c)
5.4.3.4 PD-Testing and Acoustic Partial detection The most common defect found in GIL are metallic particles introduced during the assembly process. The conditioning phase of the test will cause many of these particles to migrate to low-field regions (particle traps) where they become harmless. However, some form of particle or partial discharge detection is recommended to ensure that no particles remain in high stress areas. The procedure for partial discharge detection and interpretation shall be provided by manufacturer and agreed between user and manufacturer. In this way, the chances of detecting particles can be maximized as some particles could be activated by the high voltage. Acoustic particle detection can be easily done using portable instruments. However, modern partial discharge testing is also capable of detecting particles (moving particles will also exhibit electrical discharges) Partial discharge testing may also detect other forms of defects at the expense of added testing complexity. Partial discharge testing is recommended during commissioning process. The experience with gas insulated systems like GIL shows that after the system is commissioned, a continuous measurement of the partial discharge intensity may not be necessary. In summary, the antennas provided for PD sensing will remain in the GIL and may be used at any time later. In the same way acoustic particle detection can be re-applied (at system voltage) whenever required.
5.5 Secondary Equipment

5.5.1 Density Monitoring The density of the insulated gas is important for the dielectric strength of the high voltage system. GIL is usually divided into several gas compartments. The density in every gas compartment is monitored individually. The monitoring can be done either by standard density monitors with alarm levels, indicating if the density drops to critical values, or by modern microprocessor-controlled systems. Density monitors are economical for short GIL installations, while microprocessor-controlled systems offer advantages for longer GIL, especially if there are a significant number of sensors along the line reporting to a local and/or remote monitoring center (PC or workstation). The microprocessor control system also can measure temperature and pressure separately and calculates the density.
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5.5.2 Arc Location System If a flashover to ground occurs, its precise location may not be immediately apparent, because the internal fault has no external impact. Sometimes, a flashover with low energy might even be self-restoring. Although insulation faults on GIL are unlikely, some users and manufacturers equip GIL with fault location devices to assist in the identification of the precise fault location to reduce the outage time. Such devices can utilize various technologies like optical, electromagnetic, overpressure, acoustic and chemical sensors or temperature-sensitive paint. The accuracy of such a system should be in the range of +/- 10 m, independent of the GIL length, because usually only some 10 m of GIL are impacted after an internal fault and need to be replaced.
5.5.3 Appropriate Auxiliary Wiring Practices There are usually different kinds of auxiliary wires to be installed, such as fiber-optics, copper control wires, auxiliary service power and telecommunication cables, etc. In a tunnel, these wires are usually laid in an open or a closed cable tray. At a buried GIL, these wires should be installed in a separate ductwork that has been installed either along with the GIL or after laying the main system. The wiring installation generally depends on the individual project and manufacturers practices. As wireless data transmission becomes more and more common, the data transmission of the GIL monitoring system might in the future be handled by this technique and eliminates the installation of the long auxiliary wiring.
5.5.4 Auxiliary Power Supply For the auxiliary power supply along the transmission line different solutions can be chosen: Direct supply from the local distribution system Parallel aux. power cable installation (AC or DC, 400 V 6 kV) Solar panels with batteries
Wind generator with battery The choice of the best auxiliary power supply is dependent on the Users requirements and site conditions along the route.
5.5.5 Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection needs to be carefully looked at for directly buried GIL systems only. At a minimum, a protective coating should be applied to the GIL enclosure. Other cathodic protection schemes may be used in addition to this. A complete study should be looked at when a direct buried GIL is installed.
5.6 GIL Grounding

GIL typically follows the practice of a solidly grounded system. At each accessible place, the GIL is grounded, and at the ends, the GIL enclosure is connected to the ground grid of the substation. In the case of a tunnel installation, it is worth remembering that the enclosures should be systematically bonded together and bonded to the tunnel steel reinforcement at regular intervals. This would insure that the 15
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voltage difference between the tunnel wall and the GIL enclosures is minimal and would constitute a good distributed grounding system. In this way the touch potentials inside the gallery are within acceptable parameters even during a single-phase fault to assure complete safety for operators employed in GIL inspection or other persons inside the gallery at the moment of fault occurrence.
5.7 Seismic Requirements

5.7.1 Earthquake Evaluation Method The seismic design of GIL requires evaluation of the mechanical stresses. The stresses are generated in various parts of a GIL by deformation of the body of GIL, which is caused by earthquake vibrations, and the stresses applied to the body of GIL by deformation of a tunnel. Seismic analysis should be done in accordance with IEEE Std 693.
5.7.2 Evaluation of GIL Natural Frequencies Based on the conductor support span (intervals between the support by spacers on the conductor) and the GIL support span (intervals between the support by racks on GIL), analysis is made on the natural frequencies of GIL. The number of dominant frequencies of an earthquake is around 0.5Hz through 10Hz. To avoid resonance phenomenon, the number of natural frequencies of GIL needs to be outside the range of such dominant frequencies.
5.7.3 Study of Seismic Force Seismic waves used for evaluation are three sine waves, artificial earthquake waves and real earthquake waves. To be on the safe side, the three sine waves are used for the calculation using the GIL resonance frequencies. The evaluation by three sine waves is relatively easy to perform. Artificial earthquake waves and real earthquake waves are used for the evaluation of several vibration modes.
5.7.4 Analytical Method Static analysis and dynamic analysis are available. By the static analysis which requires simple techniques, we obtain the value by multiplying the GIL weight by the amplification factor which has already been found from the experiment on the full-scale machine. By using this value as the inertial force applied to GIL during an earthquake, we evaluate the stress and displacement generated to GIL. By the dynamic analysis, we evaluate and calculate on the computer the time-to-time changes in the stress and displacement generated in various parts of GIL when seismic waves are applied to GIL.
5.7.5 Evaluation The objective is to verify that the stress found in the preceding paragraph is smaller than the allowable strength of the conductor, the sheath and the spacer.
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5.7.6 Testing The GIL as a whole is too large to be tested on a shaking table, but elements as sliding contacts and insulators need to be approved. Representative set-ups with all the elements of the GIL can be used on tables.
5.8 Repair Techniques

The supplier shall provide with the proposal a repair plan, the necessary training and the recommended spare parts. Preferably the efficiency of this concept shall be proven by a simulated repair under site conditions.
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6. Gas Handling of Gas Mixtures

Gas handling standards and guides exist, IEC 62271-303, IEEE Std C37.122.3, and CIGRE Brochure 276, and should be followed. All gas should conform to ASTM D2472 & ASTM D1933.
6.1 Pure SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixture

GIL may be operated with pure SF6 or a gas-mixture of SF6 and Nitrogen (N2). The advantage of using a N2/SF6 gas mixture is the reduction of the amount of SF6. The GIL offers this opportunity because there are no switching or breaking capability needed, only insulation, and therefore an N2 percentage of 80 % or more is possible with the remaining being SF6 at an absolute pressure of the gas mixture of 0.8 MPa (approximately 100 psig) as an example. CIGRE 360 discusses the mixture of SF6 & N2 in more detail.
6.2 Gas Handling Equipment

Most of the gas handling equipment is the same as the gas handling equipment used for GIS. The following devices are required: vacuum pump, mixing/filling device, filtration system, suction pump, pressure control and monitoring equipment. All of these components are typically installed on a prefabricated gas cart. As noted earlier, the storage of the gas cart should be selected based upon the largest gas zone plus reducing pressure in the two adjacent zones. CAUTION Liquid filling is not recommended. Please consult with the equipment manufacturer if liquid filling is desired.
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6.3 Filling With SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture

Before filling the GIL with the insulation gas, the tube shall be evacuated. The vacuum shall be kept for a certain period of time as specified by the manufacturer. This ensures that the humidity inside the GIL is removed by using dry air and humidity filters. This dry air will be pumped in a cycle until the dry stage is reached with a dew point of -20 C. The SF6 and N2 gas for the initial filling is usually supplied separately and has to be mixed in the required ratio at site. It is recommended to use a special mixing device, which produces the gas mixture in a defined mixture ratio prior to filling into the GIL. These high accuracy mixing devices work on a continuous basis while filling the GIL. Before checking the final mixture ratio and the final humidity, the gas should be in the GIL for minimum of 3 days to allow complete homogenization. Longer time may be needed with larger zones. The manufacturer of the equipment will have a required time frame to perform the final check of the mixture. These measurements should be done in accordance with C37.122.5
6.4 Removal of SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture

In the case of removal of the insulation gas, either for maintenance or a failure, the mixture should be stored in its mixed condition in high pressure bottles. The filling pressure of the storage depends on the design of the bottles. During removal and refilling, the gas should flow through particle and humidity filters to remove any potential contamination or moisture from the storage bottles. Before checking the final mixture ratio and the final humidity, the gas should be in the GIL for a minimum of 3 days to allow complete re-mixture and homogenization. IEC 60480 defines the standards for the reuse of SF6, and IEC 60376 defines the standard for new SF6.
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7. Maintenance and Inspections

Once the GIL is filled with gas and energized, no maintenance is required to operate the GIL. The GIL has a gas tightness which lasts 50 years or longer. In case of directly buried GIL the corrosion protection needs to be checked periodically as it is done with other types of directly buried cables. In case of tunnel laid GIL visual checks should be carried out periodically to check the condition of the tunnel, e. g. water leaks. If moisture measurements are preformed, they should be in accordance with C37.122.5
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8. Monitoring equipment shall be checked periodically as recommended by the manufacturer. Training

The manufacturers initial training should cover configuration, operation, maintenance, SF6 gas handling and monitoring, and trouble shooting. New members to a crew should also be provided the same training along with periodic refresher sessions for the work force. 18
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9. Decommissioning
The GIL is easy to disassemble into its component parts: gas or gas mixture, insulators, aluminum pipes of conductor and enclosure and the auxiliary components can be fully recycled.
9.1 Removal of SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture

Refer to 6.4.
9.2 Dismantling of the GIL

After de-energizing and removal of the gas, the line is either cut into pieces and the components separated for a welded system, or unbolted for a flanged system. The design of the GIL should permit all materials to separate as easy as possible. Recycling firms can then cut, divide or segregate the aluminum alloys (conductor, enclosures), cast epoxy resin (all types of insulators) and electronic devices and control wiring (monitoring system) so all materials are re-used. In case of a buried GIL, the anti-corrosion protection coating of the enclosures must be stripped off. This is a standard procedure well defined from other pipeline projects.
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Annex A (Informative) Typical Installations
4 5 6
A.1 Installations in a Tunnel

A.1.1 Schluchee, Gernamy Design Ratings:
Ur Ir UBIL Is 420 kV 2500 A 1640 kV 53 kA
3,5 m 2,8
5 4
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600 MVA Transformer Encapsulated Surge Arrestors Transfer Switching units GIL Connection Open Air Surge Arrestor Overhead Line
Features: The installation connects a peak loading hydro power plant to the 420 kV transmission system. The GIL is installed in a tunnel that was laid thru a mountain, and operated at rated currents during pumping and peak load generation operations. The GIL has been in continuous, reliable operation since 1976.
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A.1.2 Shinmeika-Tokai-Line, Japan Design Ratings:

Ur Ir UBIL Rated Gas Pressure Transmission Capacity Conductor (Aluminum) Enclosure (Aluminum) 275 kV 6300 A 1050 kV 0.34 Mpa 2,850 MW/circuit Outer Diameter Thickness Outer Diameter Thickness 170 mm 20 mm 460 mm 10 mm
4 5
6 7 8 9 10
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A.1.3 PALEXPO, Switzerland Design Ratings:

3 4 5 6 7
In this application, two Circuits, totaling 3680 meters were installed using an SF6/N2 gas mixture. The GIL has a bending radius of 700 meters, accomplished using no elbows, and connects to an overhead line at the Geneva Airport. The GIL was installed in 2001, and remains in service today. This GIL was installed using a prefabrication tent at site.
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A.1.4 Laxiwa Hydro Electric Power Plant, China Design Ratings:

3 4 5
This application was installed inside a mountain for a hydroelectric power plant to reach the 800 kV transmission system. It consisted of a 200 meter vertical shaft, as well as a 300 meter horizontal tunnel.
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A.2 Above Ground

A.2.1 Baxter Wilson Power Plant, Mississippi, USA
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This application consists of a single Circuit Gil with SF6 to air bushing at each end of the line. Total length is 1250 meters. This was installed in 2001, and was decommissioned in 2009. The bus was sent back to the factory and reconditioned for use at a different site by the owner. Several existing 550 kV and 242 kV lines crossed the required right of way for a new line. Elevating an air insulated conductor and travelling over the existing 550 kV lines was not possible due to reliability concerns. GIL below the existing lines was identified as an economical solution and helped meet the continuous current duty of 4,000 amps at 500kV. The application also included a portion of the circuit passing through a water retention area which floods to several feet in the spring. GIL supported by pylons to keep it above the high water line addressed the need. Expansion flexibility is achieved with mitered elbows and the bushings on the south end of the circuit are allowed to slide +/- 6 inches on the fixed support structure, eliminating the need for bellows assemblies.
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A.2.2 Power Plant #9, Saudi Arabia Design Ratings:
Ur Ir UBIL Is 420 kV 1200 A at 55 C 1425 kV 63 kA
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GIL was selected in this application for high reliability in a demanding environment, high power transfer capability, low losses and simplified installation requirements. The GIL is about 17km and connects eight separate lines between the step-up power transformers and the plants 420kV GIS. The GIL is installed at heights between 7 and 9 meters on steel supports. The GIL design features include: extruded aluminum alloy tubes with welded flanges for bolted connections, conical insulators with long creepage distances for conductors support and compartments partitioning, and rollers fixed on steel supports to allow the free movements of the enclosures when exposed to thermal variations. An outdoor moveable tent allowed the enclosures to be assembled in the in a manner and avoid airborne contamination in dusty and windy conditions
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A.2.3 Hams Hall, England Design Ratings:

3 4 5 6 7 8 9
This GIL connection is through an existing AIS 420-275kV substation, and is partly above ground (within the substation) in a vertical formation and partly in covered concrete trenches (outside the substation). Features of this design include: Low wear contacts, use of particle traps around contacts and in the enclosures, conical insulators with long creepage distance, connection between enclosures by welding on site, gas monitoring by electronic system using digital serial connections measurement and UHF sensors for partial discharge measurement.
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A.3 Direct Burried

A.3.1 Hudson Switching Station Design Requirements:
Ur Ir UBIL Is 145 kV 2000 A 650 kV 63 kA/3 s
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There are two GIL circuits totaling 1640 meters in length. Multiple elevation changes and odd angle bends are used to follow the contours of the site. This allows optimized routings and minimized trenching requirements. Cathodic protection protects the aluminum enclosure from corrosion with polarization cells on each end of the circuits to isolate the enclosure from ground and generate the correct corrosion potential voltage. Also, the entire enclosure had a corrosion protection coating applied to the enclosure prior to leaving the factory. After the welds joining the sections were completed, a corrosion protection tape was applied. This entire coating was then checked in the field, and repairs were made prior to backfilling the GIL. The GIL is solidly bonded at both ends to permit enclosure currents and minimal external magnetic fields. Each shipping section was 18 meters in length to comply with roadway transportation requirements. Field welded connections are used on all direct buried connections.
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Annex B (Informative) Comparison of GIL, OHL, and XLPE Cable

The purpose of this Annex is to provide a comparison of the technical characteristics of GIL, overhead lines and underground XLPE cable. Table B.1 shows typical values for the electrical characteristics of a 400 kV and 50 Hz GIL with a continuous thermal rating of 2000 MVA. Figure B.1 shows the differences in losses between Overhead Lines, Cable, and GIL.
GIL Current Rating (A) Transmissible Power (MVA) Resistive Losses (W/m) @ 3000A Dielectric Losses (W/m) Total Losses (W/m) AC Resistance ( /m) Inductance (nH/m) Capacitance (pF/m) Surge impedance () 3000 2000 180 180 6.7 162 68.6 48.6 OHL 3000 2000 540 2.4 542.4 20 892 13 263 XLPE CABLE (2 PER PHASE) 3000 2000 166 15 181 6.0 189 426 12
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Table B.1 Electrical Characteristics for 400 kV GIL, Overhead Lines, and Cable
W/m
Comparison of GIL, Overhead Line and Cable

OHL 4 Cables 2 240mm cross section With a 4/0 Steel Runner Per Cable
600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Amps MVA 350 GIL 2 6000 mm XLPE Cable 2 2x1600 mm
500
700
1000
1000
1500
1400
2000
1800
2500
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Figure B.1Comparison of Losses of a 400 kV Overhead Line, XLPE Cable, and GIL The single-phase GIL is solidly bonded at both ends and at intermediate points. The skin and proximity effects are negligible. The basic insulation levels are according to IEEE Std C37.122 and IEC 62271-204.
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B.1.1 OHL, Cable and GIL Technical Points Any planning study comparing the three technologies must first identify the basic requirements i.e. rated voltage and current for the new line, reactive power compensation for cable installations and other points identified below as the needs of the new application dictate. Are there any limitations in the Right-of-way? OHL need a larger Right-of-way, than GIL or cables. GIL and cables may require street opening permits and sigificant traffic congestions. Which environmental aspects are important (aesthetic, EMF, severe external influences like storms, ice, and vandalism)? GIL and cables are protected against most kinds of external influences. Furthermore GIL has the lowest external magnetic field of any other kind of transmission line due to the strong shielding effect of enclosure opposing current phasors. GIL may be an acceptable solution when there is strong local opposition to a new transmission line since GIL significantly reduces the environmental and magnetic impacts and hence it permits the transmission line to pass through or near protected sites such as schools or through congested urban areas. Which approval processes are necessary for the different systems and how long is the expected durration for approval. A long approval process often causes higher project costs. Are there any operational aspects to be considered, e.g. a underground section in line with OHL requires auto-reclosure operation. Depending on the installed length and the available short circuit current, a cable may require reactive power compensation equipment [25] Especially in tunnel installations and in other areas close to public access safety aspects can be of importance, e.g. the risk of fire or explosion in case of a failure. In fact, there are many GIL features which make GIL compatible with tunnel installations [24] Electrodynamic forces during phase-to-enclosure faults are self-centering inside and negligible outside the enclosure, hence any harmful effects to personnel or structures near the GIL are greatly minimized. Enclosure shielding during phase-to-enclosure faults is very effective, thus electromagnetic interference with neighboring metallic structures or communications, signaling, or power supply systems (e.g. railway supply systems) is avoided. GIL can be considered incombustible because it is a closed gas system which has exclusively metallic external surfaces. GIL is designed to minimize external damage caused by high fault currents How are soil conditions along the right of way?
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Annex C (Informative) Proposal Fill-in Data Table

The following table includes fill-in information that a user should supply to a manufacturer as part of the initial bid. A Sample Specification may be obtained from IEEE C37.123.
Electrical Ratings Maximum Continuous Voltage Frequency Rated Insulation Levels (BIL/SIL) Rated Continuous Current Rated Momentary Withstand Current Rated Short Circuit Current and Duration Rated Control Voltage Ambient Conditions Ambient Temperature Range (high/low) Solar Radiations (peak/average) Elevation Maximum Wind Load Maximum Ice Load Maximum Seismic Load User Request Manufacturer Supplied Units kV Hz kV A kA kA/S VAC/VDC F (C) W/ft2 (W/m2) Ft (m) MPH (KPH) Inch (mm) G
Table C.1Minumum Required Information for all Applications

Tunnels & Shafts Required Tunnel Cross Section (>3m diameter) Ventilation Shaft size and location Air Temp at inlet (peak, daily average, seasonal average) Maximum Seismic Load Maximum Elevation change Civil Conditions of the shaft Size of Opening Access and lift Support Systems User Request Manufacturer Supplied Units Ft (m) Ft (m) F (C) G Ft (m) Ft (m)
Table C.2Required Information for Tunnel and Shaft Installations

Direct Buried Soil Temperature (seasonal Average) Required minimum laying depth Thermal Soil Resistivity Core Boring Data Depth of Water Table Kind of Soil (sand, rock) Mechanical soil Characteristics Required loads after laying (agricultural/traffic) Maximum Seismic Load User Request Manufacturer Supplied Units F (C) Ft (m) m-C/Watt Ft (m) Ft (m)
Lbs (N) G
Table C.3Required Information for Direct Buried Installations
30
Trench Required Trench Dimensions Kind of Ventilation (Natural, Forced) Air Temperature at inlet (peak, daily average, seasonal average) Maximum Seismic load Maximum Elevation Change Civil Conditions Drainage Access and life support systems
User Request
Manufacturer Supplied
Units Inches (mm) F (C) G Ft (m)
Table C.4Required Information for Trench Installations
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Annex D (Informative) Execution of a GIL Project-Planning and Engineering Process

The following flow-chart shows the different phases of a typical GIL project. Depending on the individual project conditions variations in the different phases may occur. However, it is generally recommended to contact the GIL manufacturers as early as possible in order to discuss the project and learn as much as possible on potential solutions. It is generally more economic to discuss the work and technologies before fixing the final route, since routing significantly influences the project costs.
Iniation of a Project
Preliminary System Studies Needs Assessment
Routing
Pre Proposal Stage
Further Studies
Approval of Right of Way
Preperation for a Request for Proposal
Evaluation of Proposal
Project Implimentation
Detailed Design Phase With Approval Manufacturing Phase Installation Phase Testing & Commissioning
9 10
Turnover to User
Figure D.1 Flowchart: Execution of GIL-Projects
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D.1 Initiation of a Project

The main reason for a project is the requirement for a new transmission line, e.g. the connection of new load centers or new power plants to the grid or a new interconnection link due to load flow requirements. Other reasons becoming more common today are a GIL substitution of an existing overhead line (OHL) because of environmental considerations and the substitution of GIL an existing cable to upgrade the existing connection while still using the existing corridor or right-of-way. In this initiation phase many basic decisions are made. New power transmission lines approaches like using railroad tunnels, or traffic tunnels with GIL should be explored at this time. In Europe, for instance, there are several proposals to integrate GIL and railway or highway projects [21, 22, and 23] or to integrate GIL with natural features [24] within the same corridor to optimize the rights-of-way needed for public services.
D.2 Preliminary System Studies / Need Assessment

The initial project concept is usually followed by a transmission network study. This study should indicate the basic requirements of the new line. Important technical data will be finalized in this step including ratings for transmission voltage, normal and maximum current, impedance of the line and its influence to the existing network, short circuit rating and availability. Based on the actual load flow with and without the new line under consideration, stability aspects, and the long term forecast, the basic requirements for the new line should be determined
D.3 Routing
The general routing is given by the location of the new line. However, when discussing the detailed routing, it is required to know the type of system to be installed because each type requires special considerations, e.g. an OHL needs a large right of way, a cable needs a large bending radius, and a GIL needs accessibility. A preliminary route should thus be chosen under consideration of the special requirements of the chosen system.
D.4 Pre-Proposal Stage

Manufacturers can provide information that could help optimize the routing and the installation procedure. The routing has a strong influence on the price, and often some minor changes in the route can significantly decrease or increase the price. A pre-proposal enquiry to different manufacturers with submission of all information known at this stage enables the manufacturers to comment before decisions are made which could result in unnecessarily cost increases.
D.5 Further studies

Once the preliminary decision for the type of transmission system is made, the approximate route is fixed, and the comments of different manufacturers have been received, then all of this project information is used to finalize the studies. With knowledge of the actual line length and line parameters, detailed transmission system studies of load flow, compensation requirements and transient network behavior/insulation co-ordination can be performed. These studies give the rating requirements for the new line. It is important to know that the requirement of higher ratings (current and voltage) does not increase the system costs of a GIL significantly. So, with respect to the future use of the GIL with its lifetime of 50 33
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years or more, it is recommended to consider the expected long-term load growth for the definition of the required transmission capability. Other studies or investigations that may be required include: EMF requirements Grounding parameters (soil resistance etc.) Soil parameters of the route (Civil and Thermal) Other important civil engineering aspects Seismic studies Enviornmental Impact Studies
D.6 Approval of the Right-of-way

In addition to the studies, the permit process to acquire the necessary Right-of-way should proceed. It is recommended that the various manufacturers involved in the project confirm the route is satisfactory and suitable for the installation and operation of their system.
D.7 Preparation of a Request for Proposal

When all necessary preliminary studies and pre-proposal discussions have been performed and all basic data are conclusive, this information will form the foundation of the technical part of the request for proposal. Details of information to be given with the proposal are given in Annex C and Section 4.4. At this stage the question of the project implementation should be addressed. The project organization depends on whether the user has an experienced engineering staff, a consulting company may be involved, and a GIL manufacturer turn-key installation or a contracting company is the best approach. In any of the approaches close cooperation between civil works and electrical works is essential for an economical and efficient GIL project; so a turn-key installation including the civil works offers certain advantages. When sending out the final request for proposal, all information and requirements (electrical, mechanical, thermal and EMF) necessary for submission of firm quotations should be defined. This objective is reached by conducting preliminary investigations, including pre-proposal discussions with manufacturers. The final proposal should be limited to one technique (GIL, cable or OHL) to optimize civil works. If the user decides to open the proposal for Cable and GIL, all relevant cost factors, technical advantages, and environmental impacts should be considered during evaluation. The commercial part of the request for proposal should include the evaluation parameters for all relevant cost factors, not only the investment costs for the line. This is especially important when the aim is for an economical comparison between different types of transmission technologies. An accurate economic assessment must consider the overall costs and not only the initial investment. All expected operational costs over the life span of the line should be taken into account [B26] [B27]. The following costs should be considered: Initial costs: Transmission system including installation and commissioning, civil works, real estate and cost for the right-of-way, additional equipment for cooling, reactive power compensation, fire fighting, ventilation, EMF shielding, monitoring equipment Operational costs: should evaluate cost of losses for life time, life time (Maintenance) cost of equipment, risk of failures, and calculated expense for outages / repairs depending on expected availability figures.
34
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D.8 Evaluation of Proposals

The potential manufacturers have now presented their proposals on how to meet the requirements specified by the user and they have provided their cost proposals. If the addition of relevant additional costs, results in an overall project price increase further negotiations are in order. Due to the nature of GIL there should be detailed discussions between user and manufacturers to ensure that each manufacturer fully understands the user's requirements and at the end of such discussions and final evaluations the user will invite manufacturers for final contract negotiations ending up with the signing of a contract. The contract must include the following items: a detailed description of the scope of supplies and services a detailed description of all interfaces to others (civil works, secondary equipment, other equipment suppliers, etc.) with a clear definition of the related responsibilities an outline description of the installation requirements and procedure (available space, accessibility, etc...), because these factors are of major importance for the installation costs and time. a project time schedule
a detailed description of all required regulatory approvals and a clear definition as to which party is responsible for obtaining each regulatory approval. The clear definition of the responsibilities and the time schedule is of major importance because of the strong dependence of GIL installation on progress and quality of the civil works.
D.9 Project implementation

D.9.1 Detailed design phase with approval procedure When the order is placed and other possible contract conditions have been fulfilled, the manufacturer starts the detailed engineering of the installation. During this activity all related parties (electrical, civil, consultants etc.) should perform one or more "Design Reviews", to ensure that all items are covered and addressed according to the original requirements. At this stage an organization chart incorporating all responsible parties and identifying all individuals working on the project should be published. The final design is to be approved by the user. The user and manufacturer should ensure continuity of technical agreements reached before and during contract negotiations. So as not to delay the progress of the project, it is important to also establish efficient approval procedures including firm deadlines for submission and approval of information subject to acceptance by the user. The design work concerning arrangement of equipment and grounding systems should be completed before the commencement of civil works.
D.9.2 Manufacturing Phase GIL consists mainly of inner conductor, outer enclosure and insulators and usually only a few other special elements. The manufacturing for the tubes is limited to preparation for assembly, so this work is often done 35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
directly at site in parallel with the assembly. An alternative approach to site assembly is factory assembly and testing of complete GIL sections. This alternative approach is often used for shorter GILs. Environmental protection (e.g. ISO 14000 series) and quality assurance at the site is of major importance for the quality of the installation. An inspection and test plan according to a Quality Assurance Plan (e. g. ISO 9000 series), showing all the checks and tests of various parts performed on the GIL should therefore be agreed upon by the user.
D.9.3 Installation Phase In order to reduce the overall project time, the installation of GIL usually starts before the civil works are ended. Close co-operation between civil works and GIL installation at site is essential in this step. The better the project schedule and responsibilities are defined during contract phase and followed by the involved parties, the better the project will proceed. The GIL installation is typically completed by the manufacturer because experience and special skills are necessary. The manufacturer often has special tools available (e.g. mechanized welding equipment), which helps reduce the installation time to a minimum. However, if the user wants to reduce the installation costs his personnel under the guidance or a manufacturers representative is another approach.
D.9.4 Testing and commissioning Recommendations for testing and commissioning are given in IEC 62271-204. However, depending on manufacturers experience and practice, equivalent tests might be suggested and performed.
D.9.5 Operation With formal acceptance, the user takes responsibility for the installation. Before formal acceptance the final as-built documentation shall be provided to the user. The documentation shall consist: An operation and maintenance manual, a set of as-built-drawings of the line and the QA-documentation (test certificates and confirmations) including gas tests and high voltage test results. The supplier shall also provide a detailed description of the warranty including any negotiated extended provisions.
36
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Annex E (Informative) Bibliography

Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use only. [B1] H. Koch: "Underground gas insulated cables show promise", Siemens AG Power Transmission & Distribution Group, MPS REVIEW, May 1997, pp.21-24. [B2] IEC 61640 Rigid high-voltage, gas-insulated transmission lines for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above" [B3] CIGRE WG 23.02, Task Force 01, "Guide for SF6 gas mixtures (application and handling in electrical power equipment)", CIGRE Brochure 163, 2000. [B4] D. Feldmann, Y. Maugain, M. Bourdet, M. Hopkins, P.M. Lanquetin: "Development of a directly buried 400 kV Gas Insulated Line technology", CIGRE Session 2000, Report 21/23/33-02 [B5] CIGRE WG 23.02, Task Force 01, "Guide for SF6 gas mixtures (application and handling in electrical power equipment)", Cigre Brochure 163, 2000. [B6] P. O'Connell and all (CIGRE WG23.02), "SF6 in the Electric Industry, Status 2000", Electra n200, February 2002, pp16-25 [B7] H. Koch, A. Schtte: Review of gas insulated transmission lines for high power transmission over long distances, IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Berlin, 06/97 [B8] A. Chakir, H. Koch: Numerical solution for a turbulent natural convection in cylindrical horizontal annuli, ASME-Journal 2000 [B9] H. Koch, Optimized pipeline for electricity, Power Today, pp. 69,2001 [B10] O. Vlcker, H. Koch: Insulation co-ordination for gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL), IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 1, January 2001, PE-102 PRD [B11] C. Henningsen, G. Kaul, H. Koch, A. Schtte, R. Plath: Electrical and Mechanical Long-Time Behaviour of Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines, CIGRE Session 2000, Paris [B12] A. Chakir, H. Koch: Thermal Calculation for Buried Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL) and XLPE-Cable, IEEE Winter Power Meeting 2001, Columbus [B13] A. Chakir, H. Koch: Long Term Test of Buried Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL), IEEE WPM 2002, New York [B14] A. Chakir, H. Koch: Turbulent Natural Convection and Thermal Behaviour of Cylindrical GasInsulated Transmission Lines (GIL), IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Vancouver 2001 [B15] A. Chakir, H. Koch: Corrosion Protection for Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines, IEEE Summer Meeting, Chicago, 2002 [B16] J. Alter, M. Ammann, W. Boeck, W. Degen, A. Diessner, H. Koch, F. Renaud, S. Phler: N2/SF6 gas-insulated line of a new GIL generation in service, CIGRE Session 2002, Paris [B17] H. Koch, G. Schoeffner: Gas-Insulated Transmission Line - To Solve Transmission Tasks of the Future, IPEC Conference 2003, Singapore [B18] H. Koch: Gas-Insulated Transmission Line (GIL) , IEEE General Meeting 2003, Toronto 37
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[B19] R. Benato, E. M. Carlini, C. Di Mario, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci, R. Turri: "Gas Insulated Transmission Lines in Railway Galleries", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, Issue 2, April 2005, pp. 704-709. [B20] R. Benato, E. M. Carlini, C. Di Mario, L. Fellin, G. Knollseisen, M. Lauegger, M. Muhr, H. Wrle, R. Woschitz: "Gas Insulated Transmission Lines in Railway Galleries Part II", Proceedings of IEEE St. Petersburg Power Tech'05 Conference, 27-30 June 2005, S. Petersburgh, Russia. [B21] R. Benato, P. Brunello, E.M. Carlini, C. Di Mario, L. Fellin, G. Knollseisen, M. Lauegger, M. Muhr, A. Paolucci, W. Stroppa, H. Wrle, R. Woschitz: Italy-Austria GIL in the new planned railway galleries Fortezza-Innsbruck under Brenner Pass, CIGRE Session 2006, PAPER B1-304, Paris. [B22] R. Benato, C. Di Mario, H. Koch: "High capability applications of Long Gas Insulated Lines in Structures", Proceedings of IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference, May 2006, Dallas; also accepted for publication in IEEE. Trans. on Power Delivery. [B23] R. Benato, A. Paolucci: Operating Capability of Long AC EHV Transmission Cables, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 75/1, July 2005, pp. 17-27. [B24] R. Benato, D. Capra, R. Conti, M. Gatto, A. Lorenzoni, M. Marazzi, G. Paris, F. Sala: Methodologies to assess the interaction of network, environment and territory in planning transmission lines, CIGRE Session 2006, PAPER C3-208, Paris. [B25] R. Benato, M. Del Brenna, C. Di Mario, A. Lorenzoni, E. Zaccone: A New Procedure to Compare the Social Costs of EHV-HV Overhead Lines and Underground XLPE Cables, CIGRE Session 2006, PAPER B1-301, Paris. [B26] R. Benato, F. Dughiero, M. Forzan, A. Paolucci: "Proximity Effect and Magnetic Field Calculation in GIL and in Isolated Phase Bus Ducts", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.38, No2, Mar. 2002, pp. 781784. [B27] R. Benato, F. Dughiero: "Solution of Coupled Electromagnetic and Thermal Problems in Gas Insulated Transmission Lines", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No3, May 2003, pp. 1741 1744. [B28] R. Benato, L. Fellin: Magnetic field computation for gas insulated lines installed in gallery", Proceedings of 39th Universities' Power Engineering Conference UPEC 2004. Bristol, UK, September 68, 2004; Vol. I pp.6-10. [B29] CIGRE Brochure 150 Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage gas insulated substations (GIS) service experience.
38

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PC37.122.

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE-SA Standards Board

Notice to users Laws and regulations

Updating of IEEE documents

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4. Technical Details of GIL

1 IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at: http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/standards_dictionary.html.

Figure 1 General design of GIL

4.3 GIL Application Information

Some of the environmental features include:

4.4 Influence of GIL on the Transmission Network

4.5 Temperature Design Criteria

4.6 Seismic Aspects

4.8 Installation Criteria

4.9 Testing Criteria

4.10 Environmental Aspects

4.11 Technical Data to be given in the Request for Proposal

5. Detailed Project Implementation and Service

5.1 Construction Aspects

5.2 Transportation and Storage

5.3 GIL Installation

5.4 Testing and Commissioning

The following tests are recommended: a) b) c)

5.5 Secondary Equipment

5.6 GIL Grounding

5.7 Seismic Requirements

5.8 Repair Techniques

6. Gas Handling of Gas Mixtures

6.1 Pure SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixture

6.2 Gas Handling Equipment

6.3 Filling With SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture

6.4 Removal of SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture

7. Maintenance and Inspections

8. Monitoring equipment shall be checked periodically as recommended by the manufacturer. Training

9.1 Removal of SF6 or SF6/N2 Gas Mixture

9.2 Dismantling of the GIL

Annex A (Informative) Typical Installations

A.1 Installations in a Tunnel

A.1.2 Shinmeika-Tokai-Line, Japan Design Ratings:

A.1.3 PALEXPO, Switzerland Design Ratings:

A.1.4 Laxiwa Hydro Electric Power Plant, China Design Ratings:

A.2 Above Ground

A.2.3 Hams Hall, England Design Ratings:

A.3 Direct Burried

Annex B (Informative) Comparison of GIL, OHL, and XLPE Cable

Comparison of GIL, Overhead Line and Cable

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Annex C (Informative) Proposal Fill-in Data Table

Table C.1Minumum Required Information for all Applications

Table C.2Required Information for Tunnel and Shaft Installations

Table C.3Required Information for Direct Buried Installations

Units Inches (mm) F (C) G Ft (m)

Table C.4Required Information for Trench Installations

Annex D (Informative) Execution of a GIL Project-Planning and Engineering Process

Preliminary System Studies Needs Assessment

Pre Proposal Stage

Approval of Right of Way

Preperation for a Request for Proposal

Figure D.1 Flowchart: Execution of GIL-Projects