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CHAPTER 11 Sound Waves

Question 11.1 A sound note with frequency 512 Hz is sounded together with another sound note of frequency 510 Hz. How many beats can be heard in a time interval of 3 seconds?

Solution 11.1
Beat frequency F = (512 510) Hz = 2 Hz 3 2 = 6 beats 6 beats are heard every 3 seconds.

Question 11.2 When a sound note with frequency f is sounded together with another sound note with a frequency of 480 Hz, five beats are heard every second. However, only two beats are heard when a sound note of frequency 483 Hz is used. What is the value of f ? Solution 11.2 F beats frequency = difference in frequency between the two sound notes Therefore possible equations to calculate F are F = f 480 or F = 480 f However by increasing the frequency of 480 Hz to 483 Hz, the beats frequency is reduced. Thus the correct equation must be F = f 480 5 = f 480 f = 480 + 5 = 485 Hz

Question 11.3 In an experiment with a resonant tube, the shortest length which resonants with a frequency of 512 Hz is 14.0 cm. The next resonant length observed was 46.0 cm. Calculate (a) the velocity of sound in air and (b) the end correction.

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Solution 11.3 1 (a) = 4 1 V = 4 f 1 V = 4 (512) 1 V = 4 f

c + 1 c + 1 c + 0.14 c + 2

v but = f

3 V = c + 0.46 4 (512) 1 V () = 0.32 2 512 V = 327.68 m s1 or

2 2

328 m s1

(b) Substituting V = 327.68 m s1 into 1 327.68 = c + 0.14 4(512) 0.16 = c + 0.14 c = 0.02 m or 2 cm

Question 11.4 An unknown tuning fork when sounded with a fork of known frequency of 250 Hz produces 6 beats in exactly 2 seconds both before and after a small piece of plasticine is attached to its prongs. Find the frequency before and after the plasticine is used. Solution 11.4 Let the frequency of the fork before and after respectively. With the plasticine, the prongs of the f1 > f2, thus 6 and 250 f2 = f1 250 = 2 f1 = 253 Hz and the plasticine is used be f1 and f2 fork vibrate slower, hence we expect 6 2

f2 = 247 Hz

Question 11.5 Two organ pipes with both ends open sounded together to produce 9 beats in 2 seconds. If one of the pipes is 60.0 cm long and the other pipe is 61.0 cm long, find the velocity of sound in air.

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Solution 11.5 1 = 2 = 2 For fundamental note V f1 = 2(0.60)

1 2

V V f = = 2 and V f2 = 2(0.61)

9 f1 f2 = 2 V V = 4.5 2(0.60) 2(0.61) 1 1 V( ) = 4.5 1.20 1.22 V = 329.4 m s1

Question 11.6 A train is moving with a constant speed of 30 m s1 and sounding its whistle which emits sound waves of 330 Hz. What is the minimum and maximum frequencies of the sound heard by a boy standing by the side of the track when the train passes him? The velocity of sound in air is 340 m s1. Solution 11.6 When the train is approaching the boy, the apparent wavelength is given by VU V V = f = = ()f f VU 340 f = ()330 340 30 When the train is moving away from the boy, the apparent frequency heard is given by 340 f = ()330 340 + 30 = 303 Hz

Question 11.7 A stationary ambulance emits sound waves of frequency 400 Hz from its siren. Calculate the maximum and minimum frequency heard by the driver of a car which is moving at a constant speed of 30 m s1 as he passes the ambulance. Velocity of sound in air is 340 m s1.

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Solution 11.7 When approaching the ambulance, the relative velocity of the sound wave observed by the driver is given by Vr = V + U where V = velocity of sound U = velocity of car V+U Vr f = = V/f V+U f = ()f V 340 + 30 = ()400 Hz 340 = 435 Hz While moving away from the ambulance, the relative velocity of the sound is or Vr = 340 30 Vr = V U VU Apparent frequency f = ()f V 340 30 f = ()400 Hz 340 = 365 Hz

Question 11.8 A 140 cm long wire is stretched between 2 points by a force of 160 N. If the mass of the wire is 50 g, find the frequency of (a) the fundamental mode of vibration and (b) the first harmonic of the situation. Solution 11.8 (a)
1 =
2

= = F V = f V =

1 2 2 = 2(140 cm) = 280 cm

Velocity of wave in string but

50 103 = kg m1 1.40 = 3.57 102 kg m1 160 3.57 102

1 F f0 = 1 = 2.80 = 23.9 Hz

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(b) For first harmonic

= 1.40 m F 1 = 1.4 160 3.57 102

1 f =

= 47.8 Hz

Question 11.9 A sound source emits energy uniformly in all directions. The intensity of the waves at a point 2.50 m from the source is measured as 1.80 104 W m2. If no energy is lost as the wave travels through air, calculate (a) the power output of the source and (b) the intensity at a point 1.0 m from the source. Solution 11.9 (a)
2.5 m

power Intensity = area power 1.80 104 = 4 (2.5)2 Power = 1.4 102 W 1 d2 2.5 = ()2 1.0

(b) Since intensity I 1.80 104 at d = 1.0 m

I = (1.80 104)(2.5)2 = 11.25 104 W m2

Question 11.10 Calculate the amplitude of oscillation of air molecules at a point where a second wave passes. The sound wave has a frequency of 300 Hz and intensity of 1.00 106 W m2. Density of air is 1.21 kg m3 and speed of sound in air = 340 m s1. Solution 11.10 Intensity of sound I = 22f 2VA2 1.00 106 = 22(300)2(340)(1.21)A2 A = 3.70 108 m

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