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ANKIT GARG 11PBA011 A Study conducted at RANBAXY PHARMACEUTICALS LTD Under the guidance of ASSTT. PROF. POONAM BASSI In partial fulfillment of the MASTER DEGREE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) AT
DECLARATION
I, Ankit Garg student of Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology, School of Management Studies, hereby declare that project report on WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT is the record of original work carried out by me and the information provided in the study is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This report has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree. Nothing is copied in this project, if anything is found to be copied, I will be solely responsible for that.
ANKIT GARG
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PREFACE
Businesses face ever increasing pressure on costs and growing Financing requirements as a result of intensive competition in globalize markets. Many of them are therefore considering ways of making themselves more efficient. In identifying possible options it is important not to focus exclusively on income and expense items, but also to take the balance sheet into account. Improvements to the existing capital structure can free up valuable resources and bring increased efficiency. Active working capital management is an extremely effective way to increase enterprise value. Optimizing working capital results in a rapid release of liquid resources and contributes to an improvement in free cash flow and to a permanent reduction in inventory and capital costs. The attempt is aimed to analyze the various aspects of working capital management of Ranbaxy and compare it with that of Dr Reddys and with industry standards. By adopting various calculation and analysis and then making interpretation with the solution of specific problem, best efforts on giving appropriate suggestion to the company have been made. To this context various methods and techniques like ratio analysis, statistical tool and working towards the optimal level of working capital, estimation of working capital and various ratios have been used to draw an exact picture of company.
ABSTRACT
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A project work is a mandatory requirement for the Business Management Program. This type of study aims at exposing the young prospective executive to the actual business world. This project gives me knowledge about the working capital of the company. Working capital refers to the funds required for day to day operations of the organization. It is very effective way to judge a companys cash flow prospects, as cash is like blood life for any company. The report initially begins with the company profile, followed by the detailed analysis of company, like businesses of the company, products offered by the company, financials of the company, etc The report involves a lot of research to understand what exactly working capital is, why companies require working capital, what are the ideal ratios for Working Capital a Company should maintain, etc. The purpose is to develop an action plan that creates such a working capital that will upgrades and standardize the quality of business analysis. Various tools, including financial tools, are used in this project to calculate and compare the financial position of the company, e.g. ratio analysis, SWOT analysis, etc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER-1 Introduction Industry Profile Organizational profile Working capital CHAPTER-2 Need and Scope of study Objective of study CHAPTER-3 Literature review CHAPTER-4 Methodology CHAPTER-5 Financial performance of Ranbaxy Liquidity Ratios Profitability Ratios Liquidity Analysis Ratio Analysis Credit Analysis & Policies CHAPTER-6 Limitations Finding of Study Recommendations and Suggestions Conclusion CHAPTER-7
Bibliography
06 07 10 16
23 24
25
27
31 35 37 40 45
51 52 54 59
Appendices
60 61
CHAPTER-1
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INTRODUCTION
A firm is required to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability while conducting its day to day operations. Liquidity is a precondition to ensure that firms are able to meet its short-term obligations and its continued flow can be guaranteed from a profitable venture. The importance of cash as an indicator of continuing financial health should not be surprising in view of its crucial role within the business. This requires that business must be run both efficiently and profitably. In the process, an asset-liability mismatch may occur which may increase firms profitability in the short run but at a risk of its insolvency. The purpose of this project is to examine the trends in working capital and its impact on firms performance. The trend in working capital needs and profitability of firm is examined to identify the causes for any significant differences. The rest of the report is organized as follows: It starts with the Industry profile & then a detailed introduction of the company. The following section of the report looks briefly at the theoretical underpinnings and the relevant literature which attempts to explain the link between poor performance and working capital management. After that, the analysis part covers in depth analysis of working capital of Ranbaxy. Finally the conclusion is made & it has been observed that the overall structure of working capital of the co. is good and it is a growing concern. The company uses various techniques to maintain its working capital. Some suggestions have been given on the basis of the conclusion.
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INDUSTRY PROFILE
Industry Definition The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this subcontinent. Richard Gerster
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of Indias science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology.
Facts about the Role of Pharmaceutical Industry in Indian Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
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Indian Pharmaceutical Industry ranks fourth in the world, pertaining to the volume of sales. The estimated worth of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is US$ 6 billion. The growth rate of the industry is about 13% per year. Almost most 70% of the domestic demand for bulk drugs is catered by the Indian Pharma Industry. The Pharma Industry in India produces around 20% to 24% of the global Generic drugs. The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the biggest producers of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) in the international arena. The Indian Pharma sector leads the science-based industries in the country. Around 40% of the total pharmaceutical produce is exported. 55% of the total exports constitute of formulations and the other 45% comprises of bulk drugs. The Indian Pharma Industry includes small scaled, medium scaled, large scaled players, which totals nearly 300 different companies. As per the present growth rate, the Indian Pharma Industry is expected to be a US$ 20 billion industry by the year 2015. The multinational companies, investing in research and development in India may save up to 30% to 50% of the expenses incurred The cost of hiring a research chemist in the US is five times higher than its Indian counterpart.
Following the de-licensing of the pharmaceutical industry, industrial licensing for most of the drugs and pharmaceutical products has been done away with. Manufacturers are free to produce any drug duly approved by the Drug Control Authority. Technologically strong and totally self-reliant, the pharmaceutical industry in India has low costs of production, low R&D costs, innovative scientific manpower, strength of national laboratories and an increasing balance of trade in Pharmaceutical Industry.
THE GROWTH SCENARIO India's US$ 3.1 billion pharmaceutical industry is growing at the rate of
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14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial year 2011, which accounts for merely 1.3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs will account for Rs 54 billion (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 billion (79%). In financial year 2012, imports were Rs 20 billion while exports were Rs87 bn.
The above graph shows the percentage of pharmaceutical products export by various countries.
INTRODUCTION TO RANBAXY
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a research based international pharmaceutical company serving customers in over 150 countries. For more than 50 years, we have been providing high quality, affordable medicines trusted by healthcare professionals and patients across geographies.
Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. was incorporated in June 1961, in the name of M/S LEPITIT RANBAXY LABORATORIES LTD and it commenced its business in MARCH 1962, in technical and financial collaboration with an international company named LEPTIT SPA, MILAN, ITALY. Ranbaxy Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. merged with Leptit Ranbaxy Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. in 1962 Ranbaxy and company also merged with this company in 1966. The collaboration arrangement with M/S LEPTIT was terminated in 1966; after which Indian nationals acquired the entire share capital of the company. Therefore the word Leptit was removed from the name of the company. The name is known as RANBAXY LABORATORIES LIMITED. In 1973 the company issued shares to the general public and became a full fledged PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY . At present Ranbaxy have four plants for the manufacture of bulk drugs two at Mohali, one at Dewas (M.P) AND Another at Toansa near ROPAR. At
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present, Ranbaxy is the second most Indian company engaged in the manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals, Bulk Drugs and Fine Chemicals.
Mission
Enriching lives globally, with quality and affordable pharmaceuticals
Vision
"Achieve significant business in proprietary prescription products With a strong presence in developed markets"
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7.
for our people to realize their full potential Ensure profitable growth and enhance wealth of the shareholders Foster mutually beneficial relations with all our business partners Manage our operations with high concern for safety and environment Be a responsible corporate citizen
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2001
2002
2003
2004 2005
Ranbaxy launched its first range of herbal projects. Acquisition of additional stake in Ranbaxy Pharmaceutical Ltd., Brazil Ranbaxy announced the acquisition of Be-Tabs Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Limited Acquired by the Japanese giant, the $9.62 billion Daiichi Sankyo, ranked No. 3 in Japan
2008
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To study and compare the working capital of RANBAXY with its competitors in the industry To see whether the company is prepared with enough working capital to face any kind of contingencies. To assess Liquidity position, Long term solvency, operational efficiency, and overall profitability of RANBAXY
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The three major characteristics of current assets are: They have a short life span. Cash balances are held only for a week or so. They are rapidly transformed into other assets form.
An adequate supply of raw materials. Cash to meet the operational payments. The ability to grant credit to customers. Investment in various current assets. Appropriate sources of fund to finance current assets. Proportion of long term and short term funds to finance current assets.
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working capital can successfully meet contingencies such as business oscillations, financial crisis arising from heavy losses etc. Available cash discount: Maintenance of adequate working capital enables a company to avail the advantage of cash discount by making cash payments for to the suppliers of raw materials and merchandise. Attractive Dividend to Shareholders: It enables the company to offer attractive dividend to the shareholders so that sense of security and confidence will increase among them. It also increases the market value of its shares.
the contingencies arising from business oscillations, financial losses, due to shortage of working capital. Non-achievement of Profit Target: The firm cannot implement operational plans due to unavailability of fund, which will lead to nonachievement of profit targets.
Company must have adequate working capital pursuant to its requirements. It should neither be excessive nor inadequate. Both situations are dangerous. While inadequate working capital adversely affects the business operations and profitability, excessive working capital remains idle and earns no profits for the company. So company must assure its working capital is adequate for its operations.
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Primary objective:
o
To find out the working capital position of the company for the last five financial years.
Secondary objective: o To know the liquidity position of the firm. o To study the profitability of the company
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accounts receivables, marketable securities, inventories, and fixed assets will be needed to support increased sales Required levels will be based on expected sales levels and expected order lead times. Additional holdings may be needed to enable the firm to deal with departures from the expected values. Further, firms will also attempt to increase their accounts payable balances as a means of financing increased levels of current operating assets. Firms which are in high growth stages will face the challenge of maintaining the necessary level of operating assets to support subsequent growth, while at the same time attempting to maintain adequate performance indicators. This study focuses on understanding how IPO companies manage their working capital and other balance sheet items to support subsequent growth. This study supports the existing literature on working capital and contributes to the existing literature by examining a sample of firms (i.e. recent IPO firms) which have a wider range of growth levels than non-IPO firms. Our study examines the impact of working capital management on the operating performance and growth of new public companies. The study also examines these relationships under three categories of growth (i.e. negative growth, moderate growth, and high growth). The study also examines other selected firm characteristics in light of working capital management: firm operating and financial risk, amount of debt, firm size, and industry. An underlying theme of this study is that high growth certainly does not ensure high operating performance. Consistent with prior research (Peterson and Rajan, 1997) this study provides further evidence that good working capital management is positively associated with better operating performance. Higher levels of accounts receivable are associated with higher operating performance, in all three of the growth rate categories. The study also finds that maintaining control over levels of cash, securities, inventory, fixed assets, and accounts payables is associated with higher operating performance. We find that firms which are experiencing very high growth will hold higher levels of cash, securities, inventory, fixed assets, and accounts payable to support the high growth. The study suggests that these firms are sacrificing operating performance (accepting lower operating returns) to support the high growth. This, in turn, increases financial and operating risk for these firms. Perhaps IPO firms should stay more focused on their operating performance, while maintaining more moderate growth levels
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Another aspect of this study is that it fills a void in the initial public offerings literature. Recent literature finds that new public companies underperform the market after going public. Ritter in his 1991 paper reports substantially lower stock returns for IPO firms between 1975 and 1984 than for a size-andindustry-matched sample of seasoned firms. Since then there is a growing literature explaining IPO underperformance as related to agency cost (Smith, 1990), institutional holdings (Field, 1995), venture capital (Jain and Gompers, 1997; Jain and Kini, 2000), market timing of IPO (Benninga, 2004), and earnings management (Teho et al., 1998; Ahmad-zaluki et al., 2008). However, there is no study linking the working capital management and post-IPO performance. Our paper tries to fill the void. The findings of this study would be interesting to investors and creditors of new public companies.
Collection of financial data of RANBAXY and Dr Reddy from annual reports and companys internal resources. Computation of various financial ratios and comparing them with standards and with each others. Analyzing the trends of working capital of the firm and to examine the possible causes for any significant differences. Various tools of analysis like Ratio analysis etc to be applied. All important components of working capital to be analyzed in detail i.e. Receivables, Inventory, Cash, Payables and Operating cycle. Making comparison of the above computations with that of Dr Reddys and industry standards. Analysis of results, drawing conclusions and giving recommendations.
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Though the Sales of the company had been on a constant increase over the last 4 years, there was a sudden fall in the Profit After Tax in 2011. The key reason for the sudden fall in PAT is Miscellaneous Expenses occurred in the company .
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The following financial comparison has been made keeping in view the scale of operations of the company and the Industry Standards. The Industry standards have been taken from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), March 2012. The following is the list of Company taken for Comparison: 1. Dr Reddys Laboratories 2. Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. For any company functioning in the free market, its important how best it operates but this is equally important that how it performs via-a-via its rivals i.e. other similar companies in the market. Here, to find out about Ranbaxy, a comparison has been made with Dr Reddys Laboratories operating on comparable size to see whether Ranbaxy is following industry norms or not or whether Ranbaxy is doing better (or worse) compared to its rivals. Its liquidity position has been compared by considering Working Capital Turnover Ratio, Current Ratio and Quick Ratio and further Profitability of Ranbaxy with Dr Reddys Laboratories have been compared by considering Return on Capital Employed and Earnings per share.
Liquidity Ratios
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The liquidity refers to the availability of cash and cash convertible assets with an organization to meet its short-term obligations i.e. creditors and other Current Liabilities. Any company's liquidity may vary due to seasonality, the timing of sales, and the state of the economy. But liquidity ratios can provide small business owners with useful limits to help them regulate borrowing and spending.
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generation of sales over a given period. This provides some useful information as to how effectively a company is using its working capital to generate sales. A company uses working capital to fund operations and purchase inventory . These operations and inventory are then converted into sales revenue for the company . The working capital turnover ratio is used to analyze the relationship between the money used to fund operations and the sales generated from these operations. In a general sense, the higher the working capital turnover, the better it is because it means that the company is generating a great degree of sales as compared to the money it utilizes.
2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Ranbaxy Dr reddy industrystd 1.73 1.40 1.68
From the Industry comparison, it is apparent that Ranbaxy is low than the Industry standards in 2012 which implies that the sales generated by Ranbaxy Laboratories has been less than the cost incurred to generate those sales.
2. Current Ratio
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The current ratio of Ranbaxy has been compared with Dr Reddys Laboratories for the year 2012. A Current ratio measures the ability of an entity to pay its near-term obligations. Though the ideal current ratio depends to some extent on the type of business, a general rule of thumb is that it should be at least 2:1. The higher the current ratio, the greater the "cushion" between current obligations and a firm's ability to pay them. A lower current ratio means that the company may not be able to pay its bills on time, while a higher ratio means that the company has money in cash or safe investments that could be put to better use in the business. The ideal Current ratio to be maintained by the pharmaceutical cannot be accurately assessed because the scale of operations and the inventory size has been different for all the concerns in the Industry. According to CMIE Industry Standards the current ratio for 2011 is 1.46
1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Ranbaxy Dr reddy industrystd 0.82 1.50 1.48
As per the above graph, the Current ratio maintained by Ranbaxy in 2012 is above the normal industry standards.
3. Quick Ratio
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Quick Ratio also known as "Acid Test Ratio is an even conservative measure of liquidity. The ratio expresses the degree to which a company's current liabilities are covered by the most liquid current assets. Here Quick assets include all current assets except inventories.
1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Ranbaxy Dr reddy industrystd 0.30 1.13 1.58
A high ratio indicates under stocking and low ratio indicates over stocking. Stock is excluded because it may take time to be converted into cash. Quick ratio measures those assets, which are immediately converted into cash without much loss. Though there is no way to measure an ideal Quick ratio but as a rule of thumb, it should be at least 1:1. From the above comparison, it can be inferred that a Ranbaxys Current liabilities is less than the Dr Reddys Laboratories .
Profitability Ratios
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Profit is the difference between revenue and expenses over a period of time. The profitability ratios are calculated to measure the operating efficiency of the company. 1. Return on Capital Employed A return on capital employed, also called earning power is a measure of business performance which is not affected by interest charges and tax-burden. It abstracts away the effect of capital structure and tax factor and focuses on operating performance. Return on Capital employed = Profit Before Tax / Total Assets
30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 23.94 10.00 5.00 0.00 Ranbaxy Dr reddy 19.88
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EPS states a corporation's profits on a per share basis. It can be helpful in further comparison to the market price of the stock. It is an index of profitability from shareholders point of view. The higher the earning per share, the more attractive will be the investment plan.
53.81
-3.84 Ranbaxy
From the Industry comparison, it is clear that the earnings per share for the Equity Shareholders of Ranbaxy are negative. The main reason for the figure of EPS being negative is the drastically low Profits it has incurred in the year 2012.
Liquidity of any company is the indicator as to how the company is placed with reference to its capacity to meet its current financial obligation. This means that here we have to consider the current assets which can be easily converted into cash to meet its immediate financial obligations or dues. Liquidity position of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited has been analyzed in the following paragraphs based on different measures.
Current Assets
Ranbaxy has a growth of around 275% in current assets over the period of five years. From Rs 2272.92 crore in 2008 company has increased its current assets to 6002.50 crore.
7,000.00 6,000.00 5,412.08 5,000.00 4,000.00 3,000.00 2,000.00 1,000.00 0.00 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2,272.92 6,002.50
2,790.69
2,804.98
Current Liabilities
From 2008 to 2012, current liabilities for Ranbaxy Laboratories have increased from Rs 4571.31 Cr to Rs 6284.26 with average current liabilities over this period being Rs 5406.67 Cr. As we see here, growth rate for current liabilities
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in this period has been 140 % which is half than the growth of current assets which shows that current liabilities have increased at slower pace than its corresponding assets.
6,000.00 5,157.68
5,000.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
net working capital, the greater the liquidity of the firm. NWC of the company increased from Rs -1567.19 to Rs 2775.26 Cr. Net working capital in the year 2008 is negative because increase in current liabilities is more than the current assets which has let to decline in Net working capital.
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -1567.19 2008 -291.8 2009 2010 313.9 254.4 2011 2012
2775.26
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Ratio Analysis
Even though above analysis based on composition provide some indicator to the liquidity position of the company, these do not show the extent of margin of safety provided for current creditors. For this, ratio analysis has been done as follows:
Current Ratio
Relationship between current assets and current liabilities is shown by current ratio. It basically measures company's ability to meet its short term obligation out of its short term resources. Higher the current ratio, the greater is the assurance of the ability to pay the current liabilities and vice versa. However, even though a higher value of current ratio is good for the creditors against their credit, it may not be good for the management as it will indicate poor financial planning and over capitalization. In normal circumstances, hypothetical norm of 2:1 is supposed to be a good current ratio and if the current ratio for the company is less than that, the solvency or liquidity of the company becomes questionable.
1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.8 1.16 1.18 1.4 1.22
As it is evident from the graph that the company had an average current ratio of 1.2 over the period of five years from 2008 to 2012. However, as it is clear from the data that it varied from 1.4 to 0.8 which shows a variation over the years. Further, a current ratio of less than 2 is normally not supposed to be good as such it can be considered the company passed through a difficult phase of liquidity.
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1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.86 0.89 0.9 0.95 1.6
Above data for Ranbaxy Laboratories indicates that Acid Test Ratio for the period under study has consistently been below 1 except for 2010 where it was highest of 1.6. It shows that the company has a healthy liquidity position in this period. As such, considering the above data, it can be said that companys immediate payment position was satisfactory and its liquid assets were adequate to meet its short term obligations.
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4.88 3.99
3.74
3.09 2.46
Current Assets Turnover Ratio or Current assets to sales ratio is applied to measure the turnover and profitability of the total current assets employed to conduct the operations of a firm. This is calculated by dividing the amount of sales by the amount o f current assets. This will give an overall impression of how rapidly the total investment in current assets is bring turned. Lower the turnover of the current assets, the worse is the utilization of current assets and vice-versa. This is to say that analysis of current assets to sales ratio over a period of time will show the overall efficiency of the working capital management of the company. Following graph shows that the company over the period of time has reduce its efficiency as it is reflected by the figures that Current Assets to Sales Ratio has decline from 2.14 in 2008 to 0.97 in 2012. It shows that the decreased volume of current assets in relation to sales was put in a commercially cautious manner.
2.5 2.14 2
1.5
0.98
0.97
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CREDIT ANALYSIS
Besides establishing credit standard, a firm should develop procedures for evaluating credit applicants. The second aspect of credit policy of a firm is credit analysis and investigation. There are two steps involved in the credit investigation. Obtaining Credit Information Analysis of Credit Information
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CREDIT TERMS
Other important decision in receivables management is related to terms of credit. The stipulations under which goods are sold on credit are referred as credit terms. These are relates to the repayment of the amount under the credit sale. Credit terms have three components: Credit Period Cash Discount Cash Discount Period
Credit Period
It is the duration of time for which trade credit is extended during this period the overdue amount must be paid by the customer.
Cash Discount
This is the amount for which the customer can take advantage of by making early payment. Sometimes company offer its customer a condition that if they will pay amount early than the scheduled the time than they will get some discount. This is called cash discount. Cash discount provided by the company can affect the sales volume, average collection period and profits of the company.
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CREDIT POLICIES
Collection policies refer to the procedures followed to collect the account receivables when, after the expiry of the credit period they become due. It includes two aspects: (i) Degree of collection efforts and (ii) Type of collection efforts.
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For Export Sales: From the sale data of Ranbaxy it was found that around 66% of sales are based on exports. Therefore it is very important area for planning. Exports are based on letter of credit. A foreign company who want to purchase the material from Ranbaxy sent an LC first. Than on the basis of that LC, export order is made. Copy of that order is sent to corporate office and head office at Gurgaon and New Delhi respectively.. From the manufacturing plants, the material is dispatched as per the export order and LC is sent to bank for collection. Banks collects the amount and transfers it to Ranbaxys account. No other credit policy is present for export sale of Ranbaxy. Collection cost is around 0.5 1 % of export order. Capital cost is here also equal to the working capital cost.
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FINDINGS OF STUDY
There is a huge investment in working capital at Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, as it has a large production cycles. The company follows a steady production policy and hence there are no seasonal variations. Aggressive policy of more profitability, more risk is followed, which is an ideal situation as far as the strategy for working capital financing is concerned. Ranbaxy has a good earning record; thus it enjoys great confidence of the suppliers, as it is looked upon favorably. As far as components of working capital are concerned, on the domestic front, sales have increased as well as the finished goods inventory has also increased. The increase in the current ratio of 2012 as compared to that of the previous year indicates that the liquidity position of the company is improving. The inventory turnover ratio of the company is not very high. It should try to achieve a quicker movement of stock into sales. There is an inverse relationship between sales and working capital at Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.
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QUICK RATIO
Ranbaxy has a satisfactory liquidity position.
CURRENT RATIO
A current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be a satisfactory. If the current ratio is 2 or more, it means that the company is adequately liquid and has the ability to meet its current obligations. A lower current ratio indicates that the company may be trading beyond its capacity. Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited has a satisfactorily high current ratio but at same time it may mean that the company has idle cash which when invested can yield returns to the company.
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There is an increase in the current ratio suggesting that there may be idle funds with the company. It is therefore recommended that the company should invest the excess cash in marketable securities. This would be more profitable than holding idle cash. It may also be mentioned that there is no rule of thumb or standard ratio. The norms may be different depending upon the nature of the industry and business condition. Ranbaxy should focus on maintaining its consistency or increasing it as there is a decline in their Operating Profit from last 3 years. It can be done by increasing its sales and decreasing its operating costs. If companys operating profit will increase, then it will help in increasing its overall profitability. Companys return ratios also need a check. Turnover ratios are decreasing but not up to that extent. Dr. Reddys, its nearest competitor have better turnover ratios which mean that Ranbaxy has scope to lower down its assets to maintain the same level of sales or increase its sales on the same level of assets. As it was clear that company have high liquidity in its capital structure, it means a close observation is required for the benefits of share holders. It should channelize its investments towards those areas where returns would be higher. The company should try to reduce its inventory holding to lower down the holding cost & increase its Raw Material Turnover. It can also help in lower down the operating cycle. The company should also try to reduce its Average collection period to It can also help in lower down the operating cycle. Company can make some improvements in their credit policy. Currently they take advance before delivering the consignment. They can increase the credit period as well, currently it is 45 to 120 days depending upon different parties and their creditworthiness.
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As far as the cash management is concerned, its difficult to suggest anything because I believe that companys cash planning is very good. All the time company looks for new investment opportunities in the market on a reasonable rate of return. The reduction in inventory holding period can be done by more outsource manufacturing. As companys international sales are high (66%) and company should focus the domestic markets as well, as demand for healthcare products is increasing in Indian market. Also it is their social responsibility to provide maximum benefits to its domestic customers.
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They could be provided with regular incentives both monetary and non-monetary so that they have a positive attitude towards their work. On the contrary, this negative attitude becomes a bottleneck for the employees and the swiftness of the system as a whole.
Employees are required to give output rather than putting in time at their workplace. Measures should be adopted to measure their performance rather than measuring their work hours. They can be given deadlines both for a work and the time. For this, timings could be made flexible. It is the inter-dependency of the employees which makes their working rigid and lowers their efficiency. This could be removed or at least minimized by regular training and improving the working conditions for the staff.
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Pertaining to Technology:
The following changes need to be inculcated in the provision of technology to the employees: The machines provided to the employees are not up to the mark. There is no uniformity in the speed and compatibility of systems. The systems should be regularly upgraded. This would have an impact on the working efficiency of the employees. The number of machines on the floor at accounts department needs to be increased because the existing systems are not able to do the needful. The SAP system is over-loaded due to exhaustive usage. This needs to be corrected by taking the required measures. It can be rectified by changing or adding a server for supporting SAP in Ranbaxy.
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CONCLUSION
The study taught me the practical implementation of Working Capital techniques. The working capital management in Ranbaxy Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd. is done on very extensive scale. Due to implementation of ratio analysis, it has become easy to do the working capital management. The recorder level system was also followed earlier but due to busy schedule, they could not review it so we did this job for them. Decisions related to working capital are taken primarily by executives in sales, purchase and finance departments. Usually, raw material policies are shaped by purchasing and production executives, work in progress are influenced by the decision of production executives, and finished goods inventory are evolved by production and marketing executives. In Ranbaxy Pharmaceutical, working capital management is practiced on regular basis. The manager and executives are well versed with working capital management.
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CHAPTER-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Referred: I M Pandey, Financial Management, Ninth Edition, Vikash Publishing House Pvt Ltd. Dr.S.N.Maheshwari, Financial Management, Second Edition, Sultan Chand & Sons. Ravi M. Kishore, Cost Accounting,2008 Edition, Taxmann Allied Servises Pvt. Ltd
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Application Of Funds Gross Block Less: Accum. Depreciation Net Block Capital Work in Progress Investments Inventories Sundry Debtors Cash and Bank Balance Total Current Assets Loans and Advances 3,118.22 1,124.69 1,993.53 159.60 3,131.17 1,731.84 1,435.89 2,834.77 6,002.50 1,683.14 3,094.07 1,222.07 1,872.00 222.62 3,410.79 1,655.23 3,689.95 66.90 5,412.08 2,382.72 2,857.63 1,145.52 1,712.11 330.18 3,804.44 1,489.91 1,292.63 22.44 2,804.98 1,470.45 2,620.92 1,027.52 1,593.40 414.92 3,833.69 1,230.48 1,534.65 25.56 2,790.69 1,967.65 2,386.75 930.07 1,456.68 428.77 3,618.03 1,198.52 1,024.54 49.86 2,272.92 2,351.98
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Fixed Deposits Total CA, Loans & Advances Deffered Credit Current Liabilities Provisions Total CL & Provisions Net Current Assets Miscellaneous Expenses Total Assets Contingent Liabilities Book Value (Rs)
0.00 7,685.64 0.00 3,227.24 3,057.02 6,284.26 1,401.38 0.00 6,685.68 341.45 45.42
1,871.14 9,665.94 0.00 5,157.68 3,755.31 8,912.99 752.95 0.00 6,258.36 297.50 45.60
2,689.85 6,965.28 0.00 2,491.08 927.82 3,418.90 3,546.38 0.00 9,393.11 276.13 121.74
728.56 5,486.90 0.00 3,082.89 763.03 3,845.92 1,640.98 0.00 7,482.99 261.05 94.16
1,885.08 6,509.98 0.00 3,840.11 731.20 4,571.31 1,938.67 0.00 7,442.15 252.85 84.24
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Dec '12
Dec '11
Dec '10
Dec '09
Dec '08
12 mths Income Sales Turnover Excise Duty Net Sales Other Income Stock Adjustments Total Income Expenditure Raw Materials Power & Fuel Cost Employee Cost Other Manufacturing Expenses Selling and Admin Expenses Miscellaneous Expenses Preoperative Exp Capitalised Total Expenses 2,453.09 230.91 1,019.59 132.19 0.00 2,074.10 0.00 5,909.88 6,331.46 27.91 6,303.55 -124.07 49.25 6,228.73
12 mths
12 mths
12 mths
12 mths
Operating Profit PBDIT Interest PBDT Depreciation Other Written Off Profit Before Tax Extra-ordinary items PBT (Post Extra-ord Items) Tax Reported Net Profit Total Value Addition Preference Dividend Equity Dividend
442.92 318.85 296.98 21.87 186.16 0.00 -164.29 0.00 -164.29 -1.94 -162.34 3,456.78 0.00 0.00
1,283.41 -2,707.16 69.44 -2,776.60 274.08 7.83 -3,058.51 15.44 -3,043.07 6.69 -3,052.05 4,015.82 0.00 0.07
1,271.03 1,833.48 54.19 1,779.29 228.35 0.00 1,550.94 21.88 1,572.82 415.48 1,148.73 2,355.55 0.00 84.21
652.64 1,138.30 39.47 1,098.83 148.20 0.00 950.63 111.42 1,062.05 488.86
256.17 -1,331.47 145.83 -1,477.30 154.47 0.00 -1,631.77 17.76 -1,614.01 -574.24
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Return on Assets Including Revaluations Return on Long Term Funds(%) Liquidity And Solvency Ratios Current Ratio Quick Ratio Debt Equity Ratio Long Term Debt Equity Ratio Debt Coverage Ratios Interest Cover Total Debt to Owners Fund Financial Charges Coverage Ratio Financial Charges Coverage Ratio Post Tax Management Efficiency Ratios Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Investments Turnover Ratio Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Total Assets Turnover Ratio Asset Turnover Ratio Average Raw Material Holding Average Finished Goods Held Number of Days In Working Capital Profit & Loss Account Ratios Material Cost Composition Imported Composition of Raw Materials Consumed Selling Distribution Cost Composition Expenses as Composition of Total Sales Cash Flow Indicator Ratios Dividend Payout Ratio Net Profit Dividend Payout Ratio Cash Profit Earning Retention Ratio Cash Earning Retention Ratio AdjustedCash Flow Times
45.42 7.68 1.22 0.95 2.48 2.48 1.73 2.48 2.36 1.08
45.60 33.50 0.80 0.90 2.25 0.73 16.05 2.25 20.11 -38.90
121.74 15.00 1.40 1.60 0.83 0.57 22.22 0.83 26.44 26.41
94.16 9.02 1.18 0.89 0.85 0.68 15.24 0.85 18.99 19.25
84.24 2.94 1.16 0.86 1.05 0.80 1.29 1.05 2.35 -5.11
3.66 2.46 3.66 2.06 0.95 0.97 --80.03 38.91 63.93 -62.68
4.82 3.09 4.82 2.67 1.27 0.98 116.14 27.55 35.26 32.82 58.74 6.72 72.61
3.95 3.99 3.95 2.13 0.61 0.67 134.51 40.24 226.11 38.63 50.65 7.42 67.06
4.05 3.74 4.05 2.00 0.66 0.64 137.88 35.02 123.55 40.08 65.79 7.74 65.59
4.07 4.88 4.07 2.14 0.64 2.14 121.93 34.66 150.02 44.05 51.56 12.84 61.34
---100.00 11.76
---100.01 3.28
---100.00 4.83
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