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Power Systems II

Dr. Lidula N. Widanagama Arachchige



Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Course Syllabus
Fault analysis

Introduction to power system protection

Instrument transformers

Types of relays and relaying principles

Relay coordination

Transformer and Generator protection

Distance protection

Busbar and feeder differential protection
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Fault Analysis Learning Objectives
Understand the causes and effects of faults.

Revise the knowledge on per unit system and symmetrical
components.

Analyze symmetrical three-phase faults.

Analyze unsymmetrical faults, short circuit and open circuit
conditions.

Understand the possibility of simultaneous faults.
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Purpose of Fault Analysis
Design, operation and protection of power system
to determine the short-circuit rating of new switchgear and other substation
infrastructure equipment that will be procured and installed
fault studies need to be routinely performed

To ensure the safety of workers and the general public
Power system equipment such as circuit-breakers can fail catastrophically if they are
subjected to fault duties that exceed their rating.
Other equipment such as busbars, transformers and cables can fail thermally or
mechanically if subjected to fault currents in excess of ratings.

Design of power system equipment
Switchgear manufacturers design their circuit-breakers to ensure that they are
capable of making, breaking and carrying, for the specified short circuit current for a
short time.
Manufacturers of substation infrastructure equipment (e.g. transformers and cables),
use the short-circuit current ratings specified by their customers to ensure that the
equipment is designed to safely withstand the passage of these currents for the
duration specified.

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A fault on a power system is an abnormal condition that involves
an electrical failure of power system equipment operating at one of
the primary voltages within the system.


Faults
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Short-circuit
Open-circuit
Faults usually occur in a power system due to either
insulation failure, flashover, physical damage or human
error
Due to:
overstressing and
degradation of the
insulation over time
sudden overvoltage
condition
accidental contacts
Results in a cessation of
current flow due to
broken (open-circuited)
conductors
Simultaneous
More than one type of
fault
Fault Analysis
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Faults
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
All three phases involved
in the fault

Can be analyzed using
single phase equivalent
circuit
Only one or two phases
involved in the fault

Use symmetrical
components to reduce the
complexity of the
calculations
Fault analysis is usually carried out in per-unit quantities:
give solutions which are somewhat consistent over different
voltage and power ratings
operate on values of the order of unity
Equivalent Circuits for Balanced 3-ph Circuits
In a balanced three phase circuit
the information relating to one phase gives the information relating to
the other two phases as well
it is sufficient to do calculations in a single phase circuit

Two common forms
take any one phase of the three phase circuit
create an equivalent single phase circuit to represent the full three
phase circuit
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Z
Z
Z
V
p

V
p

V
p

I
a

I
b

I
c

I
p

I
n
= 0
I
p

I
p

S
C
B
A
-
+
-
+
-
+
V
CN

V
AN

V
BN

N
Line current
Phase current
Phase
Voltage
Line
Voltage
I
L
= I
P

Z
A
= Z
B
= Z
C
= Z
I
n
= 0
V
NS
= 0
V
L
= 3V
P

Single Phase Circuit
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A
N S
Z
s
E
A
V
p
= V
AS


I
p
= I
L
= I
AS


Z

P
T
/3

I = I
P
= I
L
V = V
P
= V
L
/3
S = S
P
= S
T
/3
Solutions would be single phase quantities, which can then be
converted to three phase quantities using the above conversions
Equivalent Single Phase Circuit
Line voltage is used at the source
Line Current is artificially amplified by a factor of 3
The Impedance remains as the per-phase impedance
Yields the required three phase quantities directly, other than the current
which would be 3 I
L
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A
N S
Z
s
E
L
= 3E
A
V
L
= 3V
AS


I = 3I
L
= 3I
AS


Z

P
T
Revision Per Unit Quantities
Decimal fractions or multiples of base quantities
Per unit (pu) value of any quantity is defined as







Expressions such as Ohms Law can be applied
Since Voltage, Current, Impedance and Power are related, only two Base
or reference quantities can be independently defined
Permits multiplication and division other than addition and subtraction
without the requirement of a correction factor
The different voltage levels disappear, and a power network involving
generators, transformers and lines of different voltage levels, reduces to
a system of simple impedances

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quantity the of value Base
Quantity Actual
unit per in Quantity =
B
pu
S
S
S =
B
pu
V
V
V =
B
pu
I
I
I =
B
pu
Z
Z
Z =
Base value calculation - single phase systems
If VA
base
and V
base
are the selected base quantities of power and
voltage respectively, then






In a power system usually, voltages are expressed in kV and power
in MVA, thus it is usual to select an MVA
base
and a kV
base

Therefore, base values for current and impedance become
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base
base
base
base base
base
V
VA

V
.I V
I Current Base = = =

VA
V

.V I
.V V

I
V
Z Impedance Base
base
base
2
base base
base base
base
base
base
= = = =
kA in
kV
MVA
I Current Base
base
base
base
= =
O = = in
MVA
kV
Z Impedance Base
base
base
2
base
Base value calculation - three phase systems
Line voltages and total power are usually used.
If Va
base,3
and V
base,LL
are the base three phase power and base
line-to-line voltage respectively, then






Considering MVA
base,3
and a kV
base,LL


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LL base,
base,3
base
base
base
base
base
V 3
VA

3.V
3.VA

V
VA
I Current Base
u
= = = =

VA
V

3.VA
.V ) 3 (

VA
V
Z Impedance Base
base,3
LL base,
2
base
base
2 2
base
base
2
base
u
= = = =
kA in
kV 3
MVA
I Current Base
LL base,
base,3
base
u
= =
O = =
u
in
MVA
kV
Z Impedance Base
base,3
LL base,
2
base
pu calculation - three phase systems
13

MVA
(MVA) S

base,3
pu
u
=
actual
S

kV
) ( V

LL base,
actual
pu
kV
V =
u
u
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
base,3
LL base,
LL base,
base,3
base
pu
MVA
kV 3
) ( I
kV 3
MVA
I ) ( I
I kA
I
kA
actual
actual actual
LL base,
2
base,3
base,3
LL base,
2
base
pu
kV
MVA
) ( Z
MVA
kV
Z ) ( Z
Z
u
u
O =
|
.
|

\
|
=
O
=
actual
actual actual
Z

MVA
(MW) P

base,3
pu
u
=
actual
P
MVA
(MVar) Q

base,3
pu
u
=
actual
Q
LL base,
2
base,3
pu
kV
MVA
) ( R R
u
O =
actual
LL base,
2
base,3
pu
kV
MVA
) ( X X
u
O =
actual
The power factor remains unchanged in per unit
Change of base
It is usual to give data in per unit to its own rating
As different components can have different ratings, for power
system analyses, it is necessary to convert all quantities to a
common base, for example 100MVA and a selected voltage base.
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new
given given pu
new
actual
S
, base,3
, base,3 ,
, base,3
new pu,
MVA
.MVA S

MVA
(MVA) S

u
u
u
= =
new LL, base,
given LL, base, given pu,
new LL, base,
actual
new pu,
kV
kV . V

kV
) ( V
= =
kV
V
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
O
=
u
u
u
u
new LL, base,
2
given LL, base,
2
, base,3
, base,3
, base,3
new LL, base,
2
, base,3
given LL, base,
2
new base,
given base,
new base,
new pu,
kV
kV
MVA
MVA
Z

MVA
kV
MVA
kV
. Z
. Z
) ( Z
Z
given
new
pu
new
given
pu
pu
actual
Z
Z
Z

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