Smart Solar Irrigation

Washington!State!University|Solar3Powered!Automated!Irrigation!System!
TABLE&OF&CONTENTS&
Table!of!Contents!........................................................................................................................................................................................!!
Problem!Statement!...................................................................................................................................................................................!0!
Functions!and!Requirements!....................................................................................................................................................................!0!
1.0! Introduction!....................................................................................................................................................................................!1!
2.0!! Design!Scope!..................................................................................................................................................................................!1!
Design!Deliverables!...............................................................................................................................................................................!1!
Design!Delimitations!.............................................................................................................................................................................!1!
3.0! Design!Description!..........................................................................................................................................................................!2!
3.1!! Design!Life!..................................................................................................................................................................................!2!
3.2! Solar3Powered!Automated!Irrigation!System!.............................................................................................................................!2!
3.2.1! Solar!Farm!...........................................................................................................................................................................!2!
3.2.2! Water!Distribution!System!..................................................................................................................................................!3!
3.2.3! Control!System!....................................................................................................................................................................!3!
3.3! System!Demonstration!...............................................................................................................................................................!3!
3.4! Data!Collection!............................................................................................................................................................................!3!
4.0!System!Design!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!4!
4.1!Solar!Farm!.......................................................................................................................................................................................!4!
4.1.1!Available!Solar!Energy!.............................................................................................................................................................!4!
Chart!4.1.1.1:!Available!Solar!Power!Flux!(200632012)!.............................................................................................................!4!
4.1.2!Five3Acre!Mechanical!Design!...................................................................................................................................................!5!
Fig!4.1.2.1:!FEA!53Acre!Frame!Analysis!Result!...........................................................................................................................!5!
4.1.2.1!Demonstration!Plot!Mechanical!Design!............................................................................................................................!6!
Chart!4.1.2.1!Cost!Comparison!for!Demonstration!Solar!Panel!Support!..................................................................................!6!
Figure!4.1.2.1:!Demonstration!Solar!Panel!Mount!....................................................................................................................!7!
4.1.2.2!!Demonstration!Solar!Collection!Performance!..................................................................................................................!8!
!
!
!
Table!4.1.2.2.1!...........................................................................................................................................................................!8!
4.1.2.3! Five3Acre!Plot!................................................................................................................................................................!9!
4.2!Water!Distribution!System!............................................................................................................................................................!10!
4.2.1!General!Layout!......................................................................................................................................................................!10!
4.2.2!Pipe!Layout!............................................................................................................................................................................!11!
4.2.3!Watering!Section!...................................................................................................................................................................!12!
4.3!Control!System!..............................................................................................................................................................................!13!
4.3.1!MICROCONTROLLER!..............................................................................................................................................................!13!
4.3.2!Inputs!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!13!
4.3.3!Outputs!..................................................................................................................................................................................!13!
4.3.4!Moisture!Sensors!...................................................................................................................................................................!13!
5.1! Equipment!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!14!
6.0! Permits,!Codes!&!Standards!..........................................................................................................................................................!14!
6.1! Local!Land!Owners!....................................................................................................................................................................!14!
6.2!!!!!!Wind!Loading!Codes!.................................................................................................................................................................!14!
7.0!!!!!Calculation!List!...............................................................................................................................................................................!15!
Water!Distribution!System!.................................................................................................................................................................!15!
Solar!Energy!Collection!System!...........................................................................................................................................................!15!
8.0! Costs!..............................................................................................................................................................................................!16!
8.1!Demonstration!System!Costs!........................................................................................................................................................!16!
Chart!8.1.1:!Demonstration!Design!Cost!Breakdown!..............................................................................................................!16!
8.2!Five3Acre!Projected!Costs!.............................................................................................................................................................!17!
Chart!8.2.1:!Projected!Cost!Breakdown!..................................................................................................................................!17!
9.0! Conclusion!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!18!
9.1!!!!Demonstration!System!Conclusion!............................................................................................................................................!18!
9.1.1!!!!Design!Problems!.................................................................................................................................................................!18!
!
!
!
9.1.2!!!!Design!Solution!...................................................................................................................................................................!18!
9.2!!!!Five3Acre!Conclusion!..................................................................................................................................................................!18!
9.2.1!!!!Future!Considerations!........................................................................................................................................................!18!
APPENDIX!A!
Team!Information!...........................................................................................................................................................!A!
Team!Structure!..................................................................................................................................................................................!A31!
Contact!List!........................................................................................................................................................................................!A31!
APPENDIX!B!
Illustrations!.....................................................................................................................................................................!B!
Electrical!Schematic!...........................................................................................................................................................................!B31!
Solar!Panel!Mounting:!Selected!Design!.............................................................................................................................................!B32!
Small3Scale!Stationary!Mount3Drawing!#1!.............................................................................................................................!B32!
Small3Scale!Stationary!Mount3Drawing!#2!.............................................................................................................................!B33!
Solar!Panel!Mounting:!Design!Concepts!............................................................................................................................................!B34!
Solar!Panel!Adjustable!Mount!Concept!Sketch!......................................................................................................................!B34!
Small3Scale!Solar!Tracker!Concept!Line!Drawing!...................................................................................................................!B35!
Small3Scale!Solar!Tracker!Concept!Design!Screenshot!...........................................................................................................!B35!
APPENDIX!C!
Calculations!.....................................................................................................................................................................!C!
CALC3133101!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C31!
Calc3133102!........................................................................................................................................................................................!C32!
CALC3133103!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C33!
CALC3133201!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C34!
CALC3133202!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C36!
CALC3133401!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C37!
Sample!Hand3Written!Calculations!....................................................................................................................................................!C39!
Appendix!D!
Tables!.............................................................................................................................................................................!D31!
Solar!Power!Radiation!.......................................................................................................................................................................!D31!
Cost!Summary!....................................................................................................................................................................................!D32!
!
!
!
Five3Acre!Power!Requirements!&!Projected!Costs!............................................................................................................................!D34!
APPENDIX!E!
SPECIFICATION!SHEETS!...................................................................................................................................................!E!
rAMSOND!SP50!50!w!Solar!Panel!Specs!............................................................................................................................................!E31!
APPENDIX!F!
MICROCONTROLLER!CODE!...............................................................................................................................................!F!
Appendix!G!!!Experiment!Documentation!.................................................................................................................................................!G!
Solar!Panel!Output!Measurement!..........................................................................................................................................................!!
MOISTURE!SENSOR!CALIBRATION!..........................................................................................................................................................!!
Appendix!H!
References!.....................................................................................................................................................................!H31!
ASCE!Wind!Loading!Codes!!Ch!07305!page!36!.................................................................................................................................!H32!
Research!............................................................................................................................................................................................!H33!
Background!Information!....................................................................................................................................................................!H33!
!
!
!
PROBLEM&STATEMENT&
!
ME!416!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Design!Description! !
!
!!!!!!!Spring!2013!
Authors:!Dr.!Bill!Kinsel!and!Mr.!Rick!Cameron!
!
Solar!Powered!Irrigation!Project!
Grape!vineyards!are!undergoing!an!economic!boom!in!the!State!of!Washington.!!Studies!have!shown!the!minimum!size!of!vineyard!
for!economic!viability!is!approximately!five!acres.!!There!are!large!areas!of!Eastern!Washington!which!are!amenable!to!vineyard!
development!but!lack!the!availability!of!an!electrical!grid!to!supply!the!needed!power!for!water!distribution.!
!
Typical!soils!in!Eastern!Washington!are!sandy!loam.!!Grapes!require!adequate!soil!moisture!from!the!soil!surface!down!to!about!18!
inches!below!the!surface!throughout!the!irrigation!season.!!Typical!yearly!water!distribution!for!wine!grapes!is!as!follows:!
o 10%!or!1.8!inches!of!water!in!May!
o 10%!or!1.8!inches!of!water!in!June!
o 40%!or!7.2!inches!of!water!in!July!
o 40%!or!7.2!inches!of!water!in!August!
!
FUNCTIONS&AND&REQUIREMENTS&
!
The!functions!and!requirements!listed!have!been!provided!by!the!client!for!the!purpose!of!refining!the!scope.!These!functions!and!
requirements!have!been!used!as!guidelines,!not!as!definitive!demands.!All!critical!design!criteria!have!been!based!on!standard!codes!
and!regulations!for!the!Eastern!Washington!area.!
!
Grape!vines!are!to!be!planted!six!feet!apart!in!rows!that!are!nine!feet!apart.!
Water!is!to!be!supplied!in!the!form!of!a!drip!micro!system!at!each!vine!location.!
Soil!moisture!sensors!shall!be!located!every!400!feet!along!each!row.!
The!soil!moisture!content!will!be!assessed!at!6!inches!and!18!inches!respectively!below!ground.!
Soil!moisture!content!data!will!be!sent!to!an!electronic!controller!which!will!be!programmed!to!determine!the!amount!of!
water!to!be!applied!to!maintain!optimal!soil!moisture.!
Power!required!to!operate!all!components!in!the!system!(e.g.,!pump(s),!valves,!controller)!shall!be!provided!by!photovoltaic!
panels!coupled!with!batteries.!!!
A!charge!controller!shall!be!provided!to!match!the!photovoltaic!panel!output!to!the!batteries!and!to!ensure!the!batteries!
cannot!be!overcharged.!!
Irrigation!water!shall!be!provided!to!the!vines!through!a!network!of!PVC!pipe!or!poly!vinyl!tubing!as!appropriate.!!!
Irrigation!water!shall!be!screened!on!a!fine!mesh!upstream!from!the!inlet!to!the!pump(s).!!!
There!shall!be!no!grass!canopy!between!rows.!
The!system!shall!have!a!design!life!of!ten!years.!
The!system!shall!be!designed!to!withstand!winds!up!to!70!mph!without!loss!of!function.!
!
0!
!
!
1.0&
INTRODUCTION &
Grape!vineyards!in!Eastern!Washington!are!vital!to!the!Northwests!economy!and!have!seen!vineyards!multiply!rapidly!in!recent!
years.!!Eastern!Washington!is!at!the!same!latitude!as!some!of!Frances!wine!regions!(Bordeaux!and!Burgundy),!so!it!is!no!wonder!
8
that!Washington!produces!world3class!wine!that!2!million!tourists!enjoy!annually.
To!produce!fine!wine,!the!vines!must!be!kept!in!excellent!health.!High3volume!grape!production!is!also!crucial!for!these!local!
businesses.!To!keep!up!with!the!high!demand!without!compromising!quality,!an!automated!irrigation!system!can!be!implemented.!!
To!power!the!whole!irrigation!system!off!the!grid,!the!options!are!solar!power,!hydropower,!or!wind!power.!Solar!power!offers!
unique!advantages!over!the!other!options!such!as!smaller!supporting!structures!and!less!environmental!disturbances.!!
The!system!lowers!the!power!required!for!pumping!by!collecting!natural!rainfall!instead!of!pumping!from!a!river!or!well.!Water!is!
then!distributed!only!to!dry!areas,!conserving!water.!!The!sun!provides!power!when!the!system!is!running!while!charging!backup!
batteries.!This!system!creates!an!ideal!moisture!environment!for!the!vines,!producing!a!consistent!crop!without!the!hassle.!!
2.0&&
DESIGN&SCOPE&
&&
Design!both!a!five3acre!irrigation!system!and!demonstration!system.!The!size!of!the!demonstration!system!will!be!based!on!internal!
funding.!There!will!be!three!subsystems!designed!and!analyzed:!a!control!system,!solar!farm!system,!and!water!distribution!system.!
This!project!focuses!on!the!mechanical!and!electric!elements!of!the!system!rather!than!its!agricultural!surroundings.!The!system!as!a!
whole!will!vary!from!vineyard!to!vineyard!based!on!agricultural!factors!i.e.!crop!layout,!type!of!grape!vineyard,!etc.!
DESIGN!DELIVERABLES!
We!will!provide:!!
Design!and!fabrication!of!a!small!demonstration!system!
Budget!and!costs!of!the!demo!system!
Projected!costs!of!a!five3acre!system!
Design!of!a!five3acre!system!
!
DESIGN!DELIMITATIONS!
We!will!not!provide:!
Design!of!a!water!collection!system!
Fabrication!of!a!five3acre!vineyard!
Vine!moisture!level!recommendations!
Maintenance!recommendations!(solar!panel!cleaning,!part!replacement,!ect.)!
Cost3Benefit!Analysis!
!
!
1!
!
!
3.0&
DESIGN&DESCRIPTION&
The!plan!to!meet!functions!and!requirements!listed!will!be!twofold.!!
First,!a!small!demonstration!plot!will!be!designed,!fabricated,!and!tested.!This!demonstration!design!will!be!an!irrigation!system!that!
utilizes!the!suns!energy!to!power!a!pump!and!a!set!of!solenoid!valves!with!soil!moisture!feedback.!This!system!will!be!controlled!
using!a!microcontroller.!!Second,!a!53acre!plot!will!be!only!designed!and!not!fabricated.!!
These!are!separate!systems,!but!use!some!of!the!same!calculations!and!ideas.!!
3.1!!
DESIGN!LIFE!
The!functions!and!requirements!state,!The$system$shall$have$a$design$life$of$ten$years.!
The!design!life!of!our!53acre!system!satisfies!this!requirement!with!regular!maintenance.!The!most!costly!part!of!the!system!
is!the!photovoltaic!panel!array,!so!the!design!life!will!be!mainly!determined!by!the!solar!panels.!Recent!increases!in!
efficiency!of!monocrystalline!photovoltaic!technology!mean!that!the!panels!will!last!longer.!The!selected!solar!panels!
performance!decreases!to!90%!collected!energy!at!ten!years,!and!within!25!years!the!energy!level!diminish!to!80%.!(See!
panel!specification!sheet)!!!
The!demonstration!system!does!not!have!a!design!life!and!will!be!dismantled!at!the!end!of!the!semester!(May!2013).!!!
3.2!
SOLAR3POWERED!AUTOMATED!IRRIGATION!SYSTEM!
The!irrigation!system!will!consist!of!the!following!parts:!
o
o
o
o
Water!collection!system!
Solar!farm!
Water!distribution!system!
Control!system!
!
Each!of!these!sub3systems!will!contribute!to!decreasing!the!maintenance!required!for!the!vineyard!and!lowering!labor!
hours!required!for!checking!plant!health.!The!overall!system!will!create!ideal!moisture!conditions!for!the!health!of!the!
plant.!It!will!be!designed!for!a!53acre!vineyard.!Our!focus!will!be!on!the!solar!farm,!water!distribution!system,!and!control!
system,!not!the!water!collection!system.!The!water!collection!system!will!remain!as!an!idea!for!future!design.!
3.2.1! SOLAR!FARM!
The!design!requirements!state,!Power$required$to$operate$all$components$in$the$system$(e.g.,$pump(s),$valves,$
controller)$shall$be$provided$by$photovoltaic$panels$coupled$with$batteries.!!
The!solar!farm!will!be!used!to!store!energy!for!use!in!the!water!distribution!system.!It!will!be!used!mainly!to!
operate!the!pumps!required!for!water!distribution.!Photovoltaic!cells!will!be!used!for!the!solar!farm.!To!maximize!
the!amount!of!energy!collected,!solar!tracking!will!be!considered.!The!solar!farm!will!consist!of!an!array!of!
photovoltaic!cells!that!provide!electricity!for!the!rest!of!the!irrigation!system.!The!energy!provided!by!the!solar!
farm!will!power!the!system!while!charging!a!battery!bank.!!
!
2!
!
!
3.2.2! WATER!DISTRIBUTION!SYSTEM!
!
The!water!distribution!system!will!transport!water!from!the!water!collection!system!to!the!vines.!The!design!
requirements!state,!Grape$vines$are$to$be$planted$six$feet$apart$in$rows$that$are$nine$feet$apartno$grass$canopy$
between$rowswater$is$to$be$supplied$[through]$a$network$of$PVC$pipe$or$poly$vinyl$tubingin$the$form$of$a$drip$
micro$system$at$each$vine$location.!For!both!53acre!and!demonstration!systems,!we!have!satisfied!all!these!
requirements.!!
3.2.3! CONTROL!SYSTEM!
The!control!system!will!consist!of!moisture!and!water!level!sensors!connected!to!data!collection!electronics!that!
operate!the!water!pumps!and!solenoid!valves,!controlling!water!distribution!to!each!section!of!the!vineyard.!The!
control!system!will!be!used!to!sense!when!plants!need!water!and!distribute!the!water!accordingly.!This!provides!
water!conversion!to!cut!costs,!and!maintain!recommended!soil!moisture!for!improved!productivity.!The!soil!
moisture!watering!level!will!be!adjustable!between!0%!weight!water!and!saturation.!!
The!control!system!will!use!microcontroller(s)!that!receive!voltage!signals!as!inputs!from!all!sensors!in!the!
irrigation!system.!The!control!system!will!then!output!signals!to!control!all!electromechanical!components!(pumps,!
solenoid!valves,!etc.)!
3.3!
SYSTEM!DEMONSTRATION!
A!scaled3down!version!of!the!system!will!be!fabricated!and!presented.!The!size!of!the!scaled3down!system!will!be!based!on!
funds!collected,!but!will!include!all!of!the!major!aspects!of!the!system.!The!purpose!of!the!system!is!to!demonstrate!the!
capabilities!of!the!system!and!will!be!dismantled!at!the!end!of!the!semester.!!
3.4!
DATA!COLLECTION!
Data!will!be!collected!on!the!demonstration!system.!This!includes!an!experiment!to!collect!solar!panel!output!in!different!
weather!conditions.!Moisture!data!will!also!be!collected!to!properly!calibrate!the!control!system.!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
3!
!
!
4.0&SYSTEM&DESIGN&
This!section!presents!technical!details!for!each!subsystem:!the!solar!farm,!water!distribution!system,!and!control!system.!Design!
specifics!for!both!the!five3acre!plot!and!demonstration!plot!are!discussed.!
4.1!SOLAR!FARM!
4.1.1!AVAILABLE!SOLAR!ENERGY!!
To!create!an!effective!solar!farm,!capable!of!powering!the!automated!irrigation!system,!the!available!solar!power!
had!to!be!predicted.!Power!in!the!form!of!solar$radiation$power$flux$was!analyzed!and!charted!using!data!collected!
over!a!seven3year!period.!Solar!radiation!power!flux!is!the!quantity!of!solar!power!per!unit!area!that!comes!
through!the!atmosphere!and!is!measured!at!weather!stations.!A!95%!confidence!interval!was!calculated!and!
charted!(See!Chart!4.1.1)!to!predict!the!future!solar!values!in!the!Tri3City!area.!Note:!these!values!were!recorded!at!
the!WSU!TC!weather!station!and!made!available!at!weather.wsu.edu.!The!quantity!of!sun!is!subject!to!many!
factors,!and!a!statistical!approach!is!a!quick!and!reliable!method!to!account!for!factors!affecting!solar!power.!A!
portion!of!the!solar!radiation!values!for!the!months!of!February3November!is!presented!in!Appendix!D.!The!full!
spreadsheet!is!available!upon!request.!Chart!4.1.1!was!created!using!the!CALCD13D202!(See!Appendix!C).!
CHART!4.1.1.1:!AVAILABLE!SOLAR!POWER!FLUX!(200632012)!
Solar!Power!Flux!(W/m2)!
700!
600!
500!
400!
300!
200!
100!
0!
13Feb! 13Mar! 13Apr! 13May! 13Jun!
13Jul!
13Aug! 13Sep! 13Oct! 13Nov!
Date!(Day3Month)!
Available!Solar!Power!Flux!!
!
!
!
The!error!bars!(shown!in!gray)!were!calculated!for!each!given!day!and!represent!a!95%!confidence!interval,!or!95%!
chance!the!power!value!will!fall!in!the!plotted!range!of!available!solar!radiation!power!flux.!
4!
!
4.1.2!FIVE3ACRE!MECHANICAL!DESIGN!!
The!mechanical!design!for!a!solar!farm!revolves!around!three!main!solar!panel!mounting!methods!i.e.!dual3axis!
tracking,!single3axis!tracking,!and!stationary!mounting.!Each!of!these!methods!was!considered!for!our!system!
design.!We!compared!methods!by!determining!how!the!power!output!of!a!solar!panel!corresponds!to!the!
mounting!method!(see!Appendix!C!for!CALC3133201).!!From!CALC3133201!it!was!concluded!that!single3axis!tracking!
yields!a!power!output!close!to!dual3axis!tracking,!and!it!would!be!much!less!expensive.!Therefore,!from!a!power!
output!standpoint,!single3axis!tracking!seemed!plausible.!A!cost!analysis!of!a!single3axis!tracker!and!stationary!
mount!was!performed!(see!Chart!4.1.2.1).!!
Please!note!that!the!frame!in!Fig!4.1.2.1!was!designed!after!435!iterations!and!was!extremely!challenging!to!meet!a!
reasonable!factor!of!safety.!A!truss3style!fixed!frame!is!much!more!robust!than!a!tracking!system,!and!it!lowers!
costs!and!maintenance.!For!these!reasons,!a!fixed!solar!panel!structure!was!selected!for!the!five3acre!system.!!
Based!on!a!finite!element!analysis!in!SolidWorks,!the!five3acre!solar!supports!satisfy!ASCE!specified!wind!loading!
codes!(see!references).!For!Washington!State,!ASCE!specified!85!mph!wind!loading.!This!is!more!than!specified!in!
the!design!requirements!(70!mph)!and!gives!a!static!factor!of!safety!of!3.4.!The!material!is!galvanized!steel!to!
protect!against!corrosion!and!to!give!a!long!design!life.!!
!
FIG!4.1.2.1:!FEA!53ACRE!FRAME!ANALYSIS!RESULT!
!
!
5!
!
!
!
4.1.2.1!DEMONSTRATION!PLOT!MECHANICAL!DESIGN!
The!demonstration!design!shown!in!Figure!4.1.2.1!was!created!to!minimize!cost!and!maximize!power!output.!We!
selected!a!Ramsond!50!Watt!Monocrystalline!PV!Solar!Panel!for!our!demonstration!system.!This!panel!will!be!able!
to!power!our!demonstration!plot!when!coupled!with!a!separate!power!source.!!See!the!Appendices!for!the!solar!
panel!specification!sheet.!As!previously!mentioned,!one!key!factor!that!was!considered!in!our!selection!of!solar!
panel!mounting!method!was!cost.!Chart!4.1.2.1!shows!a!cost!comparison!between!single3axis!tracking!and!
stationary!mounting.!While!one3axis!solar!tracking!would!add!up!to!an!18.5%!increase!in!power!output,!the!cost!
almost!doubled!that!of!the!PV!Panel!selected.!It!would!be!more!cost3effective!to!buy!one!more!panel!while!
collecting!more!power.!This!important!cost!comparison!was!also!applied!to!our!five3acre!plot.!See!Appendix!B!
design!concepts!for!the!solar!tracking!design!used!in!the!cost!comparison.!!
CHART!4.1.2.1!COST!COMPARISON!FOR!DEMONSTRATION!SOLAR!PANEL!SUPPORT!
!
Tracking!Support!
Fixed!Support!
$350.00!
$350.00!
$300.00!
$300.00!
$250.00!
$250.00!
$200.00!
$200.00!
$150.00!
$150.00!
$100.00!
$100.00!
$50.00!
$50.00!
$0.00!
$0.00!
Est.!Shipping/Handling!
Actuator!
Hardware!
Foundanon!
Fasteners!
Concrete!Bolt!
Steel!Frame!Materials!
Collar/Bearings!
Steel!Shao!
Est.!Shipping/Handling!
Foundanon!
Welds!
Concrete!Bolt!
Steel!Frame!Materials!
!
This!cost!analysis!is!a!large!part!of!the!justification!for!using!a!stationary!solar!panel!mount!for!our!demonstration!
system.!The!solar!panel!support!is!angled!at!46!degrees!off!the!horizontal!and!will!be!pointed!due!south.!A!product!
6!
!
!
rendering!is!shown!on!the!next!page!in!Figure!4.1.2.1.!Since!the!design!life!does!not!need!to!be!considered!for!the!
demonstration,!wind!loading!was!not!considered.!!
!
FIGURE!4.1.2.1:!DEMONSTRATION!SOLAR!PANEL!MOUNT!
!
The!above!panel!mount!was!fabricated!by!cutting!and!welding!sections!of!tube!steel.!No!corrosion!protection!was!
used!for!the!frame.!For!detailed!CAD!drawings,!consult!an!appropriate!Appendix.!!
!
!
!
!
7!
!
!
!
4.1.2.2!!DEMONSTRATION!SOLAR!COLLECTION!PERFORMANCE!
See!Table!4.1.2.2.1!for!an!experimental!data!collected!in!ME406:!Experimental!Design.!For!further!information,!a!
formal!report!of!this!experiment!is!available!in!the!appendices.!!As!shown,!the!data!matches!prediction.!!
!
!
!
TABLE!4.1.2.2.1!
Weather!
Conditions
!
!
Sunny
Time!
Multimeter! Multimeter!
Power!
Reading!(V) Reading!(A) Output!(W)
!
Variable!Resistor!
()
10!AM!
18.56
1.321
24.5
20
1!PM!
19.66
1.613
31.7
20
4!PM!
17.72
1.456
25.8
20
10!AM!
4.25
0.200
0.85
20
1!PM!
5.72
0.379
2.17
20
4!PM!
4.32
0.303
1.31
!
!
!
!
!
!
Overcast
20!
RAMSOND!50W!Solar!Panel
!
!
!
Predicted!Power!in!April!(W)
Measured!Power!(W)
14.2
14.39
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
8!
!
!
!
4.1.2.3!FIVE3ACRE!PLOT!
Below!is!the!general!layout.!50!solar!panels!are!used!that!are!250W!each.!Actual!solar!farm!output!is!predicted!to!
peak!at!3!kW.!This!output!is!sent!to!the!power!unit.!!
!
!
These!units!will!be!added!in!rows!to!fit!the!space!designated!for!the!solar!farm.!Care!must!be!taken!to!
appropriately!space!each!solar!mount!unit!to!not!block!other!units!from!the!sun.!The!plot!size!required!for!the!
solar!farm!is!approximately!50!x!50!ft.!!
Shown!below!is!a!diagram!depicting!the!power!assembly!for!the!solar!panels.!
!
!
9!
!
!
Note!that!the!capacity!of!battery!bank!is!2200!A3h.!!It!utilizes!9!dry!cell!batteries.!This!provides!2!days!of!overall!
system!operation!without!sun,!assuming!peak!power!demands.!!
!
4.2!WATER!DISTRIBUTION!SYSTEM!!
4.2.1!GENERAL!LAYOUT!
Shown!is!the!53acre!plot!layout.!There!are!36!sections!with!a!solenoid!valve!and!multiple!sensors!per!section.!!
!
From!CALC3133201!and!CALC3133202,!the!volume!flow!rate!needed!was!54!gallons!per!minute.!When!18!sections!
are! watered! at! a! time,! the! total! watering! time! is! 8! hours! for! the! entire! five! acre! water! distribution! system.! A!
pressure!loss!of!16!psi!was!calculated.!To!meet!the!volume!flow!rate!and!pressure!loss,!a!2!horsepower!pump!was!
selected.!During!operation,!the!total!power!consumption!is!1.5!kW,!including!the!open!solenoid!valves.!!
See!Appendix!D!for!a!full!performance!table.!
!
10!
!
!
4.2.2!PIPE!LAYOUT!
!
23inch!diameter,!SCH40!PVC!was!chosen!as!the!main!line!since!it!lowers!frictional!losses.!This!lowers!the!power!
needed!to!pump!the!water.!The!layout!shown!above!is!for!the!entire!five!acres.!The!boxes!represent!valve!boxes!
housing!nine!solenoid!valves!each.!The!36!watering!sections!are!the!green!squares!and!can!be!turned!on!
independently.!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
11!
!
!
4.2.3!WATERING!SECTION!
!
Shown!above!is!one!of!the!36!watering!sections.!All!watering!sections!are!identical.!The!flexible!tubing!splits!off!to!
drippers!at!each!vine!location.!The!moisture!sensor!placement!is!shown!at!the!end!of!each!section!row.!The!line!
comes!in!from!one!of!the!valve!boxes!shown!in!section!4.2.2.!
Note!that!due!to!our!limited!knowledge!of!moisture!sensor!technology,!we!based!these!moisture!sensors!off!our!
demonstration!system.!The!location!of!each!sensor!is!at!the!end!of!each!line!because!the!vine!farthest!down!the!
line!will!receive!the!least!amount!of!water.!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
12!
!
!
4.3!CONTROL!SYSTEM!
Shown!in!Appendix!B!is!the!final!electrical!schematic.!!
4.3.1!MICROCONTROLLER! !
A!microcontroller!will!run!the!control!system!and!for!the!demonstration!system!an!Arduino!Mega!development!
board!will!be!used.!Initially,!a!laptop!computer!was!to!interface!with!the!control!system!via!the!Arduino!platforms!
USB!connection.!The!laptop!would!display!the!systems!outputs!and!allow!user!control!from!the!computer.!
However,!this!forced!the!Arduino!to!be!connected!constantly!to!a!computer.!To!find!a!stand3alone!solution,!code!
was!written!and!debugged.!Firmware!was!uploaded!to!the!Arduino!board!via!the!USB!serial!connection!and!stored!
in!the!microcontrollers!memory.!The!program!runs!continuously!while!the!system!has!power!and!will!restart!when!
power!is!returned!in!case!of!power!failure.!Moisture!content!of!the!soil!and!system!diagnostics!are!displayed!on!a!
LCD!screen.!See!Appendix!F!for!the!program!code.!
In!the!large!five3acre!system,!a!microcontroller!or!PLC!based!system!will!be!used.!!
4.3.2!INPUTS!
In!the!demonstration!system!and!53acre!system,!analog!inputs!to!the!control!system!include!moisture!content,!
water!tank!level,!and!solar!panel!power!readings.!The!moisture!content!sensors!and!water!level!sensors!are!
resistive.!Moisture!and!water!level!vary!with!resistance.!A!voltage!divider!circuit!with!a!potentiometer!was!
constructed!for!each!sensor,!and!voltage!will!be!read!as!inputs!into!the!microcontroller.!To!measure!power,!
power3metering!circuitry!was!wired!in!series!with!the!solar!cell!and!battery!to!measure!power!produced!and!
consumed!by!the!system.!The!sensors!were!calibrated!to!accurately!read!moisture.!(See!appended!experiment)!
4.3.3!OUTPUTS!
Digital!outputs!control!all!electromechanical!components.!Power!transistors!and!H3bridges!provide!the!necessary!
voltage!and!current!to!run!the!pump!and!solenoid!valves.!In!our!demonstration!system,!power!is!provided!by!a!
solar!panel!and!an!external!power!supply!is!used!for!testing.!!
4.3.4!MOISTURE!SENSORS!
The!moisture!sensors!were!calibrated!using!methods!described!in!the!appendices.!They!were!tested!from!dry!
(0%wt!liquid!water)!ground!to!complete!saturation!of!the!soil.!This!linearly!correlated!moisture!to!voltage!with!a!
99.98!R3squared!value.!This!highly!linear!response!is!used!by!the!control!to!monitor!soil!moisture!for!watering!time!
decision.!See!appendix!G!for!more!information.!
!
!
!
13!
!
!
5.1&
EQUIPMENT& &
Below!is!a!list!of!all!equipment!needed!to!fabricate!the!demonstration!system.!!
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
6.0&
Hammer!
Shovel!
Drill!+!drill!bits!
Screw!Driver!
Welding!Equipment!
Level!
Rake!
Hack!Saw!
Hole!punch/tube!punch!
Brush!
Gloves!
Pliers/Wire!cutters!
Channel!Locks!
Tube!cutter/Knife!
PERMITS,&CODES&&&STANDARDS&
6.1!
LOCAL!LAND!OWNERS!
A!couple!by!the!name!of!Jim!and!Barbara!Large!have!authorized!the!use!of!their!backyard!for!the!demonstration!system.!
This!location!was!used!to!fabricate!and!test!the!system.!!
6.2!!!!!!WIND!LOADING!CODES!
The!five3acre!system!adheres!to!Washington!State!wind!load!codes!(WAC!5135031609).!This!also!satisfied!international!
building!codes.!ASCE!defines!the!wind!speed.!See!Appendix!H.!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
14!
!
!
7.0&&&&&CALCULATION&LIST&
Below!is!a!list!of!the!calculations!that!were!made!to!determine!the!performance!of!the!system.!The!control!system!is!based!on!a!
microcontroller!program,!and!no!calculations!were!made.!!
WATER!DISTRIBUTION!SYSTEM!
CALCD13D101:!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines!
The!volume!of!water!consumed!by!the!desired!grape!vine!needed!to!be!determined!in!order!to!size!the!pumps!required!for!
the!demonstration!and!full3scale!irrigation!system.!Since!there!exists!a!large!range!of!water!requirements!for!different!
grape!vines,!the!type!of!vine!and!purpose!of!the!grape!are!needed!or!assumed.!
CALCD13D102:!Calculation$of$Pump$Sizing$for$5KAcre$Field!!
After!the!quantity!of!water!for!each!vine!had!been!determined,!a!pump!size!can!be!determined!for!a!full3scale!field.!CALC3
133102!offers!suggestions!for!what!size!pump!to!use!given!the!conditions!stated!in!the!scope.!
CALCD13D103:!Calculation$of$Pump$Sizing$for$Demonstration$Field!
Pump!size!is!also!required!for!the!demonstration!field.!CALC3133103!offers!suggestions!for!the!pump!size!needed!for!the!
demonstration!field!based!on!the!layout!of!the!field!as!established!by!the!group!and!confirmed!by!the!client.!
SOLAR!ENERGY!COLLECTION!SYSTEM!
CALCD13D201:!Calculation$of$Solar$Panel$Power$and$Current$Capabilities!
The!power!needed!to!run!the!system!is!required!to!size!the!solar!panels!that!will!be!used!in!the!system.!The!size!of!panel!
required!to!power!the!system!then!needs!to!be!fitted!depending!on!those!power!needs.!CALC3133201!offers!suggestions!on!
the!size!of!panel!needed!to!provide!enough!power!to!the!system.!
CALCD13D202:!Calculation$for$Average$Solar$Power$$
Average!solar!power!must!be!calculated!from!past!records!in!the!Tri3City!area!to!accurately!predict!the!performance!of!any!
solar!component!of!the!design.!!
CALCD13D401!Wind$loading$
Wind!loading!was!calculated!to!ASCE!codes!to!ensure!that!there!was!no!failure!in!the!solar!panel!assembly.!
Our!budget!was!$1000!provided!by!WSU!and!we!spent!94!+/3!2%.!For!a!full!cost!estimate!list,!look!in!the!Appendix!D.!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
15!
!
!
8.0&
COSTS&
8.1!DEMONSTRATION!SYSTEM!COSTS!
Washington!State!University!provided!$1000!for!this!project.!Chart!8.1.1!shows!the!budget!and!approximate!used!
resources.!!
CHART!8.1.1:!DEMONSTRATION!DESIGN!COST!BREAKDOWN!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
16!
!
!
8.2!FIVE3ACRE!PROJECTED!COSTS!!
Projected!costs!for!the!five3acre!design!were!$60,000!total.!
CHART!8.2.1:!PROJECTED!COST!BREAKDOWN!
17%!
33%!
16%!
1%!
8%!
8%!
8%!
5%!
2%! 1%!
Solar!Panels!
Pump!
Solenoids!
Bareries!
Power!Supply!
!Cost!Buer!
1%!
Panel!Supports!
AC!Inverter!
Apollo!T80!Charge!Controllers!
Est.!Piping,!Tubing,!Fisngs,!Drippers!
Control!System!+!Electrical!
!
These!costs!are!estimates;!a!full!table!is!attached!in!Appendix!D.!!
!
!
!
!
17!
!
!
9.0&
CONCLUSION&
9.1!!!!DEMONSTRATION!SYSTEM!CONCLUSION!!
9.1.1!!!!DESIGN!PROBLEMS!
After!fabrication!and!testing,!some!problems!were!uncovered.!The!warm!weather!caused!some!heat!problems!on!the!pump!
and!control!system.!After!troubleshooting!and!diagnostics,!we!came!to!two!conclusions.!First,!the!transistor!array!was!not!
properly!cooled.!We!fixed!this!problem!temporarily!by!using!an!ice!pack!on!the!transistors.!Second,!the!pump!was!
overheating!from!the!combination!of!warm!weather!and!too!much!backpressure!from!the!piping.!By!modifying!the!code!to!
open!all!solenoid!valves!when!the!pump!was!in!operation,!backpressure!was!reduced.!Although!this!is!not!an!optimum!
solution,!the!pump!could!operate!without!overheating.!!!
9.1.2!!!!DESIGN!SOLUTION!
To!fix!these!problems!when!applying!this!system!on!a!larger!scale,!we!recommend!the!following.!!
Proper!cooling!of!the!control!system!(additional!heat!sinks,!fans,!water!cooling,!etc.)!
Different!pump!sizing!!
Industrial!grade!pump!
!
9.2!!!!FIVE3ACRE!CONCLUSION!
9.2.1!!!!FUTURE!CONSIDERATIONS!
The!five3acre!design!was!successfully!designed!and!analyzed.!A!future!consideration!is!to!run!a!cost!benefit!analysis.!This!
would!help!determine!if!the!solar!powered!irrigated!vineyard!would!be!profitable.!While!solar!power!is!plausible,!there!may!
be!alternate!sources!of!energy!to!power!off!the!grid!vineyards.!!We!recommend!research!and!development!of!moisture!
sensors.!The!ones!selected!are!not!advisable!for!large3scale!implementation.!!
Key!benefits!of!a!solar!power!automated!irrigation!system!include:!better!moisture!control!and!an!environment!conscious!
power!source.!When!implemented!properly,!it!should!greatly!expand!Washington!States!wine!industry.!!
!
!
18!
!
!
APPENDIX&A& TEAM&INFORMATION&
TEAM!STRUCTURE!!
Our!team!consists!of!five!members.!Each!team!member!will!be!given!roles!and!responsibilities!based!on!their!skills!and!personality.!
Assignments!may!be!shared!within!the!members!of!the!team,!but!each!member!is!responsible!for!their!own!roles:!
Isaac!Jo!!Engineering!Drafter/!Design!Lead!
Jacob!Fricke!!Control!System!Design/!Technical!Lead!
Peter!Girgis!!Solar!Farm!Design/!Experiment!Technician!
Sarah!Sederburg!!External!Affairs/!Project!Manager!
Zachary!Undag!!Water!Distribution!Design,!Budget!/!Experiment!Technician!!
CONTACT!LIST!
&
Isaac&Jo&
Mechanical!Engineer!Student!
Cell:!(509)55432421!
Isaac.Jo@email.wsu.edu!
!
Jacob&Fricke&
Cell:!(509)!36632686!
Jacob.fricke@email.wsu.edu!
!
Peter&Girgis&
Cell:!(509)!39634344!
Peter.Girgis@email.wsu.edu!
!
Sarah&Sederburg&
Cell:!(509)!57238929!
Sarah.Sederburg@gmail.com!
!
Zachary&Undag&
Cell:!(509)!43836798!
z_s_undag@hotmail.com
A31!
!
APPENDIX&B& ILLUSTRATIONS&
ELECTRICAL!SCHEMATIC!
!
!
B31!
!
SOLAR!PANEL!MOUNTING:!SELECTED!DESIGN!
SMALL3SCALE!STATIONARY!MOUNT3DRAWING!#1!
!
!
!
!
!
B32!
!
SMALL3SCALE!STATIONARY!MOUNT3DRAWING!#2!
!
B33!
!
SOLAR!PANEL!MOUNTING:!DESIGN!CONCEPTS!
SOLAR!PANEL!ADJUSTABLE!MOUNT!CONCEPT!SKETCH!
!
!
!
B34!
!
SMALL3SCALE!SOLAR!TRACKER!CONCEPT!LINE!DRAWING!
SMALL3SCALE!SOLAR!TRACKER!CONCEPT!DESIGN!SCREENSHOT!
B35!
!
APPENDIX&C& CALCULATIONS&
CALC3133101!
&
Originator:&ZS&Undag&
Checked:&ID&Jo&
&
Objective&/&Purpose&
The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!determine!the!volume!of!water!per!five!acres!needed!for!grape!vines!in!the!Eastern!Washington!
region!for!optimal!fruit!quality.!!
Input&Data&
Available!Water!Capacity:!The!portion!of!water!in!a!soil!that!can!be!readily!absorbed!by!plant!roots!of!most!crops,!expressed!in!total!
inches!for!the!root!zone.!It!is!the!amount!of!water!stored!in!the!soil!between!field!capacity!and!permanent!wilting!point.!
Evapotranspiration:!The!combination!of!water!transpired!from!vegetation!and!evaporation!from!soil!and!plant!surfaces.!
Field!Capacity:!The!amount!of!water!retained!by!a!soil!after!it!has!been!saturated!and!has!drained!freely!by!gravity.!
Gross!application:!Water!actually!applied!which!may!or!may!not!be!total!irrigation!water!requirement.!
Intake!Rate:!The!rate!at!which!irrigation!water!enters!the!soil!at!the!surface.!
Irrigation!efficiency:!The!ratio!of!the!average!depth!of!irrigation!water!beneficially!used!to!the!average!depth!applied.!
Irrigation!Frequency:!The!time,!in!days,!between!irrigation!events.!
Irrigation!Water!Management:!Managing!water!resources!(Precipitation,!applied!irrigation!water,!humidity)!to!optimize!water!use!by!
the!plant.!
Management!Allowed!Depletion!(MAD):!The!planned!soil!moisture!deficit!at!the!time!of!irrigation.!It!can!be!expressed!as!the!
percentage!of!available!soil!water!capacity!or!as!the!depth!of!water!that!has!been!depleted!from!the!root!zone.!
Net!Irrigation!Application:!The!depth!of!water,!exclusive!of!effective!precipitation,!stored!soil!moisture,!or!ground!water,!that!is!
required!for!meeting!crop!evapotranspiration!for!crop!production!and!other!related!issues.!
Peak!Use!Rate:!The!maximum!rate!at!which!a!crop!uses!water,!measured!in!inched!per!dat.!
Root!Zone:!Depth!of!soil!that!plant!roots!readily!penetrate!and!in!which!the!predominant!root!activity!occurs.!
Soil!Texture:!Classification!of!soil!by!the!relative!proportions!of!sand,!silt,!and!clay!present!in!the!soil.!
Tensiometer:!Instrument,!consisting!of!a!porous!cup!filled!with!water!and!connected!to!a!manometer!or!vacuum!gauge,!used!for!
measuring!the!soil3water!matrix!potential.!
Water!Holding!Capacity:!Total!amount!of!water!held!in!the!soil!per!increment!of!depth.!It!is!the!amount!of!water!held!between!field!
capacity!and!the!oven!dry!moisture!level.!
Assumptions&
Grapevines!are!at!full!canopy!
Crop!Coefficient!(Kc)!=!0.65!
Drip!irrigation!system!
Irrigation!Efficiency!(based!on!type!of!irrigation!system)!=!0.85!
Gross!Application!of!water!per!year!=!15!acre3inches!/!year!
Maximum!monthly!water!distribution!=!40%!of!gross!application!
Full!Irrigation!(100%!RDI!!Regulated!Deficit!Irrigation)!
Method&of&Analysis&
The!reference!evapotranspiration!will!be!calculated!by!multiplying!the!gross!application!of!water!per!year!by!the!maximum!monthly!
water!distribution!and!divided!by!the!number!of!watering!days!in!the!month.!
!
Reference!Evapotranspiration! ET! =
!"!
!"#$!!"#$%&
!!!!.!
!"#$
!"#$
!"!
!"#$%
= 0.2!
!"#$!!"#$%&
!"#
!
The!water!requirement!will!be!converted!to!gallons!to!determine!the!maximum!amount!of!water!needed!to!be!pumped!at!any!point!
in!time.!
!
ET!
!"##$%&
!"#
= 0.2!
!"#$!!"#$%&
!"#
!!!5!acres!!!27,154 = 27,154!
!"##$%&
!"#
!
!
C31!
!
If!the!vineyard!is!separated!into!four!different!sections!and!only!one!section!is!being!provided!water,!the!amount!of!water!needed!to!
be!pumped!at!any!point!in!time!can!be!found!by!dividing!the!total!water!requirement!of!the!field!by!four.!
gallons
gallons
gallons
27,154!
day
day
day
ET!
=
= 6788.5
!
section
4!sections
section
Results&
At!peak!periods!during!irrigation,!27,154!gallons!will!be!needed!every!day!to!water!53acres!of!vineyard,!and!6788.5!gallons!every!day!
to!water!each!section.!!
Conclusions&
For!53acres,!only!one!pump!is!needed.!Using!a!drip!will!limit!the!rate!that!water!is!distributed!to!the!grapevines.!If!the!vines!need!to!
be!water!every!day!within!a!certain!timespan,!it!is!possible!the!pump!size!demanded!will!be!larger.!!For!a!53acre!field,!the!field!can!
be!split!up!based!on!pressure!regulations!and!the!type!of!hose!being!used.!!
References&
Irrigation!Basics!for!Eastern!Washington!Vineyards.pdf!
http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet/cropcurves/WGRPcc.html!
http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_MarketSystem.asp!
!
CALC3133102!
Originator:&ZS&Undag&
Checked:&ID&Jo&
&
The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!determine!the!size!of!pump!needed!to!provide!water!to!a!53acre!vineyard.!The!size!of!pump!will!
be!determined!by!calculating!the!volume!flow!rates!needs!of!the!field!as!well!as!the!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!given!
the!crop!layout.!
Input&Data&
See!CALC3133101,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines.!
See!Crop$Layout!for!information!on!the!dimensions!of!the!crop:!
Width!(w)!=!90!ft.!
Length!(l)!=!372!ft.!
Separation!between!sections!(s)!=!4!ft.!
Assumptions&
Minimum!pressure!=!12!psi&
Volume!flow!rate!of!drippers!=!2!gph.!
Approx.!pressure!loss!for!1!!in.!pipe!=!2!psi!per!100!ft.!
Approx.!pressure!loss!for!!in.!tube!=!0.6!psi!per!100!ft.!
Method&of&Analysis&
The!volume!flow!rate!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!number!of!vines!in!each!section!of!the!crop!field.!
372!ft
vines
Number!of!Vines!per!Row =
+ 1 = 63!
!
ft
row
6!
vine
135!ft
rows
Number!of!Rows!per!Section =
+ 1 = 16!
!
ft
section
9!
row
vines
rows
vines
Number!of!Vines!per!Section = 63!
x! 16!
= 1,008!
!
row
section
section
!
The!volume!flow!rate!per!section!of!field!can!then!be!calculated!by!multiplying!the!flow!rate!of!each!dripper!by!the!number!of!vines!
in!each!section.!
gph
dripper
vines
gph
Volume!Flow!Rate!per!Section = 2!
!!! 1!
!!! 1,008!
= 2,016!
!
dripper
vine
section
section
!
!
C32!
!
!
!
The!amount!of!time!it!will!take!to!water!each!section!can!be!found!by!dividing!the!section!water!requirement!by!the!volume!flow!
rate!per!section.!
Time = 2!
!
!"#
!"#$$%"
!!! 1!
!"#$$%"
!"#$
!!! 1,008!
!"#$%&
!"#$ =
=
!"#$%&!!"#$!!"#$
!"#$%
!"#$%&'
= 2,016!
!"#
!"#$%&'
!I.D.!Jo!3/13/13!
27154
!"#/!"#$%&'!
!"#$
4
= 3.37!
!
2016!!"#/!
!"#$%&'
!
The!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!is!based!on!the!pressure!loss!in!the!pipes.!The!maximum!pressure!loss!can!be!
calculated!by!determining!the!longest!pipe!distance!and!multiplying!by!the!approx.!pressure!losses.!
1
Total!Length!of!1 !in. Pipe = 9!ft. +!90!ft. +!9!ft. +!90!ft. +!9!ft. +!45!ft. +!6!ft. +!45!ft. = !303!ft.!
2
!
1
Total!Length!of! !in. Pipe = 378!ft.!
2
!
psi
psi
Maximum!Pressure!Loss = 303!ft. !!! 2!
+ ! 378!ft. !!! 0.6!
= !8.328!psi!
100!ft
100!ft
!
Results&
Each!section!of!vine!needs!about!1,008!gallons!per!hour!during!peak!watering!season.!The!maximum!amount!of!pressure!loss!given!
by!the!piping!layout!of!the!field!is!about!8.328!psi.!
Conclusions&
Given!the!water!needs!of!each!section,!a!single!2500!gph!pump!with!a!rating!of!30!psi!would!be!adequate!if!only!one!section!needed!
to!be!watered!at!any!point!in!time.!Given!the!chance!of!multiple!sections!needing!to!be!watered!at!the!same!time,!it!would!be!
advised!to!use!a!single!pump!with!a!rating!of!3000!gph!or!multiple!pumps!to!supply!the!field!adequately.!Each!section!will!take!
approx.!3.5!hours!to!water!during!peak!season!(Veraison!to!Harvest).!This!would!mean!that!if!the!available!watering!period!is!about!
10!hours!long,!then!only!3!sections!can!be!watered!at!any!point!in!time!during!the!day.!It!is!advised!to!allow!supply!to!at!least!two!
sections!of!vine!during!peak!season.!
References!
CALC30133001,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines!
CALC3133103! !
The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!determine!the!size!of!pump!needed!to!provide!water!to!a!small,!demonstration!vineyard.!The!
size!of!pump!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!volume!flow!rates!needs!of!the!field!as!well!as!the!pressure!required!to!distribute!
the!water!given!the!crop!layout.!
Input&Data&
See!CALC3133101,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines.!
Number!of!Rows!=!2!
Assumptions&
Minimum!pressure!=!12!psi&
Volume!flow!rate!of!drippers!=!2!gph.!
Approx.!pressure!loss!for!1!!in.!pipe!=!2!psi!per!100!ft.!
Approx.!pressure!loss!for!!in.!tube!=!0.6!psi!per!100!ft.!
Method&of&Analysis&
The!volume!flow!rate!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!number!of!vines!in!the!demonstration!field.!
Number!of!Vines!in!Demonstration!Field =
!
!
12!ft
+ 1 !!!2 = 6!vines!
ft
6!
vine
C33!
!
The!volume!flow!rate!per!section!of!field!can!then!be!calculated!by!multiplying!the!flow!rate!of!each!dripper!by!the!number!of!vines!
in!each!section.!
gph
dripper
Volume!Flow!Rate = 2!
!!! 1!
!!! 6!vines = 12!gph!
dripper
vine
!
The!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!is!based!on!the!pressure!loss!in!the!pipes.!The!maximum!pressure!loss!can!be!
calculated!by!determining!the!longest!pipe!distance!and!multiplying!by!the!approx.!pressure!losses.!
1
Total!Length!of!1 !in. Pipe = 9!ft. +!4!ft. +!1!ft.!! = !13!ft.!
2
1
Total!Length!of! !in. Pipe = 12!ft.!
2
psi
psi
Maximum!Pressure!Loss = 13!ft. ! 13!ft. !!! 2!
+ ! 12!ft. !!! 0.6!
= !0.332!psi!0.352!psi!
100!ft
100!ft
!
Results&
The!demonstration!vineyard!needs!approx.!12!gallons!per!hour.!The!maximum!amount!of!pressure!loss!given!by!the!piping!layout!of!
the!demonstration!field!is!about!0.332!psi!0.352!psi.!
Conclusions&
Since!the!field!is!small,!a!very!small!pump!is!required.!The!calculation!above!only!provides!the!minimum!volume!flow!rate!of!the!
pipes!assuming!steady!flow.!This!would!mean!that!the!same!amount!of!water!being!drawn!by!the!system!is!being!drawn!to!the!
system!and!does!not!consider!the!amount!of!extra!flow!needed!by!the!system!to!get!to!a!steady!flow.!It!is!advised!to!use!a!60!gph,!or!
1!gpm,!pump!at!minimum.!
References&
CALC30133001,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines!
!
CALC3133201! !
!
Originator:!!!PE$Girgis$
Checker:!ID$Jo!
Date:!!!3/14/2013!
Date:!3/14/2013!
!
&
&
The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to:!
1. Determine!the!total!power!and!current!a!solar!panel!can!generate!daily!for!each!month!
2. Consider!methods!of!solar!panel!mounting,!i.e.!stationary,!single3axis!tracking,!dual3axis!tracking!!
Input&Data&
Array:!Photovoltaic!modules!connected!together!to!provide!a!single!electrical!output.!
Azimuth:!Horizontal!angle!measured!clockwise!in!degrees!from!a!reference!direction,!usually!the!north!or!south!point!of!
the!horizon,!to!the!point!on!the!horizon!intersected!by!the!objects!line!of!altitude.!
Electrical&Efficiency:!Useful!power!output!divided!by!the!total!electrical!power!consumed.!
Monocrystalline:!Single!silicon!crystal;!monocrystalline!panels!are!made!from!one!large,!single!silicon!crystal!making!it!
rated!the!most!efficient!solar!technology!available.!
Photovoltaic&(PV):!Technology!and!research!that!relates!to!the!application!of!solar!cells!for!energy!by!converting!radiant!
energy!directly!to!electricity.!
Photovoltaic&Efficiency:!The!ratio!of!power!produced!by!a!solar!cell!at!any!instant!to!the!power!of!radiant!energy!striking!
the!cell;!certain!factors!such!as!temperature!can!cause!the!efficiency!rate!to!vary!during!the!day.!
Radiance:!Light!from!the!sun;!also!called!solar!radiance.!
Solar&Energy:!Energy!derived!from!the!sun!in!the!form!of!solar!radiation.!
Solar&Power:!Energy!from!the!sun!that!is!converted!into!thermal!or!electrical!energy.!
Tracking&Array:!A!solar!array!that!follows!the!path!of!the!sun!to!maximize!the!solar!radiation!incident!on!the!
photovoltaic!surface.!
Assumptions&
Dust,!debris,!and!snow,!decrease!solar!panel!performance!by!20%!
!
C34!
!
Solar!panel!is!pointed!directly!at!the!sun!with!dual3axis!tracking!!
Single3axis!tracking!output!is!98.5%!of!dual3axis!tracking!output!
Stationary!mounting!output!is!80%!!of!dual3axis!tracking!output!
2
Maximum!Radiance!=!1000!W/m !
Method&of&Analysis&
The!actual!power!(PActual)!in!Watts!will!be!calculated!for!a!stationary,!single3axis!tracking,!and!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel,!with!a!
rated!power!(PRated)!of!100!W.!!
For!dual3axis!tracking,!the!ratio!of!average!solar!radiance!(see!Table&I)&to!maximum!radiance!on!a!given!day!will!be!multiplied!by!the!
rated!power,!then!multiplied!by!80%!to!account!for!losses!caused!by!dust,!debris,!and!snow.!For!the!month!of!May,!the!average!
2
solar!radiance!is!414.67!W/m .!
Average!Radiance
414.67
P!"#$%& W = 0.80!!!
!!!!P!"#$% W !0.80!!!
!!!!100 = !!. !"#!!!
Maximum!Radiance
1000
For!single3axis!tracking,!the!power!output!will!be!calculated!by!taking!98.5%!of!the!actual!power!determined!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!
solar!panel.!
P!"#$%& W = 0.985!!!33.174!W = !". !"!!!&
For!a!stationary!solar!panel,!the!power!output!will!be!calculated!by!taking!80%!of!the!actual!power!determined!for!a!dual3axis!
tracking!solar!panel.!
P!"#$%& W = 0.80!!!33.174!W = !". !"#!!&
&
The!actual!amperage!(IActual)!!will!be!calculated!for!a!stationary,!single3axis!tracking,!and!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel,!with!a!rated!
amperage!(IRated)!of!5.41!A.!!
Similar!to!the!calculation!for!actual!power,!for!dual3axis!tracking,!the!ratio!of!average!solar!radiance!(see!Table&I)&to!maximum!
radiance!on!a!given!day!will!be!multiplied!by!the!rated!amperage,!then!multiplied!by!80%!to!account!for!losses!caused!by!dust,!
2
debris,!and!snow.!For!the!month!of!May,!the!average!solar!radiance!is!414.67!W/m .!
Average!Radiance
414.67
I!"#$%& A = 0.80!!!
!!!!I!"#$% A !0.80!!!
!!!!5.41 = !. !"#!!!
Maximum!Radiance
1000
For!single3axis!tracking,!the!amperage!will!be!calculated!by!taking!98.5%!of!the!actual!amperage!determined!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!
solar!panel.!
I!"#$%! A = 0.985!!!1.795!A = !. !"#!!&
For!a!stationary!solar!panel,!the!current!output!will!be!calculated!by!taking!80%!of!the!actual!amperage!determined!for!a!dual3axis!
tracking!solar!panel.!
I!"#$%& A = 0.80!!!1.795!A = !. !"#!!&
&
Solar&Panel:&Single-Axis&Tracking&&
2006&D&2012&
Average&Daily&
Solar&Radiance&
2
W/m &
February&
159.70!
March&
221.87!
April&
360.52!
May&
414.67!
June&
412.37!
!
&
&
!
!
!
!
!
!
Ramsond&20&Watt&
Monocrystalline&PV&Solar&
Panel:&1.14A&
Watts&
Amps&
2.516834!
0.14346!
3.496604!
0.199306!
5.681742!
0.323859!
6.535259!
0.37251!
6.498921!
0.370438!
&
Ramsond&50&Watt&
Monocrystalline&PV&
Solar&Panel:&&2.92A&
&
!
!
Watts&
Amps&
!
!
6.292085!
0.367458!
8.74151!
0.510504!
14.20435!
0.829534!
16.33815!
0.954148!
16.2473!
0.948842!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Ramsond&100&Watt&
Monocrystalline&PV&Solar&
Panel:&5.41A&
Watts&
Amps&
12.58417!
0.680804!
17.48302!
0.945831!
28.40871!
1.536911!
32.67629!
1.767787!
32.4946!
1.757958!
C35!
!
July&
456.28!
August&
424.45!
September&
356.92&
!
!
7.190928!
0.409883!
6.689271!
0.381288!
!
!
17.97732!
1.049875!
16.72318!
0.976634!
!
!
35.95464!
1.945146!
33.44636!
1.809448!
5.625042!
0.320627!
14.06261!
0.821256!
28.12521!
1.521574!
!
!
!
Price:&
$89.99&
$189.99&
$259.99&
&
!
!
The!actual!wattage!and!amperage!during!the!months!of!February3September,!for!a!20!Watt,!50!Watt,!and!100!Watt!solar!panel,!with!
single3axis!tracking.!Note,!the!prices!listed!do!not!include!the!price!of!the!tracking!system.!
!
Results&
In!the!month!of!May,!a!100!Watt,!5.41!Amp,!solar!panel!with!single3axis!tracking!will!have!an!actual!output!of!32.670!Watts!and!1.77!
Amps!throughout!a!given!day,!on!average.!The!increase!in!power!and!current!output!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!system!is!minimal,!and!
the!decrease!in!power!and!current!output!of!a!stationary!solar!panel!is!also!relatively!minimal.!!!
Conclusions&
Using!a!single3axis!tracker!is!a!plausible!approach!to!collecting!solar!energy!from!a!power!output!standpoint;!however,!tracker!costs!
must!be!considered!before!a!method!of!mounting!is!decided.!Additionally,!the!wattage!and!amperage!values!presented!in!Table&I!
clearly!show!that!purchasing!larger!solar!panels!to!power!a!system!is!more!cost!effective!than!purchasing!a!greater!quantity!of!
smaller!panels!to!provide!the!same!power!and!current!output.!
References&
http://www.thesolarco.com/solar3power3systems/basic3solar3terms/!
Estimating!Power!from!a!Solar!Panel.pdf!
http://www.weather.wsu.edu!
http://www.homedepot.com!
TRACSTAR!Tracking.pdf!
!
CALC3133202!
Originator:!!!ID$Jo$
Checker:!!SO$Sederburg!
The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!predict!the!amount!of!solar!energy!available!to!the!Tri3City!area!based!on!statistical!methods!
from!7!years!of!data.!!
&
Input&Data&
Daily!Total!Solar!Radiation!!the!quantity!of!solar!energy!throughout!the!hours!of!daylight,!measured!in!MJ!(years!200632012)!
!
Assumptions&
Normal!Distribution!of!7!year!duration&
Constant!solar!power!throughout!the!day&
&
Method&of&Analysis!
1!
The!weather!station!WSU3TC!(Latitude:!46.33,!Longitude:!3119.27)!has!a!database with!solar!radiation!obtained!from!a!sensor.!
2
Hours!of!daylight!were!known!each!day!of!the!year ,!so!average!solar!power!flux!can!be!calculated!for!each!day!as!follows:!
!
!"#$%!!"#$%!!"#$"%$&'!!"#$%&!(!/!2)
!"#. !"#$%!!"#$%!!"#$!(!/!2) =
!
!"#$%!!"!!"#$%&!!(!)
!
Assuming!a!normal!distribution,!standard!T3distribution!tables!were!used!given!the!7!year!sample!to!find!a!95%!Confidence!Interval.!!
!
95%!!" = ! !
!
!
!/!,!
!
!!
C36!
!
where!!!is!the!average!solar!power!flux,!!!is!the!standard!deviation!over!the!7!years,!!/!,! !is!the!T3distribution!for!a!normal!95%!
confidence!interval.!!
Constants!are!listed:!
n!=!7!
!/!,! !=!2.364!with!!!=!(13.95)!=!0.05!
&
Results!!
The!average!solar!power!flux!was!found!over!the!7!year!period!and!charted!with!the!confidence!interval!as!error!bars!to!estimate!
what!kind!of!solar!power!is!possible!to!obtain!in!the!Tri3Cities.!!In!other!words,!it!gives!the!range!of!95%!probability!that!the!values!
2
should!be!within!the!error!bars!based!on!7!years!data.!Results!show!that!solar!power!flux!values!are!around!3003500!W/m .!Please!
refer!to!the!60%!Design!Package!for!more!details.!&
&
Conclusions&
3003500!W/m2!is!around!half!of!1000!W/m2!(general!estimate!of!full!sunlight!to!hit!the!ground).!As!expected,!this!value!peaks!in!
June/July.!!
&
References&
1.
http://www.weather.wsu.edu!!
2.
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php!
!
CALC3133401!
Originator:!!!ID$Jo!
Objective!/!Purpose!
1
To!determine!the!wind!loading!on!the!solar!panel!support!and!adhere!to!Washington!State!wind!load!codes!(WAC!5135031609)! .!
2
This!also!satisfied!international!building!codes.!ASCE!defines!the!wind!speed.! !!
!
Input!Data!
Wind!Speed!(VAIR)!=!85!mph!(38!m/s)!
3
Air!density!(AIR)!=!1.225!kg/m !at!sea!level!and!15!C!(International!Standard!Atomsphere)!
2
Apanels!=!16.25!m !
Angle!of!panels!()!=!46!deg
!
Assumptions!
Incompressible!flow,!constant!wind!speed,!constant!temperature.!
!
Method!of!Analysis!
nd
From!Newtons!2 !Law!
!
!"
!"
!"
!=! !
+! !
!=! !
!
!"
!"
!"
!
For!a!vertical!panel!configuration,!
!
!!"#$ = !!"# !!"# !!!!"#!!!!!"# = ! !!"# !!"# = !!"# !!"# !!"#$%& !!
!
!!"#$ = !!"#$%& !!"# !!"# ! !
!
Since!the!panels!are!angled,!the!normal!force!is!
!
!!"#$,!"#$%& = !!"#$%& sin ! !!"# !!"# ! !
!
C37!
!
!
!
Results!!
Wind!load!at!85!MPH!=!145!kN!=!28,000!lb!
!
Conclusions!
This!wind!load!will!be!used!in!finite!element!analysis.!!
!
References!
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=5135031609http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php!
ASCE!7305!Chapter!6!pg.!32!
Cengels!Fluid!Mechanics!Textbook!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
C38!
!
SAMPLE!HAND3WRITTEN!CALCULATIONS!
!
!
C39!
!
C310!
!
!
!
C311!
!
!
C312!
!
C313!
!
APPENDIX&D& TABLES&
SOLAR!POWER!RADIATION!
2006!
2012!
200632012!
Date
Avg
Total
Daily
Solar
Rad
(MJ/m2)
Hours
of
Daylight
Avg
Total
Daily
Solar
Rad
(MJ/m2)
Avg
Solar
Power
Flux
(W/m2)
Avg
Solar
Power
Flux
(W/m2)
Avg
Total
Daily
Solar
Rad
(MJ/m2)
Avg
Solar
Power
Flux
(W/m2)
(mm/dd)
t/2,!7!
2.364
Avg Solar
Power Flux 95%
Confidence
Interval
*t/2,!7/n!
13Feb!
9.72!
2.97!
84.82!
5.23!
149.43!
4.64!
132.73!
81.5!
72.8!
23Feb!
9.75!
3.53!
100.48!
7.91!
225.24!
4.45!
126.92!
70.2!
62.7!
33Feb!
9.80!
2.53!
71.83!
9.76!
276.59!
4.99!
141.41!
97.2!
86.8!
!
123May!
133May!
143May!
153May!
163May!
173May!
183May!
193May!
203May!
14.88!
44.61!
832.57!
28.86!
538.69!
26.56!
495.79!
164.9!
147.3!
14.92!
45.82!
853.18!
28.44!
529.68!
24.22!
451.10!
206.7!
184.7!
14.97!
45.91!
852.08!
27.35!
507.63!
24.50!
454.75!
209.1!
186.9!
15.00!
41.20!
762.87!
27.43!
507.96!
26.17!
484.54!
163.3!
145.9!
15.05!
44.06!
813.18!
24.89!
459.36!
24.67!
455.35!
192.1!
171.6!
15.08!
45.65!
840.66!
27.21!
501.05!
26.45!
487.12!
183.2!
163.7!
15.12!
39.05!
717.51!
29.25!
537.39!
25.65!
471.38!
146.4!
130.8!
15.15!
32.08!
588.19!
27.54!
504.86!
24.14!
442.57!
82.6!
73.8!
15.20!
25.10!
458.74!
15.29!
279.50!
19.08!
348.60!
95.7!
85.5!
!
233Jun!
243Jun!
253Jun!
263Jun!
273Jun!
283Jun!
13Jul!
23Jul!
33Jul!
43Jul!
53Jul!
63Jul!
73Jul!
83Jul!
93Jul!
!
n!
15.78!
29.32!
516.00!
23.49!
413.32!
23.91!
420.80!
54.4!
48.6!
15.78!
29.31!
515.80!
28.58!
502.97!
26.82!
471.96!
62.2!
55.6!
15.78!
29.45!
518.25!
23.31!
410.28!
25.75!
453.11!
72.8!
65.1!
15.77!
28.65!
504.76!
13.62!
239.94!
24.57!
432.92!
99.2!
88.6!
15.77!
28.22!
497.13!
31.02!
546.48!
25.93!
456.75!
82.8!
74.0!
15.75!
26.37!
465.08!
28.50!
502.63!
25.05!
441.85!
58.0!
51.8!
15.72!
28.52!
503.99!
27.78!
490.97!
23.97!
423.70!
78.0!
69.7!
15.70!
27.79!
491.74!
27.85!
492.69!
23.71!
419.56!
79.1!
70.7!
15.68!
25.61!
453.61!
30.17!
534.31!
24.85!
440.09!
63.7!
56.9!
15.67!
26.12!
463.05!
29.87!
529.56!
24.35!
431.71!
81.5!
72.8!
15.65!
26.93!
477.97!
30.02!
532.89!
25.07!
444.97!
60.3!
53.9!
15.63!
25.95!
461.05!
29.71!
527.91!
28.17!
500.54!
119.3!
106.6!
15.62!
29.20!
519.46!
29.52!
525.04!
28.78!
511.85!
107.3!
95.9!
15.60!
29.27!
521.15!
27.70!
493.25!
28.10!
500.41!
104.7!
93.5!
15.57!
26.38!
470.68!
19.19!
342.40!
26.70!
476.44!
123.2!
110.1!
D31!
!
103Jul!
113Jul!
123Jul!
133Jul!
143Jul!
153Jul!
163Jul!
15.55!
27.94!
499.16!
28.16!
503.09!
27.99!
500.08!
110.2!
98.5!
15.52!
27.67!
495.31!
29.07!
520.43!
27.35!
489.63!
76.3!
68.2!
15.50!
18.81!
337.15!
26.54!
475.56!
23.85!
427.49!
95.4!
85.2!
15.47!
27.80!
499.26!
22.72!
408.10!
24.83!
445.87!
149.5!
133.6!
15.45!
28.52!
512.71!
20.82!
374.34!
25.78!
463.44!
106.8!
95.4!
15.42!
28.47!
512.95!
26.54!
478.16!
26.94!
485.39!
126.1!
112.7!
15.38!
28.74!
518.91!
21.53!
388.77!
25.83!
466.35!
71.0!
63.4!
149.37!
73.6!
65.8!
!
253Nov!
263Nov!
273Nov!
283Nov!
9.05!
6.27!
192.33!
7.66!
235.05!
4.87!
9.02!
8.98!
1.74!
53.45!
2.58!
79.61!
2.50!
76.94!
52.9!
47.3!
6.57!
203.18!
1.76!
54.30!
3.72!
115.15!
59.8!
53.4!
8.97!
2.56!
79.24!
0.79!
24.44!
3.73!
115.49!
69.5!
62.1!
COST!SUMMARY!
System&
Part&
Units&
Cost&/&Unit&&
Cost&&
!!
Conduit!(ft)!
Conduit!Connectors!
Red!Wire!(DC!HIGH)!(ft)!
Black!Wire!(DC!LOW)!
White!Wire!
Moisture!Sensors!
Epoxy!Potting!Compound!
Power!Transistors!
Arduino!
Control&System&
5v!Voltage!Regulator!
Display!Shield!
12!volt!power!supply!
Solenoid!Valves!
PVC!T!for!Conduit!
PVC!Cap!for!Conduit!
Pipe!Tape!
Pump!
Subtotal:&
80!
20!
80!
80!
300!
6!
1!
10!
1!
2!
1!
1!
2!
10!
4!
1!
1!
&&
!$1.04!!
!$2.12!!
!$0.14!!
!$0.14!!
!$0.14!!
!$4.80!!
!$12.58!!
!$3.13!!
!$3!!!!
!$5.37!!
!$13.96!!
!$38.67!!
!$9.98!!
!$0.49!!
!$0.57!!
!$1.86!!
!$44.94!!
!$83.20!!
!$42.40!!
!$10.89!!
!$10.89!!
!$40.83!!
!$28.80!!
!$12.58!!
!$31.25!!
!$3!!!!
!$10.74!!
!$13.96!!
!$38.67!!
!$19.96!!
!$4.90!!
!$2.28!!
!$1.86!!
!$44.94!!
&$398.15&&
!$6.57!!
!$3.27!!
!$10.78!!
!$1.48!!
!$2.07!!
!$0.99!!
!$2.73!!
!$4.39!!
!$0.75!!
!$1.14!!
!$0.98!!
!$6.57!!
!$3.27!!
!$10.78!!
!$1.48!!
!$2.07!!
!$3.96!!
!$2.73!!
!$4.39!!
!$1.50!!
!$2.28!!
!$1.96!!
&&
!!
Water&
Distribution&
System&
1/2"!Tubing!(50ft)!
1/4"!Micro!Tubing!(50ft)!
Adjustable!Dripper!on!spike!0310!GPH!!
1/4"!Barb!
Tube!Punch!
3/4"!Plumbing!Nipple!
3/4"!NPT!Tee!(10!Pack)!
3/4"!90!S!x!S!Elbow!(25!Pack)!
3/4"!to!1/2"!S!x!FIPT!Elbow!
1/2"!Drip3Lock!End!Cap!
3/4"!MNPT!Tubing!Adapter!
1!
1!
1!
1!
1!
4!
1!
1!
2!
2!
2!
D32!
!
3/4"!Irrigation!Filter!
3/4"!PVC!MIPT!x!S!Adapter!(10!Pack)!
3/4"!PVC!Pressure!FIPT!x!FIPT!Coupling!
3/8"!PVC!Tubing!(10ft)!
3/8"!Plastic!Barb!Swivel!Adapter!
3/4"!to!1/2"!PVC!S!x!MIPT!Reducing!Adapter!
3/4"!PVC!DWV!Pipe!(10ft)!
PVC!Primer!and!Solvent!Cement!
YARDGARD!Green!T!Post!(6ft)!
16!Gauge,!Galvanized!Steel!Wire!(25ft)!
Tenax!7!in.!Black!Fence!Ties!
Thread!Seal!Tape!
Subtotal:&
1!
1!
2!
1!
2!
2!
2!
1!
8!
4!
1!
1!
&&
!
50W!Photovoltaic!Panel!
Solar&Collection&
Base!Structure!
System&
Subtotal:&
!$9.49!!
!$2.73!!
!$1.52!!
!$4.37!!
!$4.74!!
!$1.54!!
!$2.36!!
!$7.48!!
!$38.00!!
!$7.84!!
!$4.99!!
!$1.37!!
&$127.42&&
!$189.99!!
!$25.00!!
!$189.99!!
!$25.00!!
&$214.99&&
&&
1!
1!
&&
!$9.49!!
!$2.73!!
!$0.76!!
!$4.37!!
!$2.37!!
!$0.77!!
!$1.18!!
!$7.48!!
!$4.75!!
!$1.96!!
!$4.99!!
!$1.37!!
&&
&&
Cost&Summary&
Control!System!
Water!Distribution!System!
Solar!Collection!System!!
Subtotal:&&
Tax&/&S&H&/&Misc.:&&
TOTAL:&
!$398.15!!
!$127.42!!
!$214.99!!
&$740.56&&
&$148.11&&
&$888.67&&
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
D33!
!
FIVE3ACRE!POWER!REQUIREMENTS!&!PROJECTED!COSTS!!
Power&Consumption&
McMaster3Carr!4291K56!Pump!
1492& W&
ID!Electric!Solenoid!
Voltage!
24! V!
Solenoid!Holding!Current!
0.23! A!
Power!Consumption!(Valve!Open)!
&&
250W&
GRAPE&
SOLAR&
Power&
Production&
CALC133201!
was!utilized!
for!this!
table!
Monthly!
Solar!
Radiation!
5.52& W&
99.36& W&
Power!of!18!Solenoids!open!at!a!time!
!!
Total&Power&Consumption&
Month!
1525.12& W&
!!
&&
!!
&&
!!
Power!(W)!
Solar!Flux!
(W/m2)!
40!
Solar!
Panel!
Array!
Outpu
t!
Actual!
Output!
per!
Panel!
February!
159.7!
25.6!
1022&
March!
221.9!
35.5!
1420&
April!
360.5!
57.7!
2307&
May!
414.7!
66.3!
2654&
June!
412.4!
66.0!
2639&
July!
456.3!
73.0!
2920&
August!
424.4!
67.9!
2716&
September!
356.9!
57.1!
2284&
No.!Panels!
Cost/Panel!
($)!
40.0!
Watering!Needs!
!!
Used!CALC133102!with!modified!parameters!
Vines!per!section!!
90!
Volume!flow!rate/!section!(gph/section)!
Total!Solar!
Panel!Cost!
Need!4!
panel!
assemblies!
180!
Total!Volume!(gal/day)!
27000!
Length!of!1/2!in!tubing!(ft)!!
400!
16000!
70!
Length!of!PVC!(ft)!!
700!
P!loss!(psi/ft)!1/2!in!tube!
0.006!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
P!loss!reference:!!
!!
!!
!!
D34!
!
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressu
re3loss3plastic3pipes3d_404.html!
!!
Watering!Load!(sections!at!the!same!time)!
!!
!!
!!
Volume!
Flow!
Rate!
(gpm)!
Apprx.!Pressure!Loss!(psi/100!ft)!
2!in!PVC!
pipe!
!1.5!in!PVC!pipe!
Pressure!Loss!PVC!(psi)!
!1.5!in!PVC!
pipe!
2!in!PVC!
pipe!
4!
12!
0.30471!
0.08706!
2.13297!
0.60942!
6!
18!
1.13178!
0.34824!
7.92246!
2.43768!
9!
27!
2.43768!
0.74001!
17.06376!
18!
54!
6.26832!
1.87179!
43.87824!
24!
72!
9.5766!
3.43887!
67.0362!
5.18007!
13.1025
3!
24.0720
9!
36!
108!
N/A!
!!
!!
!!
Assume!pressure!loss!of!tubing!is!constant!
since!small!lengths!
!!
!!
Length!of!1/2!in!tubing!(ft)!!
N/A! !!
!!
210! !!
tubinng!lines/section!
8! !!
VOLUME!FLOW!GPm!ea.!tubing!
1.875! !!
Tubing!Pressure!Loss/100!ft!(psi)!
1.49! !!
Tubing!Pressure!Loss!(psi)!
3.129! !!
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pe3
pipe3pressure3loss3d_619.html!
!!
Selected:!2!in!PVC!
!!
Watering!Load!(sections!at!the!same!time)!
Volume!
Flow!
Rate!
(gpm)!
!!
!!
Total!Pressure!Loss!!
PSI!
4!
12!
3.73842!
6!
18!
5.56668!
9!
27!
8.30907!
18!
54!
16.23153!
24!
72!
27.20109!
ft!H2O!
8.62380622
8!
12.8412456
7!
19.1674048
4!
37.4429757
8!
62.7476124
6!
!!
Total!
Watering!
Time!for!53
Acres!
37.5!
25!
16.6666666
7!
8.33333333
3!
6.25!
!!
Selected!18!sections!watered!at!the!same!
time!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
D35!
!
4291K5
6
McMaster!Carr!
60!ft!head!H2O!
67!
20!ft!head!H2O!
82!
Power!(hp)!
2!
Cost!($)!
1492! Watts!
590!
!!
!!
Performance!!
Total!
Current!
Out!
Month!
Current/Controll
er!
Power!(kW)!
Feb!
90!
23!
1086!
Mar!
126!
31!
1509!
Apr!
204!
51!
2452!
May!
235!
59!
2820!
Jun!
234!
58!
2804!
Jul!
259!
65!
3103!
Aug!
241!
60!
2886!
Sept!
202!
51!
Current!Added!Battery!
Bank(A)!
!!
!!
Control!
+!Water!
Dist.!
System!
OFF!
Approx.!Hours!of!Daylight!
Control!+!Water!
Dist.!System!ON!!
2427!
Approx.!
Time!full!
Charge!(hr)!
9.5!
90!
58!
75!
11.0!
126!
94!
47!
13.5!
204!
172!
26!
14.5!
235!
203!
22!
15.5!
234!
202!
22!
15.0!
259!
227!
19!
14.0!
241!
209!
21!
12.5!
202!
170!
26!
Projected!Five3Acre!Costs!
Costs!
Solar!Panels!
Panel!Supports!
Pump!
Part!#/Name!
250!W!Grape!
$20,000! Solar!PV!
$5,200! N/A!
McMaster3Carr!
$590! 4291K56!!
Quantity!
50!
5!
1!
!!
D36!
!
AC!Inverter!
1!
Solenoids!
$1,000! N/A!
Charge!Controllers!
$3,000! Apollo!T80!!
4!
Batteries!
McMaster3Carr!
$5,000! 4291K56!
9!
Est.!Piping,!Tubing,!Fittings,!Drippers!
$5,000! N/A!
Power!Supply!
36!
N/A!
27222.2222
2!
$490! N/A!
Control!System!+!Electrical!
$10,000! N/A!
N/A!
!Cost!Buffer!
$10,206! N/A!
N/A!
TOTAL!
TRIPP!Lite!Power!
$750! Inverter!
$61,236!
D37!
!
APPENDIX&E& SPECIFICATION&SHEETS&
&
RAMSOND!SP50!50!W!SOLAR!PANEL!SPECS!
E31!
!
APPENDIX&F& MICROCONTROLLER&CODE&
//Water!Controller!Program!for!Solar!Powered!Smart!Irrigation!System!
//Jacob!Fricke!(509336632686)!
//Senior!Design!(ME416)!
//Version!4.5!
//432532013!
!
#include!<LiquidCrystal.h>!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Includes!Symbol!Library!
LiquidCrystal!lcd(4,5,6,7,8,9,10);!!!//Specifies!Liquid!Crystal!Display!Communication!Pins!
!
//input!pins!for!sensor!measurements!
const!int!volts1!=!6;!!!!!!!!!!//Power!Voltage!Sensor!1,!Analong!Pin!6!
const!int!sens1!=!10;!!!!!!!!//Sensor1!on!Solenoid!1,!Analong!Pin!10!
!
//output!pins!for!solenoids!and!pump!
const!int!sole1!=!49;!!!!!!!!!!//Solenoid!1,!Digital!Pin!49!
const!int!sole2!=!51;!!!!!!!!!!//Solenoid!2,!Digital!Pin!51!
const!int!pump!!=!53;!!!!!!!!//Pump,!!!!!!!Digital!Pin!53!
!
//Declare!Global!Variables!
double!powerin!!=!0;!!!!!!!!!//Power!moving!to!Battery!
double!powerout!=!0;!!!!!!!//Power!leaving!the!Battery!
double!volt1!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Voltage!from!volts!1!
//Moisture!sensors!(%)!
int!moist1!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//!Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor1!
int!moist2!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor2!
int!averow1moist!=!0;!!!!!!!!//Average!Percent!(%)!Moisture!of!Row!2!
int!averow2moist!=!0;!!!!!!!!//Average!Percent!(%)!Moisture!of!Row!2!
const!int!moistset!=!20;!!!!!//Minimum!Percent!(%)!Moisture!Setpoint!!!!!!!!
int!wateringtime!=!30;!!!!!!!//Time!of!Watering!in!min!
int!row1status!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Watering!Row!Status!(Row!1)!
int!row2status!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Watering!Row!Status!(Row!2)!
const!double!m!=!0.0223;!!!!!//Linear!Moisture!Sensor!Rate!Variable!(y=mx+b)!
const!double!b!=!3.4861;!!!!!//Linear!Moisture!Sensor!Intercept!Variable!(y=mx+b)!
int!count!=!0;!
!
!
void!setup()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subroutine!sets!pins!as!inputs!or!outputs!
!
F31!
!
{!
!!pinMode(volts1,!INPUT);! !
//Defines!Volts1,!Analong!Pin!6!as!an!Input!
!!pinMode(volts2,!INPUT);!!!
!!pinMode(volts3,!INPUT);!!!!!
!!pinMode(volts4,!INPUT);!!!!!
!!pinMode(sens1,!!INPUT);!!!!
//Defines!Sensor1,!Analong!Pin!10!as!an!Input!
!!pinMode(sens2,!!INPUT);!!!
!!pinMode(sens4,!!INPUT);!!!!
!//Defines!Sensor5,!Analong!Pin!14!as!an!Input!
!!pinMode(sens6,!!INPUT);!!!!!
!!pinMode(sole1,!!OUTPUT);!!!!
//Defines!Solenoid!1,!Digital!Pin!49!as!an!Output!
!!pinMode(sole2,!!OUTPUT);!!!!
//Defines!Solenoid!2,!Digital!Pin!51!as!an!Output!
!!pinMode(pump,!!!OUTPUT);!!!
!//Defines!Pump,!Digital!Pin!53!as!an!Output!
!!!
!!lcd.begin(16,!2);!!!!!!!!!!//Rows!and!Colums!on!LCD!defined!
}!
!
!
void!loop()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Primary!Program!Loop!
{!
!!moisturecheck();!!!!!!!!!//Calls!moisturecheck!Subroutine!
!!water();!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!water!Subroutine!
!!powermeter();!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!powermeter!Subroutine!
!!show();!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!show!Subroutine!
}!
!
!
void!moisturecheck()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subroutine!checks!moisture!and!changes!row!status!
{!
!!moist1!=!analogRead(sens1)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor1!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!
!!!
!!averow1moist!=!(moist1!+!moist2!+!moist3)/3;!!!!!!!//Calcualtes!the!Average!Percent!moisture!of!each!watering!row1!
!!averow2moist!=!(moist4!+!moist5!+!moist6)/3;!!!!!!!//Calcualtes!the!Average!Percent!moisture!of!each!watering!row2!
!!!
!!if!(averow1moist!<!moistset){row1status!=!1;}!!!!!!//If!watering!row1!is!below!setpoint!watering!will!start!
!!if!(averow1moist!>!moistset){row1status!=!0;}!!!!!!//If!moist!is!high!ensures!row1status!=!0;!
!!if!(averow2moist!<!moistset){row2status!=!1;}!!!!!!//If!watering!row1!is!below!setpoint!watering!will!start!
!!if!(averow1moist!>!moistset){row1status!=!0;}!!!!!!//If!moist!is!high!ensures!row2status!=!0;!
}!
!
!
void!water()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subroutine!waters!the!row!that!needs!watering!if!rowstatus!is!1!
{!
!!if!(row1status!==!1){!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Checks!rows1tatus!
!!!!digitalWrite(pump,!!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!pump!
!!!!digitalWrite(sole1,!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!solenoid!1!
!!!!timer();}!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!timer!Subrountine!
!!!
!
F32!
!
!!if!(row2status==1){!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Checks!row2status!
!!!!digitalWrite(pump,!!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!pump!
!!!!digitalWrite(sole2,!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!solenoid!1!
!!!!timer();}!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!timer!Subrountine!
}!
!
!
void!timer()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subrountine!is!a!timer!
{!
!!delay(wateringtime*1000);!!!!!!!!//Timer!delay!is!set!min!x!1000!=!delay!in!milseconds!
!!off();!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!off!Subrountine!
!!delay(wateringtime*1000);!!!!!!!!//Timer!delay!is!set!min!x!1000!=!delay!in!milseconds!
}!
!
!
void!off()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Turns!the!pump!and!solenods!off!
{!
!!digitalWrite(pump,!!LOW);!!!!!//Turns!off!pump!
!!digitalWrite(sole1,!LOW);!!!!!//Turns!off!solenoid!1!
!!digitalWrite(sole1,!LOW);!!!!!//Turns!off!solenoid!2!
}!
!
!
void!show()!
{!
!lcd.clear();!
!String!s1!=!(String)!moist1;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist1!to!string!for!lcd!display!
!String!pi!=!String!((int)!powerin);!!!!//Converts!doulbe!powerin!to!string!for!lcd!display!
!String!po!=!String!((int)!powerout);!!!//Converts!doulbe!powerout!to!string!for!lcd!display!
!!
!lcd.print("s1"+s1!+"s2"+!s2!+"s3"+!s3!+"s4"+!s4!+"s5"+!s5!+"s6"+!s6!+"!I"+!pi!+"!O"+!po);!!!!//prints!string!to!lcd!
}!
!
!
void!powermeter()!
{!
!!powerin!=(4*volt134*volt2)*(4*volt134*volt2)/0.05;!!!!//Power!from!solar!cell!to!battery!storage!
!!powerout=(4*volt334*volt4)*(4*volt334*volt4)/0.05;!!!!//Power!from!battery!to!system
F33!
!
APPENDIX&G&&&EXPERIMENT&DOCUMENTATION&
SOLAR!PANEL!OUTPUT!MEASUREMENT!
To:!Dr.!Morris!Good!
Authors:!P.!Girgis,!Z.!Undag!
Date:!4/30/13!
Subject:!Phase!II!3!Solar!Panel!Output!Measurement!
Title:!Solar!Panel!Output!Measurement!
Team!Members:!J.!Fricke,!P.!Girgis,!I.!Jo,!S.!Sederburg,!Z.!Undag!
OBJECTIVES!
The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!twofold:!
Measure!and!analyze!actual!power!output!of!a!50!Watt!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!in!sunny!and!overcast!weather!
conditions!!
Compare!measured!power!with!calculated!power!to!gauge!accuracy!of!power!calculation!method!
APPARATUS!&!PARAMETERS!
A!50!Watt!stationary!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!is!positioned!at!approximately!a!46!angle!(equal!to!the!latitude!of!the!testing!
location),!facing!true!south,!to!optimize!stationary!solar!panel!performance.!A!variable!resistor,!set!to!20!ohms,!and!two!multimeters!
are!connected!to!the!solar!panel.!One!multimeter!is!used!for!measuring!voltage,!and!the!other!for!measuring!current.!
Measurements!are!taken!at!three!specified!times,!on!both!a!sunny!day,!and!an!overcast!day.!!A!list!of!the!instruments!used!for!this!
experiment!can!be!found!below:!
!
RAMSOND!SP50!50!Watt!Solar!Panel!!
FLUKE!87!RMS!Multimeter!(x2)!
Variable!Resistor!
Wire!Connections!
Moving!Cart!
Compass!
The!experiment!is!divided!into!two!days!with!varied!weather!conditions,!in!order!to!analyze!the!effects!of!weather,!on!solar!panel!
performance,!while!maintaining!consistency!in!the!time!of!day!that!performance!is!measured.!See!Figure&AD1&and!Figure&AD2!in!
Appendix!A!for!the!experimental!setup.!The!uncertainties!of!the!instruments!used!are!listed!in!Table&1.!
!
G31!
!
Table&1&&Instrument&Uncertainties&
Instrument&&
FLUKE!87!RMS!Multimeter!
Variable!Resistor!
Uncertainty&
0.1%!Reading
6%!Reading!
3!
!
RESULTS!!
The!efficiency!of!any!solar!panel!varies!tremendously!in!different!weather!conditions.!This!is!because!the!radiance!or!amount!of!light!
hitting!the!surface!of!the!earth!is!often!hindered!by!different!weather!variables;!clouds!are!the!greatest!reducer!of!radiance.!Table&2!
compares!the!solar!power!output!at!different!times!on!a!sunny!(high!radiance)!day!and!an!overcast!(low!radiance)!day.!On!average!
the!power!output!of!the!solar!panel!was!reduced!by!94.73%!in!overcast!weather!conditions.!The!calculation!was!done!as!follows:!!
Decrease!in!Power = 100!!
!
!
[P!"##$ W P!"#$%&'( W ]
27.343 1.4423
!100!!!
= !". !"%!
P!"##$ W
27.343
PSunny!is!the!average!power!output!on!a!sunny!day!
POvercast!is!the!average!power!output!on!an!overcast!day!
Prior!to!performing!this!experiment,!calculations!were!made!to!determine!the!actual!power!output!(PActual)!of!the!solar!panel.!!Note!
2
that!all!solar!panels!are!rated!for!a!specific!wattage;!however,!the!value!they!are!rated!at,!assumes!a!1000!W/m !radiance!level.!In!
other!words,!the!rated!wattage!assumes!the!sunniest!and!the!most!cloudless!day!possible.!This!is!never!the!case;!thus,!the!rated!
values!must!be!adjusted!if!the!actual!power!output!of!a!solar!panel!is!desired.!!!
4
The!average!solar!radiance!value!for!April,!which!was!found!using!data!from!www.weather.wsu.edu ,!was!used!to!calculate!the!
actual!solar!panel!power!output!(see!Table&2&&Data&Summary).!April!represents!a!month!of!both!sunny!and!overcast!weather!
conditions.!That!being!stated,!the!radiance!value!is!an!average!of!each!day!of!the!entire!month.!This!implies!that!for!April,!the!
radiance!value!accounts!for!sunny!days!and!overcast!days.!Note,!that!from!research!it!was!determined!that!a!stationary!solar!panel!
is!about!80%!efficient.!The!actual!power!output!calculation!for!April!was!done!as!follows:!
April:&
P!"#$%& W = 0.80!!!
!
!
!
!
Average!Radiance
360.52
!!!!P!"#$% W !0.80!!!
!!!!50 = !". !"#!!
Maximum!Radiance
1000
!
PRated!is!the!rated!power!
PActual!is!the!actual!power!
2
Average!Radiance!=!360.52!W/m !
2
Maximum!Radiance!=!1000!W/m !
G32!
!
In!comparing!this!calculated!value!to!the!average!measured!power!value!in!Table&2,!it!is!observed!that!the!calculated!
power!is!within!2%!of!the!measured!power!output.!The!average!measured!power!was!determined!by!averaging!all!of!the!
solar!power!measurements!taken!on!both!the!sunny!and!overcast!days.!It!is!very!reasonable!to!average!these!values!
because!as!stated!previously,!the!solar!radiance!used!in!the!calculation!for!April!accounts!for!sunny!and!overcast!
weather!conditions.!Thus,!the!calculation!of!actual!power!output!for!the!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!is!extremely!
accurate.!
Table&2&&Data&Summary&
Solar&Power&Collection&Experiment&
Weather&
Conditions&
Sunny!
Overcast!
Multimeter&Reading&(V)& Multimeter&Reading&(A)& Power&Output&(W)&
Average&Power&Output&
Variable&Resistor&()&
(W)&
18.56!
1.321!
24.5!
20!
19.66!
1.613!
31.7!
17.72!
1.456!
25.8!
20!
4.25!
0.200!
0.85!
20!
5.72!
0.379!
2.17!
4.32!
0.303!
1.31!
27.343!
1.4423!
20!
20!
20!
RAMSOND&50W&Solar&Panel&
Calculated&Actual&Power&in&April&(W)&
14.42!
Average&Measured&Power&(W)&
14.39!
!
CONCLUSION!
It!is!well!known!that!changes!in!weather!conditions!have!drastic!effects!on!solar!panel!efficiency.!This!experiment!
gauged!these!effects,!by!measuring!actual!power!output!values!in!both!sunny!and!overcast!weather.1!2!The!results!show!
that!the!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!is!almost!95%!more!efficient!on!a!sunny!(high!radiance)!day,!than!it!is!on!an!
overcast!(low!radiance)!day.!This!is!extremely!important!to!consider!when!performing!cost!analysis!on!a!solar!array!
system.!It!also!shows!the!detrimental!effects!of!poorly!locating!a!solar!panel;!any!sort!of!shadow!will!lower!the!radiance!
at!the!panel!interface,!and!rapidly!decrease!solar!panel!efficiency.!Also,!the!average!measured!power!output!value!was!
compared!to!the!calculated!value!for!the!month!of!April.!This!comparison!was!intended!to!observe!the!accuracy!of!the!
calculated!value.!Because!the!radiance!value!used!in!the!calculation!was!for!an!entire!month,!the!calculated!results!were!
!
G33!
!
averaged!to!account!for!sunny!and!overcast!weather.!It!is!concluded!that!the!calculated!power!output!value!is!extremely!
accurate!and!the!method!of!calculation!used,!is!recommended!if!solar!power!values!for!other!months!are!desired.!
REFERENCES!
1
Davisnet.com.!(2013,!April!22).!Estimating!Power!from!a!Solar!Panel.!http://www.davisnet.com/!
product_documents/weather/app_notes/93004_3093AN_093solar3panel3power.pdf!
Helmholz.us.!(2013,!April!22).!Should!You!Install!a!Solar!Tracker?.!!
http://www.helmholz.us/smallpowersystems/Intro.pdf!
MyFlukeStore.com.!(2013,!April!10).!Fluke!87V!Industrial!True!RMS!Multimeter.!
http://www.myflukestore.com/p1393/fluke_873v.php!
Washington!State!University.!(2013,!April!11).!AgWeatherNet.!http://www.weather.wsu.edu!
!
3!
2!
4!
1!
!
!
Figure&A&&1:&Laboratory&Instrumentation:&
1.
RAMSOND!SP50!50!Watt!Solar!Panel!!
2.
FLUKE!87!RMS!Multimeter!(x2)!
3.
Variable!Resistor!
4.
Moving!Cart!
G34!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Figure&A&&2:&Experimental&Setup:&The&solar&panel&is&facing&true&South&while&resting&on&the&cart.&All&instrumentation&is&
underneath&the&solar&panel.&
!
G35!
!
!
Data!
Figure&B&&1:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&signed&procedural&checklist&from&B&&Company.&
!
!
!
G36!
!
!
!
Figure&B&&2:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&the&raw&data&obtained&by&B&&Company.&
!
!
G37!
!
Figure&B&&3:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&signed&procedural&checklist&from&C&&Company.&
!
!
!
!
G38!
!
Figure&B&&4:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&the&raw&data&obtained&by&C&&Company.&
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
G39!
!
MOISTURE!SENSOR!CALIBRATION!
!
Voltage&
Moisture&Sensor&Calibrajon&Curve&
4.2!
4.1!
4!
3.9!
3.8!
3.7!
3.6!
3.5!
3.4!
3.3!
5.42!
12.70!
18.60!
23.99!
28.63!
32.82!
36.42!
%&Moisture&
!
!
Three!cups!of!soil!were!taken!within!one!foot!of!six,!plant/sensor!locations!at!our!demonstration!field.!Soils!were!then!mixed!
together!to!average!soil!conditions.!This!soil!was!then!baked!until!its!moisture!levels!were!0%.!The!experiment!involved!adding!
varying!amounts!of!water!to!the!soil,!and!using!a!moisture!sensor!to!determine!the!voltage!at!different!moisture!levels.!We!
predicted!that!when!the!soil!is!saturated,!the!voltage!levels!will!begin!to!decrease.!The!graph!above!shows!that!our!predication!was!
correct.!Saturation!occurred!at!about!30%!moisture!content!(weight!of!water).!
The!experimental!results!will!be!used!in!our!control!system!code!to!relate!moisture!sensor!voltage!outputs!to!actual!moisture!
conditions.!The!code!will!allow!the!system!to!function!as!follows:!if!a!moisture!sensor!at!a!particular!location!outputs!a!voltage!of!
3.6V,!then!the!program,!reading!a!set!voltage!as!X.XX!%!moisture!will!open!a!solenoid!valve,!turn!on!the!pump,!and!water!the!
location!until!the!moisture!sensor!readout!increases,!indicating!that!the!plant!has!been!watered!sufficiently.!
!
G310!
!
APPENDIX&H& REFERENCES&
1
United!States!Department!of!Agriculture.!National!Engineering!Handbook.!Irrigation!Guide.!September!1997.!
Moyer,!Michelle!et!al.!Washington!State!University.!Irrigation!Basics!for!Eastern!Washington!Vineyards.!January!2013.!
Peters,!R.!Troy.!Practical!Use!of!Soil!Moisture!Sensors!for!Irrigation!Scheduling.!
AgriMet.!1988.!http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet/cropcurves/WGRPcc.html!
College!of!Agricultural,!Human,!&!Natural!Resource!Sciences.!Washington!State!University.!Crop!Profiles!for!Wine!
Grapes!in!Washington.!December!2003.!
Perez,!Richard.!Coleman,!Sam.!PV!Module!Angles.!Home!Power,!36.!1993.!
Mousazadeh,!Hossein!et!al.!Renewable!and!Sustainable!Energy!Reviews.!A!Review!of!Principle!and!Sun3Tracking!
Methods!for!Maximizing!Solar!Systems!Output.!www.elseview.com.!2009.!
Davis!Instruments.!Estimating!Power!from!a!Solar!Panel.!Rev.!B.!August!2010.!
http://www.winesnw.com/wahome.html!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
H31!
!
ASCE!WIND!LOADING!CODES!!CH!07305!PAGE!36!
!
!
!
H32!
!
RESEARCH!!
Professor!Dr.!Bhaskar!Bondada!at!WSU3TC!and!Bookwalter!Winery!provided!our!team!with!insightful!information!regarding!
the!viticulture!aspect!of!our!project.!
Hire!Electric,!Inc!gave!a!presentation!at!a!seminar!for!solar!power.!Some!of!our!team!attended!this!to!gain!knowledge!of!
large3scale!solar!farms,!and!it!proved!very!useful!in!our!large3scale!design.!!
!
BACKGROUND!INFORMATION!
The!students!in!ME!416,!Senior!Design!were!separated!into!groups.!All!teams!have!developed!a!design!for!their!project,!
starting!with!a!concept!design!and!ending!with!a!final!design.!WSU!faculty!and!external!advisors!helped!guide!each!team!
with!the!design!process.!WSU!faculty!and!staff!also!acquired!critical!funds!needed!for!each!project.!!
At!the!end!of!the!semester,!teams!must!submit!their!final!design!report!to!the!instructor!to!be!graded.!Some!teams!will!
include!fabrication!of!their!designs.!
Grading!will!be!based!on!the!quality!of!work!that!is!submitted!to!the!instructor!as!well!as!the!time!and!effort!spent!on!the!
design!project.!
H33!

Smart Solar Irrigation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Smart Solar Irrigation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Washington!State!University|Solar3Powered!Automated!Irrigation!System!

13Aug! 13Sep! 13Oct! 13Nov!

Multimeter&Reading&(V)& Multimeter&Reading&(A)& Power&Output&(W)&

You might also like