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5.2 Let the symbols Q and Work represent rates in kJ/s. Then by Eq. (5.8) = TC Work = 1 QH TH TH := 798.15 K TC TH or By Eq. (5.1), Work = 148.78 kJ s QH := 250 kJ s
TC := 323.15 K Work := QH 1
QC := QH Work
5.3 (a) Let symbols Q and Work represent rates in kJ/s TH := 750 K By Eq. (5.8): = Work QH TC := 300 K := 1 TC TH QH := Work := 95000 kW = 0.6 Work
But
Whence
5 QH = 1.583 10 kW Ans.
QC := QH Work
= 0.282
Ans.
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(b)
:= 0.35
Carnot := TH :=
0.55 TC
By Eq. (5.8),
1 Carnot
5.7
Let the symbols represent rates where appropriate. Calculate mass rate of LNG evaporation: V := 9000 m s
3
molwt := 17
gm mol
Maximum power is generated by a Carnot engine, for which QH QC QH TH Work = = 1= 1 QC QC QC TC TH := 303.15 K QC := 512 kJ mLNG kg TC := 113.7 K QC = 3.202 10 kW
6
Work := QC
TH TC
Ans. Ans.
QH := QC + Work
5.8
Take the heat capacity of water to be constant at the valueCP := 4.184 (a) T1 := 273.15 K T2 := 373.15 K Q := CP ( T2 T1) kJ kg K kJ kg K Ans.
kJ kg K kJ Q = 418.4 kg
SH2O := CP ln Sres := Q T2
T2 T1
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Stotal = 0.184
kJ kg K
Ans.
(b) The entropy change of the water is the same as in (a), and the total heat transfer is the same, but divided into two halves. Sres := Q 1 1 + 2 323.15 K 373.15 K Stotal = 0.097 Sres = 1.208 kJ kg K
kJ kg K
Ans.
(c) The reversible heating of the water requires an infinite number of heat reservoirs covering the range of temperatures from 273.15 to 373.15 K, each one exchanging an infinitesimal quantity of heat with the water and raising its temperature by a differential increment. P1 := 1 bar n := P 1 V R T1 T1 := 500 K n = 1.443 mol V := 0.06 m CV := 5 R 2
3
5.9
Q := 15000 J
U = Q + W = Q = n CV ( T2 T1) T2 = 1 10 K S = n CP ln
3
T2 T1
R ln
P2 P1
S = 20.794 J K Ans.
But
Whence
S := n CV ln
T2 T1
(b) The entropy change of the gas is the same as in (a). The entropy change of the surroundings is zero. Whence Stotal = 10.794 J K Ans.
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5.10 (a) The temperature drop of the second stream (B) in either 7 case is the same as the temperature rise of the first stream CP := R 2 (A), i.e., 120 degC. The exit temperature of the second stream is therefore 200 degC. In both cases we therefore have: SA := CP ln SA = 8.726 463.15 343.15 J mol K SB := CP ln SB = 6.577 473.15 593.15 J mol K Ans.
(c) In this case the final temperature of steam B is 80 degC, i.e., there is a 10-degC driving force for heat transfer throughout the exchanger. Now SA := CP ln SA = 8.726 463.15 343.15 J mol K SB := CP ln SB = 8.512 353.15 473.15 J mol K J mol K Ans.
Stotal := SA + SB
Stotal = 0.214
Ans.
T dW = 1 dQ T dW = dQ T dS
dW = dQ T
dQ T
T := 300 K
mol
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S := CP ln
T2 T1
S = 11.799
J mol J mol K
Ans. Ans.
Sreservoir = 11.8
S + Sreservoir = 0
Process is reversible.
TC1 := 300 K
TH2 := 300 K
TC2 := 250 K
The Carnot refrigerator is a reverse Carnot engine. W TH2 TC2 = Combine Eqs. (5.8) & (5.7) to get: TC2 QC2 Equate the two work quantities and solve for the required ratio of the heat quantities: TC2 TH1 TC1 Ans. r := r = 2.5 TH1 TH2 TC2 7 R 2
P1 := 1.2bar
T2 := 450K
P2 := 6bar
3 J
Cp :=
H = 4.365 10
mol
Ans.
T2 T1
R ln
3 J
P2 P1
S = 1.582
J mol K
Ans.
(b)
H = 5.82 10
mol
S = 1.484
J mol K
127
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(c)
3 J
mol
3 J
S = 4.953 S = 2.618
(d)
mol
3 J
(e)
mol
S = 3.607
5.19 This cycle is the same as is shown in Fig. 8.10 on p. 305. The equivalent states are A=3, B=4, C=1, and D=2. The efficiency is given by Eq. (A) on p. 305. Temperature T4 is not given and must be calaculated. The following equations are used to derive and expression for T4. For adiabatic steps 1 to 2 and 3 to 4: T1 V1
1
= T2 V2
T3 V3
= T4 V4
V1 = V4 P2 T2 = P3 T3
T1 := ( 200 + 273.15)K
T2 T4 := T1 T3
Eq. (A) p. 306
:= 1
1 T4 T1 T3 T2
= 0.591
Ans.
128
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5.21 CV := CP R := CP CV
P1 := 2 bar = 1.4
P2 := 7 bar
T1 := 298.15 K
With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.34), we get for the actual W:
1 R T1 P2 Work := 1.35 1 1 P1
Work = 3.6 10
3 J
mol Work CV
Whence
T2 := T1 +
T2 = 471.374 K S := CP ln
T2 T1
R ln
P2 P1
S = 2.914
J mol K
Ans.
5.25 P := 4
T := 800
Step 1-2: Volume decreases at constant P. Heat flows out of the system. Work is done on the system. W12 = P ( V2 V1) = R ( T2 T1) Step 2-3: Isothermal compression. Work is done on the system. Heat flows out of the system. W23 = R T2 ln
P3 P2
= R T2 ln
P3 P1
Step 3-1: Expansion process that produces work. Heat flows into the system. Since the PT product is constant, P dT + T dP = 0 P V = R T T dP = dT P (A)
P dV + V dP = R dT dP P
P dV = R dT V dP = R dT R T
129
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Q31 = U31 W31 = CV ( T1 T3) + 2 R ( T1 T3) Q31 = ( CV + 2 R) ( T1 T3) = ( CP + R) ( T1 T2) = CP := Wnet Qin 7 R 2 = W12 + W23 + W31 Q31 T1 := 700 K P1 := 1.5 bar W12 := R ( T2 T1) W23 := R T2 ln T2 := 350 K P3 := P1 W12 = 2.91 10 T1 T2
3 J
mol
3 J
P3 P1
W23 = 2.017 10
mol
3 J
mol
4 J
mol
Ans.
130
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5.26 T := 403.15 K
P1 := 2.5 bar
P2 := 6.5 bar
By Eq. (5.18),
S := R ln
P2 P1
S = 7.944
Ans.
With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.27), we get for the actual W: Work := 1.3 R T ln Q := Work
P2 P1
J mol
So for the heat reservoir, we have Sres := Q Tres Sres = 13.96 Stotal = 6.02 J mol K J mol K Ans.
Stotal := S + Sres
Ans.
5.27 (a) By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy change of 10 moles n := 10 mol S := n R ICPS 473.15K , 1373.15K , 5.699 , 0.640 10 S = 536.1 J K Ans.
, 0.0 , 1.015 10
(b) By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy change of 12 moles n := 12 mol S := n R ICPS 523.15K , 1473.15K , 1.213 , 28.785 10 S = 2018.7 J K Ans.
, 8.824 10
, 0.0
131
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5.28 (a) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2a to be 1374.5 K. The entropy change for 10 moles is then found as follows n := 10 mol S := n R ICPS 473.15K , 1374.5K , 1.424 , 14.394 10 S = 900.86 J K Ans.
, 4.392 10
, 0.0
(b) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2b to be 1413.8 K. The entropy change for 15 moles is then found as follows: n := 15 mol S := n R ICPS 533.15K , 1413.8K , 1.967 , 31.630 10 S = 2657.5 J K Ans.
, 9.873 10
, 0.0
(c) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2c to be 1202.9 K. The entropy change for 18.14 kg moles is then found as follows n := 18140 mol S := n R ICPS 533.15K , 1202.9K , 1.424 , 14.394 10 S = 1.2436 10
6 J
, 4.392 10
, 0.0
Ans.
5.29 The relative amounts of the two streams are determined by an energy balance. Since Q = W = 0, the enthalpy changes of the two streams must cancel. Take a basis of 1 mole of air entering, and let x = moles of chilled air. Then 1 - x = the moles of warm air. T0 := 298.15 K T1 := 248.15 K T2 := 348.15 K Temperature of entering air Temperature of chilled air Temperature of warm air
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Given
x T2 T0 = 1x T1 T0
x := Find ( x)
x = 0.5
Thus x = 0.5, and the process produces equal amounts of chilled and warmed air. The only remaining question is whether the process violates the second law. On the basis of 1 mole of entering air, the total entropy change is as follows. CP := 7 R 2 P0 := 5 bar P := 1 bar
Stotal := x CP ln
T1 T0
+ ( 1 x) CP ln
T2 T0
R ln
P P0
Stotal = 12.97
J mol K
Ans.
5.30
P1 := 3 bar CP := 7 R 2
P2 := 1 bar
mol
S := CP ln
T2 T1
R ln
P2 P1
Stotal = 3.42
S = 2.301
J mol K
Stotal := S + Sres
133
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5.33 For the process of cooling the brine: CP := 3.5 kJ kg K T := 40 K T1 = 298.15 K T2 = 258.15 K T = 303.15 K H = 140 kJ kg kJ kg K mdot := 20 kg sec t := 0.27
T1 := ( 273.15 + 25) K T2 := ( 273.15 15) K T := ( 273.15 + 30) K H := CP T S := CP ln Eq. (5.26): By Eq. (5.28):
T2 T1
S = 0.504
Wdotideal := mdot H T S Wdotideal = 256.938 kW Wdot := Wdotideal t i := 9.7 amp Wdotelect := i E Wdot = 951.6 kW Ans.
At steady state: Qdot + Wdotelect + Wdotmech = d Ut = 0 dt Qdot d t + SdotG = S = 0 T dt Qdot := Wdotelect Wdotmech SdotG := Qdot T Qdot = 134.875 W SdotG = 0.45 W K Ans.
134
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i := 10 amp
T := 300 K
3
SdotG = 8.333
watt K P1 := 10bar Cp Cv
5.38 mdot := 10 Cp := 7 R 2
kmol hr
T1 := ( 25 + 273.15)K Cv := Cp R :=
P2 := 1.2bar = 7 5 Ans.
T2 := T1
T2 = 298.15 K
Eq. (5.14)
S :=
S = 17.628 W K
J mol K
Ans.
Ans.
3 J
Wlost = 5.168 10
mol Cp :=
Ans. 7 R 2
T2 := 371K n := 1mol Ws := H
135
P2 := 1.2bar
H := n Cp ( T2 T1)
Ws = 3753.8 J
Ans.
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S := n Cp ln
T2 T1
R ln
P2 P1
S = 4.698
Eq. (5.27) Eq. (5.30) Eq. (5.39) Ws (a) 3753.8J (b) 2460.9J (c) 3063.7J
Wideal := H T S Wlost := Wideal Ws SG := Wlost T Wideal 5163J 2953.9J 4193.7J 4952.4J 4119.2J
Wideal = 5163 J Wlost = 1409.3 J SG = 4.698 Wlost SG J K J 1.643 K J 3.767 K 4.698 J K J 3.546 K 3.663 T := 300K J K
1098.8J 1063.8J
5.41
P1 := 2500kPa S := R ln
mdot := 20
P2 P1
mol sec
SdotG = 0.468
kJ sec K
Wdotlost = 140.344 kW
W := 0.45kJ
actual :=
W QH
actual = 0.45
136
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max := 1
TC TH
max = 0.43
Since actual>max, the process is impossible. 5.43 QH := 150 kJ TH := 550 K (a) (b) SG := QH TH + Q1 := 50 kJ T1 := 350 K Q1 T1 + Q2 T2 Q2 := 100 kJ T2 := 250 K SG = 0.27 kJ K T := 300 K Ans. Ans.
Wlost := T SG
Wlost = 81.039 kJ
5.44
Wdot := 750 MW
TC := ( 20 + 273.15) K TC = 293.15 K
TC TH
max = 0.502
Ans.
Wdot max
(b)
QdotH :=
Wdot
QdotC = 1.742 10 MW m s
3
(actual value) gm cm
3
:= 1
QdotC Vdot Cp
T = 2.522 K
Ans.
137
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T2 := ( 27 + 273.15) K P2 := 1atm
T3 := ( 22 + 273.15)K
First check the First Law using Eqn. (2.33) neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 6 3 5 R ICPH T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 , 0 , 0.016 10 ... 7 1 3 5 + ICPH T1 , T3 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 , 0 , 0.016 10 R 7 4 kJ H is essentially zero so the first law is satisfied. H = 8.797 10 mol H :=
Calculate the rate of entropy generation using Eqn. (5.23) SG := 6 3 5 R ICPS T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 , 0 , 0.016 10 ... 7 1 P2 3 5 + R ICPS T1 , T3 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 , 0 , 0.016 10 R ln 7 P1
SG = 0.013
kJ mol K
Calculate ideal work using Eqn. (5.26) Wideal := ndot R ICPH T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 , 0 , 0.016 10 ... + T R ICPS T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 3 , 0 , 0.016 105
3 5
))
Wideal = 1.776 hp
138
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m hr
T1 := ( 25 + 273.15)K T := ( 25 + 273.15)K
T2 := ( 8 + 273.15)K
Calculate ideal work using Eqn. (5.26) Wideal := ndot R ICPH T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 , 0 , 0.016 10 ... + T R ICPS T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575 10 3 , 0 , 0.016 105
3 5
))
Wideal = 1.952 kW 5.48 T1 := ( 2000 + 459.67)rankine Cp ( T) := 3.83 + 0.000306 T2 := ( 300 + 459.67)rankine Hv := 970 BTU lbm M := 29 gm mol
T R rankine
T := ( 70 + 459.67)rankine
a) First apply an energy balance on the boiler to get the ratio of steam flow rate to gas flow rate.: 2 ndotgas Cp ( T) dT + mdotsteam Hv = 0 T
1
mdotndot :=
2 Cp ( T) dT T
1
H v
mdotndot = 15.043
lb lbmol
Calculate the rate of entropy generation in the boiler. This is the sum of the entropy generation of the steam and the gas. SdotG = SdotGsteam + SdotGgas
139
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Calculate entropy generation per lbmol of gas: SdotG ndotgas = mdotsteam ndotgas H v Tsteam
T
Ssteam :=
Ssteam = 1.444
2 C p ( T) Sgas := dT T T
1
SdotG := mdotndot Ssteam + Sgas Calculate lost work by Eq. (5.34) Wlost := SdotG T H v
Wlost = 6227
b) Hsteam := Hv
Ssteam :=
Tsteam
Ssteam = 1.444
Wideal = 205.071
mn :=
H v
mn = 15.043
lb lbmol
Use ratio to calculate ideal work of steam per lbmol of gas Wideal mn = 3.085 10
T 3 BTU
lbmol
Ans.
2 c) Hgas := Cp ( T) dT T
1
Wideal = 9.312 10
3 BTU
lbmol
Ans.
140
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a) First apply an energy balance on the boiler to get the ratio of steam flow rate to gas flow rate.: 2 ndotgas Cp ( T) dT + mdotsteam Hv = 0 T
1
mdotndot :=
2 Cp ( T) dT T
1
H v
mdotndot = 15.135
gm mol
Calculate the rate of entropy generation in the boiler. This is the sum of the entropy generation of the steam and the gas. SdotG = SdotGsteam + SdotGgas Calculate entropy generation per lbmol of gas: SdotG ndotgas = mdotsteam ndotgas H v Tsteam
T
Ssteam + Sgas
3
Ssteam :=
Ssteam = 6.048 10
J kg K
2 C p ( T) Sgas := dT T T
1
J mol K
SdotG := mdotndot Ssteam + Sgas Calculate lost work by Eq. (5.34) Wlost := SdotG T
J mol K Ans.
Wlost = 14.8
kJ mol
141
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b) Hsteam := Hv
Ssteam :=
H v Tsteam
Ssteam = 6.048 10 kJ kg
J kg K
Wideal = 453.618
mn :=
H v
mn = 15.135
gm mol
Use ratio to calculate ideal work of steam per lbmol of gas Wideal mn = 6.866
T
kJ mol
Ans.
2 c) Hgas := Cp ( T) dT T
1
Wideal = 21.686
kJ mol
Ans.
T2 := ( 35 + 273.15)K
T := ( 25 + 273.15)K
, 4.392 10
,0
)
kJ mol
Wlost = 33.803
Now place a heat engine between the ethylene and the surroundings. This would constitute a reversible process, therefore, the total entropy generated must be zero. calculate the heat released to the surroundings for Stotal = 0.
142
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Sethylene
QC T
= 0
Now apply an energy balance around the heat engine to find the work produced. Note that the heat gained by the heat engine is the heat lost by the ethylene. QH := Qethylene WHE := QH + QC WHE = 33.803 kJ mol
The lost work is exactly equal to the work that could be produced by the heat engine
143
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