MINISTRY OF'AGRICULTURE, LTVESTOCK AND NATURAL RESOURCES

ZANZTBAR CASrr CROPSFARMTNG SYSTEMSPROJECT (ZCCFSP)

paperpreparedfor theZARCAnnusl ResearchReviewmeeting

Zanzibar.14-15November1995

FARMING SYSTEMSZONES
IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AND PLANNING ;
Lessonsfrom Pemba

BY: ZCCFSPPemba

Hamadi MasoudAli
Martin Walsh
Rupert Woods(eds)

ZCCFSP
PO BOX 2283
Zg;nzib,J.

Telephone/ fax: (054)33121

 FARMING SYSTEMSZONES IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AND PLANNING: LESSONSFROM PEMBA

Introduction

This paper describesprogressmadesincethe last ZARC Annual ResearchReview

meetingin May 1994whenZCCFSPpresentedits ProposedFarming SystemsZones
for Unguja and Pemba in a paperby Khatib MohammedKhatib. It outlinesthe
reasonsfor the adoption of a zonal classification,and describesthe ongoing
developmentof this on Pemba, where close collaboration between different
departments in the Ministry @ALNR) hastakenthe processfurther than on Unguja.
The advantages of this approachto agriculturalresearchandplanning,and someof the
difficultiesinvolvedin further developingand implementingit, are summarised in the
concluding sections.

Why Farming SystemsZones?

The islandsof PembaandUngujahavetraditionallyeachbeendividedby agricultural

researchers into two broadagro-ecological zones: the plantationareasand the coral
rag. This simpleclassificationof Zannbar'sfarmingresourceshasbeenusedsincethe
colonial period, and still providesresearchersand others with a quick and easy
frameworkfor conceptualising major land use differences. More recent research,
however,indicatesthat the plantation/ coral rag distinctionfails to describethe
increasingcomplexityand geographical diversityof farmingsystems(FS) in Zannbar,
especiallyasthesehavedevelopedoverthe pasttwo decades.

On Pemba,for example,there is a very obvious differencebetweenfarming in

Makangaleand farmingin Mwambe,which the old classificationdoes not capture.
This differenceis all the more apparentwhen factorslike the organisationof labour
and marketingin eachof theseareasare alsotakeninto account. Examplessuchas
this canbe multipliedacrossboth islands.The new classification of Zaruibar'sfarming
systemszonesdevelopedby ZZCFSPin collaborationwith other departmentsof the
Ministry @ALNR) represents a refinementof the traditionalclassification
whichtakes
accountof all of thesefactors. This doesnot meanthat agro-ecological variableshave
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beenignored. The new classification incorporates,for example,a befferunderstanding
of Zarwbar'ssoil types and their fertility than has been availablein the past. The
;:,

emphasis,however, is upon farming systems as a whole, and this includes

considerationof both on- and oFfarm components,and how these are evoMng
( together.

This classification
hasnot beendevelopedfor the sakeof classificationalone. One of
the principalaimsof producingsucha classification is to help rationaliseagricultural
researchandensurethat it is morein tunewith the needsof farmers'themselves.Time
and moneycan be savedif researchis targettedas effectivelyas possible,and the
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carefuldistributionof researchsitesso that the outputsfrom themcangeneralised with

better confidenceis one way of achievingthis. Given that the vast majority of
Zandbar'sactiveagriculturalresearchers are the farmersthemselves,
then this should
alsomeanthat their effortsarebetterserved,andthe Mnistry betterplacedto respond
to them. Indeed the FS zones themselveswere first drawn up and have been
progressivelyrefined as a consequenceof participatory researchwith farmers
conductedby ZCCFSPthrougha seriesof village PRASand its ongongwork with
FarmerResearch Groups(FRGS).

The FS Zonesare also intendedto serveas a planningtool for the Ministry. The
existingstructureof the Ministry doesnot alwaysfacilitatecoordinatedplanning,and
this hampersits abilityto respondefficientlyto farmers'needs.Someof the Ministry's
activities,especiallyits extensionservices,are organisedaround the administrative
hierarchy,with particularemphasisupon district-levelinstitutions. Other activities,
including most ongoing research, are conducted on a project-by-project,
subject-by-subject,and often crop-by-crop basis, As a result planners and
implementers tend to dealwith isolatedpiecesof Zamibar'sfarming systemsrather
than the whole,andfarmers'needsoften receiveno morethan partialattentionin the
process. This lack of an integratedapproachis also clearly wasteful in terms of
resources. As a tool for improvingparticipatoryplanning,the FS zones are not
designedto replaceexistinginstitutionalarrangements, but simplyto facilitate greater
coordination,by focusingattentionon the needsof farmersasthesevary from one area
to another.

The Processon Pemba

Farmingsystemsare fluid. They changeover time, as do the notional boundaries

betweenthem. The simplestrule to follow in drawingup boundariesis that the on-
and oflfarm activitiesof most farmerswithin a zone shouldconform to a general
patternwhich can be readilydistinguished from the patternidentifiedin other zones.
TheFS zonesascurrentlydefinedrepresenta compromise betweenover-generalisation
(i.e. plantationvs coralrag agriculture)andover-differentiation
(e.g.betweendifferent
villages). Practicalas well as analyticconsiderations have influencedthe degreeof
zonal differentiation. Wider patternsand more localiseddifferencesdo, of course,
exist,butparticipatoryplanningat eitherendof this spectrumwould be inappropriate
for oneor otherof the two munparticipants,i.e. the Ministryandfarmersthemselves.

Followingthe 1994Review,the numberof FS zonesidentifiedon Pembawas reduced

from 8 to 5, includingone zone with two sub-divisions.The numberof zoneson
Ungujaremainedconstantat 4, one of which was also subdividedinto two. These
zoneswere then presentedand discussed in separateworkshops,one for eachisland,
Althoughits conclusionswere positive,the Unguja workshopdid not generateany
follow-up. The Pembaworkshop,which was attendedby a wide rangeof Ministry
staffon the island,provedmore successful
from this point of view. At the end of the
workshopit was agreedthat the commentsandconclusionsof the participantsshould
be written up and submittedto a working group comprisingrepresentatives of each
activedepartment on Pembaandcoordinatedby ZCCFSP.
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This working group met for the fust time on 24 November 1994 to considerthe
definition and boundariesof the zonesin the light of commentsreceivedand the
knowledgeof the departments theyrepresented.As a resultthe 5 zoneswere retained,
but someof their boundarieswere changedand their numberingmodified. A second
meetingwas heldin Decemberin whicheachdepartmentoutlinedits existingactivities
in eachzone. Subsequent discussionfocuseduponthe needto definea programmeof
furtherresearchon the zonesandmakerecommendations for their use. 11was decided
that the mostfruitful approachwould be to beginby collatingmoreinformationandto
examinethe principalconstraintsand opportunitiesfor agriculturein eachzone. A
seriesof regularmeetings(ideallyone everytwo months)was thereforeproposed,to
examineeachof the 5 zonesin turn.

To datemeetingshavebeenheld on 4 of Pemba's5 zones. Most of thesehavebeen

well-attended,and have seensomelively discussionand debate. One of the most
useful aspectsof them has been the exchangeof information between different
departments abouttheir activitiesandresearchproposals,andthe closercollaboration
which this hasgenerated.A lot of extrainformationon the zonesandtheir principal
featureshasbeenpresented, andthis is in the processof beingcompiledinto a handout
on the zoneswhich supercedes an earlierversion(a sampledraft is appendedto this
paper). Moreover, this work has produced a collective understandingof the
agriculturalproblemsandpotentialof Pembawhich is not limitedto anyone or areaor
departmentalspeciality. The delineationof the zones has assistedZCCFSP in
organisingits work with FRGs,in decidingwhereto locatenew groupsand giving an
indication of the extent to which their outputs can be generilised. The FRG
progranrmehasalsobeenconductedin collaborationwith other departments, and the
resultsof this farmer-participatoryresearchhavebeenfed back directly into the FS
zoneanalysis.

Strengthsof the Farming SystemsZonesApproach

To summarise, the new classification

of FS zonesandthe ongoingwork in developing
this approachon Pembacanbe saidto havethe followingstrengths:

o it provides a better classificationof Zanzibar's contemporaryFS than the

traditionalplantation/ coralrag distinctiondoes

o it provides a readymadeand cost-effectiveframework for coordinatingand

targettingon-farmresearch
. . 1
. ii:? it canfunctionasan importanttool in participatoryagriculturalplanning
' :r'l.

its canhelp strengthen the Mnistry's capacityto respondto farmers'needsandact

asa facilitator of agriculturaldevelopment
 o it fostersinter-departmental
collaborationwithin the Ministry and more efficient
useof its limitedresources

SomeConstraintsto Further Implementation

At the sametime, it shouldbe pointedout that thereare someobviousconstraintsto

the further developmentof the FS zonesapproach. The fact that the processhas
stalledon Ungujais oneindicationof this. Experienceto dateon Pembasuggests
that
theseconstraintsincludethe following:

o the relevanceof FS zonesto somedepartments, e.g. fisheries,is not immediately

apparent,glven their focus on particularactivitiesand technologieswhich cut
acrosszones

o a zonalapproachdoesnot blendwell with the currentworking practicesof some

departments, e.g. extension,who havedevelopeda structureindependent
of them
but linkedto the administrativehierarchv

if resourcesare scarce,there is a dangerthat somezoneswill be seenas more

deservingof themthanothers,leadingto regionalinequalities
in distribution

otherministries,e,g.LandsandEnvironment,havenot participateddirectlyin the

processof developingthe FS zonesapproach,andmight questionits relevanceto
their own concerns

within MALNR the processof developingthis approachstill reliesheavilyupon

ZCCFSP,and it is sometimesseen(wrongly)as the 'property' of the project and
thereforeof limiteduseto others
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Conclusion

In conclusion,the FS zonesapproachhas considerable potential,but there remaina

numberof obstaclesto its further developmentand implementation.Most of the
constraintsidentifiedabovereflectthe currentstructureandpracticesof the Ministry.
In this contextit is all too easyfor the purposesandapplicationof a zonalapproachto
be misunderstood.As noted earlier,the FS zonesare a potentiallyuseful tool for
agriculturalresearchand planning. Their use in this way doesnot entail any major
reorganisation, but merelyclosercollaborationbetweendepartmentsand their more
effectiveintegrationin participatoryresearchprograrnmesand the planningprocess.
The potentialbenefitsof this, in termsof appropriateness of research,the development
of a morefarmer-responsive Ministry, and more efficientuse of scarceresources,far
outweighthe costs. The recognitionand use of FS zonesis not the only meansto
achievethesegoals. More importantthan the tool itself is the thoughtbehindit: the
needto developa moreparticipatoryapproachto agriculturalresearchandplanningin
Zannbar.
 PN,MBAtrARMING SYSTEMS ZONES

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SUMMARY DESCRIPTION
Penninsularof landto the north of ngeziforest. Sandysoil, somecoralrag. Commercial
pro-dl_clion
of food crops(esp.sweelpotatoes),Many mainlanders, alsofarmersfrom Tumbe
andMicheweni.
BASE DATA
Area 16 sq lcrn(35 sqKm with ngeziforest)
Fopulation 3,039(1988census)
3,738(1995est@ 3Yoanrualgrowth)
Populationdensity *
?33 (lne r4-.ngure is.probablymuchhigherastherearemany
thrmersliom Micheweni.)
Topography Flat, low-lying. No ricevalleys.
Soils Coralrag type soilswith high sandcontent. Thin red soilsto the
westanddeepsandysoilsto the eastof the road.poor moisture
retention.Moderatefertility, but manyareasarenow exhausted
dueto continuouscultivation.Most of the landto the westis open
(no trees)andthereis little replacement
of organicmatterin these
areas.
Rainfall 1,600-1,70p_mm-p.a.Reasonabledistribution,
maindry periodis
Januaryto March. Receivemorerainfrom Julvto Octoberthan
otherareasof Pemba.
Infrastructure Transport
Poorroadaccess, no regularpassenger vehicle.Most transportby
oxcart.
Other
3 fishingharbours,.Animalhealthandproductioncentre(AI and
veterinaryservices),
dip (not currentlyused),hotel (undei
construction).
List of villages Makangale,Tondooni, Verani
List ofblocks Konde
HISTORY
Pre1940 Thepresent.day M$angale wascalledMsukaMjini, a popurationcentre,
possiblydatingbackto the l4th Century.
1940-60s Theareawasconsidered to havepoor <ipportunities(describedasa 'wasteland'
in contemporary reports)so peopieteft fhe area,manymovedto the presentday
Msuka.
1970s Importationof food to.Pembawasstoppedin l97l-2 andtherewasa periodof
lunggr. Peoplestarted_to plantmorefood crops,especiallysweetpotitoes.
Peoplestartmovingto Makangalefrom Mainlind Tir:r:arui andfrom other
areasof Pemba.Sweetpotatoesbecamea commercialcrop andtherewas even
','..jj exportto Unguja.
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.,. 1990s Someof the mainlanders havereturnedto the mainland,but peoplefrom
Micheweniareaaremovingin to find landfor food cropping.Sweetpotato
yieldsfallingdramaticallydueto exhaustionof the soil. Somefarmersturning
to productionof groundnuts.
LAND TENURE SYSTEMS
Therearemanylanddisputesbecausemostof the landis ownedby peopleliving in Msuka
areaandnot by the occupiersof the land. In someof the casesthe occupierhasbeentold that
theycan:purchasethe land;planttreecropsanddividethe areawith the owner;or move.
Anothercauseof landdisputeis that peoplefrom Micheweniarealsomovingto Makangale
andborrowingland(northernpart). Theuncertainties of landownershipprobablyexplainsthe
lack of treesin muchof this area(outsidethe protectedforest).Someof the currentholdings
arelargeandin excessof 20 acres.Thereis a 39 ha govt. rubberplantationat Makangale.
Ngeziforestis some1,400ha.
LAND USE SYSTEMS
Makangaleis a commercialfarmingarea. Sweetpotatoesarethe maincashcrop. Hired
labouris regularlyused. Formerlyareaswererestedfor I year+,now mostlandis used
continuouslywhichhasresultedin yieldreductions.Therearethreemainlandtypes:
Coral rag soils
Largeopenareasto the westandnortherntip. Deepred coralrag soils,somethinnerpatches.
Main sweetpotatoarea. Also somecassava.Fewtrees.
Sandysoils
Areacloseto MakangaleandTondoonivillages.Coconuts,cocoyams,sweetpotatoes,
groundnuts,trees(manyneemAzadirichtaindicatreesnearto village).Somebananas and
vegetables nearto houses.
Forest area
Protectedareas.
FOOD CROPS
Cassavaand sweet potatoesare the main food and cashcrops. Hired labour is regularly used.
Maize was an important crop, but now lessis grown due to-declining soil fertility

Cassava \tlostly-grownin sandysoilsnearto thevillages.Main plantingtime

is masika,asa solecrop. Also plantedin mchoowith sweetpotato.
MainvarietiesareKibiriti mweusiandmwekundu(Jawawas
important,but now little used). Main problemsarecassava
pests(mealybug,mites),whichhaveresultedin acuteplantrng
materialshortages.
Sweet potato Seeundercashcrops
Otherfood crops Maize,cocoyams, vegetablos,
$ananas, citrus
CASHCROPS
Sweet potatois the main cashcrop for this area. Large quantitiesare sentto Wete, Chake and
other areas. Coconuts,cassavaand groundnutsare minol cashcrops.

Sweet potato Somenlantedin May to multiplyplantingmaterial.Main planting

seasonfrom endof Juneto July(earlyplanting)and
August/September.(late planting).Usuallygrown asa monocrop
on the easterncoralrag area. Manyvarieties,includingLIkerewe,
Mpumbaw, Shangazi, Tumaini.Lessproblemsthancassava, but
someproblep *ith poor soil fertility andinsectpests(eatplanting
-
material).Plantingmaterialobtainedfrom Konde/lvlsuka.
Groundnuts Becomingmoreimportant.Plantedmainlyin masikaandmchoo,
somein vuli. Planteda.ssolecrop or wittrcassavaon sandysoils.
Two types,red andwhite.
LIVESTOCK
Chickensandcattle. Chickensuslqllyin rangeof 10-20per household,cattleup to 20, but
Tany households.have no 9?1lle.Big disease problemsai startof masika,Graziirgmosilyin
forgsl areas,grazing,availability
notiaid to be a problem.Wateravailabilityis mo1eof a"
problem..Apprgxr60 cross-bredanimals,but numberof animalsgoingfor AI hasdeclined.
Tendto de-stock(1ellanimals)in dry season.Not muchinteresti-nmilt<production.Many
ox-carts._2pairsof draft oxen. Cow manurelittle used-animalskept in iorestareasandnbt
kraaled.Little opporhrnityto expandlivestocknumber.
FISHERIES

]-fishing9arryl @ago):Veraniand-Vumawimbi.Also fishingfor majongoo(seaslugs).

Most of the fishermencomefrom Mcheweni. Thereis a beachrecorherlasedat Veiairi
beach.Catchis declining.Somefreshwaterlakesin or nearto the forestwith catfish
(Kambari)and5 otherspecies, but little exploited.
FORESTRY
ForestrySectionareworkingtg irqpqovestatusofNgezi Forest. Settingup information
centre,naturetrails,removalof.Msisi(forestcoloniser).Encouragingbie-keeping(some
loans).Someplantingof casuarinaby farmers.
OFF.FARM INCOME
Few oflfarm activities. Somego fishing.

Sources Fishing,makuti andlime-making

Importanceof Agricultureis the mainsourceof employment
Agriculture
LABOUR INFORMATION
Labourhiringis commonfor both menandwomen. Therearefew labourtasksspecifioto
women(no rice or processing).
Busiestperiodfrom Marchto November.
CONSTRAINTS
Decliningsoil fertility
Increasingpopulation
Landtenure(constraint to treeplanting)
Decliningsweetpotatoyields
Availabilityof plantingmaterialfor cassava
andsweetpotato
Pestson cassava andsweetpotato,
OPPORTUNITIES
*Agroforestry
@utconstraintsof landtenure,reducedacreagefor food crops,lack of
familiarity)
*Rotationwith leguminouscrops.
*Betteruseof animalmanureon crops(kraaling?)
tFreshwaterfisheries
tlnvolvement of local people in Ngezi
+Tourism- bu! may well have negativeeffect (take land, little local employment)
*Milk, vegetableand fruit production (if demandfrom tourist hotels) -

MALNR ACTIVITIES
* Rubberplantation
i Forestryhavebeenworkingwith localpeopleon forestryresourcemanagement
andprivate
nurserysupport,
* AI servicesat Makangale,dip (unused).
 Draft as at23l7l9S
PEMBA ZONB 3
SI'MMARY DESCRIPTION
Thelargeqtzonecomprisingnorth-west,centralandsouthernpartsof the islandfrom Konde
to Mkoani. Deepsoilsandhighrainfall. Hills andricevalleys.Clovebasedfarmingsystem.
VARIATION WITHIN ZONE
The followingarethe mainvariationswithin zone3',
Bopwecloveareas
The maincloveareas.Steephills,densecloveplantations,
ricevalleys.Heaviestconcentration
of clovesareareasnorth-westof Wete,Dayafiv{tambwearea,Piki areaandmostof the are4
southof Chanjamjawiri.

Coastalbelt
A strip of sandysoilson the coast. Few clovetrees,morecoconutsandfruit trees. Gando,
Ukunjwi,Mtambwe,Makongeni,Tundaua,Watrbaa,Michenzani,Chokocho,Kengeja.

Sandyupland soils
T.esshilly, variablesandysoilswith smallareasof ndamba(heathland).Clovesin patcheson
the morefertilesoils.Largeropenareas,usedfor food cropping.Konde,Matangatuani, Bule,
Shumba, Finya,Pandani,Mzambarau m, Ziw am,Gombani,Wawi.
Chakearea
Heavier(clay)soilsin the areasurroundingChake,downto Chanjamjawiri.Lessclovetrees.
BASE DATA
Area 519sqkm
Population 149,618(1988cenzus)
184,010(1995est.@ 3oloincrease
per annum)
49,742 (1995est.urbanpopulation)
Population density 354peopleper sqkm Total(urban+ rural),1995est
259peopleper sqkm Rural,1995estimate.
Topography Steephills andvalleysin the southandnorthwest. Flatterin
centralandnorthernpart of zone(Konde-Shumba-Pandani-
Ziwani-Wawi).
Soils
The.soilsareveryvariable.The soil mapof Carlton(1955)is misleading, it showsa
distinctionbetweenBgpwe,UtasiandSemi-Utasisoils. Farmersdo nofrecognisethe words
'Utasi' or 'Semi-Utasi'and'Bopwe'
is usedto meanthe cloveareasin gerreril.Also the
variationis so greatthat it would be very difficultto realisticallyshowgeographical
boundaries of tire soiltypes.- The soil niapshouldthereforebe usedaia r6ughguideonly.
The mainsoiltypeswithin this zoneaccordingto J.Bennett,OIRI soil consufaniy 1994)-we:

Bopwesoils'.
Truncated_soils
(ntanylqyelsor horizonsoverlyingeachother,distinctchangesbetween
horizons)Surfaceorgaru.c_lqyer
andshallow,well-structuredsub-soiloverlyi-ng
deep,soft,
weatheringparentmaterial(fury.) Belowthe surfacethe structureis usuallyclayey,but other
propertiessuchascolour,depthto parentmaterial,mottlingin parentmaterialarevery
variable.
Farmersrecognizedifferenttypesof fuwe, someof whicharesaidto be good for bananasand
tree cropsandothers(red colour)aresaidto be infertile.

Sandyupland soils:
The commonprofileis of coarseover finertextureandpaleoverbrightercolours. Varies
from loamy.sandover sandyloamto sandyloamoverilay. Surfacicoloursvary from grey - to
brown,brightercoloursat depth(increaseilclay). Some6aveimpededdrainageandshow
mottlingat-depth. The chang,eswith depthcanoccurrapidlyat shallowdepth-ormore
graduallythroughoutthe profile. Often-similar
to coastalmiifutifu soils,bit mtifutifu soils
tendto havedeepersandytopsoil.

Yalley soils:
MLnly dark,heavycrackingclaysoils. In someareassedimentation
of sand,washedfrom
cultivatedslopes,is occuringin thevalleys.
Soil fertility of zone3 soilsis low to moderateandusuallydependson the parentmaterialsand
the amountof organicmatterin tlrgtopsoil. Usuallydefi6ienfin Nitrogenind Phosphate and
oftenin Potash.Thesesoilsareall very acidandaluminiumtoxicity in the sub-soilis
suspected to_bea proplqm(preventspenetrationof rootswhichefficts uptakeof nutrientsand
caninducephysiolggrgal drought). Withoutthe nutrientcyclingof trees,thesesoilswould
Qgicklybecomeinfertile. fhus for long term sustainabilityitrere
witt hav6to be a combination
of tree andannualcrops(agroforestry).
Physicalstructureof the Bopwe-anduplandsoilsis usuallygood andthesesoilsarevery
suilablefortree crops,exceptwherethereis impededdrainqge(eg ascausedby certaintypes
of fu-we^at
depth)-theseimpededdrainageareaiarevery indrtileind certainvlgetationii
usuallyfound growing.lhere(eg mibura, Mcherewaji(type of fern)). Wheredeepsandy
topsoilsoccurthesesoilstendto dry out quickerandarb-usuallyledsfertile. TheBopwe soils
arevery proneto erosion.
Sedimentation of sandil-thp valleyareasis a majorproblem.Thevalleysbecomeinfertileand
do not retainwater,whichis very badfor rice farmiirg.
Rainfall 1,600to l,900mmp.a.Heavymasikarains,vuli rainsmore
dependable thanin otherzones.
Infrastructure Thiszonecontainsthe majortowns-ChakeandWete.
Transport
l)Ieafu all villagesarefoundnearto the roads(ribbon
development)Manyof the secondary roadsareseriously
deterioratingand makingvehicleaccessa problem. Villiges near
to the mainroadsarewell-serviced by vehicletransport.Slme
secondary rgadghaveoccassional passenger vehicles(roadsto
Gando,.P*!*i, Shumba,Vitongoji,Pujini,Ukutini,'Chambani,
Kgngqni).Areas with very poor transportaccessinclude
YJapbryepqlunsular, Wesha,Tundaua,Wambaa,Mgelema,
Chokocho,Kiwani,Makombeni).Donkeysarecommonlyusedin
the mostremoteareashilly areasandoxcirts in the flattei areas.
Nurseries
Governmentnurseriesat KondeandChanjaani(forestry),Weni,
Piki, Chanjaani, Mkatamaini,Kigope(Mamlaka).Someprivate
nurseriesdeveloping(mostlycoconuts) : Gando,P andan,Ziwani
 __

Agricultural stations(in use)

!{atangalqani,Wesha,Weni (Research); Makuwe(Marnlaka);
Kigope,Msaani(Agriculture).
Livestockseryices
AnimalHealthandProductioncentres:(main)Konde,Wete,
Chake,Mkoani.(minor)Mtambile,Kengeja
A.I.: (main):Wete,Chake,Konde,Mtambile;
(minor): Shidi,Kengeja,Chanjamjawii+2 others
Permament bull centres:Kangani,Kengeja,Mzambarauni,
Matangatuani, Konde
Slaughterhouses:Wete,Chake,Mkoani.
Cattleauction:Chake(everyMondayandFriday)
Irrigated rice valleys
Mangwena,
Fi sherieslanding sites
Wete,Gando
Other
Towns.Ports.Wawi distillerv.
List ofvillages Gando,Konde,Shumbavyamboni,Finya,Pandani,Mgogoni, 'anlafu
W.1., Mf ambwe,D ayu, tfwondwe, Mlianjuni, Piki, Sfr ,
Kisiwani,Ziwam,Mchangawa kwale,Mkoroshoni,Chak-e,
Wesha,Kilindi, Chanjamjawiri,
]l_dag-oni, Shungi,Ngwachani
Wambaa,Mgelema,Chonga,Mgagadu,Mtambile,Kengeja,
Mj imbini,Kangani,Mbuguani,Mkanyageni,Shidi,Chokocho,
Makombeni,Mkoani
List of blocks Gando,Konde, Shumba,Pandani,Mtambwe, Utaani, Piki,
1iw aru,Chachani,Wawi, Chonga,Kilindi, Wambaa,Mzingani,
Uweleni, Mtambile, Kiwani, Kengeja,Mkanyageni,Kangani
LAND TENURE SYSTEMS
A landregistrationpilot exercisewasstartedin Pembain 1993?with the assistance of Finnida.
It is asaetuncertainwhetherthis exercisewill be carriedout for thewholeislandandwhat, if
anydifferenceit will m{e. Registrationof all landwould probablytake in excessof l0-ll
Iealsj The biggest-land issueis that of 3 acreland. This is a very lo[tical issueandno
decisionslaveyet beentakenaboutchangingthe currentlawsc6nierningthis land. Thereis
considerably less3-acrelandin Pembacomparedwith Unguja.
Cloveareas
* Moslly priya{eheldland,but some3 acrelandandsomelarge
areasundergovernment
control(agriculturalstationsandGovernmentshambas).
* Most households havesomeclovetrees,oftenin severalplots. In the lesspopulousareas
(egMrambwe,Mgelema,Mtambile)manyplantationsareiir excessof 150tr'eeiandmay
sometimes exceeda thousandtrees.
I Many plantationown9r..slive-awayfrom their plots,in otherpartsof Pembaor in Unguja. In
thesecases,"managers" (usuallyreiatives)aresbmetimes empioyedwho mayget a prip6rtion
of the harvestin returnfor lookingafter_thetrees-this maytikeihe form of kJepin! thi cloves
in the yearsof smallerharvest. S-ome absentownersreturnto organisethe clovbhirvest in
the goodyears(ofteqre$eg out) qndmayalsogivepermissionfo-rpeoplein the villageto
plantfood cropson the land,to helppreventthe clovetreesfrom b6ingovergrownbiforest.
 * Most households usesorneborrowedlandfor food crops. Thisis usuallydoneasa
rationalisation
excerciseratherthanbeingdueto landshortage.Themainreasonsfor
borrowingarethatthe households privat-elandmaybe a lonf way from the village;or,
becausethe privatelandmayhavemanytreesandpeoplepreferto borrow moreoilen'landto
plglt fogd crops. Thereis no paymentfor borrovring-planatation areas.
*Oftentherecanbe somescarcityof landavailablefiorbonowingcloseto the village,less
food cropsare_planted!l areaqawayfrom the villagedueto proSlemsof theft andm6nkeys.
+ Jointownership(family land- shambala ukoo) iscommon.
r No investmentis madein 3 acreland(eg plantingof trees)dueto the doubtsabout
ownership.This landis eitherusedfor food-cropping,or it is not usedat all. Sometimes
even
the clovesarenot harvested.
* Buyrngandsellingof landoccurs,but is not very common.

Riceland
*.Ricevalleysarealsoprivatelyowned. Ofetnthevalleysbelongto the adjoiningclove
plantations,but this is not alwaysthe case,
i fF inigatedricevalleysareadministered by WaterUseAssociations
(Jamuhiya),who
decideon seasonal allocationof the land.
t Borrowingof rice plotsoccurs,but is not common.
* Most households in this zonehavesomerice land.
LAND USE SYSTEMlTtrerea.remanyvariationswithin this zone,depending
mainlyon soil
types,rainfallandpopulationpressure.Thetypicallandusesystansare:
Clove based
Cloveswith cassavaandbananas in openareas.Monkeyproblemoftenlimitstypesof crops
that canbe grownin theseareas.Many cloveareasarereturningto bush. Very little
investmentis madein theseareas,althoughthereis a lot of potentialfor diversification.

Rice valleys
Rainfe! or irrigated..Manyareproneto floodingduringmasika.Most of the rainfedvalleys
areunderdeveloped, in manyonly rice is grown(onecrop per annum).

Village homegardehs
!rrea19ryaliety of crops,multi-storeycropping,include:citrus,mbirimbi,rose-apple,
breadfruit,bananas, vegetables,
cocoyam,coconuts,cassava, sweetpotato,pigeonpeas,
cinnamon,blackpepper,henna,pomegranate, mangoes, jackfinrit,papaya.
FOOD CROPS
Cassava,
bananas,breadfruitandrice arethe mainfood crops.Cocoyams,sweetpotatoes,
cowpeasandfruits arealsoimportant.
Cassava Gtoy! on ridges(in sandyor wetter areas)or mounds(on heavy
land,slopesor betweenclovetrees). Many differentvarieties.
Someproblemsofmosaicvirus,mealybug androtting (in rains),but
lessseriouscomparedto otherzones.

. j
Bananas Mostly plantednearto villagesandaroundvalleys.Main varieties
are:Pukusa,mkonowa tembo,Mzltrzu,Kijikazi, mtwike. Problem
of blacksigatoka,especiallyaftermasikarains.Also weevilsand
nematodes problems(extentof nematodeproblemis not known).
 . r !

. ' i
(

Rice Non-irrigated valleys

Many differentvarieties,but ringaandkijivuli arethe mostcommon
varieties(5-6 monthduration).Main problemsare:flooding,birds,
monkeysandtimelycultivation (manydelayrnanualcultivafionto
wait for tractors). Very labourintensive,grown only for home
consumption.
Irrigated
2 cropsper year. IRRI shorttermvarietiesused. Pestproblems(eg
Hispa).
Breadfruit Irnportantfood source,whenin season,
Main seasons
arefanffeb,
Jur/Jul.Grownnearto houses,No pestanddiseaseproblems.
Cheapfood.
CASH CROPS
Cloves,bananasandcassava arethe mostimportantcashcrops. Cloveshavedeclined,
bananasandcassava areincreasingin importance.Many otherminorcashcrops. This zone
-cash
hasthe greatestpotentialfor cashcrop diversification,but mostof the recent crop
developments havebeenin otherzones.This is the most 'conservative'zone.
Cloves Decliningin importancedueto fallingprice. As a result:reduced
weedcontrol,lessreplanting,ageingtree population,moremonkeys.
Playsanimportantrole in soil maintenance(erosioncontroland
additionof organicmatter).
Otherspicecrops Importancevarieswith locationbut still on a smallscale.Black
peppermostcommon.
FORESTRY
This zonehasthe greatestdensityof trees. Most of thetreesareplanted,but thereis
secondary bushregrowthin manycloveareas.Firewoodandpolesfor buildingareabundant
in mostareas.Most ofthe maintimberspecies(mvule,mtondoo,mkungu)havebeenheavily
exploitedandonly few remain.Wild treesareoftenconsidered to be free-for-all. This zoneis
gurrgntlytreatedaslow priority by Forestrysertion,but they assistcommunities to setup
localmanagement of existingnon-protected forestareas-Sengenya (nearDaya),Kwa Nondo
(nearKengeja)andlvlgelema.Also management of Mangroves,assistance for beekeeping
(goodopportunityfor zone3), sometimberspeciesdistributed(but not many).
LIVESTOCK
Cattleandchickensmostimportant.Donkeysimportantfor transport.Guineafowl becoming
moreimportantdueto problemof Newcastlediseasein chickens.Pigeons,ducksandgoats
mostlyin the towns. Approximately28,000headsof cattlein thiszone(1993livestock
census).Most of the cattlearein the moreopen,sandysoil areasto the north andsouthof the
zone. Numberof cattlequitelow in densecloveareas,Villageswith morethan 1,000headof
cattleare:Konde(2,415),Pandani(1,812),Shumba vyamboni(1,319),Gando(1,157),
Mgogolu(1,155),Kangani(l,1l l), Kengeja(1,087)andKiwani(1,174). Somezerograzing
or supplementaryfegding(ImprovedTraditionalLivestockManagement) for milk production
closeto town. Problemsof ECF, forageavailability(duringrice season),Foot anii mouth
disease,eyediseases,Newcastledisease + Fasciolasis
(chickens).
OFF-FARMINCOME
Many sourcesof oFfarm income.Relativeimportancevarieswith location. 'Msaada'
(remittences
from Unguja,Dar, Gul| is alsocommon,morethanin otherzones. Someout-
migration,especially
of youthslookingfor betterprospects,
to UngujaandDar es Salaam
 Sources Men andwomen:Govemmentemployment, clovepicking.
Mostly men: businesses, charcoalmaking, pole andfirewood
collection,fish mongering,carpentry,oxcarts,hiredlabour(not
much),fishing.
Mostly women: Weaving(mats),embroidery,pottery,pettytrading,
shellfishcollection.
Importanceof Varieswith location In moreremoteareas,agricultureis more
Agriculture important.N"-iV uUhouseholds plantfood crops,includingtown
people.
LABOUR INFORMATION
Womenoftenlessinvolvedin agriculturecomparedwith otherzones.Busiestperiodsare
duringmasikaandvuli rains.
WEALTH CI{ARACTERISTICS
Basedon Wealthrankingin Daya,December1993
Group I Luge plantations(oftenin excessof 100trees), Largebusinessor
regularincome,cashandfood crops,cattle(2 +). Hire labour.
Group2 Own land(50 to 100+11sss1. govt.
Regularincome-business,
employment.Cashandfood crops,cattle(1+). Occassionally
employlabour.
Group3 Own someland(10 +), but maynot be ableto maintainit. Mainly
useborrowedlandfor food production,Irregularincome.Work as
employedlabour. Mostly food cropping,Chickensmainlivestock,
Look aftercattlefor others.
Group4 Little or no privateland.Dependon others,little or no income,not
food self-sufficient.
MALNR ACTIVITIES
* Mamlakanurseries
* Food cropssection.Researchat Matangatuani, Weni andWeshastations.
* CashCropsSection.Research on vanillaat MakuweandDaya.Spicecroptrials. Farmer
ResearchGroup atDaya. PRASat Pandani,Ukutini, Daya.
* Forestnurseryat KondeandChanjaani,assistlocalforestresourcemanagement.
* NCDP. Assistance to privatenurseries-
Pandani,Gando,Ziwarn.
* Fisheries.Saleof equipment.
* Agriculturesub-Comm.Kilimo shop,tractorservices.
* Livestooksub-Comm.AI servicesin eachblock in the northregion.At Mtambileand
Kengejain south, Supportto zero grmrng,veterinaryservices.
* ILO rice project.Developmentof valleys,conversionto irrigation.

PROBLEMSIN AGRICULTURG
*Histgry of dependence on cloves,Expectationon govemmentto solvethe problems,belief
that clovemarketwill return,lawsregulatingremovalof clovetrees. Little diversificationin
cloveareas.Farmersin this zoneslowto pick up on new opportunities.
*Lack of commufityorganisation- dealingwith theft,useof resources.
*Monkeys
*Soil fertility problemsin areascloseto village/townusedfor long term cassava
production,
: erosionon slopes,sanddepositionin valleys,pestsanddiseases in food crops

,,J

.ii
rii
r i

7
forsome
cashcrops-
Jlff*:faterial
*Livestock diseascs.
llooyo$ for somcinterior areas.
and seasonalit5r
of marketfor most crops.shortageof
1iffiffi capitalfor 4gric.ltural
OPPORTLNITIES
*Developmentof
rice valleys: _water
-
#"T*_1f:*f"::::ryg y:l*,- r$i,_cs,
susar
cane,
*Diversi
'l#i::!H.?"'A'i,:il';tiEtdHf,t*#
ncati
onor.cr
oveareas.,$AH:lqrf;',roflt
d'*'il ;;"p'.-o';d;il;;;;;t tifi""#S im #ffiIi
rur,,iti-,toi,v"6oro,ot
y
tr$ffi
will dependon dwelqpmentof cloveareas(as
;ffJl#;t]|Hll' above)andcommrmity
rErosionc-ontrol'
gtpgd on farmens
suitableqystems pembalprdi;;ihnd beingconvincedofbenefits,needresearch
for Yill on
tsmue(especially
$ mostacuteFcs bo''owe'* won,tinorndor'iJn neartowrqwheietheproblem
.;;ffiil
t€"fidd;;# & *peryn t"ill z ervgrazhssupprernentary
#i][n::m:'
*Honey pmduciion.
l9:3ry"P-t"*anisatio^n. communities needto takemoreselfresponsibiliw-
recucuorlmanasem€nr of reso'rces.monkey theft
*rrrigation.usEorwrtotom il;"r, ;r;lii;, ;aru;;."-"-
ril&, f"";hffiilGlifue
production.
Managem""i:mpt
""d useofmanries,
mulches,
cornposr
;3#?f$ffi"r green
rnanure,
Etstems.Increasein usemilaepena or,,nontd;il;;]:"rr speereslvaneues'cropping
#f#?"I"J"tm"L*T**3*-':1:"*:::Sl,i',*species,varieties,cropp,ns
;Ttr*tfil*:ij*i|h;f,3r."*itil"'"*ohorrr'i''i'"portantroodresource.Drying
*Vanilla? Sdll beingiesle4
tui mV harrcsomepotential.

:. t.!