O.C & S.C TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

Aim: To perform the open and short circuit test on a given single phase transformer and obtain the circuit parameters and equivalent circuit diagram for the same.

Apparatus: S.No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Meter
Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Variac

Range
0-150V 0-30V 0-20A 0-2A

Type

Quantit y
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

MI MI MI MI Dynamomete 20A, 150V, UPF r Dynamomete 2.5A, 150V, LPF r 1-, 260V / 15A

Name Plate Details: 1- Transformer Input : Output : KVA Rating : Full load current 230 V 115 V 3 KVA : 13Amps

Circuit Diagram: -

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Theory: -

Open Circuit (or No-Load) Test: In this test, primary rated voltage at rated frequency is applied across the primary (low voltage side) of the transformer with secondary winding (high voltage side) open-circuited. The power input and current are recorded. The current taken by the transformer in this test is designated as no-load current and is the vector sum of the magnetizing component and core-loss component. When the voltmeter reading is equal to the rated voltage of the l.v. winding, all the three instruments readings are recorded. The ammeter records the no-load current or exciting current Ie. Since Ie is quite small (2 to 6% of rated current), the primary leakage impedance drop is almost negligible, and for all practical purposes, the applied voltage V1 is equal to the induced e.m.f.V1. The input power given by the wattmeter reading consists of core loss and ohmic loss. The exciting current being about 2 to 6 per cent of the full load current, the ohmic loss in the primary (=I e2r1 ) varies from 0.04 per cent ((2/100)* (2/100)*100) to 0.36 per cent of the full-load primary ohmic loss. In view of this fact, the ohmic loss during open circuit test is negligible is comparison with the normal core loss (approximately prepositional to the square of the applied voltage). Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to transformer core loss. A negligible amount of dielectric loss may also exist. Error in the instrument readings may be eliminated if required.

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Short-Circuit Test: In this test, the low voltage side of the transformer is shortcircuited and the instruments are placed on the high voltage side. The applied voltage is adjusted by autotransformer, to circulate rated current in the high voltage side. In a transformer, the primary m.m.f is almost equal to the secondary m.m.f., therefore, a rated current in the h.v. winding causes rated current to flow in the l.v.winding. A primary voltage of 2 to 12% of its rated value is sufficient to circulate rated currents in both primary and secondary windings. About half (1 to 6%) of the applied voltage appears across the secondary leakage impedance and therefore, across the exciting branch. The core flux induces the voltage across the exciting branch and since the latter is 1 to 6% of rated voltage, the core flux is also 1 to 6% of its rated value. Hence the core loss, being approximately proportional to the square of the core flux, is 0.01 to 0.36% of its value at rated voltage. The wattmeter, in short circuit test, records the core loss and the ohmic loss in both the windings. Since the core loss has been proved to be almost negligible in comparison with the rated-voltage core loss, the wattmeter can be registering only the ohmic losses in both the windings. At rated voltage, the exciting current is 2 to 6% of full load current. When the voltage across the exciting branch is 1 to 6% of rated voltage, the exciting current may be 0.02 to 0.36% of its full load current and can, therefore, be safely ignored.

Procedure: Open Circuit Test: Lab In Charge EEE HOD,

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Connect the given transformer with suitable meters for the open circuit test as indicated in the circuit diagram. Keep the high voltage side open and meters are connected on the low voltage side of the transformer. Switch on the supply and increase the voltage on the low voltage side of the transformer to the rated values by using 1- variac. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & Wattmeter. Now reduce the voltage given to the transformer to Zero and Switch off the supply. Calculate the values of R0 and X0.

Short Circuit Test:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Connect the given transformer with suitable meters for the short circuit test as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the meters on the high voltage side of the transformer and short-circuited the low voltage side. Switch on the supply and gradually increase the voltage by using 1- variac until rated full load current circulates on the high voltage side of the transformer. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & Wattmeter. Reduce the voltage given to the transformer to zero and switch off the supply. Calculate values of R01 or R02 and X01 or X02. Draw the equivalent circuit diagram of the 1- transformer.

Observation: Open Circuit Test

VOC (volts ) IOC (amp) WOC (Watt)

Short Circuit Test

VSC (volts ) ISC (amp) WSC (Watt)

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Calculations: From Open circuit test data:

Core losses = WOC = VOC x IOC x Cos OC. Cos OC = WOC / (VOC x IOC) = R0 = (VOC) / (IOC x Cos OC) = X0 = (VOC) / (IOC x Sin OC) = Transformation ratio K= (V2)/(V1). R 0 1 = R 0 x K2 = X0 1 = X0 x K2 =

From Short circuit test data:

Copper losses = WSC = ISC 2 x R02. R02 = WSC / ISC 2 = Z02 = VSC / ISC =
X 02 =
2 2 Z 02 R 02 =

R01 = R02 / K

X01 = X02 / K 2 =

Equivalent Circuit Diagram: -

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Result: Open and Short circuit tests are conducted on given transformer and calculated the circuit parameters& Equivalent circuit diagram is drawn for the same.

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