Professional Documents
Culture Documents
At least 45 hours flight time as a pilot of airplanes a. At least 25 hours dual instruction b. At least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time 2. Theoretical knowledge examinations in seven (7) subjects: a. Air Law and Operational Procedures b. Aircraft General Knowledge and Principal of Flight c. Flight Performance and Limitations d. Human Performance and Limitations e. Meteorology f. Navigation g. Communication 3. Practice progress test in each subject prior to taking each JAA PPL theoretical knowledge examination 4. Skill test at Megas Alexandros airport
FLIGHT EXERCISES
FLIGHT
Ex1 Ex1E Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 Ex5 Ex5E Ex6 Ex7 Ex8 Ex9 Ex10A Ex10B Ex11 Ex12 Ex13 Ex12/13E Ex14 Ex15 Ex16 Ex17 Ex18A Ex18B Ex18C Ex19 Ex20
DESCRIPTION
Familiarization with the airplane Emergency drills Preparation for and action after flight Air experience Effects of controls Taxiing Emergencies Straight and level flight Climbing Descending Turning Slow flight Stalling Spin avoidance Take off and climb to downwind position Circuit, approach and landing Emergencies First solo Advanced turning Forced landing without power Precautionary landing Navigation Navigation problems at low levels and reduced visibility Radio navigation Basic instrument flight Night qualification
A/C:
As soon as the flight plan is filed the ATSU will either approve or reject your flight plan according to the information you passed, traffic etc. ATSU: SX- KIS flight plan is approved (sometimes you might hear them saying all received) report when ready for taxi. A/C: Report when ready to taxi SX- KIS
Considering after engine started checklist is completed and you are ready to taxi, you request for the taxi clearance. A/C: SX- KIS request taxi. ATSU: SX- KIS taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R. A/C: Taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R SX- KIS. We have reached the holding point and completed the before takeoff checklist. We are now ready to request the take off clearance. A/C: SX- KIS ready for Departure. ATSU:SX- KIS wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for take off. A/C: Runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff SX- KIS. Notice that we do not include wind information in our read back. In many occasions takeoff clearances might include some instruction to follow after departure. i.e. : ATSU: SX- KIS wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff after departure climb 1000ft straight ahead, turn left proceed to north training area 3000ft. Remember you are the PIC! If an instruction is applicable and suitable for you and your flight characteristics you accept it. If not reject it. It is good airmanship to make this decision before takeoff. After takeoff your workload will degrade your decision making affecting your safety and possibly creating confusions between you the ATSU and the traffic near you. If in any case you are subjected to a situation like this remember: First Fly The Aircraft! After airborne you will get information about your take off time and next reporting point. ATSU: SX- KIS airborne at ____ report entering north training area. A/C: Report entering north training area SX- KIS. When entering your report has to include the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. Registration Message (entering north training area) Operating altitudes Time remaining in the area
SX- KIS entering north training area request to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft for 20 minutes. ATSU:Cleared to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft report when leaving north training area. A/C: Report when leaving north training area SX- KIS. A/C:
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Flap
Flap
ALT ALTIMETER
DI DIRECTION INDICATOR
IMPORTANT
If it is necessary to move the aircraft on the ground without power, the tow bar is to be used. Moving the aircraft by pressing down on the tail plane is strictly forbidden.
A.R.R.O.W.
A R R O W Airworthiness Radio License Registration Operation Manual Weight and Balance
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PASSENGER BRIEF
The passenger brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) after all occupants have boarded the aircraft and prior to starting the engine. The brief is provided so that the passengers are aware of what they should not touch during flight, how to secure and unfasten their seat belts, how to operate the door including the emergency door release, where the fire extinguisher is located and the first aid kit together with life jackets for across water flights. Finally the brief should include what actions the passengers should take in the unlikely event of a forced landing. An example of a passenger brief is shown below: As you can see this is a dual controlled aircraft, can I please ask you not to place your feet on the rudder pedals nor touch the control column, also please do not touch any of the buttons or switches and if you do please let me know what you have touched. The seat belt is secured like this (showing passenger) and unfastened by rotating the belt lock. The main door is opened by pulling the two red levers on the left and right of the canopy, lifting up the red hook and push the canopy upwards to open. There is also an emergency unlock mechanism for the door by pulling to the back stop one of the two red levers and lifting up the red hook. The fire extinguisher and the medical kit of the aircraft are placed behind the seats, in the baggage compartment. In the unlikely event of an emergency, having to land in a field, I will say BRACE, BRACE, BRACE at which time I want you to adopt the following position(showing passenger) and remain in this position until the aircraft comes to a stop. We will then exit the aircraft and move away from the aircraft.
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Primary Effect
Nose pitches up Nose pitches down
Further Effect
Speed reduces Speed increases
2. EFFECT OF AIRSPEED (At a constant power setting) a. High speed: Controls firm and effective (sensitive) b. Low speed:
Controls sloppy and not so effective (less sensitive)
3. EFFECT OF SLIPSTREAM (At a constant IAS) a. High power: Rudder / Elevator effective (sensitive) Roll unaffected b. Low power: Rudder / Elevator less effective (less sensitive) Roll unaffected
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2. TRIM
Trim is used to relieve forces on the stick when using the elevator.
Flaps are used to provide lift at slower speeds. Example: landing the aircraft
Aircraft pitches up Lower IAS Trim changes Aircraft pitches down Higher IAS Trim changes
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NOTES
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EXERCISE 5 : TAXIING
AIM: To learn how to maneuver the aircraft on the ground safely under its own power. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Liaison ATC Speed Engine and brake handling Rules for taxi Airfield procedures Marshalling signals. GROUND EXERCISE 1. PRE-TAXI CHECKS
a. Brakes on b. Friction nut slackened c. Trim neutral d. Note W/V e. ATC Clearance/Routing f. F.I. to check students feet position
2. INITIAL TAXIING
a. b. c. d. Lookout Route to be followed, and clear Close throttle - Brakes off Increase power sufficiently to move a/c e. Close throttle for brake check f. Resume taxiing g. Check rudder travel h. Controls according to wind direction
3. CONTROL OF SPEED
a. Lookout b. Speed control primarily with throttle and brakes (surface-slope) c. Fast walking speed or as appropriate d. Instruments checks (compass, D.I., T.C., A.H.) e. Smooth and gentle throttle movements f. Never brake against power
5. STOPPING
a. Anticipate inertia b. Close throttle c. Rudder pedals central, nose wheel align d. Toe brakes, as applicable e. When stopped, parking brake f. For parking or power check turn into wind
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F.R.E.D.A.
F R E D A
Fuel systems check Radio correctly set Engine and systems normal operation Direction indicator aligned correctly and position checked on the map Altitude and altimeter subscale checked (QNH-QFE)
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b. Constant Direction
Select wings level Prevent yaw (rudder) Check external reference point Check A.I. & D.I. To regain heading use co-ordinated aileron and rudder
c. Balance
Maintain ball in the center Ball to right Right rudder Ball to left Left rudder
2. POWER: 2000 RPM MP 24 (95 KIAS ) a. If low power: aircraft descends or speed low adjust pitch up b. If high power: aircraft climbs or speed is too high - adjust pitch down
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NOTES
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L.E.F.T.
(During climbing every 1000 feet)
L E F T
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Lookout Select reference point RPM max Power full Prevent yaw Check balance Attitude select Climb at 75 KIAS Hold reference point Trim Check IAS Adjust attitude if necessary Re-trim if necessary
NOTE: ROC decreases Trim for S&L with altitude Re-check power and airspeed Re-trim if necessary Stall speed Full flap
Stall speed ROC: RATE OF CLIMB Vs1 clean ROD: RATE OF DESCENT Vx: BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB
VFE
SAMPLE A.S.I.
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NOTES
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EFFECT
Note reduced rate of climb plus lower nose attitude and trim change Climb rate largely restored Attitude and trim change
EFFECT
Attitude and trim change Rate of climb increases plus higher nose attitude as flap is retracted
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NOTES
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LEVEL OFF
Anticipate 100before Power 24 RPM 2000 Prevent yaw Flaps UP Carburator heat OFF
Lookout Select reference point RPM max Power idle Prevent yaw Flaps T/O Carburator heat ON Check balance Attitude Hold attitude for airspeed to decrease, then select lower nose to descent at 70 KIAS Trim Check IAS Adjust attitude if necessary Re-trim if necessary
Maintain balance with rudder Warm engine and weave every 1000 ft for lookout purposes NOTE: Controls, especially the tail surfaces, are less effective
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NOTES
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NOTES
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b. In the slip
Maintain selected bank Use sufficient opposite rudder to maintain direction Hold attitude for correct speed
c. Recovery to glide
Anticipate safe recovery not below 200 ft AGL Level wing simultaneously centralising rudder Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed
b. In the turn
Maintain selected bank with sufficient opposite rudder Hold attitude for correct speed
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NOTES
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EXERCISE 9 : TURNING
AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft using bank up to 30 level, climbing and descending and to roll out on specific headings. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Orientation Synchronization of D.I. and compass in the air. AIR EXERCISE 1. LEVEL TURN MEDIUM BANK ENTRY
Lookout all around and
IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain constant bank constant height in balance NOTE: Slight loss of Airspeed
ROLLING OUT
Lookout Anticipate required heading Roll wings level Rudder to balance Relax back pressure Centralize controls NOTE: IAS restored
above Roll on bank up to 30 on A.H. Rudder to balance Back pressure on stick to maintain height
2. CLIMBING TURNS
Straight climb Roll on bank up to Rate one/15 Maintain speed with elevator NOTE: Rate of climb reduced
2. DESCENDING TURNS
Straight descent Roll on bank up to 30 Maintain speed with elevator NOTE: Rate of descent increased
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H.A.S.E.L.L.
H A S E L L Height Sufficient to recover from 3000 feet AGL Airframe Flaps and landing gear as required, brakes off, trim Security Hatches and harnesses secure, loose articles stowed Engine RPM max, Normal operation, fuel OK Location satisfactory Away from towns, aircraft, controlled airspace Lookout Inspection turns
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2. CLIMBING
Lookout Increase power ~ 23 Adjust attitude to maintain 50 KIAS Rate of climb 300/min Maintain heading and balance Stabilize power when R.O.C. achieved Trim
3. DESCENDING
Lookout Reduce power idle Lower the nose to maintain 50 KIAS Rate of descent 500/min Maintain heading and balance Stabilize power when R.O.D. achieved Trim
4. TURNING FLIGHT
Lookout From slow straight and level flight at 50 KIAS enter rate one turn Increase power as required Maintain altitude and airspeed Trim
5. TOLERANCE
Height: 150 feet Heading: 10 Speed: -0/ +5 Knots
NOTES
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c. Stall symptoms
Heavy buffet sink rate - nose drops wing drops (possible)
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NOTES
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NOTES
No spinning allowed for PPL level Just entry recovery demonstration
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2. RECOVERY
Delay until wing drops between 45 and 60 Power idle Stick neutral Full opposite rudder until rotation stop Rudder neutral Level the wings Smoothly pitch up Ease out of dive Above horizon Apply power max Recover to climb Reduce speed to 75 KIAS Regain starting altitude
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1000'
DESCENT
BASE LEG
1.5 NM
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VR=50 KTS INITIAL CLIMBING V = 75 KTS
CLIMB UPWIND LEG AT 400' POWER FULL RPM MAX FLAPS UP SPEED 75 KTS LDG LIGHT OFF 500'
FINAL
DESCENT
2. TAKE-OFF
Line up Use center of runway Reference point Check magnetic compass D.I. runway heading Check W/V Apply full power smoothly Control direction with rudder Ailerons according to wind direction Ease stick back Lift off at 50 KIAS Select climbing attitude Check drift
3. CLIMB
Wings level - Climb at 75 KIAS At 400 feet A.G.L.: Flap up Trim Landing lights OFF Check engine instruments At 500 feet A.G.L.: Lookout Rate one turn onto crosswind leg Allowance for drift Trim - Level off 1000 feet A.G.L Reduce power 24 Trim Position to turn downwind
4. DOWNWIND
Lookout - Maintain 1000 feet AGL Parallel track with the runway Allowance for drift C.A.S.H.I.F. checks Abeam threshold: Reduce power 17 Flap T/O Trim
5. BASE LEG
When threshold falls behind wingtip 45 - Turn to base leg max 30 bank Descent at 65 KIAS R.O.D. 500/min Trim Allowance for drift
7. GO-AROUND
Decision height min 200 feet A.G.L. Power full RPM max Prevent yaw Carb. heat OFF Flap T/O Climbing attitude R/T call Speed rises above 60 KIAS Positive rate of climb At 400 feet flap up Climb away Trim Resume normal climb out Continue in circuit
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C.A.S.H.I.F. ( On downwind )
C A S H I F Clearance R/T call Airframe RPM max, flaps and landing gear as required, trim, landing light on Security Hatches and harnesses secure Height 1000 feet AGL Instruments Check within limits (green indications) Fuel Sufficient Emergency fuel pump ON
C.A.S.H. ( On final )
C A S H Clearance R/T call Airframe Flaps and landing gear as required, trim No brakes Speed 60 KIAS Height 500 feet AGL
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2. TAKE OFF
Progressively centralize stick as speed increases to maintain lateral level Keep straight with rudder Lift off speed 50 KIAS Immediate allowance for drift
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NOTES
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2. BASE LEG
Level turn up to 30 bank onto base leg Descent using less power than normal No flap Airspeed 70 KIAS Trim
3. FINAL APPROACH
Aim to be lined up with runway by 500 feet Airspeed 65 KIAS Trim Flatter approach path Higher nose attitude Cross the hedge at 60 KIAS
4. LANDING
A shallower round out will be required Higher touchdown speed Longer landing distance
NOTE: This approach is used in high crosswind conditions but must have sufficient
runway
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NOTES
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2. BASE LEG
Power idle Glide 70 KIAS Trim Flap T/O Allowance for drift Look at selected aiming point and assess: If very high Lower flap LDG If high - Turn away 10 approx If low - Turn towards runway 10 approx
3. FINAL APPROACH
Maintain 60 KIAS Lower flap LDG as required reaching intended landing point
4. LANDING
Initiate round out in good time due to high rate of descent and large attitude change
NOTE: This exercise forms the basis for forced landing procedure
If undershooting on this exercise do not Stretch The Glide
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NOTES
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b. Landing
Initial approach as for standard circuit - Select flap LDG on final Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS Power as required Position aiming point as close to the threshold as practicable Maintain power until the round out Power idle just before main wheels contact the ground Lower the nose and apply brakes gently Retract flap
b. Landing
Initial approach as for standard circuit Select flap LDG on final Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS Power as required During the landing roll hold nose up as long as possible
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Pontolivado
Keramoti
Aircraft taking off, going around or making touch and go landings are to remain at below 500 ft QNH until the upwind end of the runway in use has been passed
Join crosswind overhead the upwind end of the runway at circuit height 1000 ft
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NOTES
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IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain 45 bank with aileron Maintain constant height with elevators Maintain constant speed with power Balance with rudder
ROLL OUT
Lookout Anticipate heading Roll wings level Reduce stick back pressure Balance with rudder Reduce power Check for S&L flight
NOTE: For small variation of ROC / ROD vary your bank by max. 10
Gain height: Reduce bank Loosing height: Increase bank
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NOTES
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IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain 45 bank with aileron Maintain constant speed with elevators Balance with rudder
ROLL OUT
Lookout Anticipate heading Roll wings level Reduce stick back pressure Balance with rudder Maintain descending attitude
NOTE: Repeat exercise: RPM max Power idle Flaps T/O 70 KIAS (Glide) 45
bank
IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain 45 bank with aileron Maintain constant speed with elevators Balance with rudder
ROLL OUT
Lookout Anticipate heading Roll wings level Increase stick back pressure Balance with rudder Maintain climbing attitude
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NOTES
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RECOVERY
Ease (gently) forward on stick RPM max Full power Wings level Return to straight and level flight
RECOVERY
Power idle Wings level Ease (gently) out of the dive Return to straight and level flight
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2. SELECTING A FIELD
Size adequate Surface wind firm Free of obstructions Landing run available Approach and overshoot areas clear Close to civilisation
5. RESTART CHECKS
Maintain airspeed 70 KIAS Fuel quantity - CHECK Fuel valve Open Electric fuel pump - ON RPM max Power lever IDLE Choke (if the engine is cold) - ON If the prop is windmilling - Ignition BOTH If the prop has stopped Engine starter ON
6. CRASH CHECKS
Airspeed 70 KIAS Seat belt Tighten Electrical equipment OFF Fuel valve CLOSED Ignition switch OFF Battery OFF
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MAYDAY CALL
MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY STATION AIRCRAFT IDENT AIRCRAFT TYPE NATURE OF EMERGENCY INTENTIONS POSITION HEIGHT HEADING QUALIFICATIONS POB
MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER SX-KIS DV-20 ENGINE FAILURE FORCED LANDING KALAMBAKI PASSING 3000 FEET 180 PPL 2 POB
PAN CALL
PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN STATION AIRCRAFT IDENT AIRCRAFT TYPE NATURE OF EMERGENCY INTENTIONS POSITION HEIGHT HEADING QUALIFICATIONS POB PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER SX-KIS DV-20 HIGH OIL PRESSURE POWER FORCED LANDING KALAMBAKI PASSING 3000 FEET 180 PPL 2 POB
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2. INSPECTION PROCEDURE
First circuit 500 feet AGL: Over fly landing area in the landing direction examining for any obstructions Second circuit 300 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 300 feet AGL examining again for any obstructions and drift Third circuit 50 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 50 feet AGL examining again for any obstructions, drift and the suitability of the surface for landing
4. AFTER LANDING
Release seat belts when aircraft comes to rest Normal shut down - Do not taxi the aircraft until ground inspected Move aircraft as necessary for shelter Tie down Protect from damage by people and livestock Inform Base Police - Landowner Do not take off again
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NOTES
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2. ROUTE PROCEDURE
Set course at selected point of departure Log departure time Calculate ETA Fly accurate heading Check D.I. synchronization Instrument checks Fuel handling Log keeping Map reading Map orientation Distance estimation Identification of turning point Turning over turning point Check D.I. synchronization when steady on new heading
4. REVISION OF HEADING
Note position and time on log Estimate track error (TE) Regain track by doubling TE Turn toward track Adjust heading by TE when track regained Check time Revise ETA
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NOTES
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VOR
AIP: Availability - Frequencies After start and in the air: Select Identify Check display Orientation TO FROM indications Intercepting and maintaining Radials VOR passage Obtaining a fix
VDF
AIP: Availability frequencies R/T procedures Orientation Obtaining QDM - QDR
DME
AIP: Availability Frequencies After start and in the air: Select Identify Check display Orientation Method of obtaining: time to beacon and ground speed Station passage Obtaining fix if other aids available
SSR
Warm up in the Standby position during the taxi Select a four figure number Set Function Button ALT position just prior to take-off Press Ident button only if it is requested from the radar controller to Squawk Ident
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NOTES
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MAINTAINING
For small errors in altitude use pitch change For larger errors re-adjust power For small errors in heading use small bank angles
NOTE: Repeat exercise in straight and level flight for fast cruise, slow cruise, with flap
Scan will be as above but power indicator will be involved
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NOTES
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MAINTAINING
Full radial scan: AH-ALTAH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSIAH-ASI-AH-Engine instruments
LEVEL OFF
Anticipate by 10% of R.O.C Set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Selective radial scan: AH-ALT-AH RPM 2000 Reduce power 24 Trim Full radial scan
2. DESCENDING ACHIEVING
RPM 2000 Power 17' Prevent yaw Select attitude for descent on AH Airspeed 95 KIAS R.O.D. 500/min Selective radial scan: AH-ASI-AH-VSI-AH Trim
MAINTAINING
Full radial scan: AH-ALTAH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSIAH-ASI-AH-Engine instruments
LEVEL OFF
Anticipate by 10% of R.O.D Increase power 24' Set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Selective radial scan: AHALT-AH Trim Full radial scan
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NOTES
COMPASS ERRORS 1. ACCELERATION ERROR
Accelerate heading north decelerate heading south Demonstration: Fly on compass heading 270 and push the nose down to accelerate Compass is reading closer to north ~ 290 Raise the nose to decelerate, compass is reading closer to south ~ 250 NOTE: No error on 360 and 180 compass heading
2. TURNING ERROR
Zero on 90 and 270 compass heading max on 360 and 180 compass heading 360 330 030 Roll out early Roll out before Undershoot North 060
300
270
090
240 Roll out late Roll out after Overshoot South 210 180
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120
150
ROLL OUT
Anticipate recovery by the bank angle Roll wings level Reduce stick back pressure Balance with rudder Check for S&L flight Full radial scan
ROLL OUT
Anticipate recovery by the bank angle Roll wings level Balance with rudder Maintain climbing attitude Full radial scan
ROLL OUT
Anticipate recovery by the bank angle Roll wings level Balance with rudder Maintain descending attitude Full radial scan
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NOTES
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RECOVERY
Ease (gently) forward on stick to set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH RPM max Full power As speed increases, wings level Return to straight and level flight
RECOVERY
Power idle Wings level Ease (gently) out of the dive - set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Return to straight and level flight
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NOTES
DV-20 is approved for flights by day in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC Day)
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Instrument flight
Use of basic instrument scan to support the external visual references Selective and full radial scan through the standard instrument panel
Lighting
Aircraft lights legal requirements Aerodrome lights and signals Obstacles illumination
Preflight Procedures
Walkaround: Lights check and aircraft inspection using a hand torch Internal checks: Cockpit equipments Start-up clearance
Taxy
Taxyway lights, direction & speed check during taxy
Night Circuits
Technique to fly the circuits and different references to use during the approach to land
Navigation
Planning according the reduced visual references and different available ground features
Emergencies
Radio failure - Electrical failure Lighting failure Engine failure
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