NASA CONTRACTOR REPORT

NASA CR-178818

A COMPUTER CODE FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS USING NONORTHOGONAL BODY-FITTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS

By Y. S. Universities

Chen Space Research Association Engineering Sciences Directorate Division

Science and Atmospheric Systems

Dynamics

Laboratory

Final

Report

March

1986 [NASA-CR-178818) THREE-DIMENSICNAL NONOR_HOGONAL Final Report Association) A C_POTEE CODE FOR INCCMPRESSIEL FLOWS OSING BCD-FI_ED COC_DINATE SYZI_MS [Uni.ersities 5_ac 86 _ HC A05/M_ A01 Research CSCL 20D G3/34

N86-26544

Unclas 42915

Prepared

for Space Flight Center Flight Center, Alabama 35812

NASA-Marshall Marshall Space

TECHNICAL I. REPORT NO. 12. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO.

REPORT 3, RECIPIENT'S

STANDARD CATALOG

TITLE NO.

PAGE

NASA
4. TITLE

CR-178818
AND SUBTITLE

1
5, REPORT DATE

A Computer Flows Using

7. AUTHOR(S)

Code for Three-Dimensional Nonorthogonal Body-Fitted

Incompressible Coordinate Systems

March 1986 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPOR r #

*Y.
9.

S. Chen
ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10, WORK UNIT. NO.

PERFORMING

George Marshall
2. SPONSORING

C. Marshall Space Flight Center Space Flight Center, Alabama

AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS

35812

1. CONTRACT ORGRANT NO. NAS8-35918

13. TYPE OF REPORS & PERIOD COVERED

Final Contractor Administration

Report

National Aeronautics and Washington, D.C. 20546

Space

,._. SPONSORINC AGENCYCODE Space Division, Research Systems Association Dynamics Laboratory, Science

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES *Universities Prepared by Atmospheric and Engineering" Directorate.

6. ABSTRACT

Sciences

In this report, a numerical method for solving the equations of motion of threedimensional incompressible flows in nonorthogonal body- fitted coordinate (BFC) systems has been developed. The equations of motion are transformed to a generalized curvilinear coordinate system from which the transformed equations are discretized using finite difference approximations in the transformed domain. The hybrid scheme is used to approximate the convection terms in the governing equations. Solutions of the finite difference equations are obtained iteratively by using a pressure-velocity correction algorithm (SIMPLE-C). Numerical examples of twoand three-dimensional, laminar and turbulent flow problems are employed to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the present computer code. The user's guide and computer program listing of the present code are also included.

7.

KE'/

WORDS

18.

DISTRIBUTION

STATEMENT

N avieI

- Stoke

s Solver Coordinate

Incompressible C urvilinear Computer

Unclassified-Unlimited

Code

19.

SECURITY

CLASSIF.

(o thl=

report_,

SECURITY

CLASSIF.

(of

rid=

I_ie)

Unclassified
MSFC - Form 3292 (May 1969)

Unclassified
For sale by National Technical Information

NO.

OF

87PAGES

]22.

NTIS PRICE
Virginia 22151

Service,

Springfield,

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page INTRODUCTION TRANSFORMATION DISCRETIZATION SOLUTION NUMERICAL A. B. C. D. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX A. B. C. ............................................................. OF OF THE THE EQUATIONS EQUATIONS OF OF MOTION MOTION ........................ .......................... 1 2 5 7 12 12 15 18 18 23 24 AND USER'S GUIDE ......... 27 31 41

PROCEDURES EXAMPLES

.................................................... ......................................................

2-D Laminar Driven Square-Cavity Flows ......................... 2-D Laminar Flows Over a Backward-Facing Step ................. 2-D Turbulent Flows Over a Backward-Facing Step ............... Developing Laminar Flow Inside a 90-Deg-Bend Square Duct .............................................................. ................................................................ COMPUTER LIST OF CODE FORTRAN LISTING STRUCTURES SYMBOLS

......

................................

PROGRAM

..........................................

III

,oo

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure I. Three-dimensional grid structure node P .............................................................

1

Title and labeling around a grid

Page

6 stored ............................ is evaluated ........................ 8

Locations

where

the

variables the

are

3.

Control volumes for solving the

,

where pressure

mass conservation correction equation

11

Physical geometry and wall boundary conditions for laminar flows inside a wall-driven square cavity ............................ Mesh Velocity Comparisons the square
1

12 13 14

systems vector

used plots

for

driven

cavity

problem

.......................

6. 7.

............................................... mid-section of

of velocity profiles along the cavity .................................................. history for the driven cavity

14 problem, laminar Re = 400 ....... flows 16 15

Convergence

9.

Physical geometry and over a backward-facing Reattachment flows over Streamline

boundary conditions of step ........................................ Reynolds step flow

i0.

length versus a backward-facing plots for laminar

number for laminar ................................. a backward-facing turbulent step flows .......

17 17

over

Physical geometry and over a backward-facing 13. Locus of turbulent

boundary conditions of step ........................................

18

flow reversal inside the recirculation flow over a backward-facing step

region for .........................

19

14.

Stream line pattern of step with 2:3 expansion

turbulent flow over a backward-facing ratio ....................................... energy of turbulent 2:3 expansion ratio flow over .................... duct

19

15.

Contours of turbulent kinetic a backward-facing step with Geometry developing Primary square Secondary Primary and mesh laminar

19

16.

system of a flow problem

90-deg-bend square .................................... flow inside

20

17.

velocity patterns of laminar duct ........................................................ velocity velocity patterns profiles for of a laminar 3-D

a 90-deg-bend 21

flow

inside

a square

90-deg-bend duct ........

...

22 23

90-deg-bend

iv

NOMENCLATURE

Symbol A A link link link link link link coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient heat of of for for for for constant model model model coefficient energy of the kinetic conductivity in the term added term term term term of of of the the the u-equation v-equation w-equation per fluid for per metric finite the the the the time at difference node at

Definition equation center of a control volume

the

Au Av Aw Ao Cv C 1 C2 C
B

u-equation v-equation w-equation marching constant = 1.44 = 1.92 = 0.09 the pressure (jour/kg) correction equation scheme volume

specific turbulence turbulence turbulence diffusion internal Jacobian turbulence thermal pressure

constant, constant, constant, for unit

D
e

mass

J k k' P P r

transformation (m2/S the fluid 2) kinetic (jour/m 3) energy 2)

energy of

(N/m the

production energy source source source source temperature time velocity (sec) in

turbulent volume

Q
S Su Sv Sw T t
U

unit

(K)

direction

velocity velocity X-coordinate Y-coordinate Z-coordinate

in in

y direction z direction (m) (m) (m)

X Y Z

Greek I"

diffusion turbulent difference vsriable solution turbulence turbulence curvilinear curvilinear molecular

coefficient kinetic operator of at general the model model transport time equation level = 1.0 = 1.3 energy dissipation rate (m2/s 3)

A _o k
g E

previous constant, constant,

coordinate coordinate viscosity eddy viscosity (kg/m over 3) all values around a grid node P (N-S/m viscosity 2) (N-S/m 2)

;t ;eff
P Z

turbulent effective density summation curvilinear

(N - S/m 2)

i
n

coordinate

Subscript i ref max index reference maximum of all possible values

value quantity

vi

Superscript
0

previous current

time solution

level

solution

correction

quantity

vii

CONTRACTOR REPORT A COMPUTER CODE FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS USING NONORTHOGONALBODY-FITTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION With the currently increasing computer capability and various flow solvers developed, numerical simulations of three-dimensional incompressible flow problems using Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes equations are now becoming more feasible in many engineering design and analysis applications. In many real world flow problems, the boundary geometries are complex such that it is more accurate to describe the geometries using body-fitted coordinate (BFC) systems. Especially for internal flow problems with complex geometries such as those of the hot gas manifold (HGM) of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), the use of nonorthogonal BFC systems for numerical solutions can be beneficial in many aspects. It is not only the boundary geometries that can be represented more closely using BFC systems, but also grid-refined solutions can be obtained without increasing an excessive amount in computer memory. In addition, once a particular flow problem has been set up, the redesign or optimization process of the boundary shapes can be performed very easily using BFC systems. Several numerical methods [ 1,2, 3,4,5,6] has been developed for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in 3-D BFC systems. The main difference between these methods lies in the way of finding a pressure field such that the flowfield can be as close to divergence-free as possible (i.e. to satisfy the mass conservation equation). This is the main feature and difficulty of solving the incompressible flow problems. Numerical methods of References 1, 2 and 3, for instance, have employed the pseudocompressibility approach and time-iterative scheme to generate the pressure field so that the continuity equation is satisfied when a steady state solution is reached. In these methods, artificial smoothing techniques must be used to obtain a strong coupling between the velocity and pressure fields. Methods of References 4, 5 and 6, on the other hand, have utilized a successive pressurevelocity correction scheme by using a Poisson's equation for pressure correction derived approximately form the continuity and momentum equations. For these latter methods, grid staggering between the v_locity vectors and the pressure nodes must be used to ensure stability of the numerical solutions. There are several possible methods of grid staggering associated with different features in solving the pressure correction equation. These grid staggering methods were discussed in Reference 6, from which one of the methods was shown to be the most promising arrangement (i.e. with the velocity vectors located at the faces of a volume which contains the pressure and other scalars at its center). But, this method has one drawback, that the velocity components are solved using different control volumes. It is for this reason that a grid staggering system similar to the one used by Vanka et al. [4] is developed in the present study. The present method of grid staggering and pressure correction equation that was described by Vanka [4[ and Maliska [6]. Also, using the present method, the same control volume is used for the velocity components and scalar quantities.

In the following sections, basic elements for establishing the present computer code for solving the curvilinear Navier-Stokes equations in three-dimensional space (CNS3D) will be described. These are followed by a series of standard numerical examples used to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the present numerical method. The numerical exampres include laminar flow driven-cavity problem, cases of laminar and turbulent flows over backward-facing steps, and 3-D laminar flows inside a 90-deg-bend square duct. Applications of the present code to the internal flow problems of SSME will be included in future publications. A user's guide Appendix B contains the computer program to the present CNS3D code is provided in Appendix a list and definitions of all the major fortran symbols which is listed in Appendix C. A. used

in

TRANSFORMATION

OF

THE

EQUATIONS

OF

MOTION

For equations

incompressible can be written

Newtonian as:

fluid,

the

continuity,

momentum

and

energy

Ut

+ Ex

+ Fy

+ G z

= S

(1)

where

(x,y,z)

represent

the

Cartesian

coordinates,

and

ep pu U=_ pv pw pe-Q
E

"pu

p uu puv puw pue

_/u x ]_v x

- ]J w - k'T

pw pwuG

pvupv

_Uy

pu
_W

pWV-

=_Rvu Ovw PVe

_Vy
p WW ]J W z

p.Wy pwe k' Ty - k' T

Z

(PUx)x (UUy)
S

+ (PVx)y x + (_Vy)y + (;Vz)y

+ (PWx)z

- Px Py z + Uy) 2 + (w y )2 + (u + Wx )2

+ (u Wy) z +(_ Wz)z -P

(_Uz)x u[2(Ux

2 + Vy 2 + w z 2) + (Vx

VZ

_ 2 3 (u x

+ vy

+ Wz )2]

e = the

internal added

energy per

per unit

unit volume

mass

= CvT

for

perfect

gas

Q = energy k' = thermal

conductivity

of the

fluid

_),

Equation (1) is transformed which results in equation (2).

to

a general

curvilinear

coordinate

system

(_,

n,

U t + E_

_x

+ En

nx

+ E_

_x + F_

_y

+ Fn

ny

+ F_

_y (2)

+ G_ where

_z + GT] _z

+ G_

_z = S

_x

= J(Yn

- y_

z n)

_y

= -J(x

n z

- x

z n)

_z

= J(x

- x

yn)

nx

= -J(y_

- y_

z_)

my = J(x_

- x

z_)

n z = -J(x_

y_

- x

y_)

_x = J(Y_ Zn 5y =-J(x_ zn

Yn z_) Xn z_)

_z = J(x_ Yn - Xn Y_) J = i/[x_(yq z - y5 Zrl) Xn(Y _ z - y_ z_) + x (y_ zn - Yn z)]

The transformation coefficients, _x' _y' _z' nx' ny, nz, _x' _y' and _z' are computed numerically using second order central differencing. In the transformed domain, the grid sizes (i.e., A_, An, and A_) are set to be unity. This simplifies the calculation of the transformation coefficients. For turbulent flow computations, the present code has employed the standard k- turbulence model [7] to provide the turbulent eddy viscosity ut" The standard k- turbulence model (which consists of a turbulent kinetic energy equation, kequation, and a turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation, E-equation) is given as :

(Pk)t

puik

_ok eff k x i )

x i = P(Pr

_)

(3)

(PE)t

Puik

Po eff

x i)

x.
1

= P k

(CIPr

- C

(4)

where

the

effective

viscosity

Ueff

is calculated

from:

Peff

= p + ut

= _

+ p C

t.l

k2/E

and

the

turbulent

kinetic

energy

production

term,

Pr'

is

defined

as:

Pr

= Cu

k2 --_ [(Uy

2 + v x) + (v z + Wy.)

2 + (w x + u z)

2 + 2(u x

2 Y

+ w 2)]
Z

The

turbulence

model constants

are:

C C

= 0.09 = 1.44

, '

ok = 1.0 C 2 = 1.92

= 1.3

Also,

the molecular

viscosity u in equation flow cases.

(i) is replaced

by

the effective viscosity

U eff for turbulent

In order to save the computational efforts, the widely used wall function approach [8] is employed to provide the near wall boundary conditions for the momentum and energy equations and the k-_ turbulence model. This approach avoids the requirement of integrating the governing equations up to the wall which requires a large number of additional grid points near the wall. Equations (2), (3), and (4) form a closed set of nonlinear partial differential equations governing the fluid motion. This set of equations are to be solved by means of finite difference approximations which are performed in the transformed domain. For treating the convection terms, the hybrid scheme [9] is employed for simplicity (although other more elaborate schemes such as central differencing plus artificial dissipation scheme, QUICK scheme, or skew upwind differencing scheme, etc. can be implemented [10]). These are described in the following sections.

DISCRETIZATION

OF

THE

EQUATIONS

OF

MOTION

In this section, finite difference approximations are used to discretize the governing equations, equations (2), (3), and (4). Second-order central differencing is used for the diffusion terms and the source terms. The hybrid differencing scheme [9] is employed to approximate the convection terms in the governing equations. The finite difference discretizations are performed in the transformed domain. The solution procedure for the discretized equations using a velocity-pressure correction algorithm (SIMPLE-C) of References II and 12 will be described in the next section. The governing equations of motion can transport equation in which denotes all the is the diffusion coefficient.. be represented by dependent variables the following respectively model and

(P)t

+ [pu + [pu

I'(_ r(_

_x _x

+ Cn nx + Cn nx

+ _r + _

_x)]_ _x)]n

_x nx

+ [pu,

r(g

gx _y

+ Cn

nx

+ _

_x)]

Cx _y

+ [pvqb - F(_ + [pvq_ + [pvq_

+ q_n ny + #_ _ _y) ]

- F(_ F(qb

_y + Cn _Y + _n _z + Cn

ny + _ ny

_Y)]n qy)]_ _z )]

ny _y _z

+ _

+ [pw

r(_

n z + _

+ [pw

- r(

Cz + Cn

n z + _ _z)] n nz

+ [pw

r(_

_z + Cn

n z + _ _z)]

_z = S

(5) 5

Discretization of equation (5) is performed using finite difference approximations in the transformed domain. The second order central differencing is used for approximating the diffusion terms. For the convection terms, the hybrid differencing scheme [9] is employed (i.e., using central differencing for cell Peclet number less than or equal to 2 and switching to upwind differencing when the cell Peclet number is greater than 2). The finite difference equation is arranged by collecting terms according to the grid nodes around a control volume as shown in Figure i. The final expression is given by equation (6) in which A represents the link coefficients between grid nodes P, E, W, N, S, T, B, NE, NW, NT, NB, SE, SW, ST, SB, ET, EB, WT, and WB as shown in Figure i.

Ap

_p = A E

_E + AW

CW

+ AN

_N

+ AS

S + AT

CT

+ AB

CB

+ Sl

(6)

where

S I = S + Ap + ASE

_pO

+ AN E NE _SW

+ ANW + AST

_NW + ANT ST + ASB

_NT SB

+ ANB

_NB

q_SE + ASW

+ AET

_ET

+ AEB

_EB

+ AWT

_WT

+ AWB

_WB

Ap

= A E + AW + A N + A S + AT

+ A B + Ap

Ap = pp/At

The subscript formulation

o denotes is employed

the solution for solving

at the

the time

previous dependent

time level. transient

A fully problems.

implicit

ET

TJ

WB

Figure

1.

Three-dimensional

grid

structure

and

labeling

around

grid

node

P.

Thus, the nonlinear equations of motion are approximated by a system of linear algebraic equations which have the form of equation (6). Only one program subroutine is designed to calculate the link coefficients and the source terms. The number of algebraic equations depends on the number of interior grid points. For a grid size of 10 x 10 x 10 the number of algebraic equations to be solved would be around 512. This large system of equations are preferred to be solved by some iterative methods, such as Gauss-Seidel iteration, line-underrelaxation method [13] or Stone's method [14], etc., rather than using direct methods such as Gaussian elimination method. Only a few (6 to 10) iterations through the whole computational domain are needed and a complete convergence of the system of algebraic equations is not required. Since equation (6) is only a linearized version of the governing equations which are nonlinear and coupled in nature, solutions of the equations of motion must be obtained through global iterations among the equations. A tentative solution to equation (6) will not affect the final results significantly. On the other hand, if too many iterations are used to get a better solution of equation (6), then a great deal of computing time would be virtually wasted. However, the above argument can not be applied when the pressure correction equation (which will be derived in the next section) is solved. Since during each global iteration it is desirable to retain a divergence-free velocity field, better solution of the pressure correction equation would in effect promote the convergence of the whole numerical scheme. Therefore, more iterations are usually used to solve the pressure correction equation. SOLUTION PROCEDURES The governing equations used in the present analysis are nonlinear and strongly coupled. Iterative procedures are employed to drive the equations to a converged solution. It is particularly important for incompressible flow to make the flow field satisfy the continuity equation and the momentum equations at the same time. This requires a correct pressure field associated with a divergence-free velocity field. A velocity-pressure correction procedure is developed in the present study to drive the pressure field and the velocity field to be divergence free. This kind of procedure requires grid staggering between the velocity components and the locations where the pressure is estimated and stored such that the velocity field and the pressure field will not be uncoupled. In the present study, staggering grid systems as shown in Figure 2 (for 2-D case) are used. The velocity components, u and v, are solved and stored at the grid nodes and the pressure, p, is located at the corners of the control volume of u and v. In this way, solutions of u and v can be solved using the same control volume and coupling between u, v and p can also be enforced. To estimate the pressure field, a pressure correction equation is derived approximately from the discretized momentum and continuity equations. The velocity and pressure fields are then corrected using the solutions of the pressure correction equation. First, as. ApUup * = _
i

the finite difference momentum equations (for u, v and w) can be written

A.1 u u.* = PX * + SU 1

(8a)

X X

X
O

u, v AND PRESSURE

SCALARS

X X

Figure

2.

Locations (staggering

where the variables grids are used).

are

stored

Ap v

Vp*

= E i

A'v I

vi*

= P

* + S

(8b)

Ap w Wp*

= Z i

A'w I

w.* I

* + SW

(8c)

where u*, v*, w*, and p* represent satisfy the continuity equation the the following relations:

the solutions velocities and

of equations pressure are

(8a) and corrected

(Sb). To according to

u = u* v = v* w = w*

+ u' + v' + w'

(9a) (9b) (9c) (9d)

P = P* + P'

A new set divergence-

of momentum equations free flow field, u, v,

can be w, and

constructed p:

approximately

using

the

Ap u

Up

= E i

A'u 1

ui

- PX + SU

(10a)

Ap v Vp

= __ i

A.1v v. 1 - P y + S v

(lOb)

Ap w Wp

= E i

A'wl w.1 - Pz + Sw

(10c)

By subtracting equations (8a) through (8c) from respectively, the following equations result:

equations

(10a) through

(10c),

Ap u Up' = Z i

A'ul

U-'l

- Px'

(lla)

Ap v Vp' = E i

A'vl v.'l- Py'

(llb)

Ap w

Wp' = E i

A'w I

wi' - Pz '

(llc)

According to be:

to SIMPLE-C

algorithm

[11], equations

(11a) through

(11c) are rearranged

(Ap u

- E i

AiU)

Up'

= E i

A'ul

(ui'

- Up')

- Px'

(12a)

(Ap v -_

AiV)

Vp' = i

. v (vi' - Vp') i

- P

'

(12b)

(Ap w

E i

Ai w)

Wp' = E i

Ai w

(w i' - Wp')

p z

(12c)

The first to simplify

terms the

on the right-hand formulation. Thus,

side

of

equations

(12a)

through

(12c)

are

neglected

P Up' = - ( ApU 1 - _ i A iu ) P x ' = - D u

'

(13a)

Vp, = _(ApV

_I

A'V)l

PY' =-

Dv

Py'

(13b)

WP' = - IA 'pW

_ i

A.Wl )

P zv = - D w P z

"

(13c)

Using the be written

decompositions as:

of

equations

(9a)

through

(9c),

the

continuity

equation

can

u x + Vy

+ w z = (Ux*

+ Vy*

+ Wz *)

+ (Ux'

+ Vy'

+ Wz ')

= 0

(14)

Substituting correction

equations (13a) through equation can be obtained:

(13c)

into

equation

(14),

the

following

pressure

-[(DuPx')

x + (DvPy')y

+ (DwPz')

z]

= -(Ux*

+ Vy*

+ Wz *)

(15)

Equation (15) is a Poisson's equation with the source term equal to the local divergence of the flow field. To enforce the coupling between the velocity and pressure fields, the source term of equation (15) is first evaluated at the control volumes centered between the velocity nodes as shown in Figure 3. An averaged source term is then calculated at the cell center of p node for solving equation (15). In this way, the difficulties in solving the pressure correction equation, as described by Vanka [4] and Maliska [ 6], are eliminated. Coupling between the velocity and the pressure field is also assured. According following solution 1) 2) 3) 4) i0 Guess Solve Solve Solve to the steps: above analyses, the present numerical method contains the

initial for for the the other

velocity velocity scalar

and field

pressure using

field. equations equations. (8a) through (8c).

transport correction

pressure

equation,

equation

(15).

"ROLVOLUME

Figure

3.

Control volumes where the mass conservation is evaluated for solving the pressure correction equation. pressure fields using equations (13a) through

5) Correct the velocity and (13c) and equation (9d). 6) A Go back

to step (2) until solution converges. when the following criterion is met: 2 f

converged

solution is obtained

Error

= (IAU]max -4

lAY[max

[AWlmax)

/ Ure f +

]P'[max/PUre

3x

i0

where Au, Av, and Aw represent velocity changes solutions of the momentum equations. In of about solving 0.6 is the momentum equations With this, in step in (b)

during

each

iteration due

to the

above,

underrelaxation (8a) through (8c)

factor are

recommended.

Ap's

equations

modified according to the underrelaxation factor. For the correction of velocity field, no underrelaxation is required. But the correction of pressure field should be underrelaxed slightly (around 0.9) when the grid nonorthogonality is strong. This is different from that suggested by References 11 and 12 (which recommend no underrelaxation for pressure correction).

11

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES In this section, several numerical examples are employed to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the present numerical method. To serve this purpose, 2-D and 3-D, laminar and turbulent flow cases are included. These cases are: (a) 2-D laminar driven square-cavity flows; (b) 2-D laminar flows over a backward-facing step; (c) 2-D turbulent flows over a backward-facing step; (d) 3-D developing laminar flow inside a 90-deg-bend square duct. Detailed descriptions and results of the computation of the above cases are included as follows. A. 2-D Laminar Driven Square-Cavity Flows

The first test case is concerning laminar recirculating flows inside a square cavity. Only one side of the walls is moving at a constant speed tangent to that wall. This case has been studied extensively by Burggraf [15] and has often been used as one of the standard testing cases for numerical methods in solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Physical geometry and wall boundary conditions are illustrated in Figure 4. Reynolds number of the flow (based on the cavity size and the moving wall velocity) studied in the present analysis is 400. Two different mesh systems, as shown in Figure 5, are used to study the effect of grid non-orthogonality on the accuracy of the present method. The grid system of Figure 5(a) is uniform and orthogonal while the grid system of Figure 5(b) is non-uniform and non-orthogonal.
UPPERWALL,
II

v= o
//

__

"/f////////////1111/I///I/1111//I/I/111////I//111/11/1111,
lj lj lj

cj rA vA vA v_ vj IA

,/
vj rA tA

U=O V=O

W
U=O_ V = 0'/

v_ IA

tj //

/,

f, /j

i c
r, /A g*

0
U=O V=O

"illllllllllll/illllillllillilllillllilllllll////lllliJ

Figure

4. Physical laminar flows

geometry and wall inside a wall-driven

boundary square

conditions cavity.

for

12

c_

o
r-i

_'_

o o

_z

_ o m bl_

b_
_ I

13

Results of the computations are shown in Figures 6 and 7. Velocity vector plots of the predicted flow fields are compared in Figure 6 for the mesh systems shown in Figure 5. Detailed comparisons of the predicted velocity profiles along the mid-section of the cavity are illustrated in Figure 7. Predicted results of Burggraf [15] are also included. Good agreements between the present calculations and those
,T.tfc_7..-_,_- '_\\ t . . _--r" .....
i I I I t t # #

----

----' -_
----0_

'-

,.

Ili't.,r_

_\

,_rrtttt'_','.zl/.. , ,1 r I i i_;llt_,'--,,

---..'/ltt .' _1] 1_

' ",,
J ) t \ \ \\\\\-

:,,
"--..'."/l"ll/li'l,

, , _ '_ t \ \ ,,,..._--_

_//'J/Vl6

'/

(a)
Figure 6. Velocity (b)
I I

(b) vector plots. Nonorthogonal

I I

(a) Orthogonal grid.

grid.

1.0

0.8

0.6

--

ylw 0.4
------

PRESENT

METHOD GRID) GRID)

(ORTHOGONAL

PRESENT METHOD (NONORTHOGONAL BURGGRAF Re = 400 [15]

0.2

0 -0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

U/Uupperwall Figure 7. Comparisons of 14 of velocity the square profiles cavity. along the mid-section

of Burggraf [15] are also included. Good agreements between the present calculations and those of Burggraf are shown in Figure 7. Discrepancies between the present predictions and Burggraf's results are mainly due to the hybrid differencing scheme used in the present method. The upwind part of the hybrid scheme produces large numerical diffusion which tends to reduce the strength of the vorticity inside the cavity. Effects of differencing schemes in approximating the convection terms on the predicted results will be studied in the next test case. Convergence history of the computation of the present case using uniform grids is given in Figure 8 which shows that the present numerical method is quite different. Almost identical convergence rates were found for the non-orthogonal case. 0
I I I U V

-1
LOG (AUmax_ \ Uref /, (AVmax._ LOG \ Uref / OR LoG/APmax_

-2

-3

--4 0 100 200 ITERATION Figure 8. Convergence history for the driven cavity problem, Re = 400. 300 400

B.

2-D

Laminar

Flows

Over

a Backward-facing

Step

This test case concerns 2-D laminar recirculating flows over a backward-facing step with 1:2 expansion ratio. The dependence of the size of the recirculation region (characterized by the reattachment length) on the Reynolds number (based on the inlet bulk velocity and twice of the inlet channel width) of the flow is of major concern. The physical domain and boundary conditions are illustrated in Figure 9 in which a fully developed laminar flow velocity profile is imposed at the flow entrance. A non-uniform grid of 45 x 45 was used for numerical computations. Several cases with different Reynolds numbers from i00 to 800 have been studied. An experimental and theoretical study about this problem, which results will be used as the basis of data comparisons, has been provided by Amaly et al. [16].

15

U = O. V = 0 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,

h
du

_'x=O dv _--_= o

h
U=O/ y=O//

,/1/1/1/1//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////,
J

Xr

"I

u = o, v = o 30 h boundary step conditions of expansion). laminar flows

Figure

9.

Physical geometry and over a backward-facing

(1:2

To save computational efforts, the solution of one case with Reynolds number i00 is obtained in the first run. Then, a series of cases with increasing Reynolds numbers (i.e., 100, 200, 300, 400, 600, and 800) are calculated using the preceding results of lower Reynolds number as the initial guesses of the flow field. In this way, an average of 500 iterations for each case were needed to obtain converged solutions. Two different differencing schemes in approximating the convection terms are employed to demonstrate the effects of the differencing schemes on the predictions. One of the schemes is the widely used hybrid scheme [9]. The other scheme employs the central differencing scheme plus an artificial dissipation term used to stabilize the solution which is similar to the one used by Rhie [ 17]. The artificial dissipation term becomes effective only when the cell Peclet number (or cell Reynolds number) exceeds 10. Results of the present predictions using two different differencing schemes are compared with the experimental measurements [16] and other predictions as shown in Figure 10. It can be seen clearly from Figure i0 that the present method with hybrid scheme gives results similar to those predicted by TEACH code [16] while the present method with central differencing and artificialdissipation reveals predictions close to those predicted by INS3D [18] and the method of Kim and Moin [19]. This is reasonable since the TEACH code and the present method (with the first scheme) use the hybrid scheme which introduces large numerical dissipation by its upwind part (for cell Peclet number greater than 2). This tends to reduce the reattachment length for Reynolds number greater than 400. The second scheme, which is similar to the ones used in INS3D and the method of Kim and Moin, has the numerical accuracy close to second order by setting the artificialdissipation to be as small as the solution stability permits such that better accuracy of the predictions is expected.

16

16

I I I PRESENT CODE WITH CENTRAL DIFFERENCING SCHEME PRESENT SCHEME INS3D [18] CODE WITH HYBRID __e ,/_ _**"

14 12

......... K,M MO,N [181

10
e eTEACH EXP. CODE [16] [16] .,c_t_,_ _y -I I

s
6 4

/
0 I 200 1 400 NUMBER Reynolds (1:2 the I 600 REYNOLDS length backward-facing of the versus step predictions using two

_
800 number expansion). for laminar differencing schemes for 11 that the hybrid scheme of the step side

Figure

10. Reattachment flows over a function plots

Stream

Reynolds number 600 are compared in Figure 11. It is shown in Figure second scheme gives a smooth shape of the recirculation zone while the gives a sudden change in the shape of the recirculation region upstream reattachment point. Also, larger sizes of the separation regions on the wall and along the upper wall are predicted using the second scheme.

I 23h

(a)

X (b) Figure (l: 11. Streamline 2 expansion). plots for (a) Hybrid plus artificial laminar flow Scheme. dissipation

I 23h

over a backward-facing (b) Central differencing scheme.

step

17

C.

2-D

Turbulent

Flows

Over

a Backward-Facing

Step

In order to demonstrate the applicability of the present method to turbulent flow case, one of the standard test cases presented in the Stanford Conference [20] is selected here (i.e., turbulent flow over a 2:3 expansion backward-facing step). The standard k-c turbulence model was used to provide the eddy viscosity for the transport equations. The physical geometry and boundary conditions imposed are shown in Figure 12. The calculation domain extends upstream of the expansion plane by 4 step heights and downstream of the expansion plane by 30 step heights to assure a fully developed velocity profile at the exit. A uniform velocity profile is located at the inlet plane. A 45 x 42 grid was used in the computation. 300 iterations were required to obtain converged solutions. Only hybrid differencing schemes were used in this case.

U=O,V--O

T '
_-4h_ Figure 12. Physical over geometry and a backward-facing 24h u = o, v = o conditions of (2:3 expansion). turbulent
m

du

_'=o dv _-_'=o

dk de

boundary step

flows

Results of the computation are shown in Figures 13, 14, and 15. These results are compared with the experimental measurements [20]. The under-prediction of the reattachment length is mainly due to the fast development of the mixing layer downstream of the expansion plane which is the characteristics of the standard k-_ turbulence model. Numerical diffusion provided by the hybrid scheme also contributes some part to the discrepancies between the predictions and measurements.

D.

Developing

Laminar

Flow

Inside

90-Deg-Bend

Square

Duct

This test ease simulates a three-dimensional developing laminar flow inside a 90-deg-bend square duct as illustrated in Figure 16(a). The symmetry plane is located at z = 0 where the symmetric boundary conditions are imposed. A fully developed velocity profile of laminar flow inside a straight square duct is prescribed at the entrance which is 2.8 duct widths upstream of the bend, A zero pressure 18

PRESENT o EXP. [20]

METHOD

(k-e MODEL)

1.0

.8

.6 y/h .4

0 0 2 4 x/h

l 6

I 8

Figure

13. turbulent

Locus flow

of flow reversal inside over a backward-facing

the recirculation region step (2:3 expansion).

for

5.4h Figure 14. Stream line pattern of turbulent flow over step with 2:3 expansion ratio. a backward-facing

i_=--------_---=

- .........

02

.01

Figure

15.

Contours over

of

turbulent

kinetic step

energy with 2:3

(k/Uo expansion

2)

of

turbulent

flow

a backward-facing

ratio. 19

(a)

(b)
Figure 16. Geometry and developing mesh system laminar of flow a 90-deg-bend problem. square duct

gradient exit is imposed. and the inlet computations. Figure 16(b). comparisons. Velocity plane) are the by

(which is 4.5 duct widths downstream of the bend) boundary condition The Reynolds number of the flow (based on the duct hydrolic diameter bulk velocity) is 790. A 21 x 18 x 10 grid was used for numerical The front view and side view of the mesh system are illustrated in Experimental measurements of Humphrey et al. [21] are used for data

x-y

vector shown

plots on in Figure

three 17. in Rhie

sections Secondary Figure [23]. 18. Grid

along flow These sizes

the

main patterns results 50 x

flow at are 22 x

directions several

(i.e., stations

on

across obtained

bend are illustrated Vanka [22] and

of

very similar 15 and 58 x

to those 15 x ll

were used less than comparisons in Figure With numerical numerical 2O

by half 19.

Rhie and Vanka, respectively. of their grid numbers, gives between the measured and the

The highly predicted

present investigation, encouraging results. main ve]oeity profiles

using only Detailed are given

the above successful method can be applied accuracy and efficiency.

numerical to general

simulations, it fluid dynamics

is

believed problems

that with

the good

present

r/l

b_

II

0.-I

r/l ,.-..,

0 _

bl

0_,

II

b_
r-I

21

....

t t/e

...,11111 \\\....._._..__.....-...--....-....-....-.till
A

.Q
v

/,

. , , , , _ _111

ob_
A

1I '
\\...,...____.__._..-.-,,..If/ill

tf

1.1

coo

11

l,,.-'l.,-'-'--"--

. , , r llll
3

""

""

"" "" \

%,,

_m
,"_ II

I \ \ "" "" """ -- "

o r_ tl

A v

N_
0_-,I

22

(a)

r/d

0.5

1.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 U/Uref

W,,oo =,oo , o= oo .......

PRESENT .... RHIE RESULT(21x18x [23] [21] 10 GRID) (22 x 15 x 50 GRID) ET. AL. EXP., HUMPHREY
I

(b)

O0

r/d

0.5

1.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 U/Uref Figure 19. square Primary duct.

I_

velocity (a) z/d

profiles = 0.0.

for (b)

3-D 90-deg-bend z/d = 0.25.

CONCLUSIONS

A numerical

method

for

solving

the

steady

or

transient

incompressible

Navier-

Stokes equations in three-dimensional body-fitted coordinate systems has been developed. In the present paper, the basic numerical algorithms and grid arrangements have been described in detail. A brief user's guide to the present computer code (CNS3D) has been included in Appendix A. A program listing has also been attached in Appendix C. Several numerical testing examples of 2-D and 3-D, problems included in the present work have demonstrated code is efficient and robust, and can be used as a reliable design turbulent and analysis applications. flow problems of the Applications SSME will be of the presented laminar and turbulent flow that the present computer tool for engineering code future to the internal publications.

present in the

23

REFERENCES
Chorin, Problems. A. J. : A Numerical Journal of Comp. L. and Kutler, P.: of Vortex Wakes. Method Physics, for Solving Incompressible Vol. 2, 1967, pp. 12-26. Viscous Flow

Steger, J. Computation 58 I- 590. Kwak, D., Incompressible Coordinate Nev., Jan. Vanka, Procedure Numerical S.

Implicit Finite-Difference AIAA J., Vol. 15, No.

4,

Procedures April 1977,

for the pp.

Chang, J. L. Navier-Stokes Systems Using 1984.

C.,

Shanks, S. P., and Chakravarthy, S.: An Flow Solver in Three-Dimensional Curvilinear Primitive Variables. AIAA Paper 80-0253, Reno,

P., Chen, B. C.-J., for Flows Described Heat Transfer, Vol. S. S., and a Body-Fitted 99-113.

in 3,

and Sha, W. T.: Boundary-Fitted 1980, pp. 1-19. M.:

A Semi-lmplicit Calculation Coordinates Systems.

Shyy, W., Tong, Calculation Using Vol. 8, 1985, pp.

Correa, S. Coordinate

Numerical Reeirculating System. Numerical Heat

Flow Transfer,

Maliska, C. R., and Raithby, G. D.: A Method for Computing sional Flows Using Non-Orthogonal Boundary-Fitted Coordinates. J. for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 4, 1984, pp. 519-537. Launder, Academic B. E., Press, and Spalding, London, 1972. D. B.: Mathematical Models of

Three DimenInternational

Turbulence.

Launder, B. lent Flows. Patankar, Company, Syed, Program

E., and Spalding, Comp. Meth. Appl. Numerical

D. B. : The Mech. Engr., Transfer

Numerical Vol. 3, and Fluid

Computation 1974, pp. Flow.

of Turbu269-289. Book

S. V.: 1980.

Heat

McGraw-Hill

10.

Saadat A., Chiappetta, L. M., and - Final Report. NASA CR-174776, Raithby, Fluid G. D.: Flows.

Gosman, January

A.

D.: Error 11, 1985.

Reduction

Ii.

Van Doormal, J. P., and for Predicting Incompressible 1984, pp. 147- 163. Latimer, Solution Anderson, Mechanics Stone, Partial Burggraf, Separated B. R. and Algorithms. D. and H. L. : Differential

Enhancements of the SIMPLE Method Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 7,

12.

Pollard, A. : Comparison Numerical Heat Transfer, J. C., and McGraw-Hill

of

Pressure-Velocity Vol. 8, 1985, R. H.: Company,

pp.

Coupling 635-652. Fluid

13.

A., Tannehill, Heat Transfer.

Pletcher, Book

Computational 1984. of Multidimensional 5, pp. 530-558.

14.

Iterative Solution of Implicit Approximations Equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., Vol. Analytical and Fluid Mech., Numerical Vol. 24, Studies Part l,

15.

O. R.: Flows.

J.

of the Structure of 1966, pp. 113-151.

Steady

24

16.

Armaly, B. F., Durst, F., Pereira, J. C. F., and Sch}_nung, B.: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Backward-Facing Step Flow. J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 127, !983, pp. 473-496. Rhie, C. M. : A Pressure Based Navier-Stokes Solver Using the Multigrid Method. AIAA Paper 86-0207, Reno, Nev., January 1986. Rogers, S. E., Kwak, D., and Kaul, U.: On the Accuracy of the Pseudocompressibility Method in Solving the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations. AIAA Paper 85-1689, AIAA 18th Fluid Dynamics and Plasmadynamics and Laser Conference, July 16-18, 1985, Cincinnati, Ohio. Kim. J. and Moin, P.: Application of a Fractional-Step Method to Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations. J. of Comp. Phy., Vol. 59, 1985, pp. 308-323. Kline, S. J., Cantwell, B. J., and Lilley,
and Conference III. on

17. 18.

19. 20.

G. M. (Ed.):
Turbulent

AFOSR-HTTM-Stanford University, I, II

Complex

The 1980-1981 Flows. Stanford

21.

Humphrey, in a Square p. 509. Vanka, S. in Strongly Rhie, C. Centrifugal

J. A. Duct

C., Taylor, A. M. of Strong Curvature.

K.,

and Whitelaw, J. Fluid Mech.,

J. H.: Laminar Vol. 83, Part 3,

Flow 1977,

22. 23. 24.

P. : Block-lmplicit Curved Ducts. M.:

Calculations AIAA J., Vol.

of Three-Dimensional 23, No. 12, December

Laminar 1985,

Flow p. 1989. at 443-460.

A Three-Dimensional Impellers. Computers

Passage Flow Analysis Method Aimed and Fluids, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1985, pp.

Chieng, C. C. and Launder, B. E.: On the Calculation of Turbulent Heat Transport Downstream from an Abrupt Pipe Expansion. Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 3, 1980, pp. 189-207. Amano, R. S.: Development of a Turbulence Near-Wall Model and Its Application to Separated and Reattached Flows. Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, 1984, pp. 59- 75. Chen, Y. S. : tations. AIAA Applications of a New Paper 86-0438, Reno, Wall Function to Turbulent Nev., January 1986. Flow Compu-

25.

26.

25

APPENDIX A COMPUTER CODE STRUCTURES AND USER'S GUIDE

The global structure of the present by a flow chart, shown in Figure A-1. detailed information. First, the program computer The user requests code (CNS3D) can be is referred to Appendix inputs, from logic unit represented C for 5 (LU = 5),

of program control parameters that specify the maximum number of iterations, the type of flow (i.e., laminar or turbulent), number of iterations for solving the pressure correction equation (typically 10), and underrelaxation factors for solving the transport equations, etc. This is followed by the definitions of all the program constants including turbulence model constants (these constants are subject to change according to the user's specific flow problem). Next, the program asks for inputs of the initial flow field guess from a restart file (LU = 8) which contains the grid system coordinates and flow field data that may be created by the user (including grid generation) or obtained from the previous solutions. Format of this data file is also subject to change according to the user's preference. Next, wall boundary control parameters, boundary grid normal distance to the wall, and wall boundary direction cosine are calculated in subroutine DIRCOS. Subroutine TRANF is then invoked to obtain the grid transformation coefficients. Before the solution procedure starts, the inlet mass flow rate is calculated which will be used to control the outlet mass flow rate to enhance mass conservation. The solution procedures consist of a series of subroutine calls to SOLVEQ starting from the solutions of the velocity vectors, u, v, and w, and then the solutions of scalar quantities (including the energy equation and the turbulence model equations) and finally the solution of the pressure correction equation to update the velocity and pressure field such that a divergence-free flow field can be retained. After each global iteration of the solution procedures, the numerical of iterations and the maximum flow field corrections are checked with the initial settings. If the convergence criterion is satisfied or the number of iterations reaches the prescribed value then the solution procedures stop and the flow field solutions will be written on the pre-assigned disc file (LU = 7). For instance, if a steady-state laminar flow problem (Reynolds number of 600) is of interest and a converged solution is expected within 300 iterations and the number of iterations for solving the pressure correction equation is I0 and the underrelaxation factors are 0.5 and 0.95 for transport equations and pressure correction equation, respectively, the first inputs from LU = 5 would be: Line 1. 2. 3. 300 0.5 600. 1 0.5 0.0 input sequence (i.e., from restart file), the program reads in data records. See Figure A-2 for grid structures. Notice that variable dimensions of (L+I, M+I, N+I) for solving the pressure It is important to check the COMMON table for proper variable 10 0.5 1 0.95 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

In the second L x M x N lines of the program requires correction equation. dimensions.

0
m

O0

E bn o

(,/)

u., _:
Z

[]
o o o to o

_o_
_Z

_z

re_

d _a_
I

\_z_-

I
_z
_0
o N_
0_,-

w_

ee--

z_
_aa
a

ez_

_o_g

28

(I = 1, J = 1, K = N),\

(I=L,J=I,K=I) (I=I,J=M,K=I)

(I=1,J=1,

K=1)

Figure

A-2.

Grid

mesh

structures

for

3-D

calculations.

If the flow problem involves symmetric or cyclic boundary conditions, then the user can look into the subroutine SYMOUT to specify the appropriate boundary conditions (the conditions shown in the program listing of Appendix C are for symmetric boundary conditions at K = 1). For cyclic boundary conditions at K = 1 and K = N, data at K = 2 and K = N-1 can be used to obtain boundary conditions at K = 1 and K = N by requiring same gradients across K = 1 and K = N. This method is simple but will lag the boundary conditions by one iteration. A direct method without lagging the boundary conditions can also be employed by modifying the subroutine of linear algebra solver LINERX such that the boundary conditions can be part of the solution of the TDMA (tridiagonal matrix) solver. In case of incorporating different wall functions for turbulent flow problems (e.g., References 24, 25, and 26), subroutine BOUNC and WALFN can be modified according to the user's method of wall treatments. The set of wall functions given in the program listing of Appendix C are derived from the conventional wall law and the equilibrium turbulent kinetic energy relations [8]. When additional source terms are to be added to the transport equations due to flow problem requirements, modifications to the source term calculation section in the subroutine SOLVEQ can be carried out. Notice that in the subroutine SOLVEQ source terms for the velocities v and w are included in the u-source section. Purpose of this is to save some computing time since these source terms use similar calculation routines. Some times it is required included in Appendix C. to solve more To modify the transport program equations other than the basic to incorporate more equations,

ones

29

several changes are necessary. First, new variables must be added to the COMMON table (this can be easily done through the computer editor session). Then, new source term sections are added in the SOLVEQ subroutine. Finally, subroutines WALFN and SYMOUT are modified to incorporate the new variables into the boundary condition setting routines.

3O

APPENDIX LIST OF FORTRAN

B SYMBOLS

A(K) AB(I,J,K) AE(I ,J ,K) ALC ALE ALK ALP ALU ALV ALVIS ALW AN(I ,J,K) ANAB ANVI(I) ANWl(I) AP(I ,J ,K) APO(I,J,K) ARDEN AREA AS(I ,J ,K) AT(I ,J,K) AW(I ,J,K) B(K) BB(I ,J,K) BOUNC

= Matrix = Link = Link

elements coefficients coefficients

of

a tridiagonal the the for for for for for for for for the

matrix bottom east face face or of of a control volume volume conditions

through through factor factor factor factor factor factor factor factor through coefficients

a control

= Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Underrelaxation = Link = Sum coefficient of the wall wall the link

symmetry the the the the the the the

cyclic

boundary

c-equation k-equation pressure u-equation v-equation effective w-equation north face faces for for a control direction in physical domain v-equation w-equation volume of a control volume viscosity correction equation

at link link

all

= Modified = Modified = Sum = Link = Area = Area = Link = Link = Link = Matrix of

boundary boundary coefficients in time across

coefficient coefficient around

link

coefficients times of a density section

marching a section domain the the the south top west

in physical through through through of

coefficients coefficients coefficients elements in

face face face of

of

a control

volume volume volume

a control a control

of

a tridiagonal partial turbulent

matrix faetorization wall technique boundary conditions through

= Coefficients

Stone's getting

= Subroutine for wall functions

I

31

C(K) C1 C2 CB CE CK CMU CMU1 CMU2 CN CS CT CW CX(I

,J,K)

= Matrix = Turbulence = Turbulence = Convective = Convective = Von

elements model model flux flux

of

a tridiagonal constant, constant,

matrix = 1.44 = 1.92

through through

the the = 0.4

bottom east

face face of

of

a control

volume volume

a control

Karman

constant, model

= Turbulence = CMU**0.25 = CMU**0.75 = Convective = Convective = Convective = Convective = Grid = Grid = Grid = Matrix = Diffusive = Diffusive = Diffusive = Diffusive = Diffusive = Diffusive = Turbulent = DE at the

constant,

= 0.09

flux flux flux flux

through through through through

the the the the

north south top west _x _y _z

face face face face of

of of

a control a control

volume volume volume volume

a control a control

of

transformation transformation transformation elements flux flux flux flux flux flux of

coefficient, coefficient, coefficient, a tridiagonal the the the the the the bottom east north south top west

CY(I,J,K) CZ(I D(K) DDB DDE DDN DDS DDT DDW DE(I ,J ,K) DEO(I,J,K) DEN(I,J,K) DENO(I,J,K) DENC ,J,K)

matrix face face face face face face of of rate, of of of of a control volume volume volume volume volume volume

through through through through through through energy time

a control a control a control

a control a control

kinetic previous of the fluid

dissipation level

= Density = DEN = Density at

the at

previous the center

time of a

level surface

32

DENIN DIRCOS DITM DK(I ,J ,K) DKO(I,J,K) DTT

DU(I,J,K)
DV(I ,J ,K)

= Initial

value

of for

density calculating

of

the the

fluid boundary grid sizes and direction

= Subroutine cosines = Wall boundary

average kinetic energy, time 5t for for for

value k level

of

dissipation

rate

= Turbulent = DK = Time = Diffusive = Diffusive = Diffusive = Wall law at the step

previous size, coefficient coefficient coefficient constant, criterion correction correction correction correction correctlon correctlon correctlon

the the the

p'-equation p '- equation p'-equation

DW(I ,J ,K) E EREXT ERRE ERRF ERRK ERRM ERRU ERRV ERRW EX(I ,J ,K) EY(I,J,K) EZ(I,J,K) F(I ,J ,K) FO(I ,J,K) FI(I ,J,K) FLOW FLOWIN GEN(I,J,K)

= 9.01069 tolerance in of in in in in in E a variable k p u v w nx ny nz equations

= Convergence = Maximum = Maxlmum = Maximum = Maximum = Maxlmum = Maximum = Maximum = Grid = Grid = Grid

transformation transformation transformation variable previous quantity mass mass flow flow kinetic of

coefficient, coefficient, coefficient, the transport

= Tentative = F at the

time at rate rate energy the

level previous iteration step

= Variable = Outlet = Inlet

= Turbulent

production

rate

33

HINUM I IBC(I) IE IG

= Large = Index

number,

= 1.E30

along the _ grid lines grid index for the transport equations flow and =2 for turbulent

= Boundary = Index = Problem flow

assigned

control parameter,

=1 for laminar

IITO IITY IJLO(I,J,K) INIT INPRO INSOE INSOK INSOP INSOT INSOU INSOV INSOW IS ISWE ISWK ISWP ISWU ISWV ISWW IT ITT J

= Total number = Boundary = Boundary = Subroutine

of wall boundary

grids

grid face type grid sequential order

for initializingvariables for updating the effective viscosity E-equation

= Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Logical parameter = Starting = Number = Number = Number = Number = Number = Number

for solving the

for solving the k-equation for solving the p'-equation for solving the T-equation for solving the u-equation for solving the v-equation for solving the w-equation

value of I of the solution domain of sweeps of sweeps of sweeps of sweeps of sweeps of sweeps for solving the E-equation for solving the k-equation for solving the p'-equation for solving the u-equation for solving the v-equation for solving the w-equation

= Last value of I of the solution domain = Number = Index of time steps along the n grid lines

34

JBC(I) JS JT K KBC(I) KS KT L LO L1 L2 LINERX LT M MO M1 M2 MC(I,J,K) MT N NO N1 N2 NEWVIS NLIMT NT P PCXI

= Boundary = Starting = Last = Index = Boundary = Starting = Last value value along

grid value

index of J of the the solution domain

of J of the grid value

solution lines

domain

_ grid index of K of the of

the

solution

domain

of K of dimension

solution grid

domain in I direction

= Maximum =L+I = Starting = Last point

system

point of for

of

blockage region

region in

in

I direction

blockage solving

I direction equations

= Subroutine =L1

algebraic

= Maximum =M+I = Starting = Last = Wall =Mpoint

dimension

of

grid

system

in J

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point of

of

blockage region control

region in

in J

direction

blockage region

J direction

blockage 1

parameter

= Maximum =N+I = Starting = Last point

dimension

of

grid

system

in

K direction

point of for maximum

of

blockage region the

region in

in

K direction

blockage updating number

K direction viscosity

= Subroutine = Limit =N= Static = Pressure 1 pressure of

effective iterations

of

(relative) P 35

gradient,

PDUV PEDA PP PPBLK PSCI PTA PW RENL SIGE SIGK SINX(I) SINY(I) SINZ(I) SMNUM SOC1 SOC2 SOC3 SOLVEQ SP(I ,J ,K) SPK(I,J,K) SU(I ,J ,K) SUK(I,J,K) SX(I ,J,K) SY(I ,J,K) SYMOUT SZ(I
,J,K)

= Blockage = Pressure = Pressure = Global = Pressure = Wall = Wall

control gradient, correction, pressure gradient,

parameter p rl p_

for

link

coefficients

correction P term for the momentum equations

boundary value

source control

parameter of the fluid = 1.3 = 1.0 cosine cosine cosine

= Reynolds = Turbulence = Turbulence = Wall = Wall = Wall = Small = Source = Source = Source = Subroutine = Linear = Secondary = Constant = Secondary = Grid = Grid part

number model model

constant, constant,

boundary boundary boundary number, term term term

direction direction direction 1.E-30 due due due for of linear to to to solving the source part of the of shear shear shear

stress stress stress transport equation

general term the

source term the source _x _y boundary _z

term

part

source part of

constant

term

transformation transformation for setting

coefficient, coefficient, flow coefficient,

= Subroutine = Grid = Wall

conditions

transformation shear stress

TAUN(I)

36

TIMT TJO(I,J,K) TM(I ,J,K) TMO(I,J,K) TMULT TRANF TXXE(I,J,K) TXXW(I,J,K) TXYN(I,J,K) TXYS(I,J,K) TXZT(I,J,K) TXZB(I,J,K) TYYN(I,J,K) TYYS(I,J,K) TYXE(I,J,K) TYXW(I,J,K) TYZT(I,J,K) TYZB(I,J,K) TZZT(I,J,K) TZZB(I,J,K) TZXE(I,J,K) TZXW(I,J,K) TZYN(I,J,K) TZYS(I,J,K) U(I ,J,K) UO(I ,J,K) UC UCXI

= Total = Jacobian

time of metric transformation

= Temperature = TM at = Wall the previous stress for coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient calculating for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for east west north south top the face face face face face grid transformation flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux coefficients time level

shear

= Subroutine = Metric = Metrlc = Metric = Metric = Metric = Metrlc = Metrle = Metrlc = Metric = Metric = Metric = Metrlc = Metrlc = Metric = Metric = Metric = Metric = Metric = U-velocity = U at = Velocity = U-velocity the

diffusive diffusive diffusive diffusive diffusive face diffusive diffusive diffusive diffusive diffusive diffusive face diffusive

bottom north south east west top

face face face face face

bottom top face

diffusive face diffusive

bottom east west north south face

diffusive diffusive diffusive diffusive

face face face

previous at the

time center u_

level of a surface

gradient,

37

UEDA UINC USCI UX UY UZ V(I

,J ,K)

= U-velocity = Velocity

gradient, at

correction gradient, gradient, gradient, gradient,

outlet u ux Uy u
Z

plane

= U-velocity = U-velocity = U-velocity = U-velocity = V-velocity = V

VO(I,J,K)
VISC VISE(I,J,K) VCXI VEDA VSCI VX VY VZ W(I ,J ,K)

at the previous viscosity, viscosity, gradient gradient gradient gradient gradient gradient

time level

= Molecular = Effective = V-velocity = V-velocity = V-velocity = V-velocity = V-velocity = V-velocity = W-velocity = W at the

Ueff v_ v v vX v v Y
Z

WO(I,J,K)
WALLFN WALVAL WCXI WEDA WSCI WX WY WZ X(I ,J ,K)

previous for for

time calculating assigning

level the wall wall values functions

= Subroutine = Subroutine = W-velocity = W-velocity = W-velocity = W-velocity = W-velocity = W-velocity = X-coordinate

gradient gradient gradient gradient gradient gradient

w_
W

W X W

Y
W Z

38

Y(I ,J,K) YN(I) YNI(1) YPLN(I) Z(I ,J,K)

= Y-coordinate = Wall = Wall normal grid distance volume size

+

from

the

last

grid

= Nondimensionalized = Z-coordinate

YN,

= u y/v

39

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APPROVAL

A COMPUTER CODE FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL USING NONORTHOGONAL BODY-FITTED By Y. S. Chen

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS COORDINATE SYSTEMS

The information in this report has been reviewed for technical content. Review of any information concerning Department of Defense or nuclear energy activities or programs has been made by the MSFC Security Classification Officer. This report, in its entirety, has been determined to be unclassified.

G. F. McDONOUGH Director, Systems

Dynamics

Laboratory

"_'U.S.

GOVERNMENT

PRINTING

OFFICE

1986--631-058/20122

81