Professional Documents
Culture Documents
%^.
%/.'^M0/f^^'^
itH.-^.-xr
i -fe. uSiTv^,
-.*:
.T^if.^i
;^ X*
4>
,-'.
>':^^^i>'>'/^'
Presented
to the
LIBRARY
of the
UNIVERSI TV OF TORONTO
by
Mrs.
H.
J.
Cody
^ //^
U-^uio.
d^'
.2yrry^-
/ffir
THE
GREEK PREPOSITIONS,
STUDIED FROM THEIR ORIGINAL MEANINGS AS DESIGNATIONS OF SPACE.
BY
F. A.
ADAMS,
Ph. D.
It is
how
know what
they said.
Jelf.
NEW YORK:
D.
AND 5
BOND BTKEET,
1885.
COPTBIOHT,
By
1885,
D.
INTKODUCTION.
Whatevek
guage,
it is
theory
we adopt
all
of
tlie
origin of lanits
agreed by
scholars that
words are
This
derived
lai-gely
space.
book presents the results of a study of the Greek Prepositions from the stand-point of that admission. No class of words in the Greek is more important and none are more imperthan the Prepositions are the words that, beyet these fectly undei-stood on their face the suggestions of yond all others, bear lost that conducts from But the clew is soon space. these primary uses into the wide realm of thought, of reasoning, of will, of passion, and Hfe. And yet such a clew there must be, connecting by real, though subtle analogies, the primary meanings with all the meanings which foUow. But learners of the Greek find no harder thing,
; ;
mind the
meanings of verbs compounded with prepositions. The difliculty is natural, and on the whole creditable
to the intellect of the embarrassed student.
He
has
memory
to aid
him
iv
Introduction.
Grammar give instniction here they The learner is left with few indefinitions in the Lexicons
The
;
burden
Greek Prepositions do
primary meanings as designations of space. The learner under these conditions naturally becomes indifferent for what he cannot do intelligently, he
;
at all
and,
number of
who complain that they have spent much time on the Greek with little profit. To show that the picture here outlined is not too highly colored, let a college graduate, who has done
well in his Greek, take, for example, the verb Xeiiretv
and, prefixing to
Blo,,
;
it
Kara,
if
sentences that,
compounded
His certain failure is the result of many former defeats, where his natural inquisitiveness has not been encouraged and rewarded. When he finds the verb fieveiv compounded with ava, with Sia, iv and Kara, with irepl and vtto, he
with the verb.
finds himself
8?}Xo9,
in a like
cVSt^Xo?,
difficulty.
The
all
adjectives
kBt]\o<;,
KaTdBrjXo<;,
contain the
Introduction.
notion clear^ with differences which forbid the use What are these differences? of one for another.
lines of
intelligence?
work is an endeavor to jungle of the Greek seeming clear somewhat that it is not a jungle, but a Prepositions to show and paths have become overgarden, whose alleys grown through neglect, and lost to view. Or to
present
this
The
the
object of this
work
is
contained by implication in the following Thesis The Greek Prepositions, suggestive primarily of
notions of space,
show through
all
their
uses such
analogy to the primary meanings as affords aids indispensable to a satisfactory understanding of the language.
object of the
method.
It be-
space^
;
it
analogues of these in
human
life,
experience.
whole
their
field of
is
human
of thought, passion,
purpose,
laid open,
in
is
Language
As
^ ;
vi
Introduction.
not Etymological, it does not discuss the origins of words. It is not the forms of the words, hut the thought
that underlies them, that
is
comes to the form in which we have it in our hands but what the word means now that is in our hands, and how it comes to mean what we know it does mean. As the prepositions primarily denote relations of space, we have in these notions, and others which these carry with them, a point of departure not a working hypothesis awaiting its justification, but a basis of facts settled by common consent; ava primarily means ^^, and KaTa down iirl means primarily on or iipon, and vtto means and so of the rest. In beginning at this point tender we begin where the learner must begin and where he must stay till he learns to love the Greek, if he ever comes to love it at all. As the ideas of space and the notions these carry with them were always present, it is reasonable to beheve that they were operative in the formation of language from the first; that they served as laudmarks pointing out the paths along which human speech should move. For reasons already suggested, the present work does not enter this wide and atIt is written with the humbler aim of tractive field.
till it
;
y'
who
and
teachers whose
to
be a complete
Introduction.
treatise
vii
The author
has
restricted
himseK
omitting
whatever
was not pertinent to his special object. In this view he trustfully commends it to the hospitable reception that will be readily accorded to a thoughtful endeavor on new ground.
CO^TElN"TS.
CHAPTER
I.
Words
Applied to description, and to moral conduct This extension springs from an instinct in humanity
2
3
its
Language limited and poor imagination must supply The proper starting-point in treating the Prepositions The mode of study deductive and inductive
;
;
defects
4
6
CHAPTER
aya AND
KOTa.
II.
UP AND DOWN.
First,
its
attendant notions,
Second,
Third,
7
its
CHAPTER
ava AND Karh,
Preposition and Adverb
'Aro, up,
III.
PRIMAKILT ADVERBIAL.
9
.
. .
their difference
illustrated
.
Kora with the Genitive and with the Accusative, Language limited compared with thought
.10 .11
12
Contents.
CHAPTER
wh. AND
Ka.T6..
IV.
Analogue of Kara
in
in
judgment
'hvh. 'Aj/o
IS-IY
Kara tos
ir6\eis
.
ras
irdKets,
18 19
20, 21
22,23
CHAPTER
V.
Av6,ye(TBai^ Kurdyecrdai
;
'Afd^acris, Karafiaffis
avUvai, Ka6ievai
'AvoKalfiv, KaroKaliiv
Aj/e'xej^,
'Aya/jLeyeiv, Karafieytiv
24 25
26 27
27, 28, 29
30, 31
marks of upward
.
motion in each
'AvaSelv, third
(Sec. 1)
;
32
33
^Avaviviiv, Karavevftv
avaa-irav, to
pull down
(7)
.
34
35, 36
.
37
38
39
Kadopau
.....
40, 41
.
42
44 45
43,
.
'Ayafxtyyvyat, KaTafxtyyvyai
Kt fiyfiy,
KaraHTflyfty, anoKTflyfiy
46 47
48
&yf)<TKfiv, KaraByficrKfty
Contents.
xi
CHAPTER
7rJ,
VI.
OX, UPON.
SECTION
Primary suggestion
gravition
49
50
;
Two forms
Sphere of
'Etti
'EttI
of power suggested in
iiti
impact
pressure
. .
51
eVi enlarged
;
by change of direction
with the Dative
.
52, 53 54,
55 56 57
lifeless,
58
CHAPTER
^J),
VII,
........
tnrh
60, 61
62
63 64 65 66
6*7
Motion toward, ending in position under Motion from, beginning with position under
Dynamic suggestions
Applications of the correlatives
'Eiraydv,
inrdyeii', inrfXavveiy.
inro<pevyfiv
68, 69 70, 71
72
73
'HyuaOat,
iijiy-, v(priy-
74, 75, 76
CHAPTER
irphs,
VIII.
TO,
TO, TOVTARDS,
NEAR
FACE TO FACE.
human
relations
...
77, 79,
78 80
Suggestion of reciprocity in
irp6s
Xll
Contents.
SECTION
dperVj compared
irphs
81
The object
'Eirl rriv
II.
82-88
.
'EWaSa,
rovs iratSas
89
18:317
iir'
90
91
'H dShs
Tlphs rh
'Eir\
euSai/jLoviav
irphs ev5aifxovlav
aWo
(TcofMa, iirl
rb aXKo awfia
robs
92
93
robs
iroXefi-lovs, irpbs
TroXefJ-iovs
94-103
CHAPTER
eVi
IX.
AND
irphs IN
COMPOSITION.
and tested
come sometimes doing for the Greek mind what the pronoun does for the English mind
is
yet to
104
105
108
109
106, 107
.
this
.
AavddveaOat, iiriXavOdvecrOat
Neveiy, iirtvevfiv, KaTaveveiv
'Atrelv, eTratreTv, irpoffaiTilv
\4yetv, eirtXeyfiu
^KiirreffOai, iTriffKiTrnffQai
TliiQeaQai, iiriirddecrdai
5i56fat, ^irtSiScJvai
;
.110,
111, 112
.
113
114 115 116
117 120
121
118, 119
.
'E7riTU7X'^''*"')
KaraTvyxdvav, irpoa-rvyxdyetv
AfiKvvvai, iiriSetKvvi/at
'E<pi(vai, irpocrUvai
;
iirdyetv, irpocrdyeiv
'Eirndaanv, irpoaTocrativ
122
123 124 125
Sipe7y, iirtSiyeTy
120
127
Contents.
xiii
CHAPTER
TTopa.
X.
SECTION
With
Ilapa,
128
Implied superiority in
object
.
129
meaning
.130
CHAPTER
iraph.
XI.
IN COMPOSITION.
131, 132
.
. .
Literal application
"ZKivTi,
.133
134 137 138
135, 136
Used
in
morals
Hapareiveiu
TlapayiyviicrKeiv
The notions
off from
from
139, 140
the Greek
Continued illustrations
'hvh and
e/c
....
.
141-143
144
CHAPTER
Xin.
eKSiSSuai
A<piKve7(T6ai, i^iKveladai
Xleipacrdai, aironfipacrOai
'E/C7retpa<r0at,
airoTpe-rrtcrdat,
145
146
147 148
149
151
'ATToSeiKvvi/ai, iKSetKvvvai
Qtrf)(TKfiv, airodvri<TKtiv,
(Kdv^iaKuv
......
. . .
.150
XIV
Contents.
SECTION
'AiroKreivetv, KaraKrelvetv
162
153, 154
.
.155
156, 157
. . .
'E^Tiyi7(rdai, a<l>r]ye7a6ai
'Airocpaluftv, iK(palveiv
.158
"Airodi56vai, iiriMSvai
'AiroTeXttj', 7riT6A.eri/
.
162 164
^65
'AiraiTi7v,
iiraiTelv
.163
.
is
and imh
CHAPTER
eis
XIV.
il>.
AND
'Ets, ip
'Ejj, into ;
....
.
66
167, 168
.
'Eis
and
eV
discrimination
169
'EicrfioK-fj, >j3oA.6vs, eV
Ty
evufvixaj, eVi
tou ivwvvfiov
170, 171
.
'EnfidWetv, iiafiaWfiv,
'Eicr$d\\ftv,
iix^oXr), irpoaPoXrj
172
173
iuPdWetv, continued
.... ......
compared deductively
.
.
174
'EKdeiKvivai, iySuKvvvai
'E7x'pe'*' ^^'^ iinx^ipuv^
182
183 184
185
CHAPTER XV.
nepl
AND
vntp.
186
.187
Contents.
xv
SECTION
nepl followed by the Dative; ikep never; the reason Discrimination resulting from original suggestion in space
.
Applied to a passage in
Homer
192
CHAPTER
irepl
XVI.
Intensive force
Apparent contradictions
nept/ieVet*', ax'a/iefeij', Kara/Jieveiv
195 ^"^
n^piixefeiy,
changed to
ava/x,
the reason of
the change
197
CHAPTER
ARE PREPOSITIONS INTERCHANGEABLE?
XVII.
198-201
CHAPTER
afJKpi,
XVIII.
Its original
meaning
compared with
irepl
202
CHAPTER
irpS,
XIX.
....
AMONG.
203, 204
205
CHAPTER XX.
(TVV
AND
fierd.
TVITH,
The
discrimination illustrated
206-210
xvi
Contents.
CHAPTER
Sia,
XXI.
THROUGH, ACROSS.
SECTION
field for
Its
primary suggestion
wide
the Genitive
.
.
.211
212, 213
Why
5o is not followed
by the Dative
II.
214
215
216
.
.
. .
247
5jo77e
217, 218
"0^077-
AexefOai with
Sjo,
wa, Kara
....... ......
.
.219
220
221
compared
222
ITS
SILEXT TEACHEJGS.
space gives
rily
preponderance in language of words of in usage rights which are not primatheir own. As sight is the chief of our senses,
The
them
The
discourse
may
have passed quite away from the sphere of visible things, but the speaker, none the less, borrows his We words from this old, exhaustless storehouse, speak of a space of time, a circle of years, of the stream of time flowing past us, or bearing us along. 2. The language of space lends itself to morals an upright man, and an upright tower; a straight story, and a straight stick, are phrases alike intelligible. When a preacher once said " Laban was a crooked fellow, but, then, Jacob was not square in his dealings with him," he chose his words, not for their beauty, but for their special fitness to his thought. 3. By these frequent references in language to
:
2
space,
and
to objects in space,
of
space tlirougli any definition by a physicist, or a metaphysician, or in any labored way at all but as felt and realized, everywhere and always, by the nnin-
Every person who structed and the unthinking. grows from infancy to maturity comes silently into possession of "feelings about space and its objects to which he may never give utterance of which he may even be unconscious. These feelings seem to have no recognition, or very little, in the completed lan-
guage.
have a work to do they shaped the speech, and, if by wise and patient questioning we can find what
these feelings were,
It is
we make
not in poetry alone that " more the language. ear." As sometimes we may the is meant than meets page something printed read between the lines of the
that does not meet the eye, so
we may
word meanings
trary to
its
that
seem
alien,
import as refracted light is changed by the medium through which it passes, and
original
it is
the ends
4.
made
it
to serve.
Language does
press thought,
only suggests.
in the
adequate
single
except
names
of abstract numbers,
and the terms of pure science. It requires in its words that the student use imagination and "Without these he may learn the Dictionreflection. ary and the Grammar, but he will not understand.
Of
space, ajid
its
Silent Teachings.
As we have not the Greek feeling and instinct, we must endeavor by reflection, by questioning our results, and by repeated trials, to gain for ourselves something of the feeling which the Greeks had by
birthright.
shall
In studying the Prepositions in this spirit, we have no regard to alphabetical arrangement, nor to the number of cases which the prepositions respectNothing of this chance and ively may govern. secondary sort will furnish the opening by which to enter the field before us. "We shall begin with the simplest and broadest notion in Space which l^ature
5.
presents to
doion.
human
experience
the notion of
up and
note of explanation, as between the author 6. and the student or the critic, may be due here to aid In the derived meanings in a mutual understanding. of prepositions they are not allowed to dictate by vir-
They point the way, and raise the question the forecasting question, that is all. The answer in all cases comes from extue of their suggestions in space.
amining the usage as found in the authors. Illustrative examples from Greek authors are often abridged, or altered, for economy; preserving, however, unimpared, whatever is necessary to elucidate
the case in hand.
The Greek
Prepositions.
CHAPTEE
avh AND KaTa.
7.
II.
UP AND DOWN.
The
upward
gathers
experience otlier notions, which accompany it by a necessity of nature. First^ such motion has a fixed place of departure, namely, the Secondly, the line of such mosurface of the earth.
to itseK in
human
track,
into the pathless air, following no prescribed and leaving no trace behind it. Thirdly, such motion is against a constant power in nature, thereFourthly, it will fore it requires force to produce it. point, and will undetermined stop of itself, at some tion
is
return.
In like manner, simple motion downward sugFirst, such mogests notions that go along with it.
tion has
no
it
fixed,
is
Secondly,
natural, requiring
no force to
effect
it.
Thirdly,
the
it
Fourthly,
it
stops.
They do not come from the reading of books, or through study of any sort. They are given in the common experience of human life; and every boy
big enough to throw a stone
a philosopher.
knows them
;
as well as
In many minds they may never have come into distinct consciousness but they are, none and, beyond a the less, there, doing their work
;
Avci
and
Kara.
Primarily Adverbial.
doubt, they have had a share in the formation of every language in the world. Our present study is to see what share they have
CHAPTER
ava AND KaTa.
9.
III.
primakily adveebial.
applied
to notions of space,
This placed before carries the suggestion that another wordthat other word being a substantive or
last
it is
best explained
pronoun.
This phrase, preposition and noun, are attached to the verb, the leading word in the sentence,
to complete its
meaning
in that place.
But
there
is
another term. Adverb, that by its form shows that it What then is the is the complement of the verb. On what ground may the same word be difference ?
in one place a Preposition, and in another place an Adverb % It is an Adverb when the noun needed to
complete the sense is understood from the nature of the case without being spoken. When we say, to drive on, meaning to drive forward, we call on an adverb
but
it
may be made
it
a preposition
covert meaning;
means,
to
6
hefore you.
around^
we
call
around an adverb but if we say loolc around you, it means the same, but we call around a preposition. These examples show how these two parts of speech trench on each other's ground, and by what an easy
device one
The naming
lead to the
10.
less
As
designations
of
dow7i, ava and Kara have only an adverbial force; and they are no more than this in many expressions of space where they are followed by a noun, and are
called prepositions.
up on
a golden
is
staff,
15), the
preposition
In down poov, Kara the phrases, ava poov, up stream ; stream; ava KkifiaKa, up stairs; Kara Kklf^aKa, down stairs, the nouns appear as objects respectively of avh
and Kara
still
adverbial in force
In the expression,
He
the act lielps us to the meaning as much as the prepKara suggests a straight motion, as a stone osition
;
dropped
is
Am
minates.
and
Kara.
Primarily Adverbial.
is
7
to
mark ; it can send it The fact this. hit, and a machine might do
straight against the
not
fail to
of straight
is
motion, terminated by
in the expression.
Kara
it
o-kottov,
does not
mark ;
It it. with may hit, or it may miss, and still be sent, Kara gkottov. An engine can not do this, for it has no brains. He who shoots, Kara aKoirov, will make allowance for the
means
to shoot at it
fall
is, its
deflexion
by gravitation
if
there be one.
here
is
causative,
doitm uj^on
its
mark."
This
misleading.
would imply that the end of the arrow's motion was The end of the the mark. This is not asserted. arrow's motion was the mark, if it was lucky enough to hit it if not, it was something else which it did hit. The phrase suggests not the end of the arrow's motion, but the end of the shooter's shooting, namely, to hit the mark. So, in the words to pour water, Kara xetpo?, upon the hands, the pith of the phrase is not to show the way the water runs on the hands, but to show how the careful servant that had the water behaved to the If the water had been running on the hands guest. from a spout, Kara %ei/309 would not have been used.
;
We
state-
ments about cases, and tliese statements dogmatic. They are not dogmatic at all.
hint
may seem
We
have
we
find
we have
The
in
hand
meets the
case.
straight
to the hreast,
when
The
its
a-Trido<i is
in
whole course,
falling
by the stone
freely
is
whole descent.
We
same
if
the object
first
it
on
is
the point of departure, or cause or source of that incitement, and therefore must be in the genitive.
We should not encumber ourselves with the thought that in actual experience things thrown up are not commonly thrown straight up, and therefore This is pertinent in can not come straight down. natural imagination but the projectiles of treating
;
pictures iq?
and down as perpendicular. went on hoard, ava vrjo'i e/3r), not that dva with Jle the genitive means on; but, he loent up, and the thing calling forth and determining the action was
the ship.
Why dwell on
discrimina-
be expressed in
translation
It
would be
:
were no
the
other, to say
It is for this
is
way
to escape
how
to treat
our masters. and slow the student should patiently learn the best that these last can do as interpreters of the first.
;
words to learn them as our servants and helpers, not Thought is nimble, words are clumsy
to
from bondage
CHAPTER
13.
ly.
As
proper
by the law
of gravitation,
to their
have an analogy to motion downward, and are often designated by the aid of the preposition Kara. The proper law for a judge is to decide yws%, Kara ZUaiov. The proper law for a witness is to testify truly, that is, Kar a\y]6eiav. Cyrus saw that the Greeks were conquering all hefore them, ro Kad'
avrov<:;.
The picture to the imagination is that of falling on the enemy. To a Greek phalanx charging the enemy in battle, the onward rush was as natural as the falling of a stone hence, to picture this in
;
10
words, KaTo,
is
on to do
its part.
Do
not
fail
in
motion.
Do
the
This formula that KaTa sometimes means hefore. would hinder more than it would help. Take into your thought the whole phrase, in this and in all like
cases
;
it
command,
and your work is done. A high authority translates to KaB" avrov^, the jpart over against them / this has a show of careful literalness, but the life and motion are all gone, good for
the posts of a gate-way, over against each other, but
poor for a
nicety,
battle. So much comes from misdirected from looking at each word by itself, and try-
make it do duty all alone. Demosthenes says ^(ofxev to kuO^ ;yu,a9 avTovi^ let us live in our own proper way ; the way of Marathon, and Salamis, and the noble times of the past, when each man did his duty. Here is a picture of motion along the path of a nation's life and history. 14. Do not be startled if you find yourself using up where the Greek has Kara., as in this: there is no way over the mountain but Kara TavTr}v rijv oBov,
ing to
:
hy that road., along that road, or up that road, for the road was up hill over the mountain. But because that was the natural way, the Greeks made Kara serve the turn, drawing it over from its original meaning
its
opposite.
See
''
Anab. 4 2, 8, Hearing the trumpet evQm levro avco Kara rrjv ^avepav 686v, they moved swiftly up alo?ig the ojpen road ; the road led up hill, Kara points to the fact that that was the natural road for travel. See also 4:6, 11, where Kara points to a road that led upward. So, ro^eveiv Kara riv6<; does not mean to shoot
from
may be
end in the actor's purpose, just as primarily it points to the end of motion in space. 15. As Kara is used to denote the natural way of
a thing, so
it is
The Egyptians
are a singular
people
the
women
men
with-
in doors weave, 6t dvSpe<i Kar oIkov^ vtpalvovaiv. War is carried on hy land, hy sea, Kara <yr]v^ Kara ddkarrav
;
Ka& 'r)iia<i dvOpcoTroi, that is, the people whom we meet, come upon in our daily
the
men of our
times, ol
life.
16.
"We
will
now
:
by
side.
We
own
read
(II.
53),
ApoUo were
flight,
Each
own path in the air, made its and found its own place to stop. These
upward motion
;
hence dvd.
orders
Under
to
Agamemnon
them
:
make
a lustration
oi
and
312-
12
318).
the
command
tliere
an analogy
to
downward motion, as the shooting has an analogy To exchange the prepositions upward motion.
in either case.
Hounds pursued
'Xwpov av
find or
v\r)VTa
;
the
they do not
make it as they go like a body thrown upward. The horse-tamer compels the wild horses to go almig the road, Kad' 6h6v. The road is the known the path of a body freely falling is known it way
;
downward. To stand up to a fight, "crraaOaL ava fxd-xrjv, avd nothing is more unis here doing its proper work certain in its end than a fight, or more sure to call forth at each moment of its progress the whole power
is
straight
of the actor.
first made Avar against the Greeks messengers into Greece, ava rrjv sent he 48), 'KSXdBa, to demand earth and water. It was a new country they explored it as they went, and did not know the end of their journey till they came to it like motion upward, tending to some undetermined point of stopping hence the preposition dva. But when Xerxes, at a later day (Hdt. 7 1), was preparing for his great invasion, he sent to his subject cities, Kara TroXetV, for their contribution of men and supThese cities were known, and the demand was plies.
When
:
Darius
(Hdt. 6
same father
of history
tells
us that,
when
King
of Sparta dies,
own
From
The
we may
discriminate
explorer, to
whom
known
before-
hand, and
till
who
does not
hnd
tion
he comes to it. Such action is like the end is not known beforehand. Kara raa- TroXec^, implies a knowledge before they are visited this is analogous motion, having its end predetermined.
downward
stranger
traveling through all the rest of Greece^ ava iraaav Here are three things, rrjv 'EXkdSa (Hdt. 6 86, 1).
:
he he went he go, nor where he did not should stop. Again (Hdt. 5 102), the fugitives were scattered, dva ra? TroXet?, each one going where he pleased like immigrants coming into a new country But to seek new homes, each for himself.
in this stranger's journey, like
;
upward motion
it
did not
as
"
is
blown,
peace returning,"
to their
is
homes, Kar
stop.
61kov<;,
going to
14
18. If
we have taken our steps wisely tlius far, we can now walk a little by our o^vn light and say that, when William the Conquerer sent his officers among the cities of England to find out their resources, and so make up the Doomsday book, they went ava ra? 'iro>\j^L<i\ but when afterwards the tax;
gatherers
went through
the cities^
with
all
the re-
iroXei,^.
let
us suppose a case
life.
messenger,
with printed notices in his hands of a popular enterinstructed to leave one at each house in There are many houses in tlie town not what does he do ? He distributes so many notices them as far as they will go, that is, ava Ta<i olida^. But on a subsequent day, with more notices than there are houses, he can be ordered to distribute them, Kara ra<; olKia<i. In the first case the end of the distribution was not known beforehand, but was found by coming to it therefore ava in the second instance the end was determined beforehand therefore Kara. These little words, ava and Kara, can lend themselves to describe the joys and sorrows of childhood. When, on a glad anniversary, all are in expectation of gifts, and there are not enough of these to go round, they can be distributed only ava rov<; 7rdiBa<; a wiser love would have provided for a distribution Kara rov<i 7rat8a9, and then all would have rejoiced
together.
''
19. Both ava and KaTa are used witli numerals, but with a difference. 'Kva is used when the numeral denotes a group made up for that occasion onlj Kara, when the numeral denotes a well-known group,
as a dozen, a score
as a
large unit.
fifties,
Luke
14, m.ake
ava
TrevTTjxovTa,
a group
made up
the limit of
no
one knew
where he belonged till he had been counted. But in the Anab. we find groups of fifty formed under
different
circumstances,
and
for
different
end.
and named, and were handled like large units. These Once being made up by acted Kara 7revr7]Kocrrv<;. counting, ava irevrrjKovra, they were afterwards handled by their technical name, 'irevrr)Kocrrv^. We may say KaG* ev, but not dva ev, for in thinking of one the end is not approached from the beginning, but is contained in it and so the Greek language contains Kad' ev, but not dva ev. 20. The phrases dva Kpdro<; and Kara Kpdro<; are both used and we are told by some authorities that they may be used interchangeably, because up and down carry our thought over the same line. This is mere groping it neglects to note what is peculiar to these motions respectively, and leads to grave errors in translation. Free motion uj)ward diminishes in speed till the last ounce of the impulse that sent the
;
16
object
is
Pre-
motion along the ground, running, when the utmost effort is put forth at
The each moment, without regard to the future. is the exhaustion of the
runner, as the natural end of a stone's motion thrown upward is the exhaustion of the force that sent it.
This
it.
is
To run Kara
not properly using the strength, but wasting Kpdro<; is to run according to the
strength, to
race of a
but
if
run as the runner can hold out. In a hundred yards one may start dva Kpdro<iy he do this in running a mile, he will surely
be beaten, unless his competitors are as foolish as The rowers in a boat-race husband their himself. strength, knowing that they have a hard pull before them they row Kara KpdTO<; but if they prosper,
; ;
and approach the end with plenty of reserved strength, they may wish to show off, and finish with a spurt
dvd Kpdro^. now bring this distinction into the On the day of the light of a Greek narrative. battle of Cynaxa (Anab. 1 8) a messenger arrived,
this last is
21.
Let us
riding at full speed, his horse hathed in sweat, We cannot ekavvwv dvd Kpdro^, iSpovvrt rw Xinrcp. miss the meaning of dvd Kpdro<; here the rider did not spare his horse. Let us go on a little further in the story. The Greeks broke the Persian array in
;
front of
line
them to Kaff dvrovi, were thrown out of by rapid running, recovered themselves, and then
derived
from Analogy. 17
Kpdro<;, calling
run fast, ^irj Oelv hpo^iw, but Here it is equally plain what They were to advance so as to
as
Sup-
now
Kara KpdTo<i, at a steady pace, such as his horse could keep up all day ; and the Greeks, once before thrown
into disorder
their mis-
from
their
own
experience
strong hold,
In another place, the barbarians, assaulted in their make their escape, fleeing dvd Kpdro'i, in
the
way
of barbarians
when
retreating.
Let us look at another picture. Thucidides informs us that, after the disaster at Syracuse, the
Athenians were greatly depressed, fearing that the enemy would next bring the war into their territory wise nation with all their power, Kara KpdTo<;. and complans, It hurry. not war does going to
and keeps the end ever in view just as the emphatic point of downward motion is its end. He who acts dvd Kpdro<i starts oE at the top of his strength, without regard to what comes after. 22. Kad' ofxtkov, dv oixiKov, among, into, through
bines,
the crowd.
18
KaO" ojxlXov,
aud of another man who, on the same day, and into the same crowd, went dv ofiikov and we are to examine, and see if the actions diifered, so as to invite and require the use of these prepositions respectively (II. III). The Trojans and tlie Greeks made a truce, with the condition that Menelaus and Paris should fight as champions for the two sides respectively; and thus decide the whole war. Before the truce, however, on the same day, Paris had come forward alone and challenged the bravest Menelaus came of the Greeks to fight with him. forth to meet him this took away his courage, and he slunk back again into the crowd of Trojans, avTi<; KaO' ofxiXov eSv Tpcocov. Reproached for his cowardice he rallied for the fight the truce was made, and the Paris was worsted, was on the combatants met. point of being dragged away as a captive, when Aphrodite rescued him, and carried him unseen to his home and Menelaus, supposing him to be among the Trojans, went here and there among the crowd
;
;
(II.
36, 449).
23.
Now let us compare these two actions, and what the preposition does in each case toward see
completing the picture. Paris ii;oes, first, back to his own place, among the
Trojans (he had been out of his usual place).
goes back as a stone, lifted out of
free,
its
He
left
place,
and
goes back
secondly, he
went spontaneously,
as
'Ai/a
and Kara
thirdly
.,
in Composition.
19
a stone
falls
he went to
stay,
and would
have stayed if he could, as a stone lies where it falls. We have then, in Paris's action, three marks of downward motion and the Greek mind by instinct took the preposition whose primary meaning was down. Let us now look at the action of Menelaus. First^ he went away from his natural place he went from the Grecian army, where he belonged, to the Trojan he secondly, he did not know how far he should go he was thirdly, Paris find could till he was to go
;
CHAPTER
ava AND Kara
24.
Y.
COMPOSITION.
place, the coast,
A ship
sailing
from a fixed
forth into the pathless sea, has an analogy to an object sent up from the fixed surface of the earth into
employment
is
of the
denoted
to
By
expressed by KaropfeadaL.
The Gre-
may
;
20
in his experience
into the
air,
that prepares
him
to understand avar/eadau
and
a picturesqueness for
want of words, but for lack of tlie Language is so poor in its resources that nimble thought borrows the words up and down, and makes them suggest motion
alent
not
for
but there
is
an analogy
25. When the Ten Thousand Greeks took service under Cyrus, the Younger, the expedition was called an am/3ao-t9, not because they went into a higher country, but they went from their known home to Their return home was, by a a region unknown.
like analogy, called KaTd^aa-i<i.
Thuc. 6
16,
To
the
Olympic games
KadPjKa
;
end of free downward motion. It was the on the appointed day, the races were to take place; the place of the games, and the roads leading to it all well known. The races were subsequent, separated from the sending by intervening time, and are not embraced in the verb KadrjKa. ^Aviivat, to release, from the bonds of sleep (II. 2 34), eSx' av ae /jLekl(f>po}v v7rvo<; avrjTj, when honeyed sleep The man released let up from shall release thee.
like the
city where,
:
own
free will.
Also, to send
(II.
20
118),
'Am and
avriKe.
Kara
in
Composition.
21
him
forth.
cases.
Note
26. Kaleiv, to
hum,
dvaKaietv, to begin to
hum,
to
hindle.
In motion upward there is and only one the beginning. So, in a fire, there is one thing fixed the beginning; beyond this all is uncertain, whether it will die out or become a conflagration KaraKaieiv, to hum up, consume the pictm-e, to the Greek, was to burn till the burning came
to an end, for
want of fuel
all
gone up in flame.
Ta<i ')(elpa<i, the
hold up, as
hands, to
self up, <f)m, the light ; dvixecrdaL, mid, to hold one's as against somethiug that would overpower, or crush
hence to sustain,
ravTa
dvd(7')(7}a6e,
;
hear, endure (Anab. 1 7, 4), av Se if you can endure this the noise of their shouting, that is, if you can hold yourselves up against it Karex^iv, to hold down, hold fast, detain ; (II. 15 186j, if he shall Tceejp me hack against my will, elfidKeovra KaOrj^ei (II. 11 702), These (the horses) the Icing detained, dva^ roix; I'ttttov? Kaa^^de
:
Kareax^check
(II.
:
to restrain, to
426),
dvex
iTTTrou?,
(Hdt. 1
iroKKaxfi
dvio-xpv
often
checked Tnyself ;
Karex^Lv
Kara, so wide
?
hold hack from acting an action already going on. check to dvkx^iv,
means
at
all
When
22
a thing, or a creature,
is
quite at rest,
its
natural state
;
to
is,
down, Kara (men and stones are here alike) and keep it from acting is to Jceep it where it is that down, Kare^etv. But when a creature acts, whether
man
pause ^ avairaveadaL implies that the suspended action will be resumed when the cause as a falling that interrupted it shall be removed stone, if stopped, will fall again if the power that
28.
UaveaOai,
to
stopped
it
is
withdrawn.
Homer
says
(II.
17
550),
;
the winter suspends the works of men, avkiravae works will go on again when spring returns. If the
stopping
is final
the verb
is
KarairaveLv.
time, that
is
is, till
some
to
;
transient
taken away
day, avafxeveLv ^w
await, wait for, as to wait for the ava suggests transiency, because
up
a thing
;
from
falling is nat-
receive,
avaSex^adai,, to
catch,
blows upon the body Karahe-xeaOat, to receive permanently, as principles in the soul banished citizens
to their
homes
these
23
but are received on the ground to remain not do body, on the or shield, the on received blows javelin, many a caught shield the II. 5 619, stay.
:
avelk^aro.
We
may
when
company
Karalk')(e.(jQaL
these
is
rules
are to be permanent;
ball in
but when
its flight,
in practice one of
the verb
avalkx^aQai
the
remain up.
31.
To know, yiyvcocrKeiv
',
KarayLyvcoa-Keiv, to
know
what one has a special interest in knowing. The act KUTor/ always implies some standard of judgment already in the mind ; and the resnlt of the act is always
to place the object in a class.
This
is
like
'
downward
Avayiyvcoamotion, tending to a preappointed end. Lexicon says, to know the mean, as Keiv (1) does not
well,
know
certainly
(2) it
judgment, which Kararf often does (3) it suggests difllculty of knowing, and in this fact it has an anology with upward motion (4) the knowledge it predicates is pictured as springing from the shrewdness and wit
;
of the knower.
The
student
who
faithfully studies
knows
it,
has
not a knowledge expressed by avay. 32. As motion up, ava, is contrary to nature, that
is,
to the natural
it,
force to effect
actions
scribed
by aid of
this preposition.
24
was
^
348).
:
Un125).
wheel back the wing (Anab. is to be straight that of the book, to be rolled up that of AvanrelOeiv, to the wing of an army, to be in line. persuade one against his natural hent j those who could not be persuaded by arguments {Xojol^) were won over hy money, aveireldovro '^prjfiacnv (Cyri. Inst. T 5). Xerxes was at first indisposed to make war against Greece, but Mardonius won him over, aveKvaiTTvaaeiv ro
:
Kepa<;, to
10, 9).
;
The
'
Going ^Avaxopeiv, to go hack. 6). opposed to the natural instinct, whether bodily or mental. Men and beasts alike are constituted to go forward. To make them go back requires force,
TreLo-e
(Hdt. 7
back
is
it
hence avd.
what I
is
I take
1
:
hack, dvarldeixai,
said before
(Mem.
2,
44)
to stand to
what he
this
has said.
33. Neuety,
to
nod ; Hector's
crest
nodded
:
way and
debate
^
that, as
Kuraveveiv, to
(II. 1
:
he stood before his wife (II. 6 470) nod and thereby confirm, ending all
311).
nod upward, i. e., in refusal (II. 6 moderns do not indicate refused by an upward or backward motion of the head perhaps the Greeks did not, but used dva in its derived sense of resistance, opposition which on second thought,
Avavevetv, to
We
'Am and
you
it
Kara in Composition.
to the
25
will observe,
amounts
same
arousing
head back
In
Convin., ch.
dvaa7rdaa<i to irpocrwirov,
dva suggests the constraint jpulling a long face / used to draw the features into the desired expression, though that was very different from drawing the
face up.
34. 'Kvahelv, to
bundle
What
is
upward motion
ance
:
The
dva carries
up
does,
up tight, the preposition iq:) serves the same purpose. The band used in hinding tip the hair of women is called dvaSiafjLT}. Crowning the victors with garlands,
GTecpdvofi dvahcbv viKo!)vra<;
fillets
as
if
something
fjiq)
Od. 14 345,
KariS-qaav
iiJa-iX-
ivl
vrjl,
they
hound me
ship.
thing dvahovjievov
may
be moved
invites
not so a
attention.
thing Karahovfievov.
35.
It
The compound
Kardp-xeiv
How
can
which means to hegin, join to itself Kara, which suggests finality ? Kardpxeiv means to begin an action which has been completed in thought before
dpx^Lv,
26
it is
begun
in act
as to
;
planned beforehand
celebration, that
is
to proceed
by
a prescribed order.
The beginning
out before
1
:
is
Cyri. Inst.
4, 4,
Cyrus,
when
a youth,
would
knew
himself to be
defi-
and lead, Karijpxev, his associates through the leaping on the horse, throwing the dart, exercises The course of exercises was all in his mind etc.
when he began hence Kara. Mem. 2 3, 11, If you w^ished to win over one of the men of mark, so that, when he had an entertainment, he should invite you, how would you act ? / icould begin, KardpxotP'i, by inviting him, when I had an The end was in view from the beentertainment.
:
ginning
&)8^9,
hence
;
there
Socrates began a song, rjpx^v KUTa. was no forethought called for, only
is
memory
used.
After;
wards he began his argument anew, Karfjpxe his argument was directed at every step to reach the
forethought conclusion.
is mentally seen from the is naturally expressed beginning beginning, then the of a campaign beginning by Kardpx^i-v, whether it be
36.
Whenever
the end
its
prescribed courses
or of a public celebration, or a school examination, or a day's work planned by the master, on the farm, or
in the shop.
'Am and
Kara in Composition.
;
27
KaraSecv, to
13i).
it
He
left a
much
eXKOCTi
mid
of
Cheops
the
Kara
;
greatest
compared.
38.
^
AvaSei/cvvvac, to
may
see
:
raising
:
making proclamation KaTdBeiKvvvat, to discover and maJce known some important truth or art, prized by " JSTecos was the first all as a possession (Hdt. 4 42). who made known, KaTaSel^a^, that Libya, Africa, ." was surrounded by w^ater, except So Columbus was the first who shotced, KaTaSei^a<;, that there was
. .
a new world west of the Atlantic. In ancient times, " the Carians were the first to show how, KaraBeL^avre<;,
to bind crests
upon
their
helmets" (Hdt. 1
171).
In
modern
times. Professor
KaTa8eL^a<;,
showed how,
tinent in a
Morse was the first who to send word across the conj
dva/j,,
moment
of time.
to
39. Mavddveiv,
learn hy inquiry
to
The
Lex.,
learn again,
to
inquire closely,
is
in error.
The
these.
When
and
finding
one examines an
is
ore,
without prepossession,
it
;
contains, his
if,
expressed by ava^mvOdveiv
but
starting
28
with the belief or hope that the ore contains gold, he searches and finds that, his finding is expressed by
KoraiiavQavuv.
those about
dvrjpcoTa
Cyrus, fond of learning, was ever inqidring of him how things were, ael tou? 'rrap6vTa<i
(Inst. 1
dvd
4).
:
250), I recognized
dvrjpcoroov.
therefore dvd
the things
till
she found
had poured poison His learning answered the one great question in his mind it was matter of life and death for his grandfather, therefore kutu. The spies having learned, about the army, Karathis was the very object they were sent for p,ad6vTe<i it brings the inquiry to an end, as the striking upon the ground by a falling stone brings its motion to
learned, Kare/jbaOov, that he
into your drink (Cyri. Inst).
they
The
their purpose
was
When
learns
eler,
many
this is fxavddveiv.
Another
trav-
to these questions
this is KaraiiavddveLv.
'Am and
40,
Kara in Composition.
;
29
To
search.,
^T/reti/
ava^rjTeiv,
to
examine a
search-
thing to see what one can find in it. ch. 2) says that his accusers charged
Socrates (Apol.
him with
ra
ing into
evei'y thing
under
is
the earth,
ra
dve^7]T'r]K(i)<;.
What
7?}9
sentence?
It
cannot denote
searching vtto
denotes motion
its
for
up-
ward.
'Am
has here
thrown upward,
far
it
it
cannot be
of
If the student be willing for the sake of science to accept a very lowly illustration of dvatjjreiv, let
him look
at the early
of rubbish, hook in
hand
or, rising to
the dignity of
history (see Hdt. 1 : 137), If the matter were searched to the hottom, dva^TjTeofieva, one of these things would
be discovered. 'Am in the above cases quite drops its primary suggestion of space, and serves the important dynamic idea which is affiliated with it.
41. ^AvaXveiv., to set free, as (Od. 12
Beaficov
:
200)
e/ie 8'
e'/c
from my honds ; the result of this act was that he who had been bound was now free to go as his own will
dveXvaav,
and
they set
me
free
prompts
But to let loose is as free as air. game is not dvoXveiv, for dogs have not free will. To undo the web, dvaXveiv, the act To dissol/oe a leaves the threads free and floatino^.
the will
The Greek Prepositions.
into
its
30
body
unknown
;
or
to
to
of.
analyze
dynamite, and
find
what
it
is
made
known
parts of a thing,
and
frame of a
house, a government.
42.
is
times to
cleai'ly /
to see
misleading.
for
one loses a jewel, and searches for it, he may see a hundred other things, and ever so clearly thus far his seeing is expressed by the simple verb opav but, when he sees what he was looking for, it is
;
;
KaQopav}
Xerxes, looking towards the shore, surveyed his land forces and his ships (Hdt. 8 44). Looldng to:
wards., Kadopav
it
was
in order to see,
and thereby
or-
tower,
avrov,
'
is clear,
is
In
Romans
Him
are
possible
questions.
and Kara
31
'Ai/a
in
Coinposition.
the king and rushed upon him (Anab. looking for the king the moment he was 9). action of looking for him ceased and him, the saw Here the looking or seeing another. place to gave called for none the less is Kara but was not down, already in the seer's question a the seeing ended mind. When those in front came upon the height and saw the sea, a great shout arose Karhhov rr]v 6d\
Cyrus
:
sees
He
array (Anab. 4
7, 21).
Well might
a shout arise at
little
Observe that a
before,
when
lead them
to a place
where they would see the sea, he uses the simple verb, duXarrav he had no longing for the o-yfrovrat ry-jv and so he did not need Kadopdv to express his sight
thought.
They
the
on
hills, that, if
see
anything,
ei
it',
irov ri
purpose of seeing, therefore Kara. It may be said that the looking in this case would
be a looking down, and that this is all that Kara means. This is quite a mistake. Even if the looking were
down, that is not an essential point in the act it was what they should see and not how they should be looking when they saw it, that was to determine their future action. But it was by no means certain that their looking would be down. If, when half way up
;
32
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
the heights, they had seen the enemy on ground above them, the action would be KaOopav, just as much as if they had climbed to ground above the enemy, and
43.
The Adjective
it
Kara<^avri<i is
sometimes said to
If a
mean
clearly in sight.
is
Tliis is misleading.
mind thought of, thing is KaTa^avrj<i, before it is seen. The clearness is desired, or feared sufficient and need be no more than sufficient to
in the
is
mind
before.
Anab.
;
The
tracks of
for, therefore the simple verb is used. If they had been looking for signs of the enemy, the verb would have been Kara^aiv&rai. Further on in the narrative (1 8, 8), as the battle drew on, the gleam of spears was visible, here and there, through the cloud of dust visible, KaTa<^avel<;. They were not in fact clearly seen, but they were just what the Greeks were looking for they were seen clearly enough to settle the question that was in all minds. The glimpse of the spears showed that the battle was upon them. 44. meteor appears, (fialverat; a comet foretold and expected appears, KaracpaiveTa. The day dawns begins to appear ava(^atverai. 45. Od. 4 41, They threw before the hoi'ses spelt, and therewith mixed white barley, avkiii^av\ a chance
: :
'Ai/a
and Kara
in Composition.
33
little
more
therefore
Anab. 7
After a time they mixed with and made their home there The mixing was final, securing the end
:
2, 3,
cities,
Horses mingling in a
El. 715).
mingling, but coming about by chance, each horse doing his best hence
a purposed
Not
dvd.
II.
24
529,
To ivhomsoever Zens
k
diJb^l^a<i
giveth a m.in;
gled
the
divine
allotments were
all
hence
it
can
but the same blossoms in the gardener's bed, placed for harmonious effect, are Kara/jnyvv/MevoL. Stones of
all
dva/Miyvvfievoi
the same
;
they
artist's
mind
cut by striking
hence
down,
to strike
dead, to
in deadly conflict,
^not
by
accident,
When
is
death comes by
34 In Anab. 4
forestalled
:
The Greek
85, 25,
Prepositions.
iraiha
by the word
of
d/cwv.
When
the
death comes
by sentence
verb
is
the
law
and
;
is
not the
the
sometimes airoKTelveLv but this last carries a special suggestion, which will be 11. 6 409, Soon the treated of in its place. The killAchaians will slay thee, KaraKraveovatv. ing would be in deadly conflict it would be the end sought. But see II. 15 587, Like a wild beast that hath done some evil thing, having slain a dog or a herdsman, Kvva KTiva<i rj ^ovKokov. The killing was not it was from in pursuit of an intelligent purpose
:
blind instinct.
Od. 10 lOG,
:
KaTaKTdfx,evo<;, slain in
therefore KaraK.
Od. 12 375, 'Ot
:
my own
halls
it
in the
^od<; eKrafiev
toe
had slain
it
his kine.
The
killing
was
Anab. 1 9, 6, much, but at last he killed him, KareKave he meant to kill the bear, and did M'hat he meant. It follows, therefore, if this view be coiTect, that no irrational creature can do the act ex])ressed by KaraKTiV6Lv, for no such creature can form an intelligent
suffered
;
'Am and
purpose
before
Kara in Composition.
35
it is
begun in
act/
:
75) seems at
first view-
but
it is,
in fact, con-
firmatory of
let
it.
The
story
is
regarded as divine
telligent purpose
it
made
therefore, of
it.
Kara-
hands of one
fulfilling a
who
purposes to
kill
the
outward act
purpose formed beforehand; to die not by disease, nor by accident, nor by old age, nor by
II.
22
who meant
to kill
him.
II.
21
thou
'
also,
Odve
koI
av
KarOave koI
UdrpoKXo'i,
Such, at least, seems to have been the Greek opinion, so far as I have been able to gather it in reading. Perhaps the reading has been
defective
;
Greek thought.
In any case, the opinion here ventured invites no reference to
modern Biology
of ancient story
"
nor does
it
companions of man
Who
bear a
memory and
a mind,
36
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
Patroklos also died. Observe how vapid would be the phrase if Kara were omitted here. It would
mean only
men
die, per-
haps in his bed. Note also how the imperative, 6dve, asks no help from Kara ; the lifted arm told the purpose (II. 21 106, 107).
:
II.
89,
There
is
the
tomb of
champion who
died,
old,
;
KaTaredvriwTO^
whom
which made the fallen hero worthy of a monumental tomb. 48. *Aya and Kara may serve to express the same general idea through different pictures to the imagiXen. Cyr. 1 1, Arj/jLOKparlai KarekvOiqa-av, nation.
to the deadly conflict
:
democracies have heen overthrowti ; oXijapxtai, dv^the first p-qvrai, oligarchies have heen overthrown; the secdemolished structure of a ; idea suggests the
away
the idea
virtually in both.
CHAPTER
eiii,
YI.
ON, UPON.
49. EvEKYTTiTNO
is 011,
OT
yj)on.,
something by force
of gravitation.
When
comes, or on which
in hand,
'EttI, on,
upon.
37
it.
and show
its
is
relation to the
enri
words before
This
preposition
The
which
motion is arrested, is put in the Accusative. To fall ground, iirl to BaTreSov, to seat one's seK upon a throne, iirl dpovov The picture to the thought is that of power passing from the subject of the verb to the object of the preposition. The primary power in
071 the
space
is
;
that of gravitation
its
direction
is its
is
perpen-
dicular
unvarying conis
comitant.
50.
human power
spent in a
their
perpendicular direction.
Men
usually
employ
must
icp
and down.
We
there-
fore be ready to shift this path of power, if we would find eVt fruitful with human uses, and from perpendicular make it horizontal, whenever we find the lines
Before doing
this,
however,
we
accompanying notions which eirl always carries with First, the object which falls upon another exerts it. power upon it by impact that is, by the accumulated
Secondly, the
to exert
object
that
rests
it
power upon
by the continued force of gravitation in other words, by its own weight. These are not ingenious statements, thought out
;
to help a theory
effort is
facts.
No
; ;
38
world where tlie power of gravitation does not ^o along with it, aiding, guiding, or obstructing and deand eVt is one of the witnesses in the Greek feating Our language of this constant, inevitable power.
:
study
is, first,
all fair
52. If
now we
power, as
we
proposed to do, and, instead of up and doion, make it horizontal along the level earth where living creatures with man have their home we do not thereby
we
a
take
it
with us into
this
new
field,
and
allot to it
wider, and
53.
is
but, in the
instincts
and habits
aslife.
But
and
physical or mental
and the object of the preposition is in the Accusative. They came to the river^ cttI tov irorafiov, to cross it they came to the clt>/, eVt rrjv ttoXlv, to take it, or
enter
it.
54. If the
movement be
a journey
from
a distant
and
hope
that
to reach, rather
distant object
is
;
Greece,
eV
'EXTuiSo^
than of the realization, then in the Genitive: to sail for for home, eV oUov he legem
;
'Em,
to
on, upon.
39
eVt
into.
lead them into line of lattle, v^-q^eno eVl ^aXar/yo<: witli the Genitive, witk a view to bring them
The
genitive here
is
the
flesh
on
spits,
;
i-rrl
standing
is
07i
if
the
position
indefinite,
transiently upon,
sitting
iirl is
on burdens on their heads, hn twv K<pa\6cov the enemy are on the mountains, iirl tmv opwv he danced on the
the shore,
aKxr]^;
;
eV
the
men
carry the
56.
pens
is
Time somewhere within which a thing hapexpressed by the Genitive eVl Aeoz/ro? /3acrL-
'\evovro<i,
some time in the reign of Leo. 57. Bearing in mind that whatever comes against a thing horizontally, as well as what comes down on it by gravitation, exerts power upon it, we are prepared
to see
how
first,
and
last,
and
all
through, eVt
is
the
its relation
Jock of the In the above examples the shore spoken of are located by referring to
mountains, the table.
some near, better from the known to the in Geometry we determine the position of a point from to other points whose position is known as in old English mill may discriminate from Jock of the hill.
to locate by suggesting
it
is
(a/cr^j) is
this
40
as,
it
;
he went eVt r^y 6vpav, to the door, to open, or shut it they went iirl rb hehrvov, to their dinner, to eat it thej went eVt tou? iroXe/jitovi, against the enemy, to assault them.
;
;
58.
less,
The
object of eVt,
commonly pictured
or passive
;
as life-
activity
lifeless,
but any
where
introduced by
eirl.
The treatment of eirl is here suspended, to be resumed in a comparison of it with prepositions which
follow.
CHAPTER
v'jro,
YII.
59.
The
takes
along with it other notions which accompany it by a First, of all it necessity of nature and experience.
carries the suggestion of its correlative on, or over,
iirl,
Nothing can be under which has not or virep. something on, upon, or over it. 60. Secondly, this correlation of under with on, or over, naturally suggests a comparison that which is under is thought of as inferior to that which is on.
;
'Ttto,
41
under is in a degree withdrawn from the light. As light comes from above, that which is under something must of .necessity receive a less degree of light than that which is mer or ujpon it. It follows from this that viro readily
or over
it.
cealment, deceit.
61.
That which
is
under
is
naturally thought of
which is upon it sometimes subdued, crushed, destroyed by it as, for example: the blossom under the stone that is laid ujpon it the snail trodden under the foot of the ox.
as passive to the pressure of that
;
;
62.
But
that
which
this
is
resistance
and
may become
Here
the power of
suggestion
life countervails
the
downward
pressure
of gravitation.
as,
for
But lifeless things may give the same example the post under the cor:
it.
We
;
governs
many
as
three.
may be sugthe coming into without regard to that posigested II. 2 307, tion, or the leaving of it. were offering
64. Firsts the position under, vTrb,
:
We
hecatombs beneath a
pla7ie
tree,
irrrb
ifkaravCarm
under
the wall,
i.
e.,
v'tto
Teixei (H.
42
21
:
like
them, nat-
urally take the dative case after viro, as the case ex-
pressive of position.
14
24,
He
shall place a
literally,
under
The
Xao9
Od. 3
vcj)
:
304, BeBfiTjro 8e
avTM,
and
snhdued under
him.
15
637, icpS^rjdev
put in fear hy
were
filled
Hector.
II.
11
may be
the
rfkaae p/qka,
As
is
11.
alnrv,
Cyllene.
mind
air,
the light.
QQ.
The
by the
preposition
141), a spring
from a
This form
calls for
248, to
'Ttto,
43
war-din
rescue
tlie
sons of
from
;
the
of
virb,
from
under.
is
phrase
e7(w
tlie
thrust
the
o-TToSo?,
emhers,
is
where
it
is
a j)artitive genitive.
So (Od. 11 52), he had not been buried beneath the wide-wayed earth, utto, any where heneath six feet of it was space enough 67. 'Ttto with the genitive suggests primarily the prevalence of its object over some one else, as if that But it is used in genother were prostrate under it. eral to mark the agent of an action after passive verbs.
While primarily
victories
picturing, as
it
and subjugations of war, its wide embrace serves for actions the most kindly and beneficent. Mem. 2 2, 3, Whom can we find more greatly benefited by any than are children hj jparents f viro
:
yovecov
68.
correlative, in-
vite to
side
by
:
side, that
:
each
may be
to
i^Levai
X^^P'^'i
39)
v^ievau
6pr]vvv iroa-iv, to
(II.
14 240).
:
Wine
man
to sing,
i<f)ii]K
44
(Od. 14
VTT
:
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
he put
:
464).
To each dam
Ai'gives,
its
young
to suck,
efi/3pvov r)Kv
kKaary (Od. 9
309).
(11.
He
1
:
hath sent
i<f>r]Kev
445).
Sub-
Observe in the above example the suggestion of power in eVl, and of subordination in vtto. 69. ^'Apx^i'Vy to be first in doing a thing / as to lead is chai'acteristic of a ruler, the word comes naturally to
mean
to
rule j
iirdp-xeiv,
to
ride over
;
exercise authority
eVap^ct) 7ro\Xr]<;,
upon
a particular district
%6opa9
I rule over
6, 2)
vTrapx^tv, to he
like a founda-
Socrates
(Mem. 2
3) is
;
it is
a great provision
for friendship, irpo'^ ^tXlav /jueya virdp')(L, to be sprung from the same parents. This word is very appropriate in the criminations and recriminations of those engaged in war each
The word
and
life
that
rests.
It is
who
hegiiis
receives the
hke
in return.
Anab. 2
3, 23, If
any
one will hegin with showing us kindness, vfia^ ev iroiwv virdp^r), we will not be outdone by him, at least to the extent of our power, in making kind returns.
'Ttto,
45
But
1
:
5, I sliall
Hdt. 4:1, Darius wished to be revenged on the Scythians, who, in days gone by, had invaded Media and so began the guarrel, vTnjp^av a8iKLr}<;. In like manner the French and the Chinese, in this year of grace, 1884, are each charging the other with
"EWrjva^.
beginning the wrong, virdp^ai d8tKia<;. 70. 'ETTOYetz/, virdyeLv (Hdt. 2 108), The multi:
he brought uj^on the land, iirijydyeTO to bring war on a people, eTrdyeiv TroXe/jiov to bring on
tude
; ;
whom
TTTJ/Jia,
woe,
to
is
vitttov^;,
The end
to be reached
i. e.,
harnessed to
the chariot
dinate
that end.
important
This
is
the leading
is
analogous to
viro
cr7reo<i
rjkaae
fjLrjka,
where the end to be gained is to have the flock in the cave the driving is a necessary condition to that end. In Xen. Yenat. 4 4, we find dyecv ra^ Kvva<;, to talce
own end
but
act
is
we
(4:5); but further, when they find the haunt of the boar, they set the dogs forward to rouse him, iirdryetv The compound virdyeiv is also used to Td<; Kvva^.
present a picture analogous to the water running out from the can, virb cnreiov<i ; vrrcu^e, away from before
46
The Greek
!
Prepositions.
For, to a living away from binder me motion forward against what is before him is as natural as striking on what is under it is to a falling stone. 'Ett* and vrro play their parts in this
me
literally,
creature,
pendicular
that
me me
motion against something is eVt, and which obstructs it is utto. 11. 5 885, He assailed with the might of a god, but my swift feet bore
;
:
under.
out of his reach^ virrjveLKav, literally, hare from Anab. 3 4, 48, Toi<i /j,ev eiiirpoaOev virwyeiv
:
TrapeKaXevero,
071,
He
e.,
called to
vTrdyetv,
i.
make room
behind them. 71. The English preposition under does not bear We can transference to this horizontal direction.
say " stand from nnder "
;
motion
but, if
we change
under
will
no longer
:
serve.
Matt. 13
44,
He
all
that he
;
he goeth, viruyei
the
emphatic
j)oint is the
;
buying
the
going
is
merely
preparatory
it
to the thought
in
a clear sub-
More commonly
Anab. 1 8, 15, Xenoexj^ressed by the participle. phon riding up, so as to join Cyrus, asked him if he
'Ttto,
47
riding up^
v7reKda-a<i.
To
up
vtto
Cyrus
is
needto
it
inept moreover,
moment
It
seems to denote
simply the subordination of Xenophon's act at the time to the act of Cyrus as a question for instruction is necessarily subordinate to the answer expected.
72. yieveiv, to remain, abide, wait ; viroixeveiv, to re-
main under, to
tionary,
ure.
:
hear, sustain, endure ^ the actor is staand acts as in resistance to a downward pressOd. 1 410, oyS' V7ri/ji6tvv yvcofMevat, he did not
tvait for us to
know him
did
/
on.
of our inquires.
Plato Epis,
Epis. Heb., If ye
e?i-
dure chastening,
'FiTTc/jbiveiv,
viro/xivere.
to
remain
Cyr. Inst. 1
4,
The
When
result.
head, yet he held on, iirefjuetvev. connected with rational acts eVt suggests the
basis of the act,
ground or
The
Peter continued
barking,
debtors,
efxeve
Kpovcov
Peter
object.
eTre/xeve.
48
go, while I
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
;
or do thou remain^ behind points to the pui-pose of eVt go eTrlixeuvov, and both. minds of in the the action, which was much as patient, be stranger Od. 11 351, Let the until the iirlfietvov, he desires to return, and wait, the of full measure morrow, till I shall have filled the
left
am
I will
gift.
The waiting
is
mind
of
measure of
the waiting been a halt upon a march to be resumed as a matter of course on the morrow, the verb would not be eVt/i., but dvafi (see Sec. 7).
Had
340, Wait, iTrlfievov, till I put on my looks forward to the object to be gained by waiting namely, the putting on of the armor ; it is a note beforehand showing that there is an object
So,
II.
:
armor
iirl
to be gained
by waiting.
It
is
therefore in
the
us not refuse to learn the Greek amples. But because we cannot always translate it exactly into
let
English.
73. If the conqueror jnits the yoke iipon the conquered, iiriTLOevai, the conquered bea/r it, inro^epetv ;
if
upon the
other, iTrcevai,
eTrepxeo-Oai, e-rrLTriiTTeiv,
we
say
'Ttto,
49
virohexovrai
cnv.
if
from under
it,
v'iTO(pevyov-
The study
14:.
of eVt
it
is
in a comparison of
The compound
by anticipation
its
Prep,
e/c)
source in the
to
some
he leads as the colonel under instructions leads his regiment into battle he leads as the hare leads the hounds as the
ulterior object of his
;
own
as the pioneers,
marking
Thuc. 1
78, If
you
we
do our best to avenge ourselves on you, in the way in which you set us an example, vc^rjyrjaOe
will
:
enemy under
they did so
is
it
a law, or condition
namely,
that as
would be done
it is
to them.
threat,
it is v(f>'r)<yela6ai.
To draw
:
them,
up
(Anab. 6 5, 25) vtto recognizes a subordination it was an act preparatory to the inevitable battle before
them
v7rdr/eiv,
paratory to a hunt.
Compare with
Hdt. 1
151,
They
resolved in
common assembly
whatever
50
way
act
from
their
own
arbitrary choice
Anab. 2
1,
now in
this Clearchus
vTroarrpi-^lra^i,
was
(baXlvo<i he
terously shunning
vivo,
The
colt is trained to
his
To go
before
is
i^yelaOai,
but here the colt's action is under control of his trainer hence the verb is v^'r]<yela0ac. 16. It is not implied that he who leads, vcfirjyelraL, Soph. El. 1502, is necessarily the inferior of the two.
;
v(f)r)'yov,
is
said
by Aegis-
thus to Orestes, in whose power he was, and at whose hands he was soon to meet his death. It simply proposes that Orestes lead the way in retiring from the
present scene
an
act
his
coming death. So the gods lead men, vj)r}yovvrai, by suggestions drawn from objects and creatures around them (Xen.
Cyri.,
Bk.
3)
man's reason and will are here pictured no one is convinced against his
;
reason, or
made good
16,
Let us then rest our discussion, to act in this way, since in this proceed Crito, and
7G. Crito
way God
The
leading its, eTreiSi] ravrr] 6 ^eo9 v(f)r]yetTai. was through suggestions to the leading divine
is
11/309,
To,
to Face.
51
as
It
reason,
whicli
made monument
the
for
all
cheer,
souls.
CHAPTER
7rpo9, TO,
yill.
TO,
TOWAEDS, NEAE
FACE TO FACE.
Y7.
Few
7r/?o9
things are
about
ples,
in the Lexicon,
but no interpretation
It is said to
^no
in-
mean motion to or motion from, or rest in a place^ and many things besides. The only resource is in guessing, and trying, till one's common sense tells him he has guessed right.
quirer.
78.
We
we
re-
human
The
our view
is
right.
the
is
whence
52
rendered possible
this first
to,
From who
meaning
7rj0O9
this
meet
rily
face to face.
79.
meets his fellow man it is primaimplies a reciprocal action on and for converse,
When man
irpo't
is
the preposition
its
personal object in
'EttI presents its
;
form of human
it
intercourse.
living object as if
were
lifeless
tt/jo?,
never
and
in
it;
often
it
makes
;
what
is,
To say Trpo? this eVt never does. self, lifeless to lidx^aOai implies that the Trojans fight back shoot 7r/)09 Tei^o? implies that the wall has something namely, to repulse the shafts thrown against to do
Tpwa?
it
the wall
is
armor of the
city
do the work of defense. 80. IT/JO? (TTf]Oo<i ^dWeiv, to shoot against the breast, implies that the o-Ti)do<; makes, or may make,
it
was
built to
Both and breastplate are there to aid in giving that But, you may ask, might not one say in response. Certainly he could, if crr^^o? /SdWeiv ? case eVl this some
sort of response to the stroke of the dart.
shield
'
As
relations of things,
irphs
the relations of persons very greatly surpass in interest the it has seemed truer, as well as easier, to think of
relations.
different
supposition would not affect any important fact in the studjtherefore invites no discussion here.
sides,
and
be-
in addition
to,
11/309,
To,
Towards, Near
to,
Face
to Face.
53
were pretty dull just as a painter, if dull, may put two objects into a picture and not harmonize them. 11/309 harmonizes the picture, it is a note beforehand, showing that the act is to have its issue in
lie
or, to
put
it briefly,
would
if
you
kill
the
man
To attain
ing especially of the manly endeavor it costs but if you are thinking chiefly of the happiness it brings, 7rpo<i
apeTrjv (Xen. Conviv., ch. 4).
:
The discouraged
soldiers
(Anab. 3 1) had no spirit to go to their arms, iirl ra oirXa', no spirit to go on guard, 7rpo<i Ta9 (f>v\aKd<i. In going to their arms they went to do something, namely, to take their arms in going on guard they did not go primarily to do anything; they were to wait and watch till others should act, i. e., the enemy, and call forth the watcher's action in response hence
;
77/309.
To expose one
it is
of reciprocity uniformly
cases the chief action
suggested by
but in
many
It is
to
joricJcs,
Kevrpa XaKTl^eiv.
Here
is
who
54
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
they
may be very
different.
83.
swung them
Here the
what the
did to them
eV
S'
84. Hector (II, 6 454) bewails the coining fate of Andi'omache, that in her captivity she would weave, 7r/309 aXX.r)';, at the command of another woman / that is, standing before her face and receiving commands
:
mand
was not tlie weaving, but the domineering comthat was in the husband's thouglit. Anab. 5 " that I hear some Xenophon says one is ac7, 1, cusing me of deceiving you therefore liear me hy the Gods, 7r/309 twv Oewv " irpo<i, an appeal to the
it
: : :
Gods
them,
if
who
he does
proachesyVow
me
to
my
face.
If the reproaches
came
to his ears
from Od.
IX we
it
read that
Neptune
rocks,
shattered
tlie ship,
dashing
against the
irpo'i
irerpya-t ^aXcitv.
The
ship
n/)09,
To,
to Face.
55
They leaned
their
might be supported the walls reacted and held what was leaned against them. 86. They fight against each other, 7rp6<i aWrjXov^;
that they
leaned
them
al-
ways
one phrase, however, eV aXKrjXoLo-t KexwTo, they were heaped on one another, where aXkrikoLcn, always reciprocal in its sugcarries
with
it.
There
is
gestion,
is
itself
What
shall
we
say?
This,
lation
namely
Greek and the English transeach describes a common fact by a short phrase,
:
that the
others),
but so suggestive
is
its
inaccuracy
pardoned for
149)
87.
went
to
dis-
miss him
had she gone for converse, the preposition would have been 7r/)o9. 88. Near the above passage (v. 157) we read that Ulysses gazed fixedly on the unj^lanted sea, ttovtov eV drpuyerov SepKea-KeTO. He was hopeless, for he did not even wipe his tears away did not even look around in hope of seeing some ship that might take him on board. Had he been hopeful enough for that, the preposition would have been 7r/)09, suiting the word to the mental state.
therefore
56
89. But,
?
may be asked, did the Greeks tliink Probably they thought nothing about it, but spoke from habit just as a well educated person uses, in English, the words sTiall and will., correctly from habit, while a foreigner learning English must Just as little did Xenophon need to bethink reflect. him of the distinction between eVt and 77/309, when he used them both, each in its place (Anab. 3 4).
of
all this
Think,
to
7r/309 7r/309
you are on your way now for Greece., your children and your wives, eVl rrjv 'EWaSa,
soldiers,
TOL"? 7ralSa<i
The
preposition
here
is
return to his
his door.
home
at
hands upon his breast, eVt a-r^Oeaatv if he had laid his hands upon the breast to find if the heart was still beating, the preposition would have
klus, placing his
;
been
7r/>o9
(H. 18
317).
91.
The way
to
happiness,
;
rj
6ho<; ctt
evBaifiovuiv,
ness
is
the
latter,
found at the end of a course of labor, or search where it comes of itself, to one who refuses
it
(Mem.
II. 1).
first
examine and then to go to the rest of the body, irpcx: to aWo awfuc. He had nothing to do to the horse, but rather something to receive namely, an impression good, or bad, as he
Xenophon
buy
11/909,
To,
Totvards,
Near
If
To,
Face
to Face.
57
in-
and had told him, when he had finished one part to go to the rest of the iody, he would have said eVt to aXko o-w/xa. Observe, in every case, iirl denotes some form of power
in his duties,
groom
if
tt/jo?
suggests
some form of reciprocal action, or a susceptibility for it, passing from the object to the agent. 93. To go against the enemy lirX tou9 irdkejjilov'i
^
the
enemy
that
latter,
the
when
come
so near to the
enemy
94.
as to stimulate
:
them
to face about
and
fight
4).
When
;
(II.
at
the Scean gate, the nurse held the child on her hreast,
eVt KoXTTfp
but
npos koXttov,
Jrom
the nurse.
will now be able to determine whether it is eVl \i6ov, or Trpo? Xidov, by asking himself, which was specially affected by the
:
6).
blow
the
?
Which
cipal act
58
fell
Upon
-irerpm
it
eTri
ra<i
(Anab. 4
3)
2, 3).
come on
:
thee, eiri
ae
(Rev. 3
iirL
the object
;
is
same chapter we read I stand at if any man hear my voice, and come in to him, eKevao/xai, tt/jo? open the door, / will the visitor and the communion is object The avTov.
But
in the
How
shall I
3, 20).
fire
the
"
You may
say el/xt eVt to irvp, or cording to what your object is in going to warm yourself, it will be 7rpo9 to irvp
el/it
7rpo<?
;
to irvp, acif
if
you go you go
it
will
be eVl to
irvp.
When
num7r/309
bers
come together
;
in two
the
classes
tators
the other
TO TTvp
though
neither class
stir fire
;
come
either to
class
warm
to
themselves or to
but one
come
fire,
98. If at breakfast you break your Qgg by striking your knife on the Q^g, the Greek preposition for on if you break it by striking the egg on the is eVt
;
edge of your
glass,
is
Trpo?.
You
tread
07i
a flower, eVt
you tread on
a nail, Trpo?.
;
they
11/309,
To,
to
Face. 59
all
the
usage.
Anab. 1
sjoeai'S, Tdt<i
8,
upon
;
the
tliey
upon
the
a bell with a
hammer
is
to
;
mark
if
or to break
it,
word
for ^opon
iirl
strikes
upon
In
it
he word for
house
upon
built
is Trpo?.
99.
New
Testament (Matt. 7
21), of the
upon the rock, iirl tyjv irerpav, we read "the winds blew and beat ^(pon that house,^' irpocriireo-ov TTj oiKLa eKelvrj the point being to mark what resist-
made
to the assault
therefore
for he
tt/oo?,
100. Xen. Oecon. 7 23, God, methinks, has prepared the nature of woman /"(^^r wo?'ks and cares with:
iTn/jbeXtj/jiaTa
against cold
be done
eVl
is
tt/jo?,
things to be endured.
object of
the object
of 7rp99
101.
They encamped on
near the
60
somewhere on,
irpo'i
tm
Xi^evi
irpo^
iifl
with gen.
dat. near.
with
Note here how each of the prepositions has its own special meaning, which cannot be expressed by
the other.
tion
;
it
pictures
downward motion
it
arrested.
Sec-
ondarily, therefore,
serves
all
downward motion.
the sea
stone
11/009
is
is stopped by the earth on which it strikes. could not carry this suggestion nor could eVl The thing w'hich moves 07i, serve the turn of 7r/)09. it cannot denote eirl, does not stop till it strikes
;
;
merely near
In the expression " Behold I stand at the door, iirl ttjv 6upav, and knock," the preposition and noun, along with the verb, does not of itself give
to.
:
it
is
made
explicit
by the added
words Kol Kpouo). 102. In the implied converse of two persons, suggested by 7rpo9, we observe that there is no impact,
nor contact
;
7r/)09
are only
near to each other; hence this preposition comes to express the idea of nearness Trpb^ rfj yfj vavfiaxetv, When, the ships fought near the land (Thuc. 7 34).
:
8, 1), at 7rpo<; 6a\however, Xenophon cities near the sea, mean not docs XaTTT) 7r6X6t9, he use eVl ? Behe not did then but wi. t/ie sea : why
says (Hell.
'EttI
and
7rpo<;
in Composition.
61
cause
tlie cities
their supplies
the reciprocal
action
is
We
verse suggested
bj
7r/309,
on equal terms.
prepares a
They
them
common
own
not fractions be counted, or added must be brought to denominator before they can be counted
to
or added.
its
The
preposition
tt/so?,
therefore, carries in
That which
witri
is
same plane
space.
it
See note at
whatever the Lexicons may something is not in the in thought, any more than it is in page 130.
eVl,
on
(eVt)
CHAPTER
eVt
IX.
AND
7r/0O9
IN COMPOSITION.
upon some-
thing
as, the
it
hand on
He
but
holds
if,
would be
restraint
;
way
of
this will
62
tive, hre^eiv
The Greek
Prepositions.
lit-
erally, to
are.
Let us
now
pass to nrpoaex^w.
A
:
wise
man
irpo'i
work
in this
way
He
laid a
irpo(Tea')(e
aairiha
wherever there was digging going on underneath, he would perceive it by the murmur of the shield. Here is no suggestion of power from the man to the ground, but
rather the other
way he waited for something to come from the ground through the shield to him
therefore
105.
'irpo(7e')(eiv,
not
eTri-x^eLv.
We
to
open
the
it,
we
to listen / in
in the other,
it is Trpoa--
his
pidse,
106. Hdt. 1 53, Croesus sent gifts to the shrine, and thereupon aslced for a response, eTretpdora iirl points to the ground on which he asked namely, the gifts he had sent.
and
heijig
asked further,
3, 9).
'7rpoaepcop,6po<;,
he replied
instruc-
(Mem.
[in
ii]^,
If
shall need
any more
loill
my
grandfather
:
teach
me
(Xen. Cyri. 1
to the
'ETTt
and
Trpof in Composition.
63
instruc-
more
Zeus hethought him, fivy^aaro, of Aegisthus, whom Orestes slew and thinking of him, eiri^ivqadek, he when the verb is used the second time, it said takes on eVl; this shows what it was in Aegisthus that Zeus was thinking of namely, how he had been
;
. .
slain.
When
first
time, that
fact
had not been mentioned, therefore eVl would have been unintelligible to omit it in the second instance would render the phrase vapid it would show that the poet had lost himself, and could not follow
;
up
his
own
thought.
sometimes looks forward to a phrase immediately following that justifies and requires its Xen. Conviv. 4 4, All states inquire of the use.
108.
'E-TTt
:
gods what they must do, eireparoiav rov'i 6eov<i tl XPV 'TTotet-v eVt points forward to to XP^I Troietv as determining the matter on which they inquire. This will
;
be made clear if we change the form of the sentence without altering the sense, thus: we do not know what we must do let us inquire of the gods, iirepoHere the iirl plainly looks back to TWfiev Tov<; 6eov<;.
;
the ignorance expressed in the words just before, as the basis of the inquiry ; just as plainly does it look
forward in the phrase in its first form. Again (Xen. Mem. 1 5), Let us consider, whether he helped them
:
any
'\jr(i)/Me6a,
rt
trpov^l^a^e \e<ycov
e't?
ravrijv TOidBe;
64:
109.
1, t),
Since you
know
ever
ham you
considered
into
self
?
eVecr/ceilrco, et?
irorepav, etc.,
which of these
'Etti points
;
chisses you might fitly place yourforward to the thought in the fol-
lowing phrase
just as the
word
two parts of the Greek mind just what this does less neatly for the English mind. Does any one think that this is forced and fanciful a queer sort of
sentence
;
equation
to make
may be
he
is
substituted for
more
particular
than the Greeks themselves, for they did this very thing. Eead again (Mem. 1 2, 10), BovXei ovv koL
:
if you will, let us Here have the equawe consider this, whether, etc. same page a-Ke^fraaOai, the tion before us, drawn from
Tovro
a-Ke-^cajxeOa, iroTepot.
Then,
rovTo
Ileb. 12
15, eTrtcr/coTroOz^re?
it.
yu,?;
rt? varrepCov
looking (eVi) to
the next phrase.'
'
This
is
in
It does
it
"
is
and dignity of
this place.
'EttI
and
:
irpo^ in Composition.
65
looks to
So in
II.
eiri
bj ^owvTa as its basis. He did till by chance he met some one aimless not go about a brawling first, and then heard he brawling; but perspective of the picture. the fixes went for it eVt TravraTraat, au re otI ^FiTreXeXrja-de Cyri. Inst. 1 3,
the action expressed
;
:
forgotten yourselves
king,
You had
thou wast
'Evrt in
and
stated afterwards
not to have forgotten the fact of self-f orgetf ulness was not general, but limited to one particular thing,
and
eirl
points to that.
:
know
ac-
affected
by
my
cusers
but, for
my
my
position
was there
to
life.
That
fact
was in
all
translation that
literal
is
is
The most
for the ser-
vice required
like a
and so
cause
messenger stained and soiled by hard travel, We cannot counterweigh a Greek word
first
is
literal.
English allows.
mon
may be thought
mean
66
The Greek
Prepositio7is.
it
note-
To
it
inadequate
myself
is
worse, for
amounts only
and
it
misses entirely
pathos.
Cyrus learned readily had been taught him (about rough ground) but when he saw the deer he rushed forward, einXa4,
all
And
that
66/j,vo<;
eVt
he had received about rough ground it does for tlie Greek mind just what is done for the English mind by the added words about it. One is the English way, the other the Greek way of doing the same thing (Od. 19 13). I have laid up the weapons, lest when heated with wine you quarrel, and shame the feast, for iron itself draws a man
refers to tlie cautions
; :
thereto^ i(})6\KeTai.
112.
fell,
When
struck
16
Y75),
he
all ties
side issues
But
in
satisfied to say
;
by habit
at fliipplying deficlences)
;
and perhaps
we can do
out saying
in English
it
supplies by
the
limitation which the English phrase leaves the reader to supply withit.
'Etti
and
irpcx;
in Composition.
67
is
Lucian's Dial.,
''
com-
plained of as eTTiXekr^a-ixevov
his duty as charioteer ;
I'mraaiu'i, forgetting
to
remember
113. 'Etti
ing.
II.
may
suggest what
528,
The
son of
;
had just been given. Observe, that this was the famous nod where all Olympus was shaken token of irreversible decree, whose proper
of his
word
that
word
and
is
KuraveueLv.
Why then
it
had been
said
that sort.
If
when given, should be of then we may throw off Kara, why not
?
throw off eVt, using the simple evevae would leave the word afloat, and all it
knits the act into the
relation with
Because that
'EttI
its
signified.
web
what goes before. An ancient critic has said that Homer was sometimes drowsy, and nodded. However that may be, he certainly was not drowsy here he said just what he meant. The gay woman who came to Hercules in his
;
doubts (Mem. 2
1, 22), as
Kwra
at
when looking
aWo<; aurrjv Oearai, and she often looked also to see if any other was obeTna-KOTrelv 8e zeal eX
tl<;
68
serving her
114.
;
looks forward to
the following
for.
is,
To
to
to
justieirav-
Oed. Tjr. 14
wv
demand
the
II. 23 593, el' Kev aXko fxel^ov you should even ask another, greater thing eVi, to satisfy your just claims. Jlpoaairetv, to ask in addition (Anab. 1 3, 21). The soldiers
If
something,
which would be aKoveiv irepi rivo<;, nor from some one, which would be uKoveiv diro, iK, irapd rivo^y but to hear, on the ground of some fact with which the hearing has a natural connection. Hdt. 2 70,
:
The
makes for the noise, but coming across the bait he swallows it down, and they haul him in hearing
;
'
is
compounds
misprinted
aTraiTTjcrfias)
as
if
field.
to in illustration dis:
offered.
23
;
39, In
no case
no case docs
it is
iir\
denote simply
If ever so rendered,
In
11.
23
593,
we must think
it
without saying
*E7rfc
and
Trpb^
Composition.
69
k'KaKov(xa<^
why eVt
with another fact stated just before namely, that they belabored the pig, and made him Xen. Hist. Grsec. 3 4, 1, Trpo<xaKov<ja<i he koX squeal.
natiu'al relation
:
TovTo,
and hearing
in
addition to
Because the flying forth based of the eagle was thought of as in response to upon what had gone before. Why not 'laxov ? Because the shout was called forth by the omen, as if
822).
Why
not eTrraro'i
based upon
it.
ample,
X6^ov<i
to
upon not, however, to a which would require kuto, but, for exbind crests on the helmets, eVl to, Kpdvea
;
imBkv (Hdt.
171).
Upo'iBeLv, to
by the intervening
slack, flexible
the
flail
to its staff,
by the
;
thong (Hdt.).
priest
118.
all
The
made
king
it
then
i7r6V(f)/]/jLr)aav (11.
the
preposition points to
what
a shout, and
;
at the
it
To
say, Xeyeiu
iircXeyeiv, to say
on the
basis
70
of
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
some
Cyrus would
send a gift to a friend, instructing the bearer to say in explanation, iirikeyetv (Anab. 1 9). Also (Cyri.
:
Instit. 1
7rt,
3), eTrikeyoiv
ra eKaarM, sayincj
to
to
each one
in explanation.
120. Socrates
"
You
I have not
fiai
ovk
eVecr/ce//,-
eVt
had
set to the
that," etc.
121. '^n?
eraipco.
^aro
'
^tX&)
eireirelOeO'
Thus he spoke ; and Patroclus obeyed his dear friend'' s word j more fully, obej^ed his dear friend in it in the matter eVt referring to what had been said. New Testament, What man is there of you, whom, if his son ask bread, will he give hhn a stone, \l6ov iiriScaaeL avrco will give him, iirl, for
his asking.
122.
II.
Hera
Compare
:
Anab. Y 4, 9, And Seuthes asked, -ijpero " would Tlion, you even be willing to die for this one ? " after an answer had been given, we read iiri'ipero 6 This would usually %evdr}<;, Seuthes ashed thereupon.
be translated, Seuthes ashed further, as if eVt here denoted simply the addition of a second question ;
'EttI
and
irpb';
in Compositioti.
71
tlie
thought
is
ond question
the
first.
is
made on
'ETTt
that
it is
is
Trpo?.
It
eTnjpero
by asked further,
of a smoother phrase.
123. Menelaus in fight with Paris (II. 3:369), springing upon him (eVai'fa?), caught him by his horse-hair crest, and turning around {eiriaTpe-y^ra^)^ began to drag him in among the well-greaved Achaians.
In the
first
in the second
translate
up>on,
i.
it
means more
dis-
we
it
turning round /
turning toward,
means turning
e.,
so as to face those to
whom
victim.
when
the hel-
met
a
strap
free in his
hand, Menelaus,
throiv,
sivinging it around for away among the Achaians. Let us drop the eVt, and find the simple hivelv in another place. Od. 9 384, when Odysseus and his party had to do with the Cyclops Polyphemus, he says (Odys. 9 382) My companions^ taking up the burning stake
slung
it
thrust
it
it
and
I,
ahout, iBlveov
tion,
and
is
swinging
it
But look forward in the same up a huge stone, around, iTnZtvrjiTa^ iirl for the throw.
simple.
when
72
124.
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
We
ging a well
feet below the ground, came upon a coffin, eVeVy^e aopw. Had he found water, that would have called for the verb Karirvxev, for elsewhere Herodotus tells us of a physician, who, after
many
trying
many
last hit
on
the right thing, and effected a cure, Karervxev. 1 came ujpon hy chance, hrkTv^pv something happened
;
to Tne, Trpoairvx^ev.
eVt-
e.,
qualities
as to
is
Such a showing
is
an
7r/8et|i9.
It
m or belonging
The
dyye-
to a thing.
126.
basis of
'E(f)ivai,, to
some
an
accusative
e/xot
and a
Xov
dative.
II.
18
r}K6v,
Who of
else to
me?
Therefore
do than govern the dative case of a person. Let us see (II. 24 117), iyui Upid/Ko i<f]aQ>, I will sent Iris to Priam, hit, on this matter the
something
and the restoration of it to his friends. The matter and to which eV^ refers is found in what precedes it
connects the actor in his precedent state with the
action which follows.
'ETTt
and
7rpo<;
in Composition.
Y3
C07)ie, to admit (Anab. 4 admit to tJiefire^ 6v Trpocriecrav Trpo<; TO TTvp, those who came late. They came as to a privilege, not to do something, but to receive hence
Upoaievai, to allow to
7rpo9 TO TTvp,
not
iirl
to nrvp.
To
let
or send dogs
i(f>Levat,
will acts,
motion of a one forth to battle, dvievac, for free and chance has scope, as in the throwing up
of a stone.
Cyri. Inst.
irpo'^d'yeLv,
1:3," Having
implying force
Yesp.
the
370,
eircuye
jaws
food, to crush
But
to bring one
jaw
to
the other
reciprocal
each jaw as
iijpper
it
it.
acts
moves the
jaw
Anab. 3
irpoa-eXdaaf:
4,
Xenophon riding
ujp to Chirisophus,
met
for dis-
cussion
subordination.
127.
The
definitions of these
indeed,
The proper
74
made
two prepositions
as
passive,
;
making
no response
will
if
the action,
eTrirdaaeLv
command,
imply that the person receiving the command does not pause to consider whether he shall obey or not he obeys, of course TrpoaTaa-creiv, on the con-
command
dis-
command
it
is is
completed thought.
in Hdt. 1
:
11-i,
115,
in describing
choosing a king
where in the
mimic kingdom
will
;
mand
the
and obeyed
iirirdcraeLv.
irpoa-rdcraeLv
command
takes towards
him
a sharper tone
:
it is
Y,
When God
has
on men,
and has
to
as if the former the hard service would be avoided, if it might be while the latter, from its milder conditions, invites and obtains the response of
;
women
a willing acceptance.
Hapd.
75
CHAPTER
irapd.
X.
is
used
With
literally,
from beside
his thigh
noting to the side of they seated themselves heside Menelaus, irapa MeyeXaoi/. 129. "We shall best grasp the meaning of this preposition if we think of its use in the sphere of living beings, whose natural movement is forward, and who have a right side, and a left. Two persons walking
beside each other
make
;
The
side
picture
is
that of
by
common
conclusion.
He
to the
king, so as to be
by
him
It
he
lives,
nor that
7r/309.
The
should be,
76
for
it
that
tlie
place,
and the
inferior should
go and come
is
even
mark
at his
him who
transiently
found
house.
The
come
from the
of irapa
Men compared
are as gods
loith other creatures, irapa aXXa ^wa, compared with men. The primitive way of comparing things with each other is by placing them side by side. This mode of comparison is sugNo one surpassed Zopyrus gested in Ildt. 3 100. i7i the estimation of Darius, irapa AapeiM Kpirfj, i. e., standing beside Darius as judge. This does not mean, as the Lexicon implies, that the judge is acting officially but only as every man is a judge of his fellow man when he forms and holds an opinion about him.
:
the uses
The word
mean
'.
but
as aside
from
the opTa<i
posite
of Kara
;
according
Ta<;
to
the
truce,
Kara
(Tir6vha<i
irapa
<Tir6vZa<i,
where the
is
Uapa
in Composition.
77
CHAPTER
irapa
XI.
composition.
131. There was beside the Euphrates a narrow passage {7rdpoSo<i) between the river and the ditch. This passage Cyrus and his army passed through, TrapfiXde (Anab. 1 7, 16, IT). Hdt. 8 15, The Greeks at Thermopylae exhorted one another not to let the harharians pass hy them
:
6k(o<; fir)
iraprjcrovai.
i<i
ttju
'FiWdSa
Tov<;
^ap^dpovi.
132. Socrates says to his judges (Apol. 1), If, Athenians, you shall hear me, in my defence, using the very same manner of address I have been wont
to use with the multitude, I pray
you
5
:
to indulge
me,
and
:
let it pass,
irapUadai.
resign
Hdt. 2 96, These rafts are dragged along up the stream hy those on shore, ravra ra ifkoia dva rov irorafiov
let
Anab.
go hy
7, 10, Traplr^ixu,
the
command
me
to another.
7rape\K6TaL Ik yy^q
camp
;
aKevd^etv
is
to furnish or
make such
equipment KaraaKevd^eiv is to furnish what is essential and permanent An to organize completely. army KaraaKevao-ro^ is one, all the parts of which are armed, equipped, officered, and trained, ready for service. This forms the KaraaKevrj. But, if an army
78
is
more is necessary stores of probeasts of burden, guides, scouts, and visions, wagons, These are to go along, irapd, as the foragers, etc. army moves. This all forms the TrapaaKeurj and an
;
is
Trapaa-Kevaa-ro'i.
The Karais
or shop, and
is
permanent
all
the irapaaKevrj
change-
ITow,
when
army
;
eq^uipped
march,
only for
irapeaK. hence KareaK 134. These words lend themselves to moral uses
its
;
present march
and there is a beautiful illustration of the distinction noted above in Mem. 1 3. Xenophon tells us that Socrates, when tempted to this vice, and that, was
:
prepared, irapeaKevaa/xivo'i, to
ciple
resist
he groups all the vices together, and says that his master was KareaKevacrfievo<; against them all. The irapaaicev^ had become a Karaa-Kevr) the good resolutions which a less stable soul might summon, as to an exigency, to meet each temptation as it came, had become habit and a second
; ;
nature
so serenely
it;
impress
135.
part of the
man
himself.
Xen. Oecon. 7:7, God has prepared {irapea-Kevaaev) the nature of woman for works within
Ilapa in Composition.
doors
;
79
for
lie
That woman should not a necessity, but a convenstrong to bear hard labor, and
to her nature,
that she
is
less
and cannot be
changed.
wall extends along either hank of the rii^er^ rov 7roTap,ov alfMuair) Trapareivec
(Hdt. 1 180). Here the preposition is repeated. 'Along near the western shore of this sea the Caucasus
runs J ra
t?}<?
:
daXdaa-q^
In this example Trapa governs the Ace. ra (f)povra, denoting the country along which the mountain chain runs. 136. Sometimes the writer omits this object, leaving it to be supplied by the thought. Anab. 1 7, 15,
203).
:
(Hdt, 1
The
canal
had
Here
the preposition
is
no occasion for naming the objects alongside of which, or by which, the canal ran.
137.
Mem.
17, 1, 'No
wonder
aside
judged,
like
irapar/vcovai
judged
way.
from the
truth,
men who
lost their
138.
The verb
alveiv
means
to jpraise ;
eiraiveiv,
to praise for
same feeling that prompts to the praise of an action after it is done would lead to the encouragement of it while it is doing Trapaivelv, therefore, means to encourage, to apISTow, the
;
something done.
80
prove a proposed course of action (Xen. Anab. 5 7) places the one who approves by the side of the actor. Thus the discrimination in the meaning
irapa
its
CHAPTER
CUTTO
XII.
e'/C.
AND
139. KiTo^ off from ; Ik, out from. These words alike denote separation therefore followed by one case invariably
''
they are
the Geni-
tive.
Where
the contiguity
is
merely temporary,
it
remains whole,
its
still
and
as
good
as before.
they are
kept in
mind.
from
the apple, the flower, taken off not so {airo) the table, is the same as before
; ;
The book,
with Ik
^id\7)<;,
can-
not be gathered up
(f)iaX,7)<;,
coins dropped
from
a bowl, aTrb
may be
gathered up again.
These examples suggest that the previous connection implied by eV is more intimate than that
1-10.
'Atto
and
'E/c.
81
suppose from the which is in is more intimately connected than that which is merely nea/r or hy. The relation suggested by e/c with living
implied by cmo
Lints of space, since that
as we might well
things
is
To
lead hy the
guiding power proceding continually from the hand. H. 16 365, As when a cloud
hand, Ik %etpo9
the
comes from out the sacred air, didipo<i eV comes into being where nothing was before.
lil.
T09,
8/779
it
My manner of life /ro7n my youth, e/c veorrjwhich from the first, dir dpxv'^j know all the Jews (Acts 26 4). Why iK in tlie first phrase, and
:
'E/c,
this
is
outward events.
among
15, This had been the way of living the Athenians from very early times, diro tov
Thuc. 2
Trdvv dp"^aiov.
The
great change.
this
From
growing out of
I^ote
in
commemoration of
ef makes us
113.
Mem.
7, 2,
Tr]<i
We
yr]<i,
hoicses, diro
row
82
is
the houses do not.' arm, e'/c tov ^pax^ovo<i eVeX.Kovaa the connection was not broken. 144. Descentfroin fathers and near progenitors is expressed by ck, as if the descendants so near had theii' life in their progenitors; but if the time be long, the tie grows weaker to the imagination, in tracing it upward, till at last it seems to break, and we find aTTo as if the far distant descendants had become quite sundered, and no longer were originated
forth of herself, therefore
Leading from
;
the
in their ancestors
tS)v OeSiv
i^ avrSiv others
airb,
immediately from,
CHAPTER
aTTO
XIII.
AND
fall,
e'/C
IN COMPOSITION".
;
145.
Trees
'7th ed.,
there
is
a mistake in Art.
line 16:
'EK, which
may
Page 428,
mark
en
of
army arranged
;
e.,
from
the beginning
their approach
Xen. An.
8,
14."
'E/c
to the material of
which the
line
army formed
its line
out of those
was formed. The meaning is, the still marching up i. c., the front
'Atto
and
'E/c in
Composition.
83
tliem kings
rights
;
citizens banished,
for
its life
is
completed
no more for
ing of the
falls
nature
testifies to this in
till
tree's
gravitation
if
But
a blossom
from its stalk and perishes, or if green fruit is shaken off, thus losing the life it was at the time having in the tree, the verb is eW/Trrety; the flower
i\iQveoi falletk, i^iireae (Epis. Ja. 1
:
11).
116.
to ])ay
'
ATToStBovat, to resto7'e
the
act settles
;
from her loom to be dressed it is still hers, and must be returned. In the following sentence both these compounds occur. Whoever agrees with me
;
put out (eKBcoaet) his colt to be trained having come to an agreement how much he will have to pay {aTroSouvai,) when the work is done
will certainly
first
2).
;
To
reach, iKvelaOai
arrow from a bow; by the power of sight, by the power of thought also to reach by natural growth, Tlie emphasis throughout is on culture, or training. the origin, as if the force at the start were sufiicient to achieve the end without stops for rest or reinforcement. The examples are frequent enough, from
;
84
The Greek
;
Prepositions.
Homer down
here drawn.
but they
all lie in
is
is
A single one
introduced here; as
homely, and
is
against
Xenophon tells us (De Equest., eh. 5), a fashion. " The colt's tail should be let grow, that it may reach
as
far
as possible, ottw^
iirl
ifkelarov e^tKvov/xevo<;, to
brush
to
oE
The word
also
means
flight, or in a race
the
urgency allowing no time for rest, or thought for the But on a journey or a march time places passed by. measured by the halting-places intervene, distance and fades to the imstarting-point the on the emjjhasis to the end of the over interest passes agination the itself to comlends and cltto e/c is dropped, action verb, hard-worked Of this plete the verbal picture. fail will not d(f)iKpeiadat, the student of the Anabasis to find examples more than enough.
Cyri. Inst.
i^dp^o),
7:1,/
ivill
lead the
war
song, iraidva
and do you
;
follow, vfieh he
icfjeTreaOe
eVt,
thereupon
the leading was at the leader's discretion under no law but his own mind therefore e^.
148. Tletpacrdai, to try; diroireipdaOai, to try with a desire that the person or thing tried may stand the
trial
so
:
as to
IG)
be placed in a
class
by
itself.
Croesus
(Ildt. 1
made
:
trial
of
the oracles,
direTreLpaTO
TOiv fiavTTjtcov,
hoping to find one worthy of trust. Xerxes (Hdt. 8 67) asked each one, trying him {diro7reipcofievo<;), to find if he was in favor of engaging in a sea fight; he did this hoping that each one would
'Atto
and
'E/c in
Composition.
85
aire:
favoi*
it.
Pausanias
Treipdro, to see if
21).
may
fail
(Hdt. 2
135).
A7'e
you tempting me
(Oed.
Tyr. 360)
to
push
me beyond my
and place
it
to approve
;
in a class
is
by
itself
to defeat or destroy
With
the
that
If
trial are
prescribed
;
settled
beforehand
it
may
every resource
was in the trier has been put forth in the trial. you are challenged to break a stick, and answer the challenge by trying your strength upon it, the verb is eKwetpdv if you try from a bundle of sticks to find
;
number
lawyer, before bringing his case before the examines his witnesses, to find what they can say, airoTretpaTat his opponent, in the cross-examination, tries to break them down, eKiretpaTat.
court,
;
^'EiKTpenreaOai,
to
turn
out,
as
one would do to
:
104), aTrorpi-
to turn aside as
in his path.
something not
would
86
show a tiling, or point out a person, to another but if what is pointed out is known to no one else, the verb is naturally e/c8- as to show feelings concealed
;
you have
if
command were
to
airoh-.
something notable, and important, the verb is They show an ancient temple, ottoSaTToSetKvvvat. (Hdt. 1 171). Pointing orit the sepulchres, diroB:
iKvvvT<;, as
26).
setting a
man
acquired name.
151. @vr}aiceLv, to die y airoOvrjaKeLv, to die away from one's fellows, and his work eKdrja-Keiv. to expire, These characteristics may to die by breathing out. than utto or eV are prepositions other where found be death but some other expressive of words used with may these, be prominent from any of different point, accented in require to be and mind, in the speaker's iinOurjaKetv, Karadvyjo-Keiv, have the language so we and others, compounds; in cases where these words are used, the person dying breathes out his last ; and is separated from his fellows / but some other point is emphatic in the thought, and controls the form of
; ; ;
the word.
'Atto
and
'E/c in
Composition.
uTroOvr^aKeiv
is
87
often
152.
''
A-TTOKTeLveiv
of
which
used as the passive may mean the separation of foes, the bereavement of sm-vivors in the loss of friends, or the solution of the conflict between the guilty and
the law which condemns them.
Andromache
mother,"
tjtoi
(II.
411),
"I have no
jap
the
ira-rkp
mighty Achilles sleio ; the picture for my father but, two lines after, the bereavement is that of her again but it is not mentioned same external act is with good reason, and now direKTavev, but KareKravev
;
;
ing
she
is
now
think-
moment
father,
of the killing.
and might have spared him, if he would but, with the choice before him, he relentlessly killed him. No one can read these hues intelligently, and not see that to exchange the prepositions here would spoil
the picture.
153. 'ATToreXay, eKrekeiv.
The noun
a thing
;
riXo^;
means
the
highest
permanent result it can attain the action through which a thing is brought to this perfection is exA man completes his pressed by the verb rekhv. purpose when he cai'ries it out in action and every
purpose thus carried out invites the use of the verb but not till he has completed a work that rekeiv stands off, aloof from other things, can he apply to
;
him
This word
may be
applied
88
to things
bad
as well as
or
its
;
deliverance,
good to the ruin of a city, where the end was proposed before;
hand
ending in some-
thing that
may
stand by
itself
as the
payment of
vows, the building of a house, the plowing of a field. Hdt. 5 92, 7, Whatever Cypselus had left incomplete,
:
Hdt. 2 65, When Periander completed^ aireTekee. they have made vows, they fulfill them, airoTeXeovai.
:
The
it
were
as if
its
very nature
greatness
may
define
it,
as the
The
discovery of America
is,
series that
make up the
biography of Columbus, and set by itself, defined by an epoch in the world's history its own greatness and we predicate airorekeiv of the man who achieved
Kind handling makes colts gentle, airorekeiv puts them in a class (Xen. Equcst.). Wise adminisit.
;
tration
makes a
'
t^i*
k6\iv airoreXiiv
This
is
(iiSalixova is
mere
groping.
The
are set
ofif
in thought in a class
is,
by themselves,
class is a
substantive, limited
by an
iirh
adjective,
the substantive
aloneonly the
narrower one.
is
it it
To regard
to miss
disregards
a meaning
'Atto
and
'E/c in
Compositioji.
89
154.
Kow, what
;
is
eKrekeiv'i
It is to achiere a
own
spirit or life
or outward obhgation.
granting {i^eriXetov) to
their will
me
was sovereign.
493, The Gods were no son, e'/c suggests that Od. 3 275, Aegisthus, see9
:
:
that
is,
from
?
Why
of the doer.
II.
286,
The Achaians
at^e 7iot
fulfilling^ ovk
promise which they made. The words are a taunt^^against them for not making good their boastful promise. They were under no obligaifcreXeovacv,
the
make
it
good.
Had
:
See Hdt. 2
65,
The people
ev')(a^
diroTekiovaiv.
The vow,
ev')(r],
made
a ]3ublic claim
on them, which they could not evade. The fulfillment put their act into a known class of actions it discharged their obligation, and set them free (aTro)
;
from
their bond.
etc
155. In iKcf)vyeiv,
emphasizes the
initial
point
the
when
safety.
90
The Greek
Prepositions.
vovaov
eV temporary, of course
there
is
no
fir}
airoc^vyrj
iK(f)vyr}
what wider,
156.
To
lead rjyeladaL.
company which marches at the head of a procession, rjyelTai. But the leader may do more than march in
he may control and direct may determine whether or not there shall be a procession or in what direction and how far it sliall go. Just so far as he does this his action is expressed by i^yeladat. Tlie leading is arbitrary, it has no law or limit but in the mind of the leader hence this w^ord is naturally used to express military command (II. 2 806 Hdt. 1 151). But suppose we change a little the picture of the procession, and say, as if reading from a newspaper report It was determined to close the celebration by services at the monument, one mile distant and
front
;
Company C
verb rjyeladac will not be used truth, but not the truth wanted here.
recognition.
it
new
feature
Nor
will i^r^yeladac
enough.
case
and, further,
'Atto
and
'E/c in
Composition.
91
the
movement has
namely,
mean
;
the monument.
To
is
to
Hdt. 2 115, Alexander gave a true account of his voyage, to ttKoov a'irr}'yr]<TaTo but when he was asked about Helen he was confused, and did not speak the whereupon those who had sailed with him truth
;
confuted his statements, telling out the whole story, e'^ refers to the conceali^TjyevfMevot iravra \6<yov
ment
2
:
same discrimination
121,
house.
The dying
father calling
up
his
two sons
set
forth to them, tovtoktl ainj^i^craTo, how he had always taken good care that they should live in plenty, then revealing to them, tovtoicti i^yrja-d/Mevot, all about the
his
all
men knew
therefore
dcprjy-;
the contrivance of a
secret
also
took pride in the thought that he could explain, i^yelaOat, the mechanism of the heavens as things
known
158.
to himself alone.
'
already exists, as one's settled opinion, ^wfirjv (Hdt. ifc(f)aivetv, to reveal 1 40), one's property, ovaiav
: ;
92
117)
5
:
also
<yv(oiJi7)v,
if it
3G).
rov vofiov
eKcfiaivei
kept
it.
known
their verdict,
they reveal
of right.
The judge
responsible to a higher
own
sense
2, dt Se
yepalrepoL ukoxj-
aavre^ eKKpivova-Lv
est court
and
the elders,
when used
alone
cvKOTeKuv,
it
and
others.
ATroSiBovai,,
to Jpay,
dis-
charges an indebtedness, and leaves the parties free, omo, of each other.
160.
sides."
On
"
To
give be-
This
wrong
it is
aside
suggestion of the preposition, and demonstrably wrong judged by the examples referred to. II. 23 559, ec
:
fjL
Ke\vei<; ocKodev
dWo
Etiyu.7/X eiTLBovvai
reXecr-
0-6).
If
thou requirest
me
to give to
Eumehis some
other thing out of my house, that will do. Here, from the story, there is no place for the idea of hesides
',
besides
what?
Not
It
by Antilo-
'Atto ayid
'E in Compositioti.
93
hesides the
He
was
to give to
He
Eumelus accepted the substitute, and was The mare was left, without a word more satisfied. said, to be disposed of between Antilochus and Menelaus. The admirable translation by Lang, Leaf, and
Myers, has followed the Lexicon, and therein missed What then does iiriZovvat mean, if eVt does a point.
not suggest the idea hesides, in addition to
to give
?
It
means
for your satisfaction, on the basis of your Eumelus had claims. This is not said in claims. the text, but it is in every reader's mind eVt refers
;
to those claims,
alive.
161.
The same
593,
is
T?;Veta9, v.
same book;
you
its
should demand,
el iTrairt^aeLa^.
marked upon
addition
It is respectfully
strictly hesides,
in
to ; that to translate it so is
always a con-
it
is
thought of by
make the vow at this stage it is incomplete on him who made it. When the man fulfills
;
it
hangs
his
vow,
so that he
is
free
from
it (aTro),
his act
is
expressed
by
aTTOTeXeiv.
'EmreXelv, to
fulfill
an order or com-
94
mand
from a
whole thing, but a command completed thing, but the satisfaction of the person commanding. Hdt. 1 115, All the other boys did according to my orders, ra i-Triracra-o/Meva iirereXeov. Thuc. 1 70,
to complete not a
superior.
The
result is not a
The Athenians
\ecrat epyw,
are quick to
put in
execution, iirtre-
whatever they purpose. demand back what has been taken from one, to demand pay (Anab. 1 2, 11). The soldiers demanded their pay, aitryrovv tov /jbiadov. The
163. 'ATratreiv, to
:
this demand is expressed by aTroSiBovai. " wrong, as we have 'ETratretf (Lex.), " to ask besides
answer to
seen.
It
means
to
something that justifies the asking also (Lex. again), "to beg as a mendicant" (Soph. O. C. 1364). Here the ingenuous student, meditating on this word of three syllables, may be tempted to ask Where does the " mendicant " come in and what does eVt hon'Evrt refers to something not spoken, estly mean? but sure to be in the hearer's mind, if he is awake, and thus keeps the thought alive. In the line from Soph. eVt means (to thought) on the hasis of his rags.
:
To make
exact office of
us think of the asker's beggarly guise iiri here, and the whole of it.
is
the
It is
that help
164.
we should It may be
get
it
asked
Is it quite necessary to
Per-
'Atto
and
reply
all,
'E/c in
Cotnposition.
95
haps
we might
we
It is
if
study Greek at
fair that
but
we do study
is
but
stand
all
it.
If
we cannot
;
Greek contains, let us admire what we cannot imitate and rejoice that we have in our hands
that the
a recorded language in
our
own
165.
many respects so superior to many respects, not at all superior.' Mem. 2 1, If you wish to be beloved hy
in
:
friends^ viro
(})l\cov;
any
rich
city, vtto
TLvo<i
from
flocks,
is
you wish to be honored hy and if you aim to get airo ^oaKr^iidrmv. That under acts on that thing by gravitation
if
TroXeto?
so a
bestowing honor but flocks, in making their owner rich, do not act he is made rich from them
(aTTo),
not by them
(inro).
'
As
will,
96
CHAPTER
et?
XIY.
eV.
AND
166. 'Et9,
e9,
eV?) carryThese two in in the suggestion as same the to a wide extent and motion into, posimeanings of Latin, in its two
tion
iti.
ways the Dative. The opposite notion is expressed and oict, into by eV These contrasted notions and out of are linked together, each to its opposite, by a necessity of our thought. We may as well try to think of North without a South, of action without
Each
each
is
is
In these dythere ready to verify it if need be. namics contrast is not less fruitful of suggestion than One thought is ever analogy, and is nearer at hand. divides two border lands line that the along busy
and written language is the note-book of the survey. Every line we draw that includes something, does at the same exclude everything else. Every assertion made, in thought or words, is a denial of its opposite.
eV?, i7ito,
may be used
before
that are
by
necessity,
*Efc9
and
*Ey.
97
room for motion after The boundary m'ay not be actual, but at
it
the
moment
must be
real in
our thought.
We
look
into space I space has no boundaries; but we think a boundary, and so justify ourselves in using the
phrase.
bounded so are our powers, and opportunities, our hopes and fears ; everything, in short, may be thought of under this limitation and, wherever this is done, the name of the thing, with ia before it, forms a rational phrase in the language and the
;
time
is
bounded,
it.
But
let
us not go too
far.
and,
when we cannot
make
the
of
memory supply
to give back
its
An
old coin,
may be made,
by heating,
when
when
it is
Greek phrase, it was first struck in the mind's mint. We know, indeed, or may know, if we will think, why KaO' ev means one by one / and that ava, with ev standing after it, means nothing at all. They are not in the dictionary because they serve no possible hu-
But we cannot always restore an old and make it give back its exact impress
man
end
thought.
is
provided
In tr^nng to think it, we find that the for, and declared at the start which
98
sliows that ava
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
But is impertinent and out of place. through what diiierent lines of thought the military phrases e'i? Tea<japa<i, and iirl Teaaapa<i, come to mean
the same thing,
result will not perhaps
is not so clear and the reward the labor of inquiring. 169. The notion most naturally accompanying that
four
deep,
of id (into),
is
that of
(this is
is
room
to
move
in after the
is it
entrance
true,
is
made
always
ance of the motion of entrance) but with iv, on the contrary, there is no suggestion of motion, and the
naturally accompanying notion
is
that of confinement
These accompanying notions will have their part to play in helping to the meanings of the word. 'Etti' rivc iivat, and ev rivt ecvai, each denotes dependence but the latter a dependence more entire and absolute as the connection in space denoted by ev is closer and more fixed than that suggested by Cyrus the younger was depenchnt on Ms elder eVt. this was a brother, rjv eVi tw a8eA,^&) Trpea-^vrepcp human relation, temporal and external but for what is more intimate, the divine with the human (see [New
and fixedness.
;
Testament, John lY
that they
23),
/ in
them,
and
thoxi
in me,
dvroL'i,
may
he
made
Kol
rereKea^evoi
170.
pressed
The inroad into a country by an army is exby the noun iia^o\^ iv with the same verbal
;
noun e'/i^SoXeu?, a plug or stojyper. These examples show with what tenacity the primary
'Et5
and
'Ev.
99
compounds and
their
derivatives
the
first
of
the
above examples suggesting room for motion after The second denotes a position fixed and entering.
immovable.
"With this discrimination in mind,
for differences in the
We
find, in de-
army arrayed
and
tTrt
for battle, Iv
tm
eiKovvfxo),
on
the left,
and
perhaps
we cannot improve
We must
8),
eV Se
tw
evcovvixw Apialo'i
the
left
were
Ariaeiis
there
and
Again, and
left of the enemy, koI twv TroXeixlwv. Observe, these horsemen on the extreme left were a movable body they might be sent here or there as the turns of the battle should require but Ariaeus and his barbarian force were an integral part of the line of battle fixed there, for his removal would have changed the whole plan of the battle. On eVt see 55, on iv
rjaav
iTTTret?
see 169.
et?
and
eV,
that
is
suggestive, secrestraint
move without
or obstacle
eV,
100
possibly
it.
which
confines
and
eV,
we
He
sent in
an invading army, iae/3a\ o-rpaTc/p. After entering they had room to march round and ravage
which they
did.
to
The
but an Athenian
vrfi
shijp,
i/ji/SdWet
(Hdt. 8
conflict.
81).
arrest of motion,
173.
The
is
something that
the
and ek helps
poison
fit
word
to the
eV
To throw
into
the wells,
ra
^peara,
is
and
48)
but to throw
i/M^dWeiv
grain
the mange?',
eh
ttjv (jidrvrjv, is
it is in.
The
objects of
ifi^dWeiv are
relation
;
sea, to perish.
enemy's ship, where she can make no resistance but an attack, prow to prow, is irpoa^dkr), for the ship attacked can respond to the attack.
;
'E9
and
'Ev.
101
174:.
^E/jb^i^d^Lv,
but
e/i/9-,
passive
ela^c^d^eLv, to put on board where the object of the verb is inert, or placed on board simply to be carried etcr/3-,
;
is
man
the ship
soldiers, to fight
;
oflScers,
to
command
those on board
iv suggesting confine:
ment, and ek a sjDhere for action. Anab. 5 3, 1, They put on hoards ive^l^aaav, the sick, and those over forty years of age, and children and women, and the baggage; and sending on hoard, ela^L^daavTe^;,
Philesius and Sophaenetus directed them to take charge
of
these, tovtoov
cKekevov iirifieXeiadai.
iv
1T5.
and
e/c
are appar-
that
comparison of them
e/cS^^Xo?.
"EvSiyXo? and
by name
is
means
clearly perceived,
around
evSr]Xo<;
it
perception;
is
clearly
known through
clearly perceived,
known by name. A dark speck is clearly seen in the sky it is not known at once what it is it is e/c^T^Xo?.
; ;
After a little study the observer becomes sure what it is, and can give it a name ; then it is evBr]\o^. It
has, to the observer's
iv,
mind, found its home in a class, and has taken its name before this it was only something coming out of, iK, the blank air to sight, without a name. 176. II. 5:2, To Diomedes Athene gave might
;
102
; ;
The Greek
Prepositions.
and courage, that he might be conspicuous, KBr}\o<;, all the Argives. It was designed that he should draw all eyes from others to himself, by his This is a manifest superiority to them in action. situation that calls for e/cST^Xo?. I^ow, what situation would call for evBr]Xo<i ? Diomedes himself may serve
among
little
preparation
let
him come
forth
on the plain amid the other Argives, and the Trojans far off see him coming he draws all eyes to himself, such might and courage does he show they do not know who he is he is eKSr]\o<; but after a little, from his horses, his armor, or something seen more clearly as he comes near, they see who he is then he
;
is evSrjTw^.
I look out of
brilliant
my window
;
it
specific
name
marks,
its
name through
its specific
will be vSr]\o<;.
aa(f)fj
Xeyco
Do
speak
it
clear
and plain /
evhrjXa, so that
you not
only hear
my
voice distinct
among
other sounds
which would be eKSrjXa but you know what I mean. 1Y7. Thuc. 4 132, To give some clear toTcen of steadfastness on the Athenian side, evBrjXov ri TroteLV
:
To2<s 'A6r]vaioi<i
^^ai6Tr}To<i iripi.
Observe, the
first
word makes
in the conclusion
'Ew ayid
'Ez^,
103
last
K8rj\o<; would scatter the thought, and leave the words without any business in the phrase.
178.
the eastern
artifi-
horizon
it
;
may be
a rising star,
it
may be an
and no more, as long as that doubt remains. After a little, something which the observer sees makes it certain which of the two posthen it becomes e[ji<^avr}<i, for it has sible things it is a name. 'Ei/ and e'/c serve our thought just as clearly here as they serve our senses when, on seeing somecial light
it is
e'/c^ai//^'?,
;
we
take
it
out of
in a
to
be a jewel, put
it
box.
179.
Ta
iK(j)avT],
Con-
viv.), that is, figures clearly seen because standing Could the out, ifc, from the surface of the stone. propYery figures ? word iii^avYj be used on these
erly,
as soon as
not
;
before
e looking
from which
the figures
180. Let the stone bearing these figures have been found among ruins, and so corroded by time and chance that it cannot be told at once what the They figures mean, or what creatures they represent. eK^avrj are still eK^avr), as on the day they were cut and no more. Now, let some gifted genius discover what the figures are, and what the whole means, and
they arc
i/ju^avrj.
104
II.
:
4 468, " Where his side was uncovered of his buckler as he bowed him down " uncovered^ i^e;
(jiadvdr).
d.,
'O \6709
Tr]v
hdvoiav
Bed
(f)(ov7]<;
means of vocal sounds with words and phrases. Sounds of an unknown language can be no more than iK(j)avel<i to him
who
hears.
For a comparison of
Sec. 150).
182. ^EKBetKPvi/ai, to
show
the
object
is
only serves
Show
sole
The
speaker
ivBeLKvvvat, to show to the see them mind something more than is seen, as tlie name, character, or action.
II.
may
19
my better show myself to hitherto he has misunme, know mind, that he may " man whom the I point Do you see derstood me. " " his name show you and / will I see him. out f
/ will
title."
The
first
verb
is
e/cS-,
the second
is
evB-\ iv
which it was not before. Cyri. Inst. 1 6, You be able to use more persuasive words in just the degree that you can show yourself, ivBeLKvva-dai, able the preposition to do them good, or do them harm
:
will
'Et9
and
'El/.
105
able
to
do harm. 183. The meanings of these two compounds seem nearly the same to undertake^ take in hand ^ but
to
do good or
there
is
This
take
difference
To
a thing in hand, i'^')(eipelv, taken can be grasped and handled is under control.* The hand is the superior, the thing the inferior, that
implies that the thing so
may
be
moved by
it,
its
grasp.
With
hrt,')(eLpelv
the picture
different
here
it is
the
hand that is pictured as movable, and the thing on which it is put is thought of as stationary whether it is really movable or not is just the question to be determined in the act expressed by eVt^ei/oety. It is for just this kind of human experience, where living force comes against obstacles whose power of resist;
is
mined, that
in
calls for
its part.
such a verb as
iirix^cpelv to
come
and play
184.
if
We
will
examples, and
see
This
last,
whether
it
be
fire,
is
not the
way
hand
itself.
106
make a worthy must he undertaken, The proposed work was in the writer's iyX^eipTjriov. line no one was more competent, therefore he could do it the work was in his hand. Plato Apol. Soc, / must attempt, Athenians, in the little time I have, to remove the bad opinion you have had of me so long m^ust endeavor, ein'XGip'qTeov his hand was upon something that it might be beyond his strength to remove, Mem. 2 3, To win over my friend to care for my affairs when I should be away from home, I would endeavor to take an interest in his affairs when he should be absent would endeavor to take an inXen. Ages. 1
:
1, It is
not easy to
it
this
he could certainly
do, hence ev
is
it
makes the
word
Thuc. 2
3,
They
resolved that
made, iin'xeiprjTea it might not succeed, therefore iiri. In general we may say iy^eipeiv is concerned in individual matters iirc-xeipelv with wider and more important interests. This is in conformity with the primary suggestions of iv and eVl respectively and the instances found in reading conthe attempt should he
; ;
C,
^Kve)(^eipr}cra
I tried to come
;
a thing naturally
any defeat or hindrance would come not from the nature of the case, but from some accidental cause hence i'iX'Hdt. 2 158, Necos was the first who tried, eVe')(eipr)(7e, for a canal leading into the Red sea which
;
:
'Efc9
and
"Ei/.
107
Sicopv^ev.
its
nature
hence
eVt;^-.
is
in a degree
to Tiaiypen
come
is
to
mean
by chance
with
making
closer; to
more than
:
to strike
The
it down. Hdt. 2 TO. Cyrus used often to send to his friends half emptied jars of wine, when
swallows
best,
now
for
come
:
wine than
this. Anab. 1 9, 25, The crocodile must needs swallow the bated hook with Cyrus drinking up the wine, or even taking possession of it, was a matter for
;
his discretion
therefore ivTvyx^dveiv
iTrtTvyx^dvetv.
coffin
When
digging
/ came
:
upon, iTreTvxov, a
68).
change in the
as to cut in
coffin or
the
orw
ivTiry^dvotev.
108
TJie
Greek Prepositions.
CHAPTEK XY.
Trept
AND
virkp.
186.
Ile/jl,
irrrep,
over,
superiority
These prepositions alike express some form of the first in overcoming distance, the second in overcoming gravitation. They alike take after them an object in the Geni-
tive, suggestive
as iirei^ofievoL irepX
:
vLKT]<i,
pressing on for victory (II. 23 437) ; the desire for victory called forth the effort eKKvjBKTTav virep twv
;
^L(f)c!)v,
to
11).
two prepositions
;
Accusative
aa-rv
Achilles pursued
city., irepl
(II.
22
173).
him around the To go round the city 16,' The spear-point II. 5
:
it was not the have the spear pass over the shoulder. We may say then, that to go around a lake to survey it, would require that the object of irepl be in the Genitive to go around it as the necessary way of getting forward in one's journey would put the object in the Accusative to throw a stone over a tree by successful effort would put the object of vwep in the Genitive
aim
to
Uepl and
a bird flying over
'Tirip.
109
tree
Accusative.
188.
We
may
which is around another may be so attached to it as to have a fixed position, and this invites the use of the Dative as a ring around the finger, irepl SaKTvXqy, a bracelet around the wrist, Trepl %etpi, the coat of
;
Trepl oTrjOeaaiv.
In these cases
With
vTrkp,
is different.
The
no ]3oint of attachment it is thought of as the momentary result of passing from one side to the other there is no halting, therefore no fixedness, therefore no opportunity for the Dative. If that which is over is thought of as resting on, and so as fixed, virep is
discharged, yielding
therefore, that virep
its
place to eVt.
The
reason,
is
case
is
that ordinary
human
190.
The study
To be around
at the
a thing
is
a situation
as soldiers
same time,
110
drawn up around a
affairs ; such expressions invite tlie use of irepl to figlit for one's hearth and home, as if one
but
were
standing over them to defend them, invites the use of vTrkp so too, when one acts in behalf of another,
;
making that other's case his own. Demos, adv. Phil. 1, The war was begun with the j^rpose to chastise
Philip,
it
is
Trepl
rov
TtfJicopj]a-aadai ^'CKLiTirov
the end of
his hands,
an endeavor
jXT]
to save ourselves
from
virep Tov
work
last
virep.
in
KaKm. The first was a which any who pleased might engage the
iraOelv avTov<;
;
was
Athenians alone
irepl
hence
rwv
"jrepl,
To speak
irpa^fid-
Tcov
a thing which any citizen might do, each one ; bringing his contribution to the discussion.
To
offer sacrifice
for
Tr}<i
'7roXeco<;
(Mem. 2, 13), an act in behalf of others, restricted were first approved as worthy to perwho to those
2
:
form
it.
the truth concerning the affair, irepl tov is 7rpdyfxaTo<; (Hdt. 1 117), this is the one thing that
This
is
true of the
191.
86|^7;9,
fjL6pov<;
was an open own land was not; it was standing over their own hearth no discussion here could be in place. Cyri.
;
Instit.
3,
They
Tlepl
and
'TTrip.
Ill
Since you are silent I will rjixcav. speak for you and for o^orselves^ virep crov koX virep in behalf of, as standing over to protect or vfiSiv defend.
BtaXeyofievoL irepl
;
Anab. 7
4, 10,
for for
give
sity
him up.
one
;
In the
is
of neces-
in the second,
necessarily
is
more than
one
the object of
192. JIoiv is
it
the preposition
;
not thought as
I hear
:
this
of
thee ? ri tovto
(Luke 16
2).
The
accusations were
brought to the master respecting his steward; but (II. 6 52-1) that on your account I hear shameful reproaches from the Ti'ojans, '66' virep akBev ata-'xe aKovw irpo'i Tpoooov. Hector was the head of the house therefore the shameful things, dia-'x^ea, were
:
cowardly younger brother. It is an appeal not to Paris's bravery and patriotism, but to his family pride,
and regard to his brother irpo<i Tpoocov, not by hearsay from the Trojans, but face to face, as they stood before him, and uttered their reproaches.*
;
' The translation by Lang, Leaf, and Myers, is as follows " That hear shameful words concerning thee in the Trojans' mouths, who for thy sake endure much toil." The one offered above is quite differ:
it
commended by
several con-
112
CHAPTER
Trept
XYI.
composition.
AND
uTrep
193. In some compounds with irep\ and in many with vTrep, the preposition simply intensifies the meaning of the simple word KoKof;, heautiful / Trept/caWr;?, very beautiful j fieya<i, great, vTripfjueya';, immensely
;
great.
noun
yond
because the
It
is
not named.
may however
(Trept)
be restored
;
irepiKaXkrj'i, beautiful
be-
others
virepfie'ya'i,
great
above
(yirep)
others.
In most compounds of
ing
is
Trepl
and
vTrep,
the mean-
examples.
194.
An
apparent contradiction
irepioiBa
is
found
in the
words
usually
it
"concerning thee"
preserves the natural and strict use of bnep, while is the translation of vepl, not of inrip; it is in
consonance with the kindly temper of Hector toward his younger brother; it harmonizes with the patriarchal feeling, making Hector
the head of the family
responsible for
it
all its
members
it
spares the
bad things the Trojans were saying about him (Hector takes all this upon himself) it is more winning, making the appeal not to Paris's
;
it
pulsating with
life
warm
and his
people.
Tlepl
and
'Tirep in Composition.
113
classed
siguification.
sometimes used with the meaning to look around and not see to disregard, take no note of as if the sight went round the object so as to avoid it in other cases the preposition is used intensively, as if the seer saw more than another would see in a like case. Hdt. 1 89, If, therefore, thou shalt permit, rrrepuSrj';, this plundering. II. 10 247, Since he excels in taking note, iirel ireploLhe vorjaat. Od. IT 317, I^or on the track he teas keen heyond others, Hdt. 3 65, I charge you not to txveac yap irepcySr]. permit, /mtj irepuhetv, the sovereignty to come round again to the Medes. Od. 3 241, Since he is knowing heyond others, irepioLhe aXkcov. 195. Our English words look and see with the preposition over play the same double game with us. "We should think certainly, from Etymology, that the business of an overseer was to make oversight the very things he ought not to do. So, too, a man, in looking over an account ought not to overlook a single item in it. In either language such verbal contradictions may remind us how meager the resources of language are compared with the ever-varying shajDes and turns of thought which it has to serve. 196. Ueptfiiveiv (Hdt. 7 58), They had been ordered to wait for his coming, irepnikvew the time of his coming was uncertain, and what they were to do afterward was uncertain compare avayikvuv and Kara-
The word
114
fxkveiv.
89,
Treptfieveiv,
to
thing uncertain, as to the time of the arrival, or the result of it not as stated in the Lexicon, like simple
;
fiivco.
197. It
fjbiveiv
may be
age in which they both occur (Anab. 5 1, 4 and 5). The Greeks, having made their way through the
mountains to Trapezus, and rested there, are dehberathow to complete their return home. They wish to go by sea, if possible. Chirisophus speaks " Anaxiing
:
bius
is
is
now
admiral.
will send
me, I think I
you home.
Now
{Trept/Mevere)
and that will not be long." Heartill ing this the soldiers rejoiced, and voted that he sail After so much had been settled as quick as possible. Xenophon addresses them: "Chirisophus is sent to obtain ships, and we are going to wait for his return I will now tell you what I think we {dvafievovfjuev). Observe, the ought to be doing while we wait." They situation is changed when Xenophon speaks. have resolved to go by sea, and instructed Chirisophus In every mind the thought is that to make all haste. their course home is settled, and that they shall soon
be on their way.
just as TrepLfxivecu
The
was
when
Are
Prepositions hiterchangeablc ?
115
CHAPTEK
XYII.
Can
change of meaning
A respectable
dm,
Tr]v
eVt and
h<i.
Hdt. 6
Iwvlrjv
86,
'Am
irdaav
*EXXa8a, iv he koX
irepX
T7]<i arj<i
Through
of Greece^ and 'particularly in and about Ionia, there was much talk of thy honesty. Observe, the speaker was an Ionian he was therefore well acall the rest
;
and about
knew
either by travel
He
his
of Greece, he
know
all
knew
own
little
have just the situation that invites the use of ava. The picture is complete the other prepositions eV, irepi trip like nimble servitors each to his place. Nothing can be interchanged, or even changed. 199. Again, from Demos. T^9 hrX rrjv ^ArrcKrjv
country Ionia.
;
We
oBov KOI
T)]<;
et?
UeXoTrovvrjaov
Kvpi,o<;
yeyovev,
He
has
'
Jclf., vol.
ii,
p.
317, Oxf.
116
'become master
and of
:
that into
Peloponnesus.
eh rrjv 'ArrLKr)v, for the country had boundaries, and space within those boundaries but this was not the picture It was a Httle tract, with one in the speaker's mind. great prize to invite the aggressor, and Phihp was its implacable foe. !Now, what preposition is called for,
;
We
when
is
master of
His mind kindled with the pictAthens, and so he employs on the other hand, had a territory Peloponnesus,
et?.
cious bottle.
Here everything invites the use of ek was no combination among the seven forming such a political unit as would admit
its use.
fall
may seem that in the English phrase to on the knees, which is sometimes expressed in Greek by eVl and sometimes by et?, these preposi200. It
But
When
and
one
falls
on
when he stumbles
This
last situation
on
his knees,
it
is
et?.
or recovery; and
eifl
we have
does
^Afi(f)i,
On Both
Sides
of,
Around, About.
117
on
his knees to
do
something there
position.
is
The
petitioner
on
his knees to
do some-
201.
To
but before adducing examples in proof of a possible interchange the critic should see well that he understands the
Greek, not through an English translation of
it,
but
is
by imagining the
pressiou,
;
There
life
of no other path every sentence has a breathing its own and not until one feels its pulse can he
;
criticise
it.
CHAPTER
a/i<^4,
XYIII.
ON BOTH
both for
its
its
specific difference.
means on hoth
sides
of ; and is called for in speech about living creatures, which have right and left sides, right and left feet, This original meaning is so near eyes, and so forth. to Trept that in many cases it seems to stand for it ol dficfn sep^ea ol Trepl TOP IlelcravSpov (Thuc. 8 65)
:
; ;
118
(Hdt. 8 25)
:
of numbers, ol afKJn
:
ra'i
ScoSeKa fivpidha<i
:
(Thuc. 1 54). In other instances the distinction between dfMcjil and ol/co? dfi(f)i6vpo<;, a house with a door irepl is plain
(Cyri. Inst. 1
2,
15)
irepi eiSSofnjKovra
on both sides, that is, in front and rear (Soph. Ph. 159) such a word as irepidvpo^i has no use, and therefore no place in the language dfj,(f)L0a\^^, of children, happy in having both parents alive (II. 22 496). It is plain that, if a definite number is thought of as a point reached by counting, a number somewhere near that, more or less, would invite the use of d/xcju, and not 7rpl, to express it, for the act of counting is naturally thought of as proceding in a line, as when one counts balls on a rod, or beads on a string. Any variation from a number so thought of must be either less or more along that line. This is the picture presented
;
:
in ol
'Trepl
d/jL(f)l
Ta<i
But
with
pre-
is
number,
Trepl
as
is
i/38ofjbi]Kovra,
just above
and possibly
fered to
d/xcfn
writer's imagination
for Thucydides
less,
was thinking of
in the sea-fight
sunken
irepl
would be
in thinking of
this
number
be,
or on a string.
However
Trepl
may
suits the
mental picture, as
{d/ji(f)l
would
not, in noting
the time
of.
119
So, too, a/i0t
enemy.
Time
is
thought of as a
line.
II.
70, Set ye
me
and Menelaus to fight/br Helen, dfi(f)l 'EXevrj. There were but two claimants, and one way or the opposite,
as if along the
same
line,
In
many
and
TrepL
But the
CHAPTER
Trpo,
XIX.
to
go
forth,
tt/jo, is
to
go
as
champion,
or defender
is
he goes
and the relation is, usually, that of acting in ; behalf of another, taking his part, meeting danger
II.
for him.
10
rjet,
when he went as messenger in hehalfofthe Achaians. Of Hector we read (II. 2i 215), He stood forth hefore {irpo) the Trojan men and fair women, nor
:
thought of fear nor flight rrpo, forth as champion. 204. II. 17 665, Tlien from Patroclus went Menelaus, sore loth, for he exceedingly feared lest the
;
:
120
Achaians in disheartening fear., ap'yaXkov should leave him a prey to his foes 7rp6,
;
as if driven
forth
by
fear.^
205.
The
prepositions
irpb
and
virep
have one
They
man
has in
and freely
toil
to
man
can
for
him
own
can
suffer,
Cyri. Inst. 8
8, 4, StuKiv-
danger in hehalf of
willing to
;
Hdt. Y
134,
die
:
for Sparta^
airoOvrjaKeLv
also
rSyvhe
CHAPTER XX.
avv AND
fierd.
/xerd,
among,
in
com-
mon
'
with.
who
says
"
Homer "
its
outward
cause.
sign,
its
121
their likeness
other, both
from
Od. 9
escaped destruction.
The
association
here
and purely incidental to the act of making their escape. Od. 10 320, Now go to the stj, lie there with the rest of thy company, fier aXKxov Here the association is the emphatic thing. iraipcov. Anab. 1 9, 2, For first when yet a boy, and receiving his training with his brother and with the other l)oys, crvv tw ahek^w koX avv Tot<; dX\x)c<i iraial, he was reckoned far superior to them all. Here the associatransient
: :
tion expressed
by
aiiv is incidental,
is
subservient to the
comparison, which
Od. 16
is
140,
He
;
Here the
association
not incidental
it is
where there is associamust be participation in something those who sit together at table must participate in the common fare those who travel together must participate
207. In every case, indeed,
tion, there
; ;
The
use of /xera or of
is
Men
;
their fellows,
but with their own endowments and qualities (Od. 24 193) a wife with great virtue, avv fx,eyd\7} aperfj with their equipment, crvv vrjt Oofi (II. 1 389) with
: : ;
(II.
42)
act,
122
There
is
nothing
dis-
together by /iera.
parity
;
Here
may
be the widest
men may
act (jvv
tw
With
fxera,
under however,
thing.
II.
We
:
they are capable of participation in somehave instanced sleep, food, and drink.
24
400,
With
the others
cast lots,
rwv
fiera
danger,
when
they
shared
13
were fighting with the Boeotians among them, on their side, sharing their chances of the battle. Finally
we
man
puritied
from passions
with God, [xera OeSiv Bidyovaa, in the language of the New Testament, to become partaker of the divine nature. We see how widely this differs from
to live
a-vv
rolf Oeoh,
and by what
we have come
to
to the discrimination.
motion
fiera
means
to
go
among,
ence
tion.
;
go for, or after, so as to secure one's presfinally, to go after without any added implicaII.
was dragging
1, 'K.vpov f^era-
him in among
Achaians.
Anab. 1
ire^eTai, he sends
for Cyrus.
Ata,
as [xeTa^dXKjetv, to
V06LV, to
Through, Across.
123
throw into a different state, fjuerachange onis mind. This is not unnatural. With the idea among in the mind, action suggests The men relative change as its necessary condition.
themselves,
on a chess-board travel much but, as it is all among it is brought about only by a change of
;
relative position.
invite special
CHAPTER XXL
8ta,
THROUGH, ACROSS.
is
211.
The
thought of
mounted,
mountain
of itself
is
an obstacle.
to side, not "
from one end to the other," The most interesting thing the Lexicon.
this obstructive space is
in crossing
it,
and
hel-
beyond
it.
The
spear inflicted a
wound
hia 6ci)paKo<i,
through the
through the
met ; it did not begin to fulfill the warrior's aim till The passing quite through it had past clean through. was a prerequisite, or previous condition for doing its
124
proper work.
tive case.
The Greek
Prepositioiis.
Here opens
:
4,
The
others
all
had Cyrus on
tongues,
Bia
aT6/j,aTo<;.
picturesque
than this
amount
to
much
till
it
The Greek is more English a name does not it must come out is spoken
;
through {Sia) the door of the lips. This last phrase of Old English fully equals the Greek, which literally means through and out of, the Genitive denoting the point of departure the -pomt fro7n which. Again,
when they
that
is,
tifne,
temporary separation, the time of the separation being passed through I will come after a the time being passed through. ti77ie, Sia %pwou heard a noise passing through the He Anab. 1 8, 16, It passed quite through the rd^ewv. ranks, Sta twv
after a
;
ranks, otherwise he
it.
The
Gen. with hia denotes the agent. Hdt. 1 69, Croesus announced this through messengers, Bi dyyeXcov. By
analogy with the above,
it
measure, singly or in succession, of space, number, quantity, all flowing hy analogy from the primary
meaning
of hia, through ; as ov Bia f^aKpov, in no lo7ig time, hi oKvyov, after a short time / Be eviavrov, after
opyi)'?,
through anger,
;
anger the inciting cause preceding the act if it be objected that the anger was not all passed when the
external act took place,
it
to lead to the
outward
act,
and
Ala,
that
is
Through, Across.
125
all
hoping that Sicily would be conquered, hC avrov, through him as the instrument, or agent (Thuc. 6:15). Aes. Fro. 281, w? fidOrjre Sea reXou? to ttuv, that you may learn the whole to the very end; the Greek 8ta is picturesque beyond the power of the English TeXovi, through the end, to the end and beyond. 213. Hdt. 9 13, Mardonius refrained from ravag;
:
7ravTo<;
rov y^povov
o/jLoiXoy^creiv
Athenians would
hia iramd'i, etc.,
come
to
through
all
the
Mardonius did not begin to all that time was expired. The first act of destroying was after the last moment of waiting and expectation hence the Genitive case is a necessity, it gives a true copy of what is in the mind. 214r. Of the two limits of the thing crossed, the hither and the farther limit, we have treated the farther one as the more emphatic because the extill
; ;
is
the
more important
mountain
experi-
Any
it
through
may begin
one
may
may go
it.
But things that require no effort to do, and which amount to nothing when done, do not furnish much
126
remains to consider the space intervening between the two limits of the thing crossed or passed over. And, first, we observe that this innearer limit,
it
tervening space
oflEers
to the imagination
no fixed
is
mark
seems to be no chance for the Dative case to come in and play its part after the preposition hia and so, in the fact agrees with our anticfact, we never find it
; ;
ipations,
and both conform to the nature of the case. Grammarians did not decide this question, but nature and spontaneous thought settled it before grammarians were born.
215.
The
is
the
what and along that passage that appeals to the imagination, and so is worthy of mention ? If there was anything of this sort in the speaker's mind, he would show that fact by putting the object of hia
characterized that passage, in itself considered
happened
in
for that
is
This brings us to
we
are
met
" Ata of Place, only in Poets, the same sense as hia w. Gen." Before accepting so discouraging a statement,
let
II.
Ata, Through, Across.
127
aTeLprj<i.
And through
yielding spear.
What
;
hut in the seventh fold of hide it stuck, iv rfi S' it did not get clean through at ^ldTr] pivw (Tx^To
of course
it
e/SSoall
through, which
to justify
the use of the genitive (see the foregoing examples.) But, though the spear did not go through, it did a
it drove its way through the bronze and through six folds of hide. The mighty force of the throw was expended in the space between the front and the back of the shield and the
great
work
plate,
112-119), describing
who
The through the thick copjpice and woods. picture shows us what took place within the limits
of the forest, not of an escape through and
it,
beyond
fits
The
II.
accusative
the
word
So in
23
through the thick underwood ; the interest of the action centers on what is going on within the woods. Od. 9 400, The Cyclops dwelt about him in the caves, St' aKpia^ rjveiJ,oeaaa<i, cdong
hia
pco7rr]'ia
TrvKva,
128
the
windy
picture.
heights.
The
:
no
6,
By
observances of yours, hid ye eKelva^ Ta<i iTn/xeXeia^;, you will approach the gods more hopefully when you
are going to pray; that
is,
pious conduct is like an atmosphere of hope about him as he goes to offer his prayers. Od. 8 520, He
:
fieydOv^ov 'A6r]vr]v.
thought of as a surrounding, or accompanying presence, " covering his head in the day of battle." Cyri. Inst. 1 5, Those
:
fond of praise are won by commendation, and /or this reason, hid tovto, they readily undergo all toil and all Their fondness of praise is a permanent danger. quality, or atmosphere, if you please, in which they
always move, whereas Bid tovtov would mean hy
means of this giving the picture of something transient, as means to an end. 219. The idea of two suggested by hd is not always the hither and farther side of a thing struck
through or pierced, as
a breast-plate
;
when
be the right and left portions of something struck through with a cleaving blow as when one with an axe cuts in two, BiaKoirrei., the
it
may
words compounded with Bid BiayyeXXeiv, to announce, distinguished from dirayyiWeiv, as from man to man
;
; ;
Ata,
Through, Across.
129
which announces something of known and felt imfrom 'Trapa'yyeKKeiv, to announce bj auportance thority, while i^cuyyeXXeLv is to annoimce a secret; TrpocrayyeXketv, to announce in expectation of a re;
sponse.
Zeus,
to
him^
6/j,a)<;
irpocrdyyeikov avTu>
in
modem
phrase, take
up
my
name, or card, to him. This act of announcement looks for a response, and Trpo? attaches itself to the
verb to mark that
fact.
two
parts.
command
;
StaKeXeveadat, to
Ae^^eo-incite, man by man. 6m, to receive, take, accept SiaB)(^(T6ai, to receive and pass on to another, as men standing in a line may receive and pass along buckets of water to extinguish
fire
as hunters
suit of
an animal
dvaSi'^ea-dai,,
KaTaBe')(eadaL (see
Sec. 30).
I could not
i.
e.,
same
apart f
one from, the other how do you know them Atacpevyetv, to escape by fleeing through
to
tell
130
dangers
;
of a succession of dan-
makes
his escape.
where two are acting, as to take an oar to match one who rows on the other side of the boat. Cyrus, Inst. 1, when a boy, would try to do a man's vjorJc, StaXeipoiT] TO, dvBp6<;, i. e., on seeing what a man did, he would be emulous to match him, and do the same. 'E7ri%et/oety means something like this, but the difference is clear. To try to walk fifty miles in a attempt in which one may fail is iirL-xeipelv an day walking by his side, with another, keep up to try to
is Sta^etjoety.
A collection
beside
of individual things
may be formed by
bringing them
by
to,
near
to,
zontal motion.
thought of as
if
made by
e'lrJ
its basis.
If
now
/o,
addition
to,
mental picture
thought.
It
wc use a
With
locution
drawn from a
form of
find,
is
may be
wc can
come
but
it
is
not exact.
the particulars
into
no
new
Ala,
severalty by
it.
TJirough, Across.
The
131
particulars of
With
of a
new
whole.
is
They are
also in a
of the pile
now
them.
meaning
THE END.
D.
APPLETON &
CO.'S
EDUCATIONAL WORKS.
GREEK.
Hadley's Greek Grammar.
Kevised and in part rewritten, by
Professor Frederic D. Allen, Harvard College.
12mo.
423 pages.
12mo.
366 pages.
This Grammar not only preBents the latest and best results of Greek studios, but also treats the language in the light received from comparative philology.
its is clear in its language, accurate in its definitions, judicious arran'^ement, and sufficiently comprehensive for all purposes, while it is free from cumbrous details. It is simple enough for the beginner and comprehensive enough for the most advanced students.
12mo.
246 pages.
Forms and Inflections of the Language, a complete Analytical Syntax, and an Introductory Greek Reader. With Notes and Vocabularies.
12mo.
276 pages.
in Greek, one fitted to lead the learner from the alphabet up to a fair knowledge of Attic narrative Greek, the American teacher can find no text-book superior to this. It is grammar, composition, and readingbook, all in one and, if it be carefully mastered, the student may pass with perfect ease to the "Anabasis" of Xenophon. The book is complete in itself; but, for the convenience of such as prefer to use it in connection with some standard grammar, references are made in the syntactical parts to the Grammars of Hadley, Crosby, and Sophocles.
As an introductory book
;
On
297 pages.
12mo.
12mo.
248 pages.
Containing the Substance of the
Critical
Greek Particles also, Copious Selections from Greek Authors, with and Explanatory English Notes and a Lexicon. 12mo. 618
pages.
The
First Three
and References
Books
to
of Anabasis : with Explanatory Notes Hadley and Kiihner's Greek Grammars, and to
Copious Greek-English
Map
Ten Thousand.
By James
R. Boise.
12mo.
268 pages.
EDUCATIONAL
IFOiJZS. (Continued.)
:
By Jamks
R.
12mo.
430 pages.
:
Xenophon's Anabasis
By James R. Boise, Ph. D. (Tubingen), LL. D., Professor of Greek in the University of Michigan. 12mo. 893 pages.
Schools and Colleges in the United States.
The demand for a convenient edition of this great claspic, really adapted to the wauts of schools, has been met by Professor Boise in a manner that leaves nothing to be desired. Decidedly the best German editions, whether text or commentary be considered, have appeared within the last few years and of these Mr. Boise has made free use while, at the same time, he has not lost sight of the fact that the classical schools of this country are behind those of Germany, and that simpler and more elementary explanations are therefore often necessary in a work prepared for American schools. Nothing has been put in the notes for the sake of a mere display of learning, and nothing has been introduced by way of comment except what can be turned to practical use by the reader.
;
Greek
for Beginners.
By
Mayor, M.
;
A., Pro-
formerly
Head Master
of Kensington School.
Com-
12mo.
176 pages.
Mayor's book enjoys a large popularity in England, and has been recently edited and adapted to American use by Mr. Coy, the able instructor of Greek in Phillips Academy, Andover. It is edited to make it a convenient companion to the " Greek Grammar " of Hadley. It has examples for translation both ways, with copious references to Hadley, notes, and two vocabularies. This book, like Harkness's, limits itself to the Attic dialect ; and the general scope of the two books is the same.
Exercises in Greek Composition. Adapted to the First Book Xenophon's Anabasis. By James R. BoisE, Professor of Greek
the University of Michigan.
of
in
12mo.
185 pages.
tion to
These Exercises consist of easy sentences, similar to those in the Anabasis, having the same words and construction?, and are designed by frequent repetimake the learner familiar with the language of Xenophon. Accordiugly, the chapters and sections in both are made to correspond.
The
First Three
of Dindorf
;
Books of Homer's
By Henry
Clark Johnson, A.
M., LL. B.
12mo.
ISO pages.
" In preparing this edition, it has been my aim to render the Notes BuflSciently elementary to enable the beginner in the Epic Dialect to sUuly with pleasure and profit and, with this end in view, I havu endeavored to point out and explain difficulties arising from the dialect, the meter, and the syntax, and to call attention to the exact shades of meaning denoted by the various words employed by
;
EDUCATIONAL
Selections from Herodotus
:
T^OiZiT/S.(Continued.)
Babylon and the give a Connected History of the East, to the Fall of
By Herman M. Johnson, D. D., ProDeath of Cyrus the Great. Literature in Dickinson College. English and Philosophy fessor of
12mo.
185 pages.
connected selection embraces such parts of nerodotas as give a editor has borne in mind history of Asiatic nations. In preparing liis notes, the he course classical their part of earlier the in learners that they are intended for the ^rmer part of the work quite full, h.a9, therefore, made the explanations in students. most of hands the in are as grammars such to with frequent references
The present
of Herodotus.
15 pages.
By Herman M. Johnson,
D. D.
With English Notes for the Use By Howard Crosby, A. M., Greek Language and Literature in the New York
138 pages.
12mo.
the object had in view in this publication is to furnish to college students masterpiece of the greatest of Greek tragic poets in a convenient lorm. Wo Taucnnitz The attempted. been has needed or learned criticism on the text was notes, as edition has been chiefly followed, and such aid is rendered, in the way of may assist not renderneedless, the eflTorts of the student. Too much help begets indolence too little, despair ; the author has striven to present the happy mean. The inviting appearance of the text and the merit of the commentary nave made this volume a favorite wherever it has been used.
The
Silber's Progressive Lessons in Greek, together with Notes and Frequent References to the Grammars of Sophocles, Hadley, and Crosby also, a Vocabulary and Epitome of Greek Grammar for the
;
Use of Beginners.
12mo.
79 pages.
;
or,
Grammar.
12mo.
12mo.
Grammar.
Large 12mo.
620 pages.
Greek Ollendorff, Being a Progressive Exhibition of the Principles By Asahel C. Kendrick, Professor of the of the Greek Grammar. Greek Language and Literature in the University of Rochester.
12mo.
371 pages.
Arranged by JonN AncnsTca TittMANN, according to the best authorized Version. Completely revised, Edited by Edward American edition. corrected, and annotated.
Robinson,
S. T.
D.
1 vol.,
12mo.
EDUCATIONAL
ful
TFOiJZ"^.(Continued.)
Revised edition.
With a
beauti-
440 pages.
Iliad.
12iiio.
Owen's Homer's
thors.
759 pages.
to Sophocles's, Kiihner's,
12mo.
338 pages.
2*76 pages.
12mo.
12mo.
516 pages.
Owen's Thucydides.
12mo.
683 pages.
12mo.
673 pages.
12mo.
of Socrates.
421
Smead's Antigone
tions,
of Sophocles.
12mo.
242 pages.
Historical Introduc-
12mo.
Tyler's Plato's
Apology and
12mo.
12mo.
180 pages.
in
pun-
171 pages.
HEBREW.
Gesenius's
rections
Hebrew Grammar.
Seventeenth edition.
With
Cor-
Translated by T. J.
New
York.
361 pages.
SYRIAC.
Uhlemann's Syriac Grammar,
Enoch Hutchinson.
lator.
German by
Gram-
With a Course
of Exercises in Syriac
367 pages.
D.
APPLETON &
NEW
D.
APPLETON &
CO.'S
EDUCATIONAL WORKS
LATIN.
Professor Harkness's Series of Latin Text-Books.
An
as an Elementary Drill
the Language.
12mo
exercises in This work gives a distinct outline of the whole grammar, with the learner notes translation from each language into the other, suggestions to writing of and the reading the both to and vocabularies, and prepares the way easy classic Latin.
A A
Latin Grammar.
12mo.
357 pages.
Edition of 1874.
Latin Grammar.
1881.
12mo.
Standard edition of
This is a complete, philosophical, and attractive work. It presents a systematic arran"-ement of the great facts and laws of the language, exhibiting not only the grammatical forms and constructions, but also those vital prmciples which underlie, control, and explain them. , ,, The present edition is the result of a thorough and complete revision of that of 18T4 To a large extent it ia a new and independent work yet the paradigms, rules of construction, and in general all parts intended for recitation, have beea only sli-'htly changed. The aim of the work in its present form is threefold 1. To be a clear, simple, and convenient Elementary Latin Grammar, giving the essentials for that use in distinctive type and in the form best adapted to the end. 2 To be an adequate and trustworthy Grammar for the advanced student complete Grammar of the Latin language, for the use of critical students of every grade of scholarship. 3. To be a practical introduction to the broader fields of philology and modem linguistic research, with references to the latest and best authorilies upon the munerous questions which arise in such study.
. .
.
The Elements
pages.
of Latin
Grammar.
For Schools.
12mo.
156
A New
Latin Reader.
With Exercises
in
Latin Composition,
intended as a Companion to the Author's Latin Grammar. With References, Suggestions, Notes, and Vocabularies. 12mo. 227 pages.
The "New Reader" differs from the "Reader" in two respects. The first parts of the two books are wholly different. The new has in this part alternating exercises in translation both ways from one language into the other, with numbered references to the ' Grammar" at every step. The second part is substanthe Old sections tially the same in both books, except that nine of the Latin are removed, and their places in the New filled with English to be translated into
Latin.
[beb
i next PAeE.j
EDUCATIONAL
TTOie^/S. (Continued.)
Large 12mo.
This work presents, in a single volume, a course of reading in tlie prose authors sufficiently extended to meet the requirements for admission to any American college. It contains four books of Caesar's " Commentaries," the "Catiline" of Sallust, and eight of Cicero's orations the four "In Catilicam," the "Pro Archia Poeta." " De Imperio Pompeii," "Pro Marcello," and "Pro Ligario." The editorial aids consist of notes, illastrations, special dictionary, analyses, and a map of Gaul. It is especially convenient as part of the shorter course marked out above, inasmuch as it, the "Grammar," and the "New Reader," only three books, provide al) that is required in the course.
Complete Latin Course for the First Year, Outline of Latin Grammar and Progressive Exercises
Writing Latin, with Frequent Practice
in
comprising an
in
Reading and
12mo.
Reading
at Sight.
350 pages.
1883.
This volume contains a series of simple exercises progressively arranged, and designed to lead the way directly to connected discourse, together with numerous exercises and passages intended for practice in sight-reading and composition exercise, accompanied by frequent suggestions to tbe learner also a Grammatical Outline, with paradigms of declension and conjugation, and all needed rules of syntax and statements of grammatical principles, given in the exact form and language in tvhich they occur in " Earkness's titandard Latin Grammar.''' It is designed to serve as a complete introductory book in Latin, no other grammar being required. , ,,_ It is a thoroughlv practical book, and brings out, more clearly than any other introductory Latin "book now pubhshed, the latest and most approved tbeories the peculiarly in and methods of Latin instruction. It will stand pre-eminent practical nature of the drill which it wiU atford upon etymological distinctions facility with as the as well and the perplexing idiomatic forms of Latin discourse, which it will enable the pupil to take up and master the difficulties of Latin Latin scries unrivaled in the syntax. It is in every way worthy to take its place of which it will be the introductory book.
;
will
with
Frequent Practice in Reading at Sight, intended as a CompanionBook to the author's Latm Grammar. 12mo.
Both editions contain numerous notes and suggestions, and an adequate LatinEnglish and English-Latin Dictionary.
of Vergil.
S.
By IIbnky
12mo.
The Aeneid
FuiEZE.
of Vergil.
Cloth.
Dictionary.
By Hekry
S.
12mo.
[bee
KEXT rAQE.l
ED VGA TIONA L
The Aeneid
Cloth.
TFOiJZ",?. (Continued.)
of Vergil.
With Notes.
By Henry
S.
Frieze.
12mo.
598 pages.
Large type.
First Six
Books
S.
of
Dictionary.
By Henry
12mo.
Frieze.
A Vergilian
The
Dictionary.
By Henry
S.
Frieze.
229 pages.
text of Frieze's new editions of Vergil is the result of a careful comparison of the texts of the most eminent among ttie recent Vergilian critics, especially those of Wagner, Jahn, Forbiger, Radewig, Ribbeck, and Conington. The references in the Notes are to the grammars of Harkness, Madvig, Zumpt, Allen and
Greenough, Bartholomew, and GUdersleeve. The Dictionary contains all words found in the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Aeneid, including all proper names, preserving all important varieties of orthography, and, therefore, convenient for use with any edition or text of Vergil. It aims to represent completely the Vergilian usage of words, and refers constantly to the test for the illustration of definitions given.
With Explanatory
Notes.
By Henry
S.
Frieze.
12mo.
175 pages.
M.
By John K. Lord,
12mo.
Ill pages.
1860.
work is that of Baiter and Kayser, the edition of It has been carefully compared with Holm's revision of Orelli's text, and with those of other editors. Any changes from the standard text have been
The
noticed in the notes. In preparing the notes, the aim has been to furnish explanations on points of grammar, history, biography, and ancient customs, and, particularly by translation and special remark, to indicate the different and the corresponding idioms of the Latin and the English, and thus, through idiomatic English, to assist to a better uuderetanding of the structure of the Latin.
Poems
of Ovid.
With Brown
Notes.
By
J.
L.
University.
12mo.
This edition of Ovid was prepared at the request of many teachers of Latin who regard the poetry of Ovid more suitable for the use of beginners than that of Vergil, an opinion that governs the course pursued in the European schools generally. The text is very carefully annotated, and references made to Harkness's Standard Grammar. Some selections from the " Amores," the " Fasti," and the " Tristia," have been added to those made from the "Metamorphoses," not only on account of the interesting themes of wliich they treat, but also for the sake of giving the student an opportunity of becoming acquainted with Latin elegiac verse, of which, in Latin poetry, Ovid is the acknowledged master.
next page.]
EDUCATIONAL
TTCiJ^yS. (Continued.)
With
12mo.
Lincoln's Horace.
Colleges.
With English
575 pages.
12mo.
Lincoln's Livy.
Selections
Rome, a Map of the Passage of Hannibal, and English Notes for the Use of Schools. By J. L. Lincoln, Professor of the Latin Language and Literature in Brown University. 12mo. 329 pages.
Sallust's
Jugurtha and Catiline. With Notes and a Vocabulary. By Noble Butler and Minard Stcrgus. 12mo. 397 pages.
Cicero's Select Orations. With Notes, for the Use of Schools and By E. A. Johnson, Professor of Latin in the University Colleges.
of
New
York.
12mo.
459 pages.
Cicero de
12mo.
Officiis.
Zumpt and
Bonnell.
With English Notes, mostly translated from By Thomas A. Teacher, of Yale College.
194 pages.
Beza's Latin
Csesar's
New
Testament.
12mo.
291 pages.
Commentaries on
the Gallic
War.
With English
Notes,
and Explanatory; a Lexicon, Geographical and Ilistoricai By Rev. J. A. Spencer, D. D. 12mo. Indexes, a Map of Gaul, etc.
Critical
408 pages.
Quintus Curtius
and
12mo.
Edited,
385 pages.
D.
APPLET ON &
CO., Publishers,
FRANCISCO.
N N
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
TORONTO LIBRARY
II
nil
nil II
mill
nil II
mill III
II
mill III
II
mil
006107117017