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Presented

to the

LIBRARY

of the

UNIVERSI TV OF TORONTO
by

Mrs.

H.

J.

Cody

^ //^
U-^uio.

d^'

.2yrry^-

/ffir

THE

GREEK PREPOSITIONS,
STUDIED FROM THEIR ORIGINAL MEANINGS AS DESIGNATIONS OF SPACE.

BY
F. A.

ADAMS,

Ph. D.

It is

of more importance to us to learn

how

the Greeks spoke than to

know what

they said.

Jelf.

NEW YORK:
D.

APPLETON AND COMPANY,


1, 3,

AND 5

BOND BTKEET,
1885.

COPTBIOHT,

By

1885,

D.

APPLETON AND COMPANY.

INTKODUCTION.

Whatevek
guage,
it is

theory

we adopt
all

of

tlie

origin of lanits

agreed by

scholars that

words are
This

derived

lai-gely

from notions of things in

space.

book presents the results of a study of the Greek Prepositions from the stand-point of that admission. No class of words in the Greek is more important and none are more imperthan the Prepositions are the words that, beyet these fectly undei-stood on their face the suggestions of yond all others, bear lost that conducts from But the clew is soon space. these primary uses into the wide realm of thought, of reasoning, of will, of passion, and Hfe. And yet such a clew there must be, connecting by real, though subtle analogies, the primary meanings with all the meanings which foUow. But learners of the Greek find no harder thing,
; ;

after passing the rudiments, than to fix in

mind the

meanings of verbs compounded with prepositions. The difliculty is natural, and on the whole creditable
to the intellect of the embarrassed student.

He

has

nothing but his

memory

to aid

him

neither the Die-

iv

Introduction.

tionary iior the

give only authority.


deduction.

Grammar give instniction here they The learner is left with few indefinitions in the Lexicons

citements to his power of discrimination and logical

The
;

burden

memory way. Even


his

they do not instruct him to find his


Treatises on the

Greek Prepositions do

not evince any systematic endeavor to interpret the


prepositions through a logical deduction from their

primary meanings as designations of space. The learner under these conditions naturally becomes indifferent for what he cannot do intelligently, he
;

becomes, after a time, willing not to do


perhaps, in the end, he adds one to the
those

at all

and,

number of

who complain that they have spent much time on the Greek with little profit. To show that the picture here outlined is not too highly colored, let a college graduate, who has done
well in his Greek, take, for example, the verb Xeiiretv
and, prefixing to
Blo,,
;

it

successively the prepositions airo,


rrrapa, vtto, let

ck, iv, iirl,

Kara,
if

him form English

sentences that,

written in Greek, would require the

use of these prepositions respectively

compounded

His certain failure is the result of many former defeats, where his natural inquisitiveness has not been encouraged and rewarded. When he finds the verb fieveiv compounded with ava, with Sia, iv and Kara, with irepl and vtto, he
with the verb.
finds himself
8?}Xo9,

in a like
cVSt^Xo?,

difficulty.

The
all

adjectives

kBt]\o<;,

KaTdBrjXo<;,

contain the

Introduction.

notion clear^ with differences which forbid the use What are these differences? of one for another.

And through what


come of them
shall

lines of

thought does the learner

to see these differences, so that the

knowledge no longer depend on a burdened mem-

ory, but shall be a natural possession of his instructed

intelligence?

work is an endeavor to jungle of the Greek seeming clear somewhat that it is not a jungle, but a Prepositions to show and paths have become overgarden, whose alleys grown through neglect, and lost to view. Or to
present
this

The

speak without a figure

the

object of this

work

is

contained by implication in the following Thesis The Greek Prepositions, suggestive primarily of
notions of space,

show through

all

their

uses such

analogy to the primary meanings as affords aids indispensable to a satisfactory understanding of the language.

The motive and


gins
that

object of the

work, thus stated,


its

naturally lead to the question of

method.

It be-

by analyzing the notions of accompany these in nature

space^
;

and the notions

it

then seeks for the

analogues of these in

human
life,

experience.

whole
their

field of
is

human

of thought, passion,

Thus the and


it

purpose,

laid open,

and the Prepositions enter

in

own right. The store-house

of facts used in the present study

is

the language of the


at its best.

Language

As

Greek Literature the Greek the work is Psychological,

^ ;

vi

Introduction.

not Etymological, it does not discuss the origins of words. It is not the forms of the words, hut the thought
that underlies them, that
is

here the object of search

not the changing fortunes through which a written

comes to the form in which we have it in our hands but what the word means now that is in our hands, and how it comes to mean what we know it does mean. As the prepositions primarily denote relations of space, we have in these notions, and others which these carry with them, a point of departure not a working hypothesis awaiting its justification, but a basis of facts settled by common consent; ava primarily means ^^, and KaTa down iirl means primarily on or iipon, and vtto means and so of the rest. In beginning at this point tender we begin where the learner must begin and where he must stay till he learns to love the Greek, if he ever comes to love it at all. As the ideas of space and the notions these carry with them were always present, it is reasonable to beheve that they were operative in the formation of language from the first; that they served as laudmarks pointing out the paths along which human speech should move. For reasons already suggested, the present work does not enter this wide and atIt is written with the humbler aim of tractive field.

word has passed

till it
;

y'

aiding the students

who

are learning to read Greek,


instruct them.

and

work is to This work makes no claim


tlie

teachers whose

to

be a complete

Introduction.
treatise

vii

on the Greek Preposition.

The author

has

restricted

himseK

to the presentation of the subject

in a single line of observation

omitting

whatever

was not pertinent to his special object. In this view he trustfully commends it to the hospitable reception that will be readily accorded to a thoughtful endeavor on new ground.

CO^TElN"TS.
CHAPTER

I.

OF SPACE, AND ITS SILENT TEACHINGS.


SECTION

Words

of space applied to ideas of time

Applied to description, and to moral conduct This extension springs from an instinct in humanity

2
3
its

Language limited and poor imagination must supply The proper starting-point in treating the Prepositions The mode of study deductive and inductive
;
;

defects

4
6

CHAPTER
aya AND
KOTa.

II.

UP AND DOWN.
First,

The notion up;


Fourth

its

attendant notions,

Second,

Third,

7
its

The notion down; Fourth


nature

attendant notions, First, Second, Tldrd,


7

These attendant notions not the result of study, but given in


8

CHAPTER
ava AND Karh,
Preposition and Adverb
'Aro, up,

III.

PRIMAKILT ADVERBIAL.
9
.
. .

their difference
illustrated
.

and Karh, down, primarily Adverbial

Kora with the Genitive and with the Accusative, Language limited compared with thought

.10 .11
12

Contents.

CHAPTER
wh. AND
Ka.T6..

IV.

MEANINGS DKRITED FROM ANALOGY.


SECTION
in speech;

Analogue of Kara

in

motion along the ground

in

judgment
'hvh. 'Aj/o

IS-IY
Kara tos
ir6\eis
.

ras

irdKets,

18 19

and Kara with numerals

'Ava Kparos, Kara Kparos

20, 21

22,23

CHAPTER

V.

ava AND Kara IN COMPOSITION.


'

Av6,ye(TBai^ Kurdyecrdai
;

'Afd^acris, Karafiaffis

avUvai, Ka6ievai

'AvoKalfiv, KaroKaliiv
Aj/e'xej^,

KOTx'; avavavnv, Karavdveiv

'Aya/jLeyeiv, Karafieytiv

..... ..... .....


. .
.

24 25

26 27

27, 28, 29
30, 31

'AvaSexeo'Oai, KOTaSe'xecrSat, KaraytyvuxTKeiy

'Avayvd/xTTTfiVy avairelBeiy, avax'^p^'^v., dvaTidivai,

marks of upward
.

motion in each
'AvaSelv, third

(Sec. 1)
;

32
33

^Avaviviiv, Karavevftv

avaa-irav, to

pull down
(7)
.

mark of upward motion


.

34

Kardpxety, apparent contradiction reconciled


Aitf, to lack, KaraSeiv

35, 36
.

37
38
39

AfiKvvuat, avaSfiKvvvaty KaTa^fiKvwai

Mavddveiy, avafxavOdvuv, KaTa/xavddyeiv


'Ava^rirtiv, a.ya\veiv

Kadopau

.....

40, 41
.

42
44 45

KaTa<pa'iyf(T6ai, aya<paiyeff6ai, KaTa<pavr]s

43,
.

'Ayafxtyyvyat, KaTafxtyyvyai

Kt fiyfiy,

KaraHTflyfty, anoKTflyfiy

46 47
48

&yf)<TKfiv, KaraByficrKfty

'Aya and Kara, leading to the same result by different paths

Contents.

xi

CHAPTER
7rJ,

VI.

OX, UPON.

SECTION

Primary suggestion

gravition

49
50
;

Transference of direction, change of power

Two forms
Sphere of
'Etti
'EttI

of power suggested in

iiti

impact

pressure
. .

51

eVi enlarged
;

by change of direction
with the Dative
.

52, 53 54,

with the Genitive

55 56 57

with expressions of time


eirl

General suggestion of power in


Object of iv\ pictured as

lifeless,

not necessarily lifeless in fact

58

CHAPTER
^J),

VII,

rXDER; ACCESSORY NOTIONS.


59

Correlatives of imh in space

Implications through gravitation


Correlative of gravitation

........
tnrh

60, 61

62
63 64 65 66
6*7

Cases following xmh


Position \mder
xrno
.

Motion toward, ending in position under Motion from, beginning with position under

Dynamic suggestions
Applications of the correlatives
'Eiraydv,
inrdyeii', inrfXavveiy.

Mei/fiy, inronevetv, iTZifXfVSiv

'ETTjTifleVaj, fTrepxfcrdai, iiviivai,

inro<pevyfiv

...... ........ ..........


and
ini
.

68, 69 70, 71

72
73

(irnriimiv, inrocpepeiy, iiro5e;ite?r0a4,

'HyuaOat,

iijiy-, v(priy-

74, 75, 76

CHAPTER
irphs,

VIII.
TO,

TO, TOVTARDS,

NEAR

FACE TO FACE.

Uphs, primarily suggestive of

human

relations

...

77, 79,

78 80

Suggestion of reciprocity in

irp6s

Xll

Contents.
SECTION

'Eff' aperriv, trphs

dperVj compared
irphs

81

The object
'Eirl rriv
II.

of irpbs becomes to the imagination active

82-88
.

'EWaSa,

rovs iratSas

89

18:317
iir'

90
91

'H dShs
Tlphs rh
'Eir\

euSai/jLoviav

irphs ev5aifxovlav

aWo

(TcofMa, iirl

rb aXKo awfia
robs

92
93

robs

iroXefi-lovs, irpbs

TroXefJ-iovs

Discriminations of inl and irphs further illustrated

94-103

CHAPTER
eVi

IX.

AND

irphs IN

COMPOSITION.

'Eirexetv, irpoffixeiv, illustrated,

and tested

Applications of the above


'EirepuTCLV, irpoffeparrav,
'Eirl 'Eirl
jxifi.vi](TKeiv^ iirifi-

looking forward to what

come sometimes doing for the Greek mind what the pronoun does for the English mind
is

yet to

.... .... ....


. .

104

105
108
109

106, 107
.

this
.

AavddveaOat, iiriXavOdvecrOat
Neveiy, iirtvevfiv, KaTaveveiv
'Atrelv, eTratreTv, irpoffaiTilv

A/coui', iiraHOvetv, irpocraKoieiv

XleTO/uaj, iiriirfTOnai, jaxei;/, firiax^^v

Aeir, to bind, tViSetj', irpoaZiiv


'Ewprjfiiiv^ iireu(prifiiiv
;

\4yetv, eirtXeyfiu

^KiirreffOai, iTriffKiTrnffQai

TliiQeaQai, iiriirddecrdai

5i56fat, ^irtSiScJvai
;

....... ....... ...... ..... ...... .... ....... ....


.

.110,

111, 112
.

113
114 115 116

117 120
121

118, 119
.

rvafx-imiy, iiriyvafximiv, avayvdjximiv


'Srpecpttv, iiri(rTpe(peiu
;

'E7riTU7X'^''*"')

KaraTvyxdvav, irpoa-rvyxdyetv

AfiKvvvai, iiriSetKvvi/at
'E<pi(vai, irpocrUvai
;

iirdyetv, irpocrdyeiv

'Eirndaanv, irpoaTocrativ

..... ........ ..... .......


tpeaOai, eTrepetrOat
.

122
123 124 125

Sipe7y, iirtSiyeTy

120
127

Contents.

xiii

CHAPTER
TTopa.

X.

SECTION

With
Ilapa,

Genitive, Dative, Accusative


its

128

Implied superiority in

object
.

129

meaning

against, explained in contrast with Kara

.130

CHAPTER
iraph.

XI.

IN COMPOSITION.
131, 132
.
. .

Literal application
"ZKivTi,

(TKevdCeiu, irapcuTK-, KaraffK-

.133
134 137 138
135, 136

Used

in

morals

Hapareiveiu

TlapayiyviicrKeiv

'Aiviiy, iiraiVii', icapaiveiu

.......... .......... ........


CHAPTER Xn.
dwb AND
e'/C.

OFF FROM, OUT FROM.


illustrated

The notions

off from

and out from, compared and

from
139, 140

the Greek

Continued illustrations
'hvh and
e/c

discriminated in tracing descent

....
.

141-143
144

CHAPTER

Xin.

Imh AND 6K IN COMPOSITION.


'Airoirlirretv, iicirlirreiv
'Airo5t5<5'OJ,
'

eKSiSSuai

A<piKve7(T6ai, i^iKveladai

Xleipacrdai, aironfipacrOai
'E/C7retpa<r0at,

airoTpe-rrtcrdat,

......... ......... ........ .,..,... .....


eKTpeneaBai
.
.

145

146
147 148

149
151

'ATToSeiKvvi/ai, iKSetKvvvai
Qtrf)(TKfiv, airodvri<TKtiv,

(Kdv^iaKuv

......
. . .

.150

XIV

Contents.
SECTION

'AiroKreivetv, KaraKrelvetv

162
153, 154
.

TtKeTf, airoTe\e7v, iKreKeiv


'I.K(()evyetv, uiro(pei>yeiv
.

.155
156, 157
. . .

'E^Tiyi7(rdai, a<l>r]ye7a6ai

'Airocpaluftv, iK(palveiv

.158

"Airodi56vai, iiriMSvai
'AiroTeXttj', 7riT6A.eri/
.

159, 160, 161

162 164
^65

'AiraiTi7v,

iiraiTelv

.163
.

Neither the Greek, nor the English,


'Airb

is

a standard for the other

and imh

CHAPTER
eis

XIV.
il>.

AND

'Ets, ip

these two prepositions linked with e by law of contrast


its
;

'Ejj, into ;

primitive and secondary uses

....
.

66

167, 168
.

'Eis

and

eV

discrimination

169

'EicrfioK-fj, >j3oA.6vs, eV

Ty

evufvixaj, eVi

tou ivwvvfiov

170, 171
.

'EnfidWetv, iiafiaWfiv,
'Eicr$d\\ftv,

iix^oXr), irpoaPoXrj

172
173

iuPdWetv, continued

'EnPt^dCfiv, eiVjSf/SaC*'"! t^eir difference


"EvS-qXos, /c57)\OS
'EKcpavris, ifx(pw{]s

.... ......
compared deductively
.
.

174

175, 176, 177


178, 179, 180, 181
.

'EKdeiKvivai, iySuKvvvai
'E7x'pe'*' ^^'^ iinx^ipuv^

182
183 184
185

The deduction confirmed by usage


Tiryx''<"') i-firvyxdviiv, ivrvyxduiiv

CHAPTER XV.
nepl

AND

vntp.

Followed by the Genitive Followed by the Accusative

186

.187

Contents.

xv
SECTION

nepl followed by the Dative; ikep never; the reason Discrimination resulting from original suggestion in space
.

188, 189 190, 191

Applied to a passage in

Homer

192

CHAPTER
irepl

XVI.

AND wrep IN COMPOSITION.


1^3
IS'^j

Intensive force

Apparent contradictions
nept/ieVet*', ax'a/iefeij', Kara/Jieveiv

195 ^"^

n^piixefeiy,

changed to

ava/x,

used of the same act

the reason of

the change

197

CHAPTER
ARE PREPOSITIONS INTERCHANGEABLE?

XVII.
198-201

CHAPTER
afJKpi,

XVIII.

ON BOTH SIDES OF, AROUND, ABOUT.


;

Its original

meaning

compared with

irepl

202

CHAPTER
irpS,

XIX.

BEFORE, IN FRONT OF.

Its original service

npb and vrip

their high service ethically

....
AMONG.

203, 204

205

CHAPTER XX.
(TVV

AND

fierd.

TVITH,

The

discrimination illustrated

206-210

xvi

Contents.

CHAPTER
Sia,

XXI.

THROUGH, ACROSS.
SECTION
field for

Its

primary suggestion

wide

the Genitive
.
.

.211
212, 213

Illustration of its use with the Genitive

Why

5o is not followed

by the Dative
II.

214
215
216
.
.
. .

Ajo with the Accusative


Criticism of the Lexicon on
Illustrations of
^ih.

247
5jo77e

with the Accusative

217, 218

Aia not always suggestive of the nearer and farther side


Aejj', irpo(ra77-, liflTi-t

"0^077-

AexefOai with

Sjo,

wa, Kara

'AvuKpiveiv, StayiyvwaKeiv, Siacpevyeiv


Atoxe'pe?*', eirjxeipeir,

....... ......
.

.219
220
221

compared

222

THE GEEEK PREPOSITIONS.


CHAPTER
OF SPACE, ANB
1.
I.

ITS

SILEXT TEACHEJGS.

space gives
rily

preponderance in language of words of in usage rights which are not primatheir own. As sight is the chief of our senses,

The

them

the tilings which are seen furnish the chief materials


in the formation of language.

The

discourse

may

have passed quite away from the sphere of visible things, but the speaker, none the less, borrows his We words from this old, exhaustless storehouse, speak of a space of time, a circle of years, of the stream of time flowing past us, or bearing us along. 2. The language of space lends itself to morals an upright man, and an upright tower; a straight story, and a straight stick, are phrases alike intelligible. When a preacher once said " Laban was a crooked fellow, but, then, Jacob was not square in his dealings with him," he chose his words, not for their beauty, but for their special fitness to his thought. 3. By these frequent references in language to
:

2
space,

The Greek Prepositions.

and

to objects in space,

we need not think


;

of

space tlirougli any definition by a physicist, or a metaphysician, or in any labored way at all but as felt and realized, everywhere and always, by the nnin-

Every person who structed and the unthinking. grows from infancy to maturity comes silently into possession of "feelings about space and its objects to which he may never give utterance of which he may even be unconscious. These feelings seem to have no recognition, or very little, in the completed lan-

guage.

But, in the formation of that language they


;

have a work to do they shaped the speech, and, if by wise and patient questioning we can find what
these feelings were,
It is

we make

a gain in the study of

not in poetry alone that " more the language. ear." As sometimes we may the is meant than meets page something printed read between the lines of the
that does not meet the eye, so

we may

word meanings
trary to
its

that

seem

alien,

find under a consometimes and

import as refracted light is changed by the medium through which it passes, and
original
it is

the ends
4.

made
it

to serve.

Language does

not, in strictness of speech, exIt is helpful, never

press thought,

only suggests.
in the

adequate
single

except

names

of abstract numbers,

and the terms of pure science. It requires in its words that the student use imagination and "Without these he may learn the Dictionreflection. ary and the Grammar, but he will not understand.

Of

space, ajid

its

Silent Teachings.

As we have not the Greek feeling and instinct, we must endeavor by reflection, by questioning our results, and by repeated trials, to gain for ourselves something of the feeling which the Greeks had by
birthright.

shall

In studying the Prepositions in this spirit, we have no regard to alphabetical arrangement, nor to the number of cases which the prepositions respectNothing of this chance and ively may govern. secondary sort will furnish the opening by which to enter the field before us. "We shall begin with the simplest and broadest notion in Space which l^ature
5.

presents to
doion.

human

experience

the notion of

up and

note of explanation, as between the author 6. and the student or the critic, may be due here to aid In the derived meanings in a mutual understanding. of prepositions they are not allowed to dictate by vir-

They point the way, and raise the question the forecasting question, that is all. The answer in all cases comes from extue of their suggestions in space.

amining the usage as found in the authors. Illustrative examples from Greek authors are often abridged, or altered, for economy; preserving, however, unimpared, whatever is necessary to elucidate
the case in hand.

The Greek

Prepositions.

CHAPTEE
avh AND KaTa.
7.

II.

UP AND DOWN.

The

notion of simple motion

upward

gathers

experience otlier notions, which accompany it by a necessity of nature. First^ such motion has a fixed place of departure, namely, the Secondly, the line of such mosurface of the earth.
to itseK in

human

track,

into the pathless air, following no prescribed and leaving no trace behind it. Thirdly, such motion is against a constant power in nature, thereFourthly, it will fore it requires force to produce it. point, and will undetermined stop of itself, at some tion
is

return.

In like manner, simple motion downward sugFirst, such mogests notions that go along with it.
tion has

no
it

fixed,
is

or definite, point of beginning.

Secondly,

natural, requiring

no force to

effect

it.

Thirdly,
the

it

has a fixed place of ending.

Fourthly,
it

downward moving body remains where


8.

stops.

These notions are not fanciful, or theoretic.

They do not come from the reading of books, or through study of any sort. They are given in the common experience of human life; and every boy
big enough to throw a stone
a philosopher.

knows them
;

as well as

In many minds they may never have come into distinct consciousness but they are, none and, beyond a the less, there, doing their work
;

Avci

and

Kara.

Primarily Adverbial.

doubt, they have had a share in the formation of every language in the world. Our present study is to see what share they have

had in the formation of one small part of the Greek


language.

CHAPTER
ava AND KaTa.
9.

III.

primakily adveebial.
applied

The grammatical term Adverb, when


is

to notions of space,

with the term Preposition.


2)ono

This placed before carries the suggestion that another wordthat other word being a substantive or
last
it is

best explained

by comparing it word from prcE

pronoun.

This phrase, preposition and noun, are attached to the verb, the leading word in the sentence,
to complete its

meaning

in that place.

But

there

is

another term. Adverb, that by its form shows that it What then is the is the complement of the verb. On what ground may the same word be difference ?
in one place a Preposition, and in another place an Adverb % It is an Adverb when the noun needed to

complete the sense is understood from the nature of the case without being spoken. When we say, to drive on, meaning to drive forward, we call on an adverb
but
it

may be made
it

a preposition

covert meaning;

means,

to

by pressing for its drive on the ground

6
hefore you.

The Greek Prepositions.


lu
tlie plirase to looTc
;

around^

we

call

around an adverb but if we say loolc around you, it means the same, but we call around a preposition. These examples show how these two parts of speech trench on each other's ground, and by what an easy
device one

may sometimes be changed


in these cases
is

into the other.

The naming
lead to the
10.

less

important than the

interpretation, for the last, if correct, will be sure to


first.

As

designations

of

motion simply up and

dow7i, ava and Kara have only an adverbial force; and they are no more than this in many expressions of space where they are followed by a noun, and are
called prepositions.

In the phrase, Holding a wreath ava


(TK-rjirrpa
(II. 1
:

up on

a golden
is

staff,

15), the

preposition

adverbial, the Dative case being the

usual case to denote definite or fixed position.

In down poov, Kara the phrases, ava poov, up stream ; stream; ava KkifiaKa, up stairs; Kara Kklf^aKa, down stairs, the nouns appear as objects respectively of avh

and Kara

but these words are

still

adverbial in force

the accusative case being the natural case to express


the distance passed over.
11.
aTrj6o<;,

In the expression,

He

sent the shaft, Kara

straight against the breast, the character of

the act lielps us to the meaning as much as the prepKara suggests a straight motion, as a stone osition
;

dropped

in the air falls straight,

and the accusative

is

the usual case to

mark the point where

the action ter-

Am
minates.

and

Kara.

Primarily Adverbial.
is

7
to

So, to shoot an arrow, Kara o-kottov,

mark ; it can send it The fact this. hit, and a machine might do
straight against the

not

fail to

of straight
is

motion, terminated by
in the expression.

the ma?'k, exhausts all there


the

Kara
it

o-kottov,

does not

But mean straight against

the phrase, to shoot an arrow,

mark ;

It it. with may hit, or it may miss, and still be sent, Kara gkottov. An engine can not do this, for it has no brains. He who shoots, Kara aKoirov, will make allowance for the

means

to shoot at it

the design to hit

fall

of the arrow, that

is, its

deflexion

by gravitation

and, for a side wind,

if

there be one.

here

is

causative,

showing the action of


It is not, as the
at,

The Genitive the mark on


Lexicon says
It

the shooter, inciting to his endeavor.

This makes the

phrase perfectly clear.


falls

To^eveLv Kara (tkottov, " to shoot

because the arrow


is

doitm uj^on

its

mark."

This

misleading.

would imply that the end of the arrow's motion was The end of the the mark. This is not asserted. arrow's motion was the mark, if it was lucky enough to hit it if not, it was something else which it did hit. The phrase suggests not the end of the arrow's motion, but the end of the shooter's shooting, namely, to hit the mark. So, in the words to pour water, Kara xetpo?, upon the hands, the pith of the phrase is not to show the way the water runs on the hands, but to show how the careful servant that had the water behaved to the If the water had been running on the hands guest. from a spout, Kara %ei/309 would not have been used.
;

The Greek Prepositions.

We

have been led unawares into positive

state-

ments about cases, and tliese statements dogmatic. They are not dogmatic at all.
hint

may seem

We

have

simply accepted the hint of Nature, and following that

we

find

we have
The

in

hand

just the phrase that


(TTi]6o<;,

meets the

case.

shaft sent Kara

straight

to the hreast,

goes no whit straighter than a stone goes

when

falling freely to the ground.

The
its

a-Trido<i is

in

the line of the shaft's motion through


just as the point finally struck

whole course,
falling

by the stone

freely

is

in the line of the stone's motion through its

whole descent.

We

have here the direct object, and


just the
at,

of course in the accusative case.

The phrase would be

same

if

the object

thus struck were not aimed

or were not even seen.

But in aiming at a mark him who throws, inciting and

the object acts

first
it

on
is

directing his act ;

the point of departure, or cause or source of that incitement, and therefore must be in the genitive.

We should not encumber ourselves with the thought that in actual experience things thrown up are not commonly thrown straight up, and therefore This is pertinent in can not come straight down. natural imagination but the projectiles of treating
;

pictures iq?

and down as perpendicular. went on hoard, ava vrjo'i e/3r), not that dva with Jle the genitive means on; but, he loent up, and the thing calling forth and determining the action was
the ship.

Kva and Kara. Meanings derived from Analogy.


12. If the students asks,

Why dwell on

discrimina-

tions in the thought that can not

be expressed in

translation

It

would be
:

a suflScient answer, if there

were no
the

other, to say

It is for this

very reason they


This
;

are presented and pressed on the attention.

is

way

to escape

how

to treat

our masters. and slow the student should patiently learn the best that these last can do as interpreters of the first.
;

words to learn them as our servants and helpers, not Thought is nimble, words are clumsy
to

from bondage

CHAPTER
13.

ly.

ava AND KWra. MEANINGS DEEIVED FEOM ANALOGY.

As
proper

objects naturally fall

by the law

of gravitation,
to their

the actions of men,


law^,

when performed according

have an analogy to motion downward, and are often designated by the aid of the preposition Kara. The proper law for a judge is to decide yws%, Kara ZUaiov. The proper law for a witness is to testify truly, that is, Kar a\y]6eiav. Cyrus saw that the Greeks were conquering all hefore them, ro Kad'
avrov<:;.

The picture to the imagination is that of falling on the enemy. To a Greek phalanx charging the enemy in battle, the onward rush was as natural as the falling of a stone hence, to picture this in
;

10
words, KaTo,
is

The Greek Prepositions.


called

on to do

its part.

to see the picture

more than a picturea picture


memory with

Do

not

fail

in

motion.

Do

not encumber your

the

This formula that KaTa sometimes means hefore. would hinder more than it would help. Take into your thought the whole phrase, in this and in all like
cases
;

seize the picture

it

presents to the imagination

express this in the best English you can

command,

and your work is done. A high authority translates to KaB" avrov^, the jpart over against them / this has a show of careful literalness, but the life and motion are all gone, good for
the posts of a gate-way, over against each other, but

poor for a
nicety,

battle. So much comes from misdirected from looking at each word by itself, and try-

make it do duty all alone. Demosthenes says ^(ofxev to kuO^ ;yu,a9 avTovi^ let us live in our own proper way ; the way of Marathon, and Salamis, and the noble times of the past, when each man did his duty. Here is a picture of motion along the path of a nation's life and history. 14. Do not be startled if you find yourself using up where the Greek has Kara., as in this: there is no way over the mountain but Kara TavTr}v rijv oBov,
ing to
:

hy that road., along that road, or up that road, for the road was up hill over the mountain. But because that was the natural way, the Greeks made Kara serve the turn, drawing it over from its original meaning

doionwardy to serve a sense quite

its

opposite.

See

''

Kva and Kara. Meatiings derived from Analogy. 11


:

Anab. 4 2, 8, Hearing the trumpet evQm levro avco Kara rrjv ^avepav 686v, they moved swiftly up alo?ig the ojpen road ; the road led up hill, Kara points to the fact that that was the natural road for travel. See also 4:6, 11, where Kara points to a road that led upward. So, ro^eveiv Kara riv6<; does not mean to shoot

from

above, but to shoot with the

ever direction that

may be

aim to hit, in whatKara here points to the

end in the actor's purpose, just as primarily it points to the end of motion in space. 15. As Kara is used to denote the natural way of
a thing, so
it is

used of the natural place or sphere of

one's activity (Hdt.).

The Egyptians

are a singular

people

the

women

cultivate the fields, the

men

with-

in doors weave, 6t dvSpe<i Kar oIkov^ vtpalvovaiv. War is carried on hy land, hy sea, Kara <yr]v^ Kara ddkarrav
;

Ka& 'r)iia<i dvOpcoTroi, that is, the people whom we meet, come upon in our daily
the

men of our

times, ol

life.

16.

"We

will

now
:

place ava and Kara side


that

by

side.

We
own

read

(II.

53),

for nine days arrows of

ApoUo were
flight,

sent into the army, ava a-rpdrov.


its

Each

of these aiTows cut


are marks of

own path in the air, made its and found its own place to stop. These
upward motion
;

hence dvd.
orders

Under
to

this experience of the divine displeasure,

the Greeks offer sacrifice

Agamemnon

them
:

make

a lustration
oi

and

they toiled at this throug/i(II. 1

out the army,

rd rrkvovro Kara arpdrov

312-

12
318).

The Greek Prepositions.


This cleansing was the predetermined end of
;

the

command

tliere

was no spot in the army that


It has

was not embraced in the command.


to

an analogy

to

downward motion, as the shooting has an analogy To exchange the prepositions upward motion.
in either case.

would destroy the picture

Hounds pursued
'Xwpov av
find or
v\r)VTa
;

the

they do not

game through the woods, know their path, but

make it as they go like a body thrown upward. The horse-tamer compels the wild horses to go almig the road, Kad' 6h6v. The road is the known the path of a body freely falling is known it way
;

downward. To stand up to a fight, "crraaOaL ava fxd-xrjv, avd nothing is more unis here doing its proper work certain in its end than a fight, or more sure to call forth at each moment of its progress the whole power
is

straight

of the actor.
first made Avar against the Greeks messengers into Greece, ava rrjv sent he 48), 'KSXdBa, to demand earth and water. It was a new country they explored it as they went, and did not know the end of their journey till they came to it like motion upward, tending to some undetermined point of stopping hence the preposition dva. But when Xerxes, at a later day (Hdt. 7 1), was preparing for his great invasion, he sent to his subject cities, Kara TroXetV, for their contribution of men and supThese cities were known, and the demand was plies.

When
:

Darius

(Hdt. 6

hva and KaTOL.

Meanings derived from Analogy. 13


Tlie

in accordance with former usage.

same father

of history

tells

us that,

when

King

of Sparta dies,

the magistrates send messengers through Laconia


tlieir

own

country, well known, the journey comtherefore Kara KaKovLKrjv.

pletely determined beforehand, like the path of a


falling stone
17.
;

From
The

the above cases


ra.';

we may

discriminate

between the phrases ava


TToXet?.
first

iroXea and Kara ra?


a traveler or

suits the action of

explorer, to

whom

the cities are not

known

before-

hand, and
till

who

does not

hnd

the end of his journey

tion

he comes to it. Such action is like the end is not known beforehand. Kara raa- TroXec^, implies a knowledge before they are visited this is analogous motion, having its end predetermined.

upward moThe second,


of the cities
to

downward
stranger

traveling through all the rest of Greece^ ava iraaav Here are three things, rrjv 'EXkdSa (Hdt. 6 86, 1).
:

he he went he go, nor where he did not should stop. Again (Hdt. 5 102), the fugitives were scattered, dva ra? TroXet?, each one going where he pleased like immigrants coming into a new country But to seek new homes, each for himself.
in this stranger's journey, like
;

upward motion
it

did not

know his road, but found know how far he should


:

as

"

When wild And gentle

war's deadly blast

is

blown,

peace returning,"
to their
is

then the soldiers return each one knows where he

homes, Kar
stop.

61kov<;,

going to

14
18. If

The Greek Prepositions.

we have taken our steps wisely tlius far, we can now walk a little by our o^vn light and say that, when William the Conquerer sent his officers among the cities of England to find out their resources, and so make up the Doomsday book, they went ava ra? 'iro>\j^L<i\ but when afterwards the tax;

gatherers

went through

the cities^

with

all

the re-

sources catalogued, they went Kara ra^

iroXei,^.

In order to be very plain,

let

us suppose a case

from the drudgery of modern


tainment,
the town.
is

life.

messenger,

with printed notices in his hands of a popular enterinstructed to leave one at each house in There are many houses in tlie town not what does he do ? He distributes so many notices them as far as they will go, that is, ava Ta<i olida^. But on a subsequent day, with more notices than there are houses, he can be ordered to distribute them, Kara ra<; olKia<i. In the first case the end of the distribution was not known beforehand, but was found by coming to it therefore ava in the second instance the end was determined beforehand therefore Kara. These little words, ava and Kara, can lend themselves to describe the joys and sorrows of childhood. When, on a glad anniversary, all are in expectation of gifts, and there are not enough of these to go round, they can be distributed only ava rov<; 7rdiBa<; a wiser love would have provided for a distribution Kara rov<i 7rat8a9, and then all would have rejoiced

together.

''

kva and Kwra. Meanings derived from Analogy. 15

19. Both ava and KaTa are used witli numerals, but with a difference. 'Kva is used when the numeral denotes a group made up for that occasion onlj Kara, when the numeral denotes a well-known group,

as a dozen, a score

the group being thought of


9
:

as a

large unit.
fifties,

Luke

14, m.ake

ava

TrevTTjxovTa,

them sit down hy because the number liftj was


;

a group

made up

for that occasion only

the limit of

the group was realized by counting

no

one knew

where he belonged till he had been counted. But in the Anab. we find groups of fifty formed under
different

circumstances,

and

for

different

end.

They were wanted

for daily service, were oiBcered

and named, and were handled like large units. These Once being made up by acted Kara 7revr7]Kocrrv<;. counting, ava irevrrjKovra, they were afterwards handled by their technical name, 'irevrr)Kocrrv^. We may say KaG* ev, but not dva ev, for in thinking of one the end is not approached from the beginning, but is contained in it and so the Greek language contains Kad' ev, but not dva ev. 20. The phrases dva Kpdro<; and Kara Kpdro<; are both used and we are told by some authorities that they may be used interchangeably, because up and down carry our thought over the same line. This is mere groping it neglects to note what is peculiar to these motions respectively, and leads to grave errors in translation. Free motion uj)ward diminishes in speed till the last ounce of the impulse that sent the
;


16
object
is

The Greek Prepositions.


exhausted, and the motion ceases.
is

Pre-

cisely analogous to this


as

motion along the ground, running, when the utmost effort is put forth at

natural end of such running

The each moment, without regard to the future. is the exhaustion of the
runner, as the natural end of a stone's motion thrown upward is the exhaustion of the force that sent it.

This
it.

is

To run Kara

not properly using the strength, but wasting Kpdro<; is to run according to the

strength, to

race of a

but

if

run as the runner can hold out. In a hundred yards one may start dva Kpdro<iy he do this in running a mile, he will surely

be beaten, unless his competitors are as foolish as The rowers in a boat-race husband their himself. strength, knowing that they have a hard pull before them they row Kara KpdTO<; but if they prosper,
; ;

and approach the end with plenty of reserved strength, they may wish to show off, and finish with a spurt
dvd Kpdro^. now bring this distinction into the On the day of the light of a Greek narrative. battle of Cynaxa (Anab. 1 8) a messenger arrived,
this last is

21.

Let us

riding at full speed, his horse hathed in sweat, We cannot ekavvwv dvd Kpdro^, iSpovvrt rw Xinrcp. miss the meaning of dvd Kpdro<; here the rider did not spare his horse. Let us go on a little further in the story. The Greeks broke the Persian array in
;

front of
line

them to Kaff dvrovi, were thrown out of by rapid running, recovered themselves, and then

'Am and Kara. Meanings

derived

from Analogy. 17
Kpdro<;, calling

ivrdvOathey began to pursue Kara


out to each other
7iot to

to keep their ranks.

Kara Kpdro^ means. keep their line, and so


pose

run fast, ^irj Oelv hpo^iw, but Here it is equally plain what They were to advance so as to
as

they could hold out.

Sup-

now

that these prepositions


;

look at the picture

were interchanged the messenger coming along

Kara KpdTo<i, at a steady pace, such as his horse could keep up all day ; and the Greeks, once before thrown
into disorder

by rapid running, repeating

their mis-

take, as if they could not learn anything

from

their

own

experience

strong hold,

In another place, the barbarians, assaulted in their make their escape, fleeing dvd Kpdro'i, in

disorder, each one for himself, and at his quickest, as


is

the

way

of barbarians

when

retreating.

Let us look at another picture. Thucidides informs us that, after the disaster at Syracuse, the

Athenians were greatly depressed, fearing that the enemy would next bring the war into their territory wise nation with all their power, Kara KpdTo<;. and complans, It hurry. not war does going to

and keeps the end ever in view just as the emphatic point of downward motion is its end. He who acts dvd Kpdro<i starts oE at the top of his strength, without regard to what comes after. 22. Kad' ofxtkov, dv oixiKov, among, into, through
bines,

the crowd.

"We have in Homer a story of a man who went

18
KaO" ojxlXov,

The Greek Prepositions,

aud of another man who, on the same day, and into the same crowd, went dv ofiikov and we are to examine, and see if the actions diifered, so as to invite and require the use of these prepositions respectively (II. III). The Trojans and tlie Greeks made a truce, with the condition that Menelaus and Paris should fight as champions for the two sides respectively; and thus decide the whole war. Before the truce, however, on the same day, Paris had come forward alone and challenged the bravest Menelaus came of the Greeks to fight with him. forth to meet him this took away his courage, and he slunk back again into the crowd of Trojans, avTi<; KaO' ofxiXov eSv Tpcocov. Reproached for his cowardice he rallied for the fight the truce was made, and the Paris was worsted, was on the combatants met. point of being dragged away as a captive, when Aphrodite rescued him, and carried him unseen to his home and Menelaus, supposing him to be among the Trojans, went here and there among the crowd
;
;

to find him, av ofiiKov itpotra ii irov icra6pij(reLev

(II.

36, 449).
23.

Now let us compare these two actions, and what the preposition does in each case toward see
completing the picture. Paris ii;oes, first, back to his own place, among the
Trojans (he had been out of his usual place).
goes back as a stone, lifted out of
free,
its

He
left

place,

and

goes back

secondly, he

went spontaneously,

as

'Ai/a

and Kara
thirdly
.,

in Composition.

19

a stone

falls

he went to

stay,

and would

have stayed if he could, as a stone lies where it falls. We have then, in Paris's action, three marks of downward motion and the Greek mind by instinct took the preposition whose primary meaning was down. Let us now look at the action of Menelaus. First^ he went away from his natural place he went from the Grecian army, where he belonged, to the Trojan he secondly, he did not know how far he should go he was thirdly, Paris find could till he was to go
;

going to return. ward motion (see

All these are characteristics of up7, 8).

CHAPTER
ava AND Kara
24.

Y.

COMPOSITION.
place, the coast,

A ship

sailing

from a fixed

forth into the pathless sea, has an analogy to an object sent up from the fixed surface of the earth into

the pathless air

this invites the

employment
is

of the

preposition avd, and the action of the ship

denoted
to

by the word dvayeaOai.

By

a like analogy, to sail


is

from the pathless sea

the fixed land

expressed by KaropfeadaL.

The Gre-

cian reader or hearer

may
;

stood by the sea-side

never have seen a ship, or but he has a model of thought,

20

The Greek Prepositions.

in his experience
into the
air,

from boyhood, when he threw stones

that prepares

him

to understand avar/eadau

and

Kara/^ecrdai, witliout dictionary or study,

a picturesqueness for

and with which the Enghsh has no equiv-

want of words, but for lack of tlie Language is so poor in its resources that nimble thought borrows the words up and down, and makes them suggest motion
alent

not

for

quick imagination to interpret them.

along the surface of the earth


that justifies the boldness.

but there

is

an analogy

25. When the Ten Thousand Greeks took service under Cyrus, the Younger, the expedition was called an am/3ao-t9, not because they went into a higher country, but they went from their known home to Their return home was, by a a region unknown.
like analogy, called KaTd^aa-i<i.

Thuc. 6

16,

To

the

Olympic games
KadPjKa
;

sent seven chariots, eirra apfiara

the end of the sending was fixed and known,

end of free downward motion. It was the on the appointed day, the races were to take place; the place of the games, and the roads leading to it all well known. The races were subsequent, separated from the sending by intervening time, and are not embraced in the verb KadrjKa. ^Aviivat, to release, from the bonds of sleep (II. 2 34), eSx' av ae /jLekl(f>po}v v7rvo<; avrjTj, when honeyed sleep The man released let up from shall release thee.
like the
city where,
:

sleep goes forth of his

own

free will.

Also, to send
(II.

forth to the uncertain chances of battle

20

118),

'Am and
avriKe.

Kara

in

Composition.

21

^ol^o<i 'AttoXXwv, Phcebus Apollo hath sent

him

forth.
cases.

Note

the uncertain issue of the action in both

26. Kaleiv, to

hum,

dvaKaietv, to begin to

hum,

to

hindle.

In motion upward there is and only one the beginning. So, in a fire, there is one thing fixed the beginning; beyond this all is uncertain, whether it will die out or become a conflagration KaraKaieiv, to hum up, consume the pictm-e, to the Greek, was to burn till the burning came

one fixed point,

to an end, for

want of fuel
all

the English expression

suggests that the fuel has


27. ^Kve')(eiv, to

gone up in flame.
Ta<i ')(elpa<i, the

hold up, as

hands, to

self up, <f)m, the light ; dvixecrdaL, mid, to hold one's as against somethiug that would overpower, or crush

hence to sustain,
ravTa
dvd(7')(7}a6e,
;

hear, endure (Anab. 1 7, 4), av Se if you can endure this the noise of their shouting, that is, if you can hold yourselves up against it Karex^iv, to hold down, hold fast, detain ; (II. 15 186j, if he shall Tceejp me hack against my will, elfidKeovra KaOrj^ei (II. 11 702), These (the horses) the Icing detained, dva^ roix; I'ttttov? Kaa^^de
:

Kareax^check
(II.
:

But dvixetv has a meaning


23
42)
:

to restrain, to

426),

dvex

iTTTrou?,

check the horses


ifxeoivrov,

(Hdt. 1

iroKKaxfi

dvio-xpv

often

checked Tnyself ;
Karex^Lv

how can dvd and


to

Kara, so wide
?

asunder, lend themselves to meanings so near alike

hold hack from acting an action already going on. check to dvkx^iv,

means

at

all

When

22

The Greek Prepositions.


is

a thing, or a creature,
is

quite at rest,

its

natural state
;

to
is,

down, Kara (men and stones are here alike) and keep it from acting is to Jceep it where it is that down, Kare^etv. But when a creature acts, whether

man

or heast, his acting becomes, for the time, his

natural state, and anything contrary or opposed to


this finds expression in ava, the opposite of Kara.

pause ^ avairaveadaL implies that the suspended action will be resumed when the cause as a falling that interrupted it shall be removed stone, if stopped, will fall again if the power that
28.

UaveaOai,

to

stopped

it

is

withdrawn.

Homer

says

(II.

17

550),
;

the winter suspends the works of men, avkiravae works will go on again when spring returns. If the

stopping

is final

the verb

is

KarairaveLv.

29. Mei^ety, to remain, dvafjueveiv, to re7nain for a

time, that
is

is, till

some
to
;

transient

ground for remaining

taken away

day, avafxeveLv ^w

await, wait for, as to wait for the ava suggests transiency, because

the power that holds

up

a thing
;

from

falling is nat-

urally thought of as transient

permanently (Cyri. Insit. 1 away, but Cyrus remained


cated there.
30. Ae^ecr^ai, to

remain His mother went {Karifieve) and was eduKara/jueveiv, to


4).

receive,

avaSex^adai,, to

catch,

arrest something on its flight


:

as arrows upon a shield,


;

blows upon the body Karahe-xeaOat, to receive permanently, as principles in the soul banished citizens
to their

homes

these

are received to remain, as

'Ava and Kara in Composition.


stones

23

but are received on the ground to remain not do body, on the or shield, the on received blows javelin, many a caught shield the II. 5 619, stay.
:

avelk^aro.

We

may

say, then, that

when

company

of ball-players adojpt rules for their playing, the verb


is

Karalk')(e.(jQaL

these
is

rules

are to be permanent;
ball in

but when
its flight,

in practice one of

them catches the


;

the verb

avalkx^aQai

the

ball does not

remain up.
31.

To know, yiyvcocrKeiv

',

KarayLyvcoa-Keiv, to

know

what one has a special interest in knowing. The act KUTor/ always implies some standard of judgment already in the mind ; and the resnlt of the act is always
to place the object in a class.

This

is

like
'

downward

Avayiyvcoamotion, tending to a preappointed end. Lexicon says, to know the mean, as Keiv (1) does not
well,

know

certainly

(2) it

does not denote a moral


;

judgment, which Kararf often does (3) it suggests difllculty of knowing, and in this fact it has an anology with upward motion (4) the knowledge it predicates is pictured as springing from the shrewdness and wit
;

of the knower.

The

student

who

faithfully studies

the famous 47th Prop, in Euclid, and so

knows

it,

has

not a knowledge expressed by avay. 32. As motion up, ava, is contrary to nature, that
is,

to the natural
it,

force to effect

actions

power of gravitation, and requires which compel things, or perThe


spear's point

sons, contrary to their natural state, or bent, are de-

scribed

by aid of

this preposition.

24

The Greek Prepositions.


hent hack, avyvdfx(})6r]
al'xjxr)
(II.

was
^

348).
:

Un125).

rolling the hook, ava7rTv^a<i to ^i^Xiov (Hdt. 1

wheel back the wing (Anab. is to be straight that of the book, to be rolled up that of AvanrelOeiv, to the wing of an army, to be in line. persuade one against his natural hent j those who could not be persuaded by arguments {Xojol^) were won over hy money, aveireldovro '^prjfiacnv (Cyri. Inst. T 5). Xerxes was at first indisposed to make war against Greece, but Mardonius won him over, aveKvaiTTvaaeiv ro
:

Kepa<;, to

10, 9).
;

The

natural state of the spear

'

Going ^Avaxopeiv, to go hack. 6). opposed to the natural instinct, whether bodily or mental. Men and beasts alike are constituted to go forward. To make them go back requires force,
TreLo-e

(Hdt. 7

back

is

as truly as it does to stop a falling stone, or lift

it

from the ground

hence avd.
what I
is

I take
1
:

hack, dvarldeixai,

said before

(Mem.

2,

44)

a man's natm-al bent

to stand to

what he
this

has said.
33. Neuety,
to

nod ; Hector's

crest

nodded
:

way and
debate
^

that, as

Kuraveveiv, to
(II. 1
:

he stood before his wife (II. 6 470) nod and thereby confirm, ending all

514, 527, 558).


:

311).

nod upward, i. e., in refusal (II. 6 moderns do not indicate refused by an upward or backward motion of the head perhaps the Greeks did not, but used dva in its derived sense of resistance, opposition which on second thought,
Avavevetv, to

We

'Am and
you
it

Kara in Composition.
to the

25

will observe,

amounts

same

tiling, for re-

laxing the will lets the head fall forward


in opposition throws the
this

arousing

head back

(see Sec. 7, 3).

In

way we may understand


3, yucCh/i ae^vo)<i

the phrase in Xen.

Convin., ch.

dvaa7rdaa<i to irpocrwirov,

dva suggests the constraint jpulling a long face / used to draw the features into the desired expression, though that was very different from drawing the
face up.
34. 'Kvahelv, to

bind up, as twigs into a fagot, or

bundle

flowers into a wreath, or chaplet.

What

is

there in such an action analogous to something in

upward motion
ance
:

The

force that overcomes resistas

dva carries

this suggestion, just

up

does,

fortunately, in the English phrase to hind up, hind

up tight, the preposition iq:) serves the same purpose. The band used in hinding tip the hair of women is called dvaSiafjLT}. Crowning the victors with garlands,
GTecpdvofi dvahcbv viKo!)vra<;
fillets

as

if

the garlands were

for binding the hair.


fixed.
:

KaraBelv, to bind fast to


i/xe

something
fjiq)

Od. 14 345,

KariS-qaav

iiJa-iX-

ivl

vrjl,

they

hound me

fast in the loelVbenched

ship.

thing dvahovjievov

may

be moved
invites

not so a
attention.

thing Karahovfievov.
35.
It

The compound

Kardp-xeiv

seems to combine incompatible notions.

How

can

which means to hegin, join to itself Kara, which suggests finality ? Kardpxeiv means to begin an action which has been completed in thought before
dpx^Lv,

26
it is

The Greek Prepositions.

begun

in act

as to
;

begin a battle that has been

planned beforehand
celebration, that
is

to begin a public sacrifice, or

to proceed

by

a prescribed order.

The beginning
out before
1
:

of an action that has not been thought

is

not expressed by Karapx^Lv.

Cyri. Inst.

4, 4,

Cyrus,

when

a youth,

would

select out, i^^ipx^^j

those exercises in which he


cient,

knew

himself to be

defi-

and lead, Karijpxev, his associates through the leaping on the horse, throwing the dart, exercises The course of exercises was all in his mind etc.

when he began hence Kara. Mem. 2 3, 11, If you w^ished to win over one of the men of mark, so that, when he had an entertainment, he should invite you, how would you act ? / icould begin, KardpxotP'i, by inviting him, when I had an The end was in view from the beentertainment.
:

ginning
&)8^9,

hence
;

there

Socrates began a song, rjpx^v KUTa. was no forethought called for, only
is

memory

therefore the simple verb

used.

After;

wards he began his argument anew, Karfjpxe his argument was directed at every step to reach the
forethought conclusion.
is mentally seen from the is naturally expressed beginning beginning, then the of a campaign beginning by Kardpx^i-v, whether it be

36.

Whenever

the end

in war, or of a dinner with

its

prescribed courses

or of a public celebration, or a school examination, or a day's work planned by the master, on the farm, or
in the shop.

'Am and

Kara in Composition.
;

27

37. Aeti', to -want, to lack

KaraSecv, to

of a fixed standard (Hdt. 2

13i).
it

He

left a

come short pyramid

much
eXKOCTi

smaller than his father's,


irohwv KaraSeovaav

mid

of

Cheops

the

Kara
;

lacked twenty feet,


points to the pyraac-

greatest

and, hence, the

cepted standard, to which other pyramids were to be

compared.
38.
^

AvaSei/cvvvac, to

some equivalent token,


doors, that all

show hy lifting up, or by as the opening of gates or


a concerted
signal,

may

see
:

raising
:

making proclamation KaTdBeiKvvvat, to discover and maJce known some important truth or art, prized by " JSTecos was the first all as a possession (Hdt. 4 42). who made known, KaTaSel^a^, that Libya, Africa, ." was surrounded by w^ater, except So Columbus was the first who shotced, KaTaSei^a<;, that there was
. .

a new world west of the Atlantic. In ancient times, " the Carians were the first to show how, KaraBeL^avre<;,
to bind crests

upon

their

helmets" (Hdt. 1

171).

In

modern

times. Professor
KaTa8eL^a<;,

showed how,
tinent in a

Morse was the first who to send word across the conj
dva/j,,

moment

of time.
to

39. Mavddveiv,

learn hy inquiry

to

search into to see what a thing contains.


to

The

Lex.,

learn again,

to

inquire closely,

is

in error.

The
these.

word means neither the one nor the other uf

When
and
finding

one examines an
is

ore,

without prepossession,
it
;

finds successively the minerals

contains, his
if,

expressed by ava^mvOdveiv

but

starting

28

The Greek Prepositions.

with the belief or hope that the ore contains gold, he searches and finds that, his finding is expressed by
KoraiiavQavuv.
those about
dvrjpcoTa

Cyrus, fond of learning, was ever inqidring of him how things were, ael tou? 'rrap6vTa<i
(Inst. 1

his questions had no settled aimtherefore


:

dvd

4).
:

Helen says (Od. 4


questioned him,

250), I recognized

dvrjpcoroov.

him and She questioned to find


;

out everything she could

therefore dvd

the things

which she found were not in her mind


them.

till

she found

had poured poison His learning answered the one great question in his mind it was matter of life and death for his grandfather, therefore kutu. The spies having learned, about the army, Karathis was the very object they were sent for p,ad6vTe<i it brings the inquiry to an end, as the striking upon the ground by a falling stone brings its motion to
learned, Kare/jbaOov, that he
into your drink (Cyri. Inst).

an end. Recognizing him,


KTaviovcTiv (Ildt.)
to an end
;

they

Mil him, KaraixaOovre^


to kill

The

recognition brings the search

their purpose

was

him when they

should recognize him.

When
learns
eler,

one travels aimlessly in a foreign land, he


things

many

this is fxavddveiv.

Another

trav-

going with prepared questions, finds the answers


;

to these questions

this is KaraiiavddveLv.

'Am and
40,

Kara in Composition.
;

29

To

search.,

^T/reti/

ava^rjTeiv,

to

examine a
search-

thing to see what one can find in it. ch. 2) says that his accusers charged

Socrates (Apol.

him with
ra

ing into

evei'y thing

under
is

the earth,

viro 77)9 airav-

ra

dve^7]T'r]K(i)<;.

What
7?}9

the force of ava in this

sentence?

It

cannot denote

searching vtto

denotes motion
its

upward in space, downward not

for

up-

ward.

'Am

has here

derived meaning, suggestive

of indefiniteness in the result, as

thrown upward,
far
it

it

cannot be

when a stone is known beforehand how


an idea

will go, so dva^-qrelv, to search without


find.

of

what you may

If the student be willing for the sake of science to accept a very lowly illustration of dvatjjreiv, let

him look

at the early

scavenger bending over a heap


;

of rubbish, hook in

hand

or, rising to

the dignity of

history (see Hdt. 1 : 137), If the matter were searched to the hottom, dva^TjTeofieva, one of these things would

be discovered. 'Am in the above cases quite drops its primary suggestion of space, and serves the important dynamic idea which is affiliated with it.
41. ^AvaXveiv., to set free, as (Od. 12
Beaficov
:

200)

e/ie 8'

e'/c

from my honds ; the result of this act was that he who had been bound was now free to go as his own will
dveXvaav,

and

they set

me

free

prompts

the dogs upon the

But to let loose is as free as air. game is not dvoXveiv, for dogs have not free will. To undo the web, dvaXveiv, the act To dissol/oe a leaves the threads free and floatino^.

the will


The Greek Prepositions.
into
its

30

body

unknown
;

elements, and so find what

those elements are

or

to

take a live example

to
of.

analyze

dynamite, and

find

what

it

is

made

KaraXveiv, to separate the

known

parts of a thing,

and

so destroy the thing, as a bridge, the

frame of a

house, a government.
42.

The verb Kadopav


mean
It
to see

is

the same as the simple verb opav, and

sometimes said to mean it is said somethese statements are

times to

cleai'ly /
to see

misleading.

for

means what you have a

what you are looking


If

special interest in seeing.

one loses a jewel, and searches for it, he may see a hundred other things, and ever so clearly thus far his seeing is expressed by the simple verb opav but, when he sees what he was looking for, it is
;
;

KaQopav}
Xerxes, looking towards the shore, surveyed his land forces and his ships (Hdt. 8 44). Looldng to:

wards., Kadopav

it

was

in order to see,

and thereby
or-

determine the great question before him, that he


dered the survey.

The looking was indeed down, from the


but this
is not the emphatic KOpo? Kadopa Tov ^acrCkea, koX

tower,

thing in the action.


Xero
iir

avrov,

'

Even where the seeing


kutci,

is clear,

the indispensable condition justi-

fying the use of


tion.

is

that the seeing answers an important questhings of


all

In

Romans

20, KaOopuTai, the invisible

Him

are

clearhj seen, the seeing

answers the most important of

possible

questions.


and Kara
31

'Ai/a

in

Coinposition.

the king and rushed upon him (Anab. looking for the king the moment he was 9). action of looking for him ceased and him, the saw Here the looking or seeing another. place to gave called for none the less is Kara but was not down, already in the seer's question a the seeing ended mind. When those in front came upon the height and saw the sea, a great shout arose Karhhov rr]v 6d\

Cyrus
:

sees

He

array (Anab. 4

7, 21).

Well might

a shout arise at
little

this lonor-wished sio-ht.

Observe that a

before,

when

the guide promises to

lead them

to a place

where they would see the sea, he uses the simple verb, duXarrav he had no longing for the o-yfrovrat ry-jv and so he did not need Kadopdv to express his sight

thought.

They
the

sent out scouts, to the right and left, and

on

hills, that, if

anywhere they should

see

anything,
ei

in any direction, they should signal


iroOev KaOopwev arifidivoiev
;

it',

irov ri

they went for the sole

purpose of seeing, therefore Kara. It may be said that the looking in this case would
be a looking down, and that this is all that Kara means. This is quite a mistake. Even if the looking were

down, that is not an essential point in the act it was what they should see and not how they should be looking when they saw it, that was to determine their future action. But it was by no means certain that their looking would be down. If, when half way up
;

32

TJie

Greek Prepositions.

the heights, they had seen the enemy on ground above them, the action would be KaOopav, just as much as if they had climbed to ground above the enemy, and

from there looked down upon them.


ravTTjv 686v.

See (14) Kara

43.

The Adjective
it

Kara<^avri<i is

sometimes said to
If a

mean

clearly in sight.
is

Tliis is misleading.

mind thought of, thing is KaTa^avrj<i, before it is seen. The clearness is desired, or feared sufficient and need be no more than sufficient to
in the

determine the identity of what


in the

is

seen with what was


6, 1,

mind

before.

Anab.
;

The

tracks of

horses appeared, l^alveTo

the sight was unlooked

for, therefore the simple verb is used. If they had been looking for signs of the enemy, the verb would have been Kara^aiv&rai. Further on in the narrative (1 8, 8), as the battle drew on, the gleam of spears was visible, here and there, through the cloud of dust visible, KaTa<^avel<;. They were not in fact clearly seen, but they were just what the Greeks were looking for they were seen clearly enough to settle the question that was in all minds. The glimpse of the spears showed that the battle was upon them. 44. meteor appears, (fialverat; a comet foretold and expected appears, KaracpaiveTa. The day dawns begins to appear ava(^atverai. 45. Od. 4 41, They threw before the hoi'ses spelt, and therewith mixed white barley, avkiii^av\ a chance
: :

'Ai/a

and Kara

in Composition.

33
little

mixture, fulfilling no predetermined end, a


or less of either ingredient does not matter
avd.

more

therefore

Anab. 7

the people in the


Karefiir/vvvTo.

After a time they mixed with and made their home there The mixing was final, securing the end
:

2, 3,

cities,

of peaceful living together.

Horses mingling in a
El. 715).

race, dvafxiyvv/Mevoi (Soph.

mingling, but coming about by chance, each horse doing his best hence
a purposed

Not

dvd.
II.

24

529,

To ivhomsoever Zens
k
diJb^l^a<i

giveth a m.in;

gled

lot, a> jiev

{icara^L^a^) Soltj Zei;?

the

divine

allotments were

all

measured, placed, and

fixed in purpose before they passed into fact


Kara/Jb.

hence
it

The mingled blossoms


voL
;

in the field are dvaiiL^vvfie-

they come by chance, and each grows as

can

but the same blossoms in the gardener's bed, placed for harmonious effect, are Kara/jnyvv/MevoL. Stones of
all

colors lying in a box,

dva/Miyvvfievoi

the same
;

stones cut and set in a Mosaic, KaTafiiyvv/xevot,


realize a picture that

they

was complete in the

artist's

mind

before he put his hand to the work.


46. Kreiveiv
is

cut by striking

hence

from a root that means to stt'ike, to to Mil; KaraKreLveiv, to strike


kill, as

down,

to strike

dead, to

usually implying deadly purpose

in deadly conflict,
^not

by

accident,

nor in execution of the law. accident, the end reached

When
is

death comes by

not the end sought.

34 In Anab. 4
forestalled
:

The Greek
85, 25,

Prepositions.

iraiha

aKwv KaraKxavcov, the


is

natural suggestion that the death was designed

by the word
of

d/cwv.

When
the

death comes

by sentence
verb
is

the

law, the end sought

death but the vindication of


Krelveiv,

law

and
;

is

not the
the

sometimes airoKTelveLv but this last carries a special suggestion, which will be 11. 6 409, Soon the treated of in its place. The killAchaians will slay thee, KaraKraveovatv. ing would be in deadly conflict it would be the end sought. But see II. 15 587, Like a wild beast that hath done some evil thing, having slain a dog or a herdsman, Kvva KTiva<i rj ^ovKokov. The killing was not it was from in pursuit of an intelligent purpose
:

blind instinct.

Od. 10 lOG,
:

KaTaKTdfx,evo<;, slain in

the death was purposed


act

therefore KaraK.
Od. 12 375, 'Ot
:

my own

halls

it

was the end sought


r'jfiek,

in the

^od<; eKrafiev

toe

had slain
it

his kine.

The

killing

was not the end sought,

was

the means to the end


the simple verb.
:

Anab. 1 9, 6, much, but at last he killed him, KareKave he meant to kill the bear, and did M'hat he meant. It follows, therefore, if this view be coiTect, that no irrational creature can do the act ex])ressed by KaraKTiV6Lv, for no such creature can form an intelligent
suffered
;

the bootytherefore we have Cyrus had a fight with a bearhe

'Am and
purpose
before

Kara in Composition.

35

purpose limited and complete in thought

it is

begun in

act/
:

A single passage (Herod. 2


to conflict with this position

75) seems at

first view-

but

it is,

in fact, con-

firmatory of
let

it.

The

story

is

that the Ibises do not

the winged serpents pass


kill

the land, but

by them and come into them, KaraKTeiveLv. The Ibis was


;

regarded as divine
telligent purpose

it

brute condition, and

made

was therefore raised above the capable of forming an indoing the


act,

therefore, of
it.

Kara-

KTelvGLv here is attributed to

47. v^aK6ip, to die I KaraOvrjaKeiv, to die at the

hands of one
fulfilling a

who

purposes to

kill

the

outward act

purpose formed beforehand; to die not by disease, nor by accident, nor by old age, nor by
II.

sentence of the law.


Ov^^cTKwv,

22

355, Hector dying, Kara-

by the hands of Achilles,

who meant

to kill

him.
II.

21

106, Achilles to Lykaon, a suppliant, die

thou
'

also,

Odve

koI

av

KarOave koI

UdrpoKXo'i,

Such, at least, seems to have been the Greek opinion, so far as I have been able to gather it in reading. Perhaps the reading has been
defective
;

but I have preferred not to wait for an impossible leisure,

but note the point as possibly marking one of the hiding-places of

Greek thought.
In any case, the opinion here ventured invites no reference to

modern Biology
of ancient story
"

nor does

it

impair the honors of those rare creatures


inspired or trained

companions of man
Who
bear a

memory and

a mind,

Raised far above the law of kind."

36

TJie

Greek Prepositions.

Patroklos also died. Observe how vapid would be the phrase if Kara were omitted here. It would

mean only

that Patroklos died, as all

men

die, per-

haps in his bed. Note also how the imperative, 6dve, asks no help from Kara ; the lifted arm told the purpose (II. 21 106, 107).
:

II.

89,

There

is

the

tomb of

champion who

died in the days of

died,

old,
;

KaTaredvriwTO^

glorious Hector slew / slew, KareKrave ; Kara points

whom

which made the fallen hero worthy of a monumental tomb. 48. *Aya and Kara may serve to express the same general idea through different pictures to the imagiXen. Cyr. 1 1, Arj/jLOKparlai KarekvOiqa-av, nation.
to the deadly conflict
:

democracies have heen overthrowti ; oXijapxtai, dv^the first p-qvrai, oligarchies have heen overthrown; the secdemolished structure of a ; idea suggests the

ond, of a thing taken up and borne


of destruction
is

away

the idea

virtually in both.

CHAPTER
eiii,

YI.

ON, UPON.

49. EvEKYTTiTNO

is 011,

OT

yj)on.,

something by force

of gravitation.

When

the object njyon which a thing

comes, or on which
in hand,

it rests, is named, we have a noun which requires a preposition to introduce it,

'EttI, on,

upon.

37
it.

and show

its
is

relation to the
enri

words before

This

preposition

The

object on^ or n/pon

which

motion is arrested, is put in the Accusative. To fall ground, iirl to BaTreSov, to seat one's seK upon a throne, iirl dpovov The picture to the thought is that of power passing from the subject of the verb to the object of the preposition. The primary power in
071 the

space

is
;

that of gravitation

its

direction
is its

is

perpen-

dicular

and impact, or pressure


of

unvarying conis

comitant.
50.

But not much

human power

spent in a
their

perpendicular direction.

Men

usually

employ
must

strength in movements along the surface of the earth,

and not in motions

icp

and down.

We

there-

fore be ready to shift this path of power, if we would find eVt fruitful with human uses, and from perpendicular make it horizontal, whenever we find the lines

of action run in that direction.


51.

Before doing

this,

however,

we

will note the

accompanying notions which eirl always carries with First, the object which falls upon another exerts it. power upon it by impact that is, by the accumulated

force of gravitation suddenly arrested.

Secondly, the
to exert

object

that

rests
it

upon another continues

power upon

by the continued force of gravitation in other words, by its own weight. These are not ingenious statements, thought out
;

to help a theory
effort is

they simply state the


is

facts.

No

put forth, no step

taken in the physical

; ;

38

The Greek Prepositions.

world where tlie power of gravitation does not ^o along with it, aiding, guiding, or obstructing and deand eVt is one of the witnesses in the Greek feating Our language of this constant, inevitable power.
:

study

is, first,

to note the facts

and, then, to draw

all fair

deductions from them.

52. If

now we

shift the direction of

power, as

we

proposed to do, and, instead of up and doion, make it horizontal along the level earth where living creatures with man have their home we do not thereby

dismiss eVt, the old witness of gravitation, but

we
a

take

it

with us into

this

new

field,

and

allot to it

wider, and
53.
is

more varied service. The power, ever at work

or ready for work,


;

not here the power of gravitation

but, in the

dumb creatures, it is the animal in man it is the whole range of


pirations, the

instincts

and habits
aslife.

the passions and

hopes and fears that rule his

But

in both spheres, brute

and

rational, eVt carries the


sort,

suggestion of power of some

physical or mental

and the object of the preposition is in the Accusative. They came to the river^ cttI tov irorafiov, to cross it they came to the clt>/, eVt rrjv ttoXlv, to take it, or
enter
it.

54. If the

movement be

a journey

from

a distant

place, carrying the

suggestion of the purpose

and

hope
that

to reach, rather

distant object

is
;

Greece,

eV

'EXTuiSo^

than of the realization, then in the Genitive: to sail for for home, eV oUov he legem
;

'Em,
to

on, upon.

39

eVt
into.

lead them into line of lattle, v^-q^eno eVl ^aXar/yo<: witli the Genitive, witk a view to bring them

The

genitive here

is

causative, suggesting to the

imagination the thing which incites to the endeavor.


55. Kest, or position on, if fixed, or definite, is

expressed by the Dative


crxi^fj^
'

the

flesh

on

spits,
;

i-rrl

standing
is

07i

the car, iirl to3 BL(ppa>

if

the

position

indefinite,

transiently upon,
sitting

iirl is

somewhere upon, movably, or followed by the Genitive


;

on burdens on their heads, hn twv K<pa\6cov the enemy are on the mountains, iirl tmv opwv he danced on the
the shore,
aKxr]^;
;

eV

the

men

carry the

table, iirl TpaTre^r)<; op^W^'^^-'^

56.

pens

is

Time somewhere within which a thing hapexpressed by the Genitive eVl Aeoz/ro? /3acrL-

'\evovro<i,

some time in the reign of Leo. 57. Bearing in mind that whatever comes against a thing horizontally, as well as what comes down on it by gravitation, exerts power upon it, we are prepared
to see

how

first,

and

last,

and

all

through, eVt

is

the

index of power passing from the subject to the object


'

The Genitive here helps


;

known thing unknown as


;

its relation

Jock of the In the above examples the shore spoken of are located by referring to
mountains, the table.

some near, better from the known to the in Geometry we determine the position of a point from to other points whose position is known as in old English mill may discriminate from Jock of the hill.
to locate by suggesting
it

is

as the point of departure

(a/cr^j) is

this

known; the persona known locality so of the


;

40
as,
it
;

The Greek Prepositions.


he was sent eVt ttjv ap^nv, to his jprovince, to rule to go eVl to, oifka^ to their arms, to take them

he went eVt r^y 6vpav, to the door, to open, or shut it they went iirl rb hehrvov, to their dinner, to eat it thej went eVt tou? iroXe/jitovi, against the enemy, to assault them.
;
;

58.
less,

The

object of eVt,

commonly pictured
or passive
;

as life-

activity

may be in fact not it may have will be


it is

lifeless,

but any

derived from the nature

of the case, and will not be suggested by the phrase

where

introduced by

eirl.

The treatment of eirl is here suspended, to be resumed in a comparison of it with prepositions which
follow.

CHAPTER
v'jro,

YII.

under; accessoky notions.


vtto,

59.

The

notion expressed by under,

takes

along with it other notions which accompany it by a First, of all it necessity of nature and experience.
carries the suggestion of its correlative on, or over,
iirl,

Nothing can be under which has not or virep. something on, upon, or over it. 60. Secondly, this correlation of under with on, or over, naturally suggests a comparison that which is under is thought of as inferior to that which is on.
;

'Ttto,

Under ; Accessory Notions.


is

41

under is in a degree withdrawn from the light. As light comes from above, that which is under something must of .necessity receive a less degree of light than that which is mer or ujpon it. It follows from this that viro readily
or over
it.

Thirdly, that whicli

lends itself to express the notions of retirement, con-

cealment, deceit.
61.

That which

is

under

is

naturally thought of

which is upon it sometimes subdued, crushed, destroyed by it as, for example: the blossom under the stone that is laid ujpon it the snail trodden under the foot of the ox.
as passive to the pressure of that
;
;

62.

But

that

which
this

is

under has some power of


to the imagination
as,
;

resistance

and

may become

the leading feature of the picture

Milo the athlete

stood under the weight of the full-grown ox.

Here

the power of
suggestion

life countervails

the

downward

pressure

of gravitation.

as,

for

But lifeless things may give the same example the post under the cor:

ner of the house sujDported the wall above


63.

it.

We
;

will next look at the cases

governs

these are just as

many

as

which xtko the ways in which

the position under can be presented to our thought

and these are

three.

may be sugthe coming into without regard to that posigested II. 2 307, tion, or the leaving of it. were offering
64. Firsts the position under, vTrb,
:

We

hecatombs beneath a

pla7ie

tree,

irrrb

ifkaravCarm

under

the wall,

i.

e.,

near the wall,

v'tto

Teixei (H.

42
21
:

The Greek Prepositmts.


27Y).

These pictures, and those

like

them, nat-

urally take the dative case after viro, as the case ex-

pressive of position.

Sometimes the verb implies


;

motion, but the act looks forward to the position and


rest that shall follow
II.

14

24,

footstool for the feet


TToaiv.

He

shall place a

literally,

under

the feet, viro

The
Xao9

dative after vtto sometimes expresses the au;

thor, instrument, or agent


VTTO
II.

Od. 3
vcj)
:

304, BeBfiTjro 8e

avTM,

and

the people loere

snhdued under

him.

15

637, icpS^rjdev

"EKTopi, they were


121, Themselves also
xnr ^Apyetoiai.

put in fear hy
were
filled

Hector.

II.

11

with fear hefore the At'gives,

65. Secondly, the position tender, vtto,

may be

the

end of a motion in space


he drove his

as, vtto aireo'i

rfkaae p/qka,

flocTcs into the cave.

This form of ex-

pression takes the accusative case after virb.

As

the dative after viro

is

sometimes used with


603, ^ApKahlav vtto

verbs of motion, so the accusative after utto sometimes

denotes position merely.


KvX\,}]vr)<;
6po<i

11.

alnrv,

Arcadia along under rugged


to traverse space in thinking,

Cyllene.

In such instances the objects are usually

large, inviting the


e. g.,

mind
air,

the earth, the

the light.

QQ.

The

third and last


viro, is

by the

preposition

form of connecting things where the object of viro is


:

the starting point of the motion (Od. 9


of clear water flowed out

141), a spring

from a

cave, vtto cnrelov;.


II.

This form

calls for

the genitive case.

248, to

'Ttto,

Under ; Accessory Notions.


the Achaians

43
war-din

rescue

tlie

sons of

from
;

the

of

the Trojans^ viro Tpcocov opvfjLcuySov

virb,

from

under.

Motion into or under


in the
7roWrj<;,

is

followed by the genitive

phrase

e7(w
tlie

lov [loyXov vnb airohov rp^jdca


stake into the burning emhers

thrust

the

o-TToSo?,

emhers,

is

not pictured as a unit, but as a


at the point

loose mass, affected

by the stake only

where

the stake was thrust in


:

it

is

a j)artitive genitive.

So (Od. 11 52), he had not been buried beneath the wide-wayed earth, utto, any where heneath six feet of it was space enough 67. 'Ttto with the genitive suggests primarily the prevalence of its object over some one else, as if that But it is used in genother were prostrate under it. eral to mark the agent of an action after passive verbs.

While primarily
victories

picturing, as

it

were, to the eye, the

and subjugations of war, its wide embrace serves for actions the most kindly and beneficent. Mem. 2 2, 3, Whom can we find more greatly benefited by any than are children hj jparents f viro
:

yovecov
68.

These two prepositions, being

correlative, in-

vite to

some extent a treatment


'^I'vl,

side

by
:

side, that
:

each

may be
to

seen in the light of the other lay hands on one (Od. 20


^;?rc<?

i^Levai

X^^P'^'i

39)

v^ievau

6pr]vvv iroa-iv, to
(II.

a footstool under one^s feet

14 240).
:

Wine

drives even the wise

man

to sing,

i<f)ii]K

44
(Od. 14
VTT
:

TJie

Greek Prepositions.
he put
:

464).

To each dam
Ai'gives,

its

young

to suck,

efi/3pvov r)Kv

kKaary (Od. 9

309).
(11.

He
1
:

hath sent

woes upon the

i<f>r]Kev

445).

Sub-

mitting the body to pains, v^elaa (Eur. Med. 24).

Observe in the above example the suggestion of power in eVl, and of subordination in vtto. 69. ^'Apx^i'Vy to be first in doing a thing / as to lead is chai'acteristic of a ruler, the word comes naturally to

mean

to

rule j

iirdp-xeiv,

to

ride over
;

exercise authority
eVap^ct) 7ro\Xr]<;,

upon

a particular district

%6opa9

I rule over

6, 2)

vTrapx^tv, to he

a large country (Xen. Cyr. first in an act thought of as

the cause or incentive to other acts


tion.

like a founda-

Socrates

(Mem. 2

3) is
;

urging two alienated

brothers to love each other

it is

a great provision

for friendship, irpo'^ ^tXlav /jueya virdp')(L, to be sprung from the same parents. This word is very appropriate in the criminations and recriminations of those engaged in war each

side charging the other with beginning the quarrel.

The word
and
life

suggests the foundation in man's fortune

that

on which the structure of character

rests.

It is

used in expressing acts of kindness, where he


hj doing kind actions, vTrapxet ev
ttolcov,

who

hegiiis

receives the

hke

in return.

Anab. 2

3, 23, If

any

one will hegin with showing us kindness, vfia^ ev iroiwv virdp^r), we will not be outdone by him, at least to the extent of our power, in making kind returns.

'Ttto,

Under ; Accessory Notions.


is

45

But
1
:

evil for evil

5, I sliall

point out the one

more common in history. Hdt. who legan aggressions


roix;

against the Greeks, top vTrdp^avra uBlkcov epytov e?

Hdt. 4:1, Darius wished to be revenged on the Scythians, who, in days gone by, had invaded Media and so began the guarrel, vTnjp^av a8iKLr}<;. In like manner the French and the Chinese, in this year of grace, 1884, are each charging the other with
"EWrjva^.
beginning the wrong, virdp^ai d8tKia<;. 70. 'ETTOYetz/, virdyeLv (Hdt. 2 108), The multi:

he brought uj^on the land, iirijydyeTO to bring war on a people, eTrdyeiv TroXe/jiov to bring on
tude
; ;

whom
TTTJ/Jia,

woe,
to
is

servitude, BovXeiav, vTrdyeip i^vjov


yoJce.

vitttov^;,

lead horses under the


to

The end

to be reached

have the horse under the yoke,

i. e.,

harnessed to

the chariot
dinate
that end.

important
This
is

the leading

is

preparatory, and subor-

only as a necessary condition to

analogous to

viro

cr7reo<i

rjkaae

fjLrjka,

where the end to be gained is to have the flock in the cave the driving is a necessary condition to that end. In Xen. Yenat. 4 4, we find dyecv ra^ Kvva<;, to talce

for when the same


the dogs out

exercise ; the act is its

own end

but

act

is

subordinate to a further end,

namely, to find the game,

we

find vira/yetv ra? Kvva<;

(4:5); but further, when they find the haunt of the boar, they set the dogs forward to rouse him, iirdryetv The compound virdyeiv is also used to Td<; Kvva^.
present a picture analogous to the water running out from the can, virb cnreiov<i ; vrrcu^e, away from before

46

The Greek
!

Prepositions.

For, to a living away from binder me motion forward against what is before him is as natural as striking on what is under it is to a falling stone. 'Ett* and vrro play their parts in this

me

literally,

creature,

horizontal direction, as they did primarily in the per-

pendicular
that

me me

motion against something is eVt, and which obstructs it is utto. 11. 5 885, He assailed with the might of a god, but my swift feet bore
;
:

under.

out of his reach^ virrjveLKav, literally, hare from Anab. 3 4, 48, Toi<i /j,ev eiiirpoaOev virwyeiv
:

TrapeKaXevero,
071,

He
e.,

called to

vTrdyetv,

i.

make room

on those before him to move for those pressing on

behind them. 71. The English preposition under does not bear We can transference to this horizontal direction.
say " stand from nnder "
;

this suggests perpendicular

motion

but, if

we change

the line of motion in the

threatening object to horizontal, the Greek could say,


as before, virdyere, but the English preposition

under

will

no longer
:

serve.

Matt. 13

44,

He

goeth and selleth


;

all

that he
;

hath, and buyeth that field

he goeth, viruyei

the

emphatic

j)oint is the
;

buying

the

going

is

merely

preparatory

it

helps the picture, but

to the thought

in

is not essential grammatical form the two verbs


is

are co-ordinate, but in thought there


ordination.
is

a clear sub-

More commonly

the subordinate action


:

Anab. 1 8, 15, Xenoexj^ressed by the participle. phon riding up, so as to join Cyrus, asked him if he

'Ttto,

Under ; Accessory Notions.


;

47

would give any orders


translate this riding

riding up^

v7reKda-a<i.

To

up
vtto

gently, or slowly, does not

commend itself it hour. To say that


less

does not suit the business of the

here points to the fact of


to
is

Xenophon's subordination in rank

Cyrus

is

needto

that goes without saying

it

inept moreover,

there being nothing in the story at this


call for a reference to that fact.

moment

It

seems to denote

simply the subordination of Xenophon's act at the time to the act of Cyrus as a question for instruction is necessarily subordinate to the answer expected.
72. yieveiv, to remain, abide, wait ; viroixeveiv, to re-

main under, to
tionary,
ure.
:

hear, sustain, endure ^ the actor is staand acts as in resistance to a downward pressOd. 1 410, oyS' V7ri/ji6tvv yvcofMevat, he did not

tvait for us to

know him

did
/
on.

not bear the pressure


iore hitter reproaches,

of our inquires.

Plato Epis,

Bia^o7ui,<; 8ucr;\;epei9 virefxeivov.

Epis. Heb., If ye

e?i-

dure chastening,
'FiTTc/jbiveiv,

viro/xivere.

to

remain

Cyr. Inst. 1

4,

The

horse stumbled upon his knees, and nearly threw

Cyrus over his

When
result.

head, yet he held on, iirefjuetvev. connected with rational acts eVt suggests the
basis of the act,

ground or

and points forward to the


'ttltttcov
;

The

rain continued falling, efieve


Tcnoching,
eireiiepe

Peter continued
barking,
debtors,
efxeve

Kpovcov

Peter

had a motive and an


;

object.

The dog continued

the creditor continued dunning his

eTre/xeve.

Od. 17 275-277, Either do thou


:

48
go, while I

TJie

Greek Prepositions.
;

or do thou remain^ behind points to the pui-pose of eVt go eTrlixeuvov, and both. minds of in the the action, which was much as patient, be stranger Od. 11 351, Let the until the iirlfietvov, he desires to return, and wait, the of full measure morrow, till I shall have filled the
left

am

I will

gift.

The waiting

is

for an object in the


full

mind

of

the speaker the


gift.

namely, to make up the


6

measure of

the waiting been a halt upon a march to be resumed as a matter of course on the morrow, the verb would not be eVt/i., but dvafi (see Sec. 7).

Had

340, Wait, iTrlfievov, till I put on my looks forward to the object to be gained by waiting namely, the putting on of the armor ; it is a note beforehand showing that there is an object
So,
II.
:

armor

iirl

to be gained

by waiting.

It

is

therefore in

the

thought a connective, and would have no right to be,


but for the phrase that follows. The preposition and the following phrase are in fact correlatives. That we cannot suggest this play of thought in a neat
English phrase
is

true here, as in countless other ex-

us not refuse to learn the Greek amples. But because we cannot always translate it exactly into
let

English.
73. If the conqueror jnits the yoke iipon the conquered, iiriTLOevai, the conquered bea/r it, inro^epetv ;
if

in battle one side moves

upon the

other, iTrcevai,

eTrepxeo-Oai, e-rrLTriiTTeiv,

the other side hold the rela-

tion uTTo, under.

If they accept the assault,

we

say

'Ttto,

Under ; Accessory Notions.


thej
flee

49

virohexovrai
cnv.

if

from under

it,

v'iTO(pevyov-

The study
14:.

of eVt
it

is

suspended here to be resumed


irpo'i.

in a comparison of

with the preposition


i^rjjeladai (see

The compound

by anticipation
its

Prep,

e/c)

suggests that the leading has

source in the

subject of the verb; vcfjrjyeladaL presents the leader


as subordinate to

some other person, or power, or

to

some

he leads as the colonel under instructions leads his regiment into battle he leads as the hare leads the hounds as the
ulterior object of his
;

own

fugitive leads his pursuer

as the pioneers,

marking

out and clearing the road, lead the army.

Thuc. 1

78, If

you

are determined to have war,

we

do our best to avenge ourselves on you, in the way in which you set us an example, vc^rjyrjaOe
will
:

the threat of retaliation places the leading of the

enemy under
they did so
is
it

a law, or condition

namely,

that as

would be done

no longer free the shadow of this per and restrain it

it is

Their leading not i^yeiadai, but is under

to them.

threat,

which would tend to tem-

it is v(f>'r)<yela6ai.

To draw
:

them,

up

in order for battle, v(fyr]yeta6ac


;

(Anab. 6 5, 25) vtto recognizes a subordination it was an act preparatory to the inevitable battle before

them

like the leading out,


this

v7rdr/eiv,

of the dogs pre-

paratory to a hunt.

Compare with

Hdt. 1

151,

They

resolved in

common assembly

to follow the lonians,

whatever

50

The Greek Prepositions.


they sJiould lead, i^rjyecovrat
;

way
act

liere tLe lonians


;

from

their

own

arbitrary choice

the other party

accept their action

Anab. 2

1,

and conform their o^vn to it. 18, o Be K\eapxo<i ravra vcfjrjyetTO,

now in

this Clearchus
vTroarrpi-^lra^i,

was

covertly trying to lead,

(baXlvo<i he

hut Phalinos evading, dex-

terously shunning

vivo,

Xen. Equest., trainer, keeping the road.

The

colt is trained to

away from under. go before

his

To go

before

is

i^yelaOai,

but here the colt's action is under control of his trainer hence the verb is v^'r]<yela0ac. 16. It is not implied that he who leads, vcfirjyelraL, Soph. El. 1502, is necessarily the inferior of the two.
;

v(f)r)'yov,

lead the ivay, go first ; this

is

said

by Aegis-

thus to Orestes, in whose power he was, and at whose hands he was soon to meet his death. It simply proposes that Orestes lead the way in retiring from the

present scene

an

act

preparatory, and hence sub-

ordinate to the act which was soon to follow


swift

his

coming death. So the gods lead men, vj)r}yovvrai, by suggestions drawn from objects and creatures around them (Xen.
Cyri.,

Bk.

3)

as the great actors

man's reason and will are here pictured no one is convinced against his
;

reason, or

made good
16,

against his will.

Let us then rest our discussion, to act in this way, since in this proceed Crito, and
7G. Crito

way God
The

leading its, eTreiSi] ravrr] 6 ^eo9 v(f)r]yetTai. was through suggestions to the leading divine
is

11/309,

To,

Towards, Near To, Face


will,

to Face.

51
as
It

reason,

and the free

whicli

sovereign, decide the question of life


is

must at last, and death.

just because that Socrates in this stress


is

sovereign choice to die that he

made monument

the
for
all

remembrance and tried and tempted

cheer,
souls.

through the ages, for

CHAPTER
7rpo9, TO,

yill.
TO,

TOWAEDS, NEAE

FACE TO FACE.

Y7.

Few
7r/?o9

things are

about
ples,

in the Lexicon,

more wearisome than to read There are endless exam-

but no interpretation
It is said to

^no

clew to guide the

in-

mean motion to or motion from, or rest in a place^ and many things besides. The only resource is in guessing, and trying, till one's common sense tells him he has guessed right.
quirer.
78.

We

shall prosper best in this study, if

we
re-

regard irpo^ as introducing us at once into


lations.

human

The

prepositions ava, Kara, viro, and eVt, in

their primary meanings,

of use without any reference to


so
7r/309, if

may have a pretty wide range human beings. Not


It presents, primarily, It is the

our view

is

right.

the picture of one person facing another.


servitor of

communion between man and man


;

the
is

usher that introduces one soul to another

whence

52

The Greek Prepositions.


tlie

rendered possible
this first
to,

family, society, the state.^

From who

meaning

7rj0O9

comes naturally to mean near

this

being the relation in space of persons

meet
rily

face to face.

79.

meets his fellow man it is primaimplies a reciprocal action on and for converse,

When man

the part of the person met

irpo't

is

the preposition

that connects the action with


this

its

personal object in
'EttI presents its
;

form of human
it

intercourse.

living object as if

were

lifeless

tt/jo?,

never

and
in
it;

often

it

makes
;

alive to the imagination

what

is,

To say Trpo? this eVt never does. self, lifeless to lidx^aOai implies that the Trojans fight back shoot 7r/)09 Tei^o? implies that the wall has something namely, to repulse the shafts thrown against to do

Tpwa?

it

the wall

is

in fact the defensive

armor of the

city

do the work of defense. 80. IT/JO? (TTf]Oo<i ^dWeiv, to shoot against the breast, implies that the o-Ti)do<; makes, or may make,
it

was

built to

Both and breastplate are there to aid in giving that But, you may ask, might not one say in response. Certainly he could, if crr^^o? /SdWeiv ? case eVl this some
sort of response to the stroke of the dart.

shield

'

As

relations of things,
irphs

the relations of persons very greatly surpass in interest the it has seemed truer, as well as easier, to think of
relations.

from the start as subserving these higher

different

supposition would not affect any important fact in the studjtherefore invites no discussion here.
sides,

and
be-

For the derived meanings,

in addition

to,

see Sec. 103.

11/309,

To,

Towards, Near

to,

Face

to Face.

53

were pretty dull just as a painter, if dull, may put two objects into a picture and not harmonize them. 11/309 harmonizes the picture, it is a note beforehand, showing that the act is to have its issue in
lie

some quality residing


tion
;

in the object of the preposi-

or, to

put

it briefly,

hit aTy]Qo<i ^aXKeiv

would

be quite proper, at him.


81.

if

you

kill

the

man

before you shoot

To attain

to virtue^ eir aperr)v, if

you are think;

ing especially of the manly endeavor it costs but if you are thinking chiefly of the happiness it brings, 7rpo<i
apeTrjv (Xen. Conviv., ch. 4).
:

The discouraged

soldiers

(Anab. 3 1) had no spirit to go to their arms, iirl ra oirXa', no spirit to go on guard, 7rpo<i Ta9 (f>v\aKd<i. In going to their arms they went to do something, namely, to take their arms in going on guard they did not go primarily to do anything; they were to wait and watch till others should act, i. e., the enemy, and call forth the watcher's action in response hence
;

77/309.

To expose one

to the cold, irph'; T/rOT^o9

it is

the cold that acts on the man.


82.

Not only is something


7rpo<;,

of reciprocity uniformly
cases the chief action

suggested by

but in

many

in a phrase is suggested to the imagination not in the

subject of the verb, but in the object of this preposition.


'rrpo<i

It is

hard for thee

to

kick against th^


it

joricJcs,

Kevrpa XaKTl^eiv.

Here

is

not the one

who

kicks, but the thing kicked that, for the imagination,

does the chief work.

In the realm of mechanics ac-


54
TJie

Greek Prepositions.

tion and reaction are equal, but in the realm of feeling

they

may be very

different.

83.

In the story of Ulysses in the cave (Od. IX),

the Cyclops, grasping two of the visitors,

swung them

high and dashed them on the ground^


KOTrre.

ttotI (7rpo9) jair}

Here the

action, to the imagination, passes

quite over from the subject of the verb to the object


of irpo<ifrom
to

what the two

visitors did to the floor

what the

floor of the cave

did to them

eV

S'

i'yKe(f)a\o<i '^^afidBcii pee.

84. Hector (II, 6 454) bewails the coining fate of Andi'omache, that in her captivity she would weave, 7r/309 aXX.r)';, at the command of another woman / that is, standing before her face and receiving commands
:

mand

was not tlie weaving, but the domineering comthat was in the husband's thouglit. Anab. 5 " that I hear some Xenophon says one is ac7, 1, cusing me of deceiving you therefore liear me hy the Gods, 7r/309 twv Oewv " irpo<i, an appeal to the
it
: : :

Gods

as if standing face to face before

them,
if

who

will respond to his

words with vengeance


II.

he does

not speak the truth.

524, 5, I hear bitter re-

proachesyVow

the Trojans, 7rpo<s Tpcocov, they reproach

me

to

my

face.

If the reproaches

came

to his ears

through a third party the Preposition would not be


7r/309.

85. In the naiTative

from Od.

IX we
it

read that

Neptune
rocks,

shattered

tlie ship,

dashing

against the

irpo'i

irerpya-t ^aXcitv.

The

ship

met the rocks

n/)09,

To,

Towards, Near To, Face


77/369.

to Face.

55

to its owii liurt, therefore

They leaned

their

chariots against the walls, irpo^ ivcoirta

might be supported the walls reacted and held what was leaned against them. 86. They fight against each other, 7rp6<i aWrjXov^;
that they

leaned

them

for eVl forbids the reciprocation which a\\i]\ov<i

al-

ways

one phrase, however, eV aXKrjXoLo-t KexwTo, they were heaped on one another, where aXkrikoLcn, always reciprocal in its sugcarries

with

it.

There

is

gestion,

is

the object of eVt, which never lends

itself

to the idea of reciprocation.

What

shall

we

say?

This,
lation

namely

Greek and the English transeach describes a common fact by a short phrase,
:

that the

impossible to be taken literally (for those at the bot-

tom were not heaped upon


roughly of the fact that
its brevity's sake.

others),

but so suggestive
is

its

inaccuracy

pardoned for
149)

87.

The nymph Calypso (Od. Y.


:

went

to

Ulysses, eir 'OSvafja

she went to do a workto


iirl
;

dis-

miss him

had she gone for converse, the preposition would have been 7r/)o9. 88. Near the above passage (v. 157) we read that Ulysses gazed fixedly on the unj^lanted sea, ttovtov eV drpuyerov SepKea-KeTO. He was hopeless, for he did not even wipe his tears away did not even look around in hope of seeing some ship that might take him on board. Had he been hopeful enough for that, the preposition would have been 7r/)09, suiting the word to the mental state.
therefore

56
89. But,
?

The Greek Prepositions.


it

may be asked, did the Greeks tliink Probably they thought nothing about it, but spoke from habit just as a well educated person uses, in English, the words sTiall and will., correctly from habit, while a foreigner learning English must Just as little did Xenophon need to bethink reflect. him of the distinction between eVt and 77/309, when he used them both, each in its place (Anab. 3 4).
of
all this

Think,
to
7r/309 7r/309

you are on your way now for Greece., your children and your wives, eVl rrjv 'EWaSa,
soldiers,
TOL"? 7ralSa<i

koI Ta<i yvvaiKa'?.

The

preposition

here

is

alive with the picture of the soldier's

return to his
his door.

home

meeting those who meet him

at

90. Achilles bewailed his friend, the slain Patro-

hands upon his breast, eVt a-r^Oeaatv if he had laid his hands upon the breast to find if the heart was still beating, the preposition would have
klus, placing his
;

been

7r/>o9

(H. 18

317).

91.

The way

to

happiness,
;

rj

6ho<; ctt

evBaifiovuiv,

also 7r/jo9 evSat/jioviav

but the former, where happi;

ness

is

the

latter,

found at the end of a course of labor, or search where it comes of itself, to one who refuses
it

to take pains about


92.

(Mem.

II. 1).

first

examine and then to go to the rest of the body, irpcx: to aWo awfuc. He had nothing to do to the horse, but rather something to receive namely, an impression good, or bad, as he

Xenophon

directs the horse-buyer to

the feet of the horse he would

buy

11/909,

To,

Totvards,

Near
If

To,

Face

to Face.

57
in-

looked and examined.


structing the

Xenophon had been

and had told him, when he had finished one part to go to the rest of the iody, he would have said eVt to aXko o-w/xa. Observe, in every case, iirl denotes some form of power
in his duties,

groom

if

only the power involved in a steadfast gaze


;

passing from the agent to the object

tt/jo?

suggests

some form of reciprocal action, or a susceptibility for it, passing from the object to the agent. 93. To go against the enemy lirX tou9 irdkejjilov'i
^

also 7r/909 Tov<i TToXe/xLovs

but, the former, when


;

the

enemy

are at a distance, are at rest, or are retreating


is,

that
latter,

are pictured as passive to the attack

the

when

the assailants have

come

so near to the

enemy
94.

as to stimulate
:

them

to face about

and

fight

back (Cyr. Inst. 1

4).

When
;

(II.

VI) Hector met Andromache

at

the Scean gate, the nurse held the child on her hreast,
eVt KoXTTfp

a burden, a charge resting on the nurse


father

but

when afterward the


The babe clung crying

" Stretched his fond arms to clasp the lovely boy,


to his nurse's ireast,''^

npos koXttov,

for shelter, safety, solace,


95. Lest

Jrom

the nurse.

thou dash thy foot against a stone (Matt.

will now be able to determine whether it is eVl \i6ov, or Trpo? Xidov, by asking himself, which was specially affected by the
:

6).

The thoughtful student

blow

the
?

foot, or the stone

Which

did the prin-

cipal act

58

The Greek Prepositions.


Great stones which were rolled off the precipice, upon the rocks, and were dashed in fragments.
the rocTcs, is
?

fell

Upon
-irerpm

it

eTri

ra^ irerpa^, or 7rpo9

ra<i

(Anab. 4
3)

2, 3).

If thou shall not watch I will

come on
:

thee, eiri

ae

(Rev. 3
iirL

the object
;

is

to inflict punishment, hence

the door, and knock

same chapter we read I stand at if any man hear my voice, and come in to him, eKevao/xai, tt/jo? open the door, / will the visitor and the communion is object The avTov.

But

in the

receiver are sharers in a


96.

How

shall I

common joy (Rev. say " I am going to


:

3, 20).
fire

the

"

You may

say el/xt eVt to irvp, or cording to what your object is in going to warm yourself, it will be 7rpo9 to irvp
el/it

7rpo<?
;

to irvp, acif

if

you go you go

to stir the fire,


9Y.

it

will

be eVl to

irvp.

When

a fire breaks out in a city, great

num7r/309

bers

come together
;

in two
the

classes

firemen and specirvp,

tators

the one class come inl to

the other

TO TTvp

though

neither class
stir fire
;

come

either to
class

warm
to

themselves or to

but one

come

upon the from it.


act

fire,

the other to receive an impression

98. If at breakfast you break your Qgg by striking your knife on the Q^g, the Greek preposition for on if you break it by striking the egg on the is eVt
;

edge of your

glass,

the Greek preposition


;

is

Trpo?.

You

tread

07i

a flower, eVt

you tread on

a nail, Trpo?.
;

These examples are not arbitrary dictations

they

11/309,

To,

Towards, Near To, Face

to

Face. 59
all

are direct deductions,

and are confirmed by

the

usage.

Anab. 1
sjoeai'S, Tdt<i

8,

Thexj struck with the shields

upon
;

the

aairlai irpo^ ra Bopara iBovirrjaav

tliey

did not wish to do anything to the spears, but to call


forth a sound from them, to frighten the enemies'
horses.
little farther on we read, Cyrus saw the king [Kadopa) and rushed %ipon him, lero iir avrov. It need not be said that 7r/309 could not be used to

describe this action. If one strikes


it,

upon
the

a bell with a

hammer
is

to
;

mark
if

or to break

it,

word

for ^opon

iirl

strikes

upon
In

it

to call forth its tone, the

he word for
house

upon
built

is Trpo?.

99.

New

Testament (Matt. 7

21), of the

upon the rock, iirl tyjv irerpav, we read "the winds blew and beat ^(pon that house,^' irpocriireo-ov TTj oiKLa eKelvrj the point being to mark what resist-

ance the house


not eVt.

made

to the assault

therefore
for he

tt/oo?,

100. Xen. Oecon. 7 23, God, methinks, has prepared the nature of woman /"(^^r wo?'ks and cares with:

in doors, eVt epja koI

iTn/jbeXtj/jiaTa

with a body and

spirit less strong

heat, irpo'i piyr] kuI OaXirrj

eVt introduces things


The
;

against cold

made her and


to

be done
eVl
is

tt/jo?,

things to be endured.

object of

the passive recipient of the action


is

the object

of 7rp99
101.

the door of the action.


the sea-shore,

They encamped on

near the

60

The Greek Prepositions.

harbor^ eVl rov au^iakhv


indefinitely uj)on

somewhere on,

irpo'i

tm

Xi^evi
irpo^

iifl

with gen.
dat. near.

with

Note here how each of the prepositions has its own special meaning, which cannot be expressed by
the other.
tion
;

'EttI is primarily the servitor of gravita-

it

pictures

downward motion
it

arrested.

Sec-

ondarily, therefore,

serves

all

motions that are

natural in their place, and thus have an analogy to

downward motion.
the sea
stone
11/009
is

ISTow, an army marching toward stopped at the shore as surely as a falling

is stopped by the earth on which it strikes. could not carry this suggestion nor could eVl The thing w'hich moves 07i, serve the turn of 7r/)09. it cannot denote eirl, does not stop till it strikes
;
;

merely near

In the expression " Behold I stand at the door, iirl ttjv 6upav, and knock," the preposition and noun, along with the verb, does not of itself give
to.
:

the picture of impact, but


notion, and the notion
is

it

is

pregnant with that

made

explicit

by the added

words Kol Kpouo). 102. In the implied converse of two persons, suggested by 7rpo9, we observe that there is no impact,
nor contact
;

the parties introduced by


;

7r/)09

are only

near to each other; hence this preposition comes to express the idea of nearness Trpb^ rfj yfj vavfiaxetv, When, the ships fought near the land (Thuc. 7 34).
:

8, 1), at 7rpo<; 6a\however, Xenophon cities near the sea, mean not docs XaTTT) 7r6X6t9, he use eVl ? Behe not did then but wi. t/ie sea : why

says (Hell.

'EttI

and

7rpo<;

in Composition.

61

cause

tlie cities

did not act on the sea, but received

from the sea


103.

their supplies

the reciprocal

action

is

the leading idea.

We

observe again that, in the implied con-

verse suggested

bj

7r/309,

the parties are thought of as

on equal terms.
prepares a

They

are in the relation, then, that


;

them

only, but all things in the world

common
own

not fractions be counted, or added must be brought to denominator before they can be counted
to

or added.
its

The

preposition

tt/so?,

therefore, carries in

meaning hesides, in addition to / an idea which no other preposition properly has or


right the

can have, not even


say.

That which
witri

is

same plane
space.

it

See note at

whatever the Lexicons may something is not in the in thought, any more than it is in page 130.
eVl,

on

(eVt)

CHAPTER
eVt

IX.

AND

7r/0O9

IN COMPOSITION.

104. 'E7re;^et rt rivi, to hold something

upon some-

thing

as, the
it

hand on

the sword-hilt, rrjv %etjoa Konrri.

He
but

holds
if,

there to draw the sword, therefore eVi


to

with the sword drawn, he holds his fingers


its
TT/jo?.

the edge to test

keenness, the preposition for to


in the

would be
restraint
;

The holding may be

way

of

this will

put the second object in the Geni-

62
tive, hre^eiv

The Greek

Prepositions.

rov Bpo/xov, to cease froin running^


is,

lit-

erally, to

hold on, that

on the ground where you

are.

Let us

now

pass to nrpoaex^w.

The Persians beseiged Barca nine months, mining


underground, as well
as fighting above.

A
:

wise

man
irpo'i

discovered their secret


TO MireBov (Hdt.

work

in this

way

He

laid a

hrazen shield on the ground,


4:
:

irpo(Tea')(e

aairiha

wherever there was digging going on underneath, he would perceive it by the murmur of the shield. Here is no suggestion of power from the man to the ground, but
rather the other

200), and applied his ear ;

way he waited for something to come from the ground through the shield to him
therefore
105.
'irpo(7e')(eiv,

not

eTri-x^eLv.

We

can apply the hand to the door


is eVe^^ety,

to

open
the

it,

we

can apply the ear to the door

to listen / in

one case the verb


e'xjeiv.

in the other,

it is Trpoa--

The physician puts


7rpoa6-)^et rrjv ^etpo..
:

his

hand upon an artery


;

to stop the circulation,

e7re;^et rrjv %ei/ja

or, to feel the

pidse,

106. Hdt. 1 53, Croesus sent gifts to the shrine, and thereupon aslced for a response, eTretpdora iirl points to the ground on which he asked namely, the gifts he had sent.

107. Socrates being asked, epwrco/iew?, said, etc.,

and

heijig

asked further,
3, 9).

'7rpoaepcop,6po<;,

he replied
instruc-

(Mem.
[in
ii]^,

If

shall need

any more
loill

tion, riv re TrpoaBeofjbai,


eTTtBiBd^ei

my

grandfather
:

teach

me

(Xen. Cyri. 1

3), iirl refers

to the

'ETTt

and

Trpof in Composition.

63
instruc-

need, as the basis or ground of having


tion.

more

Zeus hethought him, fivy^aaro, of Aegisthus, whom Orestes slew and thinking of him, eiri^ivqadek, he when the verb is used the second time, it said takes on eVl; this shows what it was in Aegisthus that Zeus was thinking of namely, how he had been
;
. .

slain.

When

the verb was used the

first

time, that

fact

had not been mentioned, therefore eVl would have been unintelligible to omit it in the second instance would render the phrase vapid it would show that the poet had lost himself, and could not follow
;

up

his

own

thought.

sometimes looks forward to a phrase immediately following that justifies and requires its Xen. Conviv. 4 4, All states inquire of the use.
108.
'E-TTt
:

gods what they must do, eireparoiav rov'i 6eov<i tl XPV 'TTotet-v eVt points forward to to XP^I Troietv as determining the matter on which they inquire. This will
;

be made clear if we change the form of the sentence without altering the sense, thus: we do not know what we must do let us inquire of the gods, iirepoHere the iirl plainly looks back to TWfiev Tov<; 6eov<;.
;

the ignorance expressed in the words just before, as the basis of the inquiry ; just as plainly does it look

forward in the phrase in its first form. Again (Xen. Mem. 1 5), Let us consider, whether he helped them
:

any

toioards this hy discoiirsi7ig as follows, eina-Keei

'\jr(i)/Me6a,

rt

trpov^l^a^e \e<ycov

e't?

ravrijv TOidBe;

64:

The Greek Prepositions.

hrX points forward to the matter they were to consider.

109.

Again (Xen. Mem. 2


this, r)h7] iror

1, t),

Since you

know
ever

the proper rank of each of these classes,

ham you

considered
into
self
?

eVecr/ceilrco, et?

irorepav, etc.,

which of these
'Etti points
;

chisses you might fitly place yourforward to the thought in the fol-

lowing phrase

just as the

word

this in the translation

looks forward to the j)hrase which follows, and serves,


therefore, in thought, to connect the

two parts of the Greek mind just what this does less neatly for the English mind. Does any one think that this is forced and fanciful a queer sort of
sentence
;

eVl does for the

equation

to make

a preposition just equal to a pro-

noun, so that sometimes one


the other?

may be
he
is

substituted for

If one thinks so,

more

particular

than the Greeks themselves, for they did this very thing. Eead again (Mem. 1 2, 10), BovXei ovv koL
:

if you will, let us Here have the equawe consider this, whether, etc. same page a-Ke^fraaOai, the tion before us, drawn from

Tovro

a-Ke-^cajxeOa, iroTepot.

Then,

rovTo

TTorepoL = einaKk^^acrdai eU Trorepav.


:

Ileb. 12

15, eTrtcr/coTroOz^re?
it.

yu,?;

rt? varrepCov

looking (eVi) to
the next phrase.'
'

This

is

the exact form of the


is

thought in the Greek, eVt looks forward to what

in

It does

not follow that " looking to


phrase
to it

it

"

is

the best possible translittle

lation, for the bit of

has lost cast a

has become too


Not every

colloquial for the seriousness

and dignity of

this place.

'EttI

and
:

irpo^ in Composition.

65
looks to

So in

II.

198, ov k^lvpoi ^owvra,

eiri

bj ^owvTa as its basis. He did till by chance he met some one aimless not go about a brawling first, and then heard he brawling; but perspective of the picture. the fixes went for it eVt TravraTraat, au re otI ^FiTreXeXrja-de Cyri. Inst. 1 3,
the action expressed
;
:

^aaL\ev<i ijada, olre aXKoc orl av dp'^wv.

forgotten yourselves
king,

altogether thou, that

You had
thou wast
'Evrt in

and

they, that thou

wast their ruler.


is

the verb looks forward to what

stated afterwards

namely, their difference of rank.


;

This they ought

not to have forgotten the fact of self-f orgetf ulness was not general, but limited to one particular thing,

and

eirl

points to that.
:

110. Socrates says, in opening his defense


not, Athenians,

know
ac-

how you were

affected

by

my

cusers

but, for

my

part, I aXvao^t forgot

my

position

here, eTrekaOofiriv, iirl points to the fact that Socrates

was there

to

answer for his


the most literal

life.

That

fact

was in

all

translation that
literal

is

is

therefore the best.


it

The most
for the ser-

may have gathered

associations by use that unfit

vice required

like a

and so
cause

unfit for presentation.

messenger stained and soiled by hard travel, We cannot counterweigh a Greek word
first

or phrase by an English word or phrase, and call that translation, beit

is

literal.

The Greek must

be dissolved in the alembic

of thought, and that thought then cast into the-bcst

form which the

English allows.

So, in the instance above, of iiriaKoirovures, the com-

mon

version, looking diligently,

may be thought

the best possible, un-

less the revisors' looking carefully

be thought better, though the Greek

does not properly

mean

either dilligently or cai-efuUy.

66

The Greek

Prepositio7is.

minds, and that made the forgetfulness of


worthy.
is

it

note-

To
it

say in translating, almost forgot myself


; *

inadequate

to say scarcely recognized

myself

is

worse, for

amounts only

to saying, " they did not


;

draw a true picture of me " the characteristic humor and


111, Cyri. Inst. 1
:

and

it

misses entirely

pathos.

Cyrus learned readily had been taught him (about rough ground) but when he saw the deer he rushed forward, einXa4,
all

And

that

66/j,vo<;

iravra, forgetting everything about it ;

eVt

he had received about rough ground it does for tlie Greek mind just what is done for the English mind by the added words about it. One is the English way, the other the Greek way of doing the same thing (Od. 19 13). I have laid up the weapons, lest when heated with wine you quarrel, and shame the feast, for iron itself draws a man
refers to tlie cautions
; :

thereto^ i(})6\KeTai.

112.
fell,

When

Kebriones, the charioteer of Hector,


(II.

struck

by a stone from Patroclus


mtroavvauiv
;

16

Y75),

he

lay stretched at his length, all his skill forgotten^


'kKa(j\ikvo^
it

was the forgetfulness of


sundered,
all

his work done, brought to an end hence


death
'

all ties

side issues

the sim23le verb.

But

in

The English mind may be


is
it

satisfied to say
;

forgot myself (so trained


this is the best
cttI

by habit

at fliipplying deficlences)
;

and perhaps

we can do
out saying

in English

bnt the Greek does more

it

supplies by

the

limitation which the English phrase leaves the reader to supply withit.

'Etti

and

irpcx;

in Composition.

67
is

Lucian's Dial.,

''

Aphrodite and Eros," Helios


t^)? it

com-

plained of as eTTiXekr^a-ixevov
his duty as charioteer ;

I'mraaiu'i, forgetting

was a forgetting of somehence eirl pointwhich he forgot him-

thing he was bound

to

remember

ing to the particular thing in


self.

113. 'Etti
ing.
II.

may

suggest what

528,

The

son of
;

his dark brow, iTrevevae

is gracious and assurKronos spake, and nodded he nodded in confirmation

had just been given. Observe, that this was the famous nod where all Olympus was shaken token of irreversible decree, whose proper
of his

word

that

word
and

is

KuraveueLv.

Why then

not Karaveveiv here ?


;

Because that went without saying


settled that the nod,

it

had been

said

that sort.

If

when given, should be of then we may throw off Kara, why not
?

throw off eVt, using the simple evevae would leave the word afloat, and all it
knits the act into the
relation with

Because that
'EttI
its

signified.

web

of the story, showing

what goes before. An ancient critic has said that Homer was sometimes drowsy, and nodded. However that may be, he certainly was not drowsy here he said just what he meant. The gay woman who came to Hercules in his
;

doubts (Mem. 2

1, 22), as

she approached him, kutot

a-KoireLcrdai Oafjua eavTrjv,

often surveyed herself


felt

Kwra
at

denoting the perfect repose she


herself
;

when looking

aWo<; aurrjv Oearai, and she often looked also to see if any other was obeTna-KOTrelv 8e zeal eX
tl<;

68
serving her
114.
;

The Greek Prepositions.


eVl

looks forward to

the following
for.
is,

phrase, as expressing the thing she

To

ask, heg, ahelv

to

was looking demand, that


16,

to

ask on the basis of some ground or reason that


fies
Tet9,

justieirav-

the asking, eiranelv.

Oed. Tjr. 14

wv

eVl refers to the ground of the


:

demand

the

king's extreme need.


iTTanrjaeLaf;.

II. 23 593, el' Kev aXko fxel^ov you should even ask another, greater thing eVi, to satisfy your just claims. Jlpoaairetv, to ask in addition (Anab. 1 3, 21). The soldiers

If

asked for an increase of jpay.^


115. ^FivaKoveLv, to hear, not
al)Out

something,

which would be aKoveiv irepi rivo<;, nor from some one, which would be uKoveiv diro, iK, irapd rivo^y but to hear, on the ground of some fact with which the hearing has a natural connection. Hdt. 2 70,
:

The

crocodile hearing the noise (of the squealing pig)

makes for the noise, but coming across the bait he swallows it down, and they haul him in hearing
;
'

In Liddel and Scott's Lexicon there


{(Traniiffeias
;

is

attributed to each of these

compounds

misprinted

aTraiTTjcrfias)

a meaning that be-

longs to the other

as

if

they had crossed tracks, and each was doing

duty in the other's

field.

The passages referred


II.

to in illustration dis:

prove the definition


" more, besides."
tion, as

offered.

23
;

593, Xen. Vict. 4


in

39, In

no case

does vphs denote "for a purpose"

no case docs
it is

iir\

denote simply

If ever so rendered,

a cheap device of transladifficulty,


i-irl

a resource in meeting an acknowledged

accurate picture of the thought.

In

11.

23

593,

but is not an means for your

satisfaction ; but this phrase is too


tion
;

heavy to be admitted in translait.

we must think

it

without saying

*E7rfc

and

Trpb^

Composition.

69

k'KaKov(xa<^

why eVt

Because the hearing was in a

with another fact stated just before namely, that they belabored the pig, and made him Xen. Hist. Grsec. 3 4, 1, Trpo<xaKov<ja<i he koX squeal.
natiu'al relation
:

TovTo,

and hearing

this also hesides

in

addition to

other things mentioned before.


116. And, even as he spake, /br^A flew, iTreirTaro, on the right a bird of mighty wing, and the host of the Achaians shouted thereat^ eiriaxov (II. 13 821:

Because the flying forth based of the eagle was thought of as in response to upon what had gone before. Why not 'laxov ? Because the shout was called forth by the omen, as if
822).

Why

not eTrraro'i

based upon

it.

117. 'ETTiSetv, to bind


fixed object,

ample,
X6^ov<i

to

upon not, however, to a which would require kuto, but, for exbind crests on the helmets, eVl to, Kpdvea
;

imBkv (Hdt.

171).

Upo'iBeLv, to

iind loosely, leaving distance between


line

the objects connected, as the bait to the fishing-pole

by the intervening
slack, flexible

the

flail

to its staff,

by the
;

thong (Hdt.).
priest

118.
all

The

made

his prayer to the

king
it

then

the Achaians shouted approval,


22)

i7r6V(f)/]/jLr)aav (11.

the

preposition points to

what

called forth the shout

a shout, and
;

at the

was that same time

a seconding of the prayer

it

knits the phrases, other-

wise disjointed, into an organic unity of thought.


119.

To

say, Xeyeiu

iircXeyeiv, to say

on the

basis

70
of

TJie

Greek Prepositions.

some

fact that invites the saying.

Cyrus would

send a gift to a friend, instructing the bearer to say in explanation, iirikeyetv (Anab. 1 9). Also (Cyri.
:

Instit. 1
7rt,

3), eTrikeyoiv

ra eKaarM, sayincj
to

to

each one

in explanation.

120. Socrates

"

You

Glaucon (Mem. 3 G, 5) have doubtless examined, e<jK,^-^ai, the public


says
:

resources, in order that," etc.

Indeed, said Glaucon,


light,

I have not
fiai

examined them in that

ovk

eVecr/ce//,-

eVt

refers to the particular limitation Socrates

had

set to the

examination by the phrase " in order


HciTpoKko'i
Se

that," etc.

121. '^n?
eraipco.

^aro

'

^tX&)

eireirelOeO'

Thus he spoke ; and Patroclus obeyed his dear friend'' s word j more fully, obej^ed his dear friend in it in the matter eVt referring to what had been said. New Testament, What man is there of you, whom, if his son ask bread, will he give hhn a stone, \l6ov iiriScaaeL avrco will give him, iirl, for

his asking.

122.

II.

569, Zeus uttered his threat, and

Hera

feared, hending her heart


(^ikov Krjp.

to his luill, iTrtyvd/xyp-aaa

Compare
:

ava/yvdfj,7rTLv (Sec. 28).


:

Anab. Y 4, 9, And Seuthes asked, -ijpero " would Tlion, you even be willing to die for this one ? " after an answer had been given, we read iiri'ipero 6 This would usually %evdr}<;, Seuthes ashed thereupon.
be translated, Seuthes ashed further, as if eVt here denoted simply the addition of a second question ;

'EttI

and

irpb';

in Compositioti.

71

this is not tlie tlioiiglit

tlie

thought

is

that the sec-

ond question
the
first.

is

made on

the basis of the answer to


the oflice of

'ETTt

never suggests the addition of things

which are co-ordinate


but that
is

that
it is

is

Trpo?.

It

may be excusable to translate


not
strict
;

eTnjpero

by asked further,

a concession for the sake

of a smoother phrase.
123. Menelaus in fight with Paris (II. 3:369), springing upon him (eVai'fa?), caught him by his horse-hair crest, and turning around {eiriaTpe-y^ra^)^ began to drag him in among the well-greaved Achaians.

In the

first

participle iirl looks to the object of the


;

action (Eng. upon)


tantly the same
literally it
;

in the second
translate
up>on,
i.

it

means more

dis-

we

it

turning round /
turning toward,

means turning

e.,

so as to face those to

whom

he was about to drag his

victim.

Farther on in the same story,

when

the hel-

met
a

strap

had broken and the helmet was


eVi8ti/r;cra<?,

free in his

hand, Menelaus,
throiv,

sivinging it around for away among the Achaians. Let us drop the eVt, and find the simple hivelv in another place. Od. 9 384, when Odysseus and his party had to do with the Cyclops Polyphemus, he says (Odys. 9 382) My companions^ taking up the burning stake

slung

it

thrust
it

it

into his eye,


:

and

I,

standing above, turned

ahout, iBlveov

here the verb denotes the main acthe Cyclops took


;

tion,

and

is

story (v. 538),

swinging

it

But look forward in the same up a huge stone, around, iTnZtvrjiTa^ iirl for the throw.
simple.

when

72
124.

TJie

Greek Prepositions.

We

read in Herodotus that a smith, in dig-

ging a well

feet below the ground, came upon a coffin, eVeVy^e aopw. Had he found water, that would have called for the verb Karirvxev, for elsewhere Herodotus tells us of a physician, who, after

many

trying

many

medicines on his patient, at

last hit

on

the right thing, and effected a cure, Karervxev. 1 came ujpon hy chance, hrkTv^pv something happened
;

to Tne, Trpoairvx^ev.

125. AeiKvvvat, to show, point out an object


SeiKvvvat, to exhibit,
i.

eVt-

e.,

having the object already in


its

view, to i^roceed and point out


explain a machine, an invention.

qualities

as to
is

Such a showing
is

an

7r/8et|i9.

It

shows what there

m or belonging
The
dyye-

to a thing.

126.
basis of

'E(f)ivai,, to

send upon, or against, or on the

some

fact that justifies the sending.

simple verb levai takes two objects

an

accusative
e/xot

and a
Xov

dative.

II.

18

182, t/9 'yap ae Oeoiv

r}K6v,

Who of
else to

the gods sent


eVt,

me?

Therefore

you as messenger to compounded with levai,, has


;

do than govern the dative case of a person. Let us see (II. 24 117), iyui Upid/Ko i<f]aQ>, I will sent Iris to Priam, hit, on this matter the
something

matter being the condition of the slain Hector's body,

and the restoration of it to his friends. The matter and to which eV^ refers is found in what precedes it
connects the actor in his precedent state with the
action which follows.

'ETTt

and

7rpo<;

in Composition.

Y3

C07)ie, to admit (Anab. 4 admit to tJiefire^ 6v Trpocriecrav Trpo<; TO TTvp, those who came late. They came as to a privilege, not to do something, but to receive hence

Upoaievai, to allow to

55), T/iey did not

7rpo9 TO TTvp,

not

iirl

to nrvp.

To

let

or send dogs

upon the game,


stone
;

i(f>Levat,

for their instinct determines

their action, as gravity determines the


to send

will acts,

motion of a one forth to battle, dvievac, for free and chance has scope, as in the throwing up

of a stone.
Cyri. Inst.
irpo'^d'yeLv,

1:3," Having

the honor to introduce,

petitioners to the king," to receive some-

thing from the king, not to do anything to him.


'E7ra7etr, to bring u23on,

implying force

Yesp.
the

370,

eircuye

yvd9ov, lay your


it.

jaws

to it, that is, to

food, to crush

But

to bring one

jaw

to

the other

in shutting the mouth, irpoadyecv, because the action


is

reciprocal

each jaw as
iijpper

it
it.

acts

the same time acted on by


dile

on the other is at Hdt. 2 68, The croco:

moves the

jaw

to the lowei\ ttjv dvco <yvd6ov

irpocrd/yet tt} KdTco.

Anab. 3
irpoa-eXdaaf:

4,

Xenophon riding

ujp to Chirisophus,

the two were equals, and

met

for dis-

cussion

but see Sec. 71, where vTreKdaa^ suggests


ETTtrao-aetf, TrpoaTdaaeiv.

subordination.
127.

The

definitions of these

very near alike

indeed,

words in the Lexicon seem they are both used to ex-

press the idea of injunction, com^nand.

The proper

74

The Greek Prepositions.

discrimination will be best


original suggestions of the
ively.

made

in the light of the


respect-

two prepositions
as

'EttI presents its object

passive,
;

making

no response
will

to the action (Sec. 45)

if

the action,
eTrirdaaeLv

therefore, be that of giving a

command,

imply that the person receiving the command does not pause to consider whether he shall obey or not he obeys, of course TrpoaTaa-creiv, on the con-

trary, implies that the person receiving the

command
dis-

responds by a free choice whether to obey or


obey.
If a

command
it

is is

disobeyed, the word to exnaturally irpoaTaaa-eiv, in

press the giving of

order to harmonize by anticipation the word with the

completed thought.
in Hdt. 1
:

See this distinction illustrated

11-i,

115,

where both compounds are used


at

in describing

how the boys played


little
it

choosing a king

where in the

mimic kingdom
will
;

mand
the

in the faith that


is

and obeyed
iirirdcraeLv.

irpoa-rdcraeLv

to give a combe readily accepted but if one is recusant

command

takes towards

him

a sharper tone
:

it is

See also Xen. Occ. T

Y,

When God

has

enjoined, iireTa^ev, the harder, out-door life

on men,

and has
to

allotted, Trpoaera^ev, the easier, in-door life


;

as if the former the hard service would be avoided, if it might be while the latter, from its milder conditions, invites and obtains the response of
;

women

a willing acceptance.

Hapd.

75

CHAPTER
irapd.

X.

128. Hapd, hy, beside,


Dat., or the Ace.
beside,

is

used

witli the Gen., the

With

the Genitive, meaning from


;jir]pov,J^rom his side,

drawing his sword, irapa

literally,

from beside

his thigh

with the Dat., denotpTjyfuvc

ing situation beside


6a\dcrar]<i,

they- were playing, jrapd


; ;

beside the sea-shore

with the Ace, de-

noting to the side of they seated themselves heside Menelaus, irapa MeyeXaoi/. 129. "We shall best grasp the meaning of this preposition if we think of its use in the sphere of living beings, whose natural movement is forward, and who have a right side, and a left. Two persons walking
beside each other

make
;

the situation that invites the

use of this preposition

Gorgias 472, C, Let us com-

pare our views together, irap dW7j\ov<;, and see whether.

The
side

picture

is

that of

two persons moving forward

by

side, to reach, if possible, a

common

conclusion.

He

went, irapd fiaaCkea,


:

to the

king, so as to be

by

him, subject to his orders

he came frorn the king,

irapa ^aaCkewi, bearing his orders, responsible to

him
It

he

lives,

irapa %ai(^poviaKw, icith Sopfironiscus.


;

does not admit the idea of hostility like eVt


of mutual converse between equals, like
parties are unequal,
is

nor that

7r/309.

The

and the object of the preposition


it

naturally the superior of the two, as

should be,

76
for
it

The Greek Prepositions.


is fitting

that

tlie

superior should abide in his

place,

and the

inferior should

go and come
is

even

Sophroniscus, the householder, has in that fact a


of superiority over

mark
at his

him who

transiently

found

house.

The

suggestion of sujDeriority does not

come

from the
of irapa

preposition, but resides in the nature of the

things or persons introduced.


is

Sometimes the object

the inferior of the two things introduced.

Men compared
are as gods

loith other creatures, irapa aXXa ^wa, compared with men. The primitive way of comparing things with each other is by placing them side by side. This mode of comparison is sugNo one surpassed Zopyrus gested in Ildt. 3 100. i7i the estimation of Darius, irapa AapeiM Kpirfj, i. e., standing beside Darius as judge. This does not mean, as the Lexicon implies, that the judge is acting officially but only as every man is a judge of his fellow man when he forms and holds an opinion about him.
:

This essential relation of the parties or things underlies all

the uses

and shows with what modifications


against, admitted in the Lexicon

the so-called English equivalents must be taken.


130.

The word

as a translation of irapa, should be strictly guarded

irapa does not

mean
'.

against in the sense of hostility,

but

as aside

from

the normal rule of action

the opTa<i

posite

of Kara
;

according
Ta<;

to

the

truce,

Kara

(Tir6vha<i

irapa

<Tir6vZa<i,

contrary to the truce,

where the
is

actor, forsaking the

proper line of conduct,

like a car off the track.

Uapa

in Composition.

77

CHAPTER
irapa

XI.

composition.

131. There was beside the Euphrates a narrow passage {7rdpoSo<i) between the river and the ditch. This passage Cyrus and his army passed through, TrapfiXde (Anab. 1 7, 16, IT). Hdt. 8 15, The Greeks at Thermopylae exhorted one another not to let the harharians pass hy them
:

into Greece, irapeKoXevovro

6k(o<; fir)

iraprjcrovai.

i<i

ttju

'FiWdSa

Tov<;

^ap^dpovi.

132. Socrates says to his judges (Apol. 1), If, Athenians, you shall hear me, in my defence, using the very same manner of address I have been wont
to use with the multitude, I pray

you
5
:

to indulge

me,

and
:

let it pass,

irapUadai.

resign

Hdt. 2 96, These rafts are dragged along up the stream hy those on shore, ravra ra ifkoia dva rov irorafiov
let

Anab.
go hy

7, 10, Traplr^ixu,

the

command

me

to another.

7rape\K6TaL Ik yy^q

irapd, along beside the shore.

133. ^Kevrj denotes the equipments needed in car-

rying on a business, whether in a shop, a kitchen, a


ship, or a

camp
;

aKevd^etv

is

to furnish or

make such

equipment KaraaKevd^eiv is to furnish what is essential and permanent An to organize completely. army KaraaKevao-ro^ is one, all the parts of which are armed, equipped, officered, and trained, ready for service. This forms the KaraaKevrj. But, if an army

78
is

The Greek Prepositions.


to take the field,
;

more is necessary stores of probeasts of burden, guides, scouts, and visions, wagons, These are to go along, irapd, as the foragers, etc. army moves. This all forms the TrapaaKeurj and an
;

army thus furnished


cTKevrj is essential

is

Trapaa-Kevaa-ro'i.

The Karais

to the complete army, ship, house,


;

or shop, and

is

permanent
all

the irapaaKevrj

change-

able and temporary.

ITow,

when

the work of the bridges

comjpleted^ KareaKevaa-TO, the

army
;

eq^uipped

march,

rrrapaKevaa-fievo<;, set forth.

had leen for its The work on the


.
. .

bridge was for permanent use

the equipment was

only for

irapeaK. hence KareaK 134. These words lend themselves to moral uses
its
;

present march

and there is a beautiful illustration of the distinction noted above in Mem. 1 3. Xenophon tells us that Socrates, when tempted to this vice, and that, was
:

prepared, irapeaKevaa/xivo'i, to
ciple

resist

the loving dis-

he groups all the vices together, and says that his master was KareaKevacrfievo<; against them all. The irapaaicev^ had become a Karaa-Kevr) the good resolutions which a less stable soul might summon, as to an exigency, to meet each temptation as it came, had become habit and a second
; ;

then wishes to say more

nature

so serenely
it;

settled that temptations could not

impress
135.

the temporary equipment had become a

part of the

man

himself.

Xen. Oecon. 7:7, God has prepared {irapea-Kevaaev) the nature of woman for works within

Ilapa in Composition.
doors
;

79

for

lie

has constituted her {KaTeaKevaa-ev) less


is

able to endure cold and heat.

work within doors


ience
cold,
;

That woman should not a necessity, but a convenstrong to bear hard labor, and
to her nature,

that she

is

less

and heat, belongs

and cannot be

changed.

Trapa 'X^elXo'i e/cdrepov


:

wall extends along either hank of the rii^er^ rov 7roTap,ov alfMuair) Trapareivec

(Hdt. 1 180). Here the preposition is repeated. 'Along near the western shore of this sea the Caucasus

runs J ra

vrpo? rrjv eaTriprjv cf)epovTa

t?}<?
:

daXdaa-q^

In this example Trapa governs the Ace. ra (f)povra, denoting the country along which the mountain chain runs. 136. Sometimes the writer omits this object, leaving it to be supplied by the thought. Anab. 1 7, 15,
203).
:

TavTT]<i 6 Kau/cacro? irapareivec

(Hdt, 1

The

canal

had

leen extended (TrapereTaTo, stretched

along) through the plain for twelve parasangs.

Here

the preposition

is

retained, although the writer has

no occasion for naming the objects alongside of which, or by which, the canal ran.
137.

Mem.

17, 1, 'No

wonder
aside

judged,
like

irapar/vcovai

judged
way.

that they mis-

from the

truth,

men who

lost their

138.

The verb

alveiv

means

to jpraise ;

eiraiveiv,

to praise for

same feeling that prompts to the praise of an action after it is done would lead to the encouragement of it while it is doing Trapaivelv, therefore, means to encourage, to apISTow, the
;

something done.

80

The Greek Prepositions.


:

prove a proposed course of action (Xen. Anab. 5 7) places the one who approves by the side of the actor. Thus the discrimination in the meaning

irapa

of these two verbs has

its

root in the prepositions

respectively, as designations of space.

CHAPTER
CUTTO

XII.
e'/C.

AND

139. KiTo^ off from ; Ik, out from. These words alike denote separation therefore followed by one case invariably
''

they are

the Geni-

tive.

Where

airo is used, the things separated are in


;

their nature independent of each other

the contiguity

or nearness before the separation

is

merely temporary,
it

or accidental, and, consequently, the thing separated


loses

nothing by the separation;

remains whole,
its
still

and

as

good

as before.

'Atto takes good care that

subjects receive no detriment

they are

kept in

mind.

from

the apple, the flower, taken off not so {airo) the table, is the same as before
; ;

The book,

with Ik

water poured from a bowl, eV


;

^id\7)<;,

can-

not be gathered up
(f)iaX,7)<;,

coins dropped

from

a bowl, aTrb

may be

gathered up again.

These examples suggest that the previous connection implied by eV is more intimate than that
1-10.

'Atto

and

'E/c.

81

suppose from the which is in is more intimately connected than that which is merely nea/r or hy. The relation suggested by e/c with living
implied by cmo
Lints of space, since that

as we might well

things

is

often dynamic, or vital.

To

lead hy the

guiding power proceding continually from the hand. H. 16 365, As when a cloud

hand, Ik %etpo9

the

comes from out the sacred air, didipo<i eV comes into being where nothing was before.
lil.
T09,

8/779

it

My manner of life /ro7n my youth, e/c veorrjwhich from the first, dir dpxv'^j know all the Jews (Acts 26 4). Why iK in tlie first phrase, and
:

aTTo in the second

'E/c,

because Paul's character


aTro

which he was now defending


serves simply to fix a

out of his youth, as a tree from


recollection of concurrent
1-12.

was a continuous growth root while done by the date and


its
;

this

is

outward events.

among

15, This had been the way of living the Athenians from very early times, diro tov

Thuc. 2

Trdvv dp"^aiov.

The

reign of Theseus introduced a


this ef eKcivov

great change.
this

they have ever


;

From

growing out of
I^ote

since observed a yearly festival


their completed union,

in

commemoration of

here, as in the case above, the difference in the prepositions


dirb belongs to the
feel its pulse.

mere skeleton of history


neither obtain anything
for our enemies control

ef makes us
113.

Mem.

7, 2,
Tr]<i

We
yr]<i,

out of the earth, Ik that nor f)V7n our


;

hoicses, diro

row

oIklwv, for there

82
is

The Greek Prepositmts.


a lack of people to rent
e/c,

them; the earth brings

the houses do not.' arm, e'/c tov ^pax^ovo<i eVeX.Kovaa the connection was not broken. 144. Descentfroin fathers and near progenitors is expressed by ck, as if the descendants so near had theii' life in their progenitors; but if the time be long, the tie grows weaker to the imagination, in tracing it upward, till at last it seems to break, and we find aTTo as if the far distant descendants had become quite sundered, and no longer were originated
forth of herself, therefore

Leading from
;

the

in their ancestors
tS)v OeSiv

Tov<i fiev airo 6ecbv, tov<; S'

i^ avrSiv others

yeyovoTd, some by far descent,


e^.

airb,

immediately from,

CHAPTER
aTTO

XIII.

AND
fall,

e'/C

IN COMPOSITION".
;

145.

Trees

kings falling from their power


'

and so perish, iiciriTrrova-iv so from all that made

In Liddell and Scott's Lexicon,


it

'7th ed.,

there

is

a mistake in Art.
line 16:

'EK, which

may

not be improper to note here.

Page 428,

" WitJi a part, to


irpo(n6vrwv, the

mark

the point of time, (xwfrarTeTo iK rCiv


itself at,
i.

en
of

army arranged
;

e.,

from

the beginning

their approach

Xen. An.

8,

14."

'E/c

docs not refer to time, but

to the material of

which the

line

army formed

its line

out of those

was formed. The meaning is, the still marching up i. c., the front

halted, the rest, as they

marched up, foniied

in line with them.

'Atto

and

'E/c in

Composition.

83

tliem kings
rights
;

citizens banished,

and so losing their


falling, airoTri'irTei,

but an apple, ripe, and so


in the tree
it
;

for

its life

is

completed

the tree can do


the weakenis

no more for
ing of the
falls

nature

testifies to this in
till

tree's

hold on the apple,


falls.

gravitation
if

the stronger, and the apple

But

a blossom

from its stalk and perishes, or if green fruit is shaken off, thus losing the life it was at the time having in the tree, the verb is eW/Trrety; the flower
i\iQveoi falletk, i^iireae (Epis. Ja. 1
:

11).

116.
to ])ay

'

ATToStBovat, to resto7'e

the

act settles
;

what was unjustly held, an existing claim, and leaves

the parties free


cloth

eKSiBopM, to give out without a pre-

vious consideration, as a housewife might put out

from her loom to be dressed it is still hers, and must be returned. In the following sentence both these compounds occur. Whoever agrees with me
;

put out (eKBcoaet) his colt to be trained having come to an agreement how much he will have to pay {aTroSouvai,) when the work is done
will certainly

first

(Xen. Equest., ch.


147.

2).
;

To

reach, iKvelaOai

i^cKveiadai, to reach im-

mediately, as with the hand, with a pole, a spear, an

arrow from a bow; by the power of sight, by the power of thought also to reach by natural growth, Tlie emphasis throughout is on culture, or training. the origin, as if the force at the start were sufiicient to achieve the end without stops for rest or reinforcement. The examples are frequent enough, from
;

84

The Greek
;

Prepositions.

Homer down
here drawn.

but they

all lie in
is
is

the line of thought


it

A single one

introduced here; as

bespeaks kindness to animals,

homely, and

is

against

Xenophon tells us (De Equest., eh. 5), a fashion. " The colt's tail should be let grow, that it may reach
as

far

as possible, ottw^

iirl

ifkelarov e^tKvov/xevo<;, to

brush
to

oE

what annoys him."

The word

also

means

reach with speed, as in

flight, or in a race

the

urgency allowing no time for rest, or thought for the But on a journey or a march time places passed by. measured by the halting-places intervene, distance and fades to the imstarting-point the on the emjjhasis to the end of the over interest passes agination the itself to comlends and cltto e/c is dropped, action verb, hard-worked Of this plete the verbal picture. fail will not d(f)iKpeiadat, the student of the Anabasis to find examples more than enough.

Cyri. Inst.
i^dp^o),

7:1,/

ivill

lead the

war

song, iraidva

and do you
;

follow, vfieh he

icfjeTreaOe

eVt,

thereupon

the leading was at the leader's discretion under no law but his own mind therefore e^.

148. Tletpacrdai, to try; diroireipdaOai, to try with a desire that the person or thing tried may stand the
trial

so
:

as to
IG)

be placed in a

class

by

itself.

Croesus

(Ildt. 1

made
:

trial

of

the oracles,

direTreLpaTO

TOiv fiavTTjtcov,

hoping to find one worthy of trust. Xerxes (Hdt. 8 67) asked each one, trying him {diro7reipcofievo<;), to find if he was in favor of engaging in a sea fight; he did this hoping that each one would

'Atto

and

'E/c in

Composition.

85
aire:

favoi*

it.

Pausanias

Treipdro, to see if

Tiiiade trial of the Greeks, any would volunteer (Hdt. 9

21).

His hope was to find volunteers.


149. ^FjKTreipdadai, to te7npt, to try with the desire that the thing or person tried

may

fail

(Hdt. 2

135).

A7'e

you tempting me

to speak, eKTreipa T^yeiv

(Oed.

Tyr. 360)
to

to speak to my own harm are you trying


self-control.
is

push

me beyond my
and place
it

natural result with airoireipdaOai


is tried,

to approve
;

The aim and what


the aim and

in a class
is

by

itself

result with iKiretpdaOat


is tried.

to defeat or destroy

With

diroiretpdadaL the rule


;

what and measure of


is

the
that
If

trial are

prescribed
;

with iKireipda-dac nothing


continue
till

settled

beforehand

it

may

every resource

was in the trier has been put forth in the trial. you are challenged to break a stick, and answer the challenge by trying your strength upon it, the verb is eKwetpdv if you try from a bundle of sticks to find
;

those that will bear a cross strain of a certain


of pounds, the verb
is dTroireipdv.

number

lawyer, before bringing his case before the examines his witnesses, to find what they can say, airoTretpaTat his opponent, in the cross-examination, tries to break them down, eKiretpaTat.
court,
;

^'EiKTpenreaOai,

to

turn

out,

as

one would do to
:

avoid something in his path (Hdt. 1


ireadat,

104), aTrorpi-

to turn aside as
in his path.

one would do to observe

something not

150. AetKvvvat, to show, point out, as one

would

86

The Greek Prepositions.


;

show a tiling, or point out a person, to another but if what is pointed out is known to no one else, the verb is naturally e/c8- as to show feelings concealed
;

before, to reveal hidden treasures.

you have
if

his children here,

Oed. Col. 1021, If show them to me, eVS-. But

the children were in sight along with others, but not

distinguished from the rest, and the

command were

point out his children


as

to

me, the verb would be

airoh-.

So, if the thing or person pointed out stands apart

something notable, and important, the verb is They show an ancient temple, ottoSaTToSetKvvvat. (Hdt. 1 171). Pointing orit the sepulchres, diroB:

iKvvvT<;, as

proofs of their rights in the land (Thuc.


forth to public view under this newly-

26).

This compound also means to appoint, thus

setting a

man

acquired name.
151. @vr}aiceLv, to die y airoOvrjaKeLv, to die away from one's fellows, and his work eKdrja-Keiv. to expire, These characteristics may to die by breathing out. than utto or eV are prepositions other where found be death but some other expressive of words used with may these, be prominent from any of different point, accented in require to be and mind, in the speaker's iinOurjaKetv, Karadvyjo-Keiv, have the language so we and others, compounds; in cases where these words are used, the person dying breathes out his last ; and is separated from his fellows / but some other point is emphatic in the thought, and controls the form of
; ; ;

the word.

'Atto

and

'E/c in

Composition.
uTroOvr^aKeiv
is

87
often

152.

''

A-TTOKTeLveiv

of

which

used as the passive may mean the separation of foes, the bereavement of sm-vivors in the loss of friends, or the solution of the conflict between the guilty and
the law which condemns them.

Andromache
mother,"
tjtoi

(II.

411),

"I have no

In the words of father, no dear

jap
the

ira-rkp

d/xov direKTave 8t09 A')(iXkev<i,

mighty Achilles sleio ; the picture for my father but, two lines after, the bereavement is that of her again but it is not mentioned same external act is with good reason, and now direKTavev, but KareKravev
;
;

for the point of view has changed

ing

she

is

now

think-

^not of her bereavement, but of the scene at the

moment
father,

of the killing.

Achilles had conquered her


;

and might have spared him, if he would but, with the choice before him, he relentlessly killed him. No one can read these hues intelligently, and not see that to exchange the prepositions here would spoil
the picture.
153. 'ATToreXay, eKrekeiv.

The noun
a thing
;

riXo^;

means

the perfection, completion of

the

highest

permanent result it can attain the action through which a thing is brought to this perfection is exA man completes his pressed by the verb rekhv. purpose when he cai'ries it out in action and every

purpose thus carried out invites the use of the verb but not till he has completed a work that rekeiv stands off, aloof from other things, can he apply to
;

him

the verb diroTeXeiv.

This word

may be

applied

88
to things

The Greek Prepositions.

bad

as well as

or

its
;

deliverance,

good to the ruin of a city, where the end was proposed before;

hand

to small acts as well as great, if

ending in some-

thing that

may

stand by

itself

as the

payment of

vows, the building of a house, the plowing of a field. Hdt. 5 92, 7, Whatever Cypselus had left incomplete,
:

Hdt. 2 65, When Periander completed^ aireTekee. they have made vows, they fulfill them, airoTeXeovai.
:

The
it

distinction of a thing suggested


set apart
;

were

from other things


its

by may spring from


airo

as if

its

very nature

greatness

may

define

it,

as the

building of a city wall, the liberation of a people.

The

discovery of America

is,

for the imagination,

taken quite out from the

series that

make up the

biography of Columbus, and set by itself, defined by an epoch in the world's history its own greatness and we predicate airorekeiv of the man who achieved

Kind handling makes colts gentle, airorekeiv puts them in a class (Xen. Equcst.). Wise adminisit.
;

tration

makes a

city prosperous, airorekeiv (Plato).^

'

In Liddell and Scott's Lexicon the phrase

t^i*

k6\iv airoreXiiv
This
is

(iiSalixova is

translated " to tnake the state quite happi/."

mere

groping.

The

preposition awh here simply recognizes that happy states

are set

ofif

in thought in a class
is,

by themselves,
class is a

substantive, limited

by an
iirh

adjective,

to thought, just as valid a designation of class as

the substantive

aloneonly the

narrower one.
is
it it

To regard
to miss

as giving intensive force to evSalfiova in this phrase,


;

plain and important point, and to confuse the student

disregards

the obvious meaning of the preposition, and attributes to

a meaning

not found elsewhere.

'Atto

and

'E/c in

Compositioji.

89

154.

Kow, what
;

is

eKrekeiv'i

It is to achiere a

thing out of the spontaneous promptings of the actor's

own

spirit or life

not by command, nor bj promise?


II.

or outward obhgation.

granting {i^eriXetov) to
their will

me

was sovereign.

493, The Gods were no son, e'/c suggests that Od. 3 275, Aegisthus, see9
:
:

ing that he had acco7npHshed, iKreXeaa';, a great deed,


his own wicked mind. Because the act was in fulfillment of no law, or obligation, or acknowledged end. It had its form and measure solely in the spirit

that

is,

his great crime,

from
?

Why

not say aTroreXeo-a?

of the doer.
II.

286,

The Achaians

at^e 7iot

fulfilling^ ovk

promise which they made. The words are a taunt^^against them for not making good their boastful promise. They were under no obligaifcreXeovacv,

the

tion, except to themselves, to

make

it

good.

Had
:

there been such obligation, their failure would have

been expressed by ovk airoreXeovaiv.

See Hdt. 2

65,

The people

of the various cities J9a?/ their vows,

ev')(a^

diroTekiovaiv.

The vow,

ev')(r],

made

a ]3ublic claim

on them, which they could not evade. The fulfillment put their act into a known class of actions it discharged their obligation, and set them free (aTro)
;

from

their bond.
etc

155. In iKcf)vyeiv,

emphasizes the

initial

point
the

while airo in uTrocpevyeiv points to the end,


fugitive gets safe away.
:

when

having fied for

safety.

Anab, 1 49, aTroTre^evyore^, Hdt. 1:25, Croesus made a

90

The Greek

Prepositions.

thank-offering for his recovery from sickness, eKJur/mv


r)]v

vovaov

eV temporary, of course

there

is

no
fir}

airoc^vyrj

from disease. The guard has an


;

interest for his prisoner,

iK(f)vyr}

the prisoner has an interest for himself somecw? airo^vyr].

what wider,
156.

To

lead rjyeladaL.

We may say of a military


;

company which marches at the head of a procession, rjyelTai. But the leader may do more than march in
he may control and direct may determine whether or not there shall be a procession or in what direction and how far it sliall go. Just so far as he does this his action is expressed by i^yeladat. Tlie leading is arbitrary, it has no law or limit but in the mind of the leader hence this w^ord is naturally used to express military command (II. 2 806 Hdt. 1 151). But suppose we change a little the picture of the procession, and say, as if reading from a newspaper report It was determined to close the celebration by services at the monument, one mile distant and
front
;

Company C

led the procession.


;

verb rjyeladac will not be used truth, but not the truth wanted here.
recognition.
it

Here the simple it would express

new

feature

has been added to the picture, and this demands

Nor

will i^r^yeladac

expresses too much, and at the same


It

answer our turn time not

enough.
case

the movement, which


;

would imply that Company C controlled it never would do in such a


it

and, further,

does not recognize the fact that

'Atto

and

'E/c in

Composition.

91

the

movement has

a limit and measure quite inde-

pendent of the actor


needed, and the word

namely,
mean
;

the monument.

To
is

recognize this objective point, the preposition airo


is d(f>r)y6icrdac.

157. These words also


:

to

narrate, set forth.

Hdt. 2 115, Alexander gave a true account of his voyage, to ttKoov a'irr}'yr]<TaTo but when he was asked about Helen he was confused, and did not speak the whereupon those who had sailed with him truth
;

confuted his statements, telling out the whole story, e'^ refers to the conceali^TjyevfMevot iravra \6<yov

ment
2
:

what was hidden becomes revealed.


in these
1,

same discrimination
121,

Note the two compounds in Hdt.

in the story of the cunningly-built treasure-

house.

The dying

father calling

up

his

two sons

set

forth to them, tovtoktl ainj^i^craTo, how he had always taken good care that they should live in plenty, then revealing to them, tovtoicti i^yrja-d/Mevot, all about the

movable stone in the wall

his

good care of them

all

men knew

therefore

dcprjy-;

the contrivance of a

movable stone was a See therefore i^vT-

secret
also

known to him alone Mem. 4 7, 6, Anaxagoras


:

took pride in the thought that he could explain, i^yelaOat, the mechanism of the heavens as things

known
158.

to himself alone.
'

ATTo^aiveiv, to show, declare something that

already exists, as one's settled opinion, ^wfirjv (Hdt. ifc(f)aivetv, to reveal 1 40), one's property, ovaiav
: ;

what was hidden,

as truth concealed before (Hdt. 1

92
117)
5
:

The Greek Prepositions.


;

also

<yv(oiJi7)v,

if it

means a bidden purpose (Hdt.


law to the
jury, airo^ai-

3G).

Ttie jndge declares the


vet

rov vofiov

eKcfiaivei

kept
it.

the jury rridke


secret
till

known

their verdict,

by the order of the court


is

they reveal
of right.

The judge

responsible to a higher

court, the jury are responsible only to their

own

sense

See Cyri. Inst. 1


;

2, dt Se

yepalrepoL ukoxj-

aavre^ eKKpivova-Lv
est court

and

the elders,

having heard the

case, give their decision /

the elders formed the high-

there was no review, nor appeal.


off,

159. 'ETTt, on, and airo,

seem far enough apart


as to in-

when used

alone

but in composition the compound


'ATroStSoi^at, linhihbvai
^

words are drawn together sometimes so near


vite comparison.
iirLTeXelv,
;

cvKOTeKuv,
it

and

others.

ATroSiBovai,,

to Jpay,

dis-

charges an indebtedness, and leaves the parties free, omo, of each other.
160.
sides."

On

iinStSovat the Lex. says


is

"

To

give be-

This

wrong

it is

aside

from the natural

suggestion of the preposition, and demonstrably wrong judged by the examples referred to. II. 23 559, ec
:

fjL

Ke\vei<; ocKodev

dWo

Etiyu.7/X eiTLBovvai

reXecr-

0-6).

If

thou requirest

me

to give to

Eumehis some

other thing out of my house, that will do. Here, from the story, there is no place for the idea of hesides
',

besides

what?

Not
It

the mare, for that was

reserved to be quarreled over afterward

by Antilo-

chus and Menelaus.

was a case of compromise.

'Atto ayid

'E in Compositioti.

93
hesides the

He

was

to give to

Eumelus not sometliing

mare, but instead of the mare.


thing else
;

He

did give some-

Eumelus accepted the substitute, and was The mare was left, without a word more satisfied. said, to be disposed of between Antilochus and Menelaus. The admirable translation by Lang, Leaf, and
Myers, has followed the Lexicon, and therein missed What then does iiriZovvat mean, if eVt does a point.
not suggest the idea hesides, in addition to
to give
?

It

means

for your satisfaction, on the basis of your Eumelus had claims. This is not said in claims. the text, but it is in every reader's mind eVt refers
;

to those claims,
alive.

and thus keeps the pulse of thought


force of eVt
if
.

161.

The same
593,

is

again seen in eVat-

T?;Veta9, v.

same book;

for your claims


. .

you
its

should demand,

el iTrairt^aeLa^.

This word, and

mistranslation in the Lexicon, has already been re-

marked upon
addition

in a note in Sec. 96.

It is respectfully
strictly hesides,

submitted that eVt never means

in

to ; that to translate it so is

always a con-

cession to English phraseology (see Sec. 91).

162. 'ATTOTeXelv, to complete a thing, so that

it

is

thought of by

136) ; thus, in the matter of a religious vow, one indispensable step is to


itself (see Sec.

make the vow at this stage it is incomplete on him who made it. When the man fulfills
;

it

hangs

his

vow,

so that he

is

free

from

it (aTro),

his act

is

expressed

by

aTTOTeXeiv.

'EmreXelv, to

fulfill

an order or com-

94

The Greek Prepositions.


;

mand

from a

whole thing, but a command completed thing, but the satisfaction of the person commanding. Hdt. 1 115, All the other boys did according to my orders, ra i-Triracra-o/Meva iirereXeov. Thuc. 1 70,
to complete not a
superior.

The

result is not a

The Athenians
\ecrat epyw,

are quick to

put in

execution, iirtre-

whatever they purpose. demand back what has been taken from one, to demand pay (Anab. 1 2, 11). The soldiers demanded their pay, aitryrovv tov /jbiadov. The
163. 'ATratreiv, to
:

this demand is expressed by aTroSiBovai. " wrong, as we have 'ETratretf (Lex.), " to ask besides

answer to
seen.
It

means

to

ask on (eVt) the ground or basis of


;

something that justifies the asking also (Lex. again), "to beg as a mendicant" (Soph. O. C. 1364). Here the ingenuous student, meditating on this word of three syllables, may be tempted to ask Where does the " mendicant " come in and what does eVt hon'Evrt refers to something not spoken, estly mean? but sure to be in the hearer's mind, if he is awake, and thus keeps the thought alive. In the line from Soph. eVt means (to thought) on the hasis of his rags.
:

To make

exact office of

us think of the asker's beggarly guise iiri here, and the whole of it.

is

the

It is

just because the speaker

his imagination that

had that beggar's guise in he put in eVt hoping that with

that help

164.

we should It may be

get

it

into our imaginations.


:

asked

Is it quite necessary to

dwell so long and minutely on small words?

Per-

'Atto

and
reply
all,

'E/c in

Cotnposition.

95

haps

we might
we

It is
if

not quite necessary to


it, it

study Greek at
fair that

but

we do study

is

but

take pains and patience enough to under-

stand
all

it.

If

we cannot
;

translate well into English

Greek contains, let us admire what we cannot imitate and rejoice that we have in our hands
that the

a recorded language in

our

own
165.

many respects so superior to many respects, not at all superior.' Mem. 2 1, If you wish to be beloved hy
in
:

friends^ viro

(})l\cov;

any
rich

city, vtto

TLvo<i

from

flocks,
is

which any thing


city, in

you wish to be honored hy and if you aim to get airo ^oaKr^iidrmv. That under acts on that thing by gravitation
if

TroXeto?

friends, in loving, act as naturally as stones fall


;

so a

bestowing honor but flocks, in making their owner rich, do not act he is made rich from them

(aTTo),

not by them

(inro).

'

As

a single instance, the discriminations marked by shall and

will,

with their tenses, have disciplined and served the thought of

English-speaking people, in regions


entei-ed.

where the Greek mind never

96

The Greek Prepositions.

CHAPTER
et?

XIY.
eV.

AND

166. 'Et9,

e9,

into^ iv, in.

eV?) carryThese two in in the suggestion as same the to a wide extent and motion into, posimeanings of Latin, in its two

prepositions (originally one

tion

iti.

'Et9 always governs the Accusative, iv al-

ways the Dative. The opposite notion is expressed and oict, into by eV These contrasted notions and out of are linked together, each to its opposite, by a necessity of our thought. We may as well try to think of North without a South, of action without

reaction, as try to think one of these notions without

the other. the other


is
;

Each
each
is

is

significant only in the light of

valid to thought because the other

In these dythere ready to verify it if need be. namics contrast is not less fruitful of suggestion than One thought is ever analogy, and is nearer at hand. divides two border lands line that the along busy

and written language is the note-book of the survey. Every line we draw that includes something, does at the same exclude everything else. Every assertion made, in thought or words, is a denial of its opposite.

The Preposition the names of all things


167.
out, carrying,

eV?, i7ito,

may be used

before

that are

It suggests the crossing of this

by

necessity,

bounded in space. boundary from withthe idea of motion before

*Efc9

and

*Ey.

97

the crossing, and, generally, of


crossing.

room for motion after The boundary m'ay not be actual, but at
it

the

moment

must be

real in

our thought.

We

look

into space I space has no boundaries; but we think a boundary, and so justify ourselves in using the

phrase.

All things have their boundaries


life is

bounded so are our powers, and opportunities, our hopes and fears ; everything, in short, may be thought of under this limitation and, wherever this is done, the name of the thing, with ia before it, forms a rational phrase in the language and the
;

time

is

bounded,

student will usually have the satisfaction of seeing


168.

it.

But

let

us not go too

far.

Let us not make


see our way,

our analysis and deduction our taskmasters rather


than our helpers
let
;

and,

when we cannot

us accept the limitation of our ability, and


toil

make

the

of

memory supply
to give back
its

the lack of insight.


use,

An

old coin,

worn smooth by ages of


cold.

may be made,

by heating,

original figures, invisible

when
when

it is

Greek phrase, it was first struck in the mind's mint. We know, indeed, or may know, if we will think, why KaO' ev means one by one / and that ava, with ev standing after it, means nothing at all. They are not in the dictionary because they serve no possible hu-

But we cannot always restore an old and make it give back its exact impress

man
end

thought.
is

provided

In tr^nng to think it, we find that the for, and declared at the start which

98
sliows that ava

TJie

Greek Prepositions.

But is impertinent and out of place. through what diiierent lines of thought the military phrases e'i? Tea<japa<i, and iirl Teaaapa<i, come to mean
the same thing,
result will not perhaps
is not so clear and the reward the labor of inquiring. 169. The notion most naturally accompanying that

four

deep,

of id (into),

is

that of
(this is
is

room

to

move

in after the
is it

entrance
true,

is

made

not declared, nor

always

but the thought

natural, partly as a continu;

ance of the motion of entrance) but with iv, on the contrary, there is no suggestion of motion, and the
naturally accompanying notion
is

that of confinement

These accompanying notions will have their part to play in helping to the meanings of the word. 'Etti' rivc iivat, and ev rivt ecvai, each denotes dependence but the latter a dependence more entire and absolute as the connection in space denoted by ev is closer and more fixed than that suggested by Cyrus the younger was depenchnt on Ms elder eVt. this was a brother, rjv eVi tw a8eA,^&) Trpea-^vrepcp human relation, temporal and external but for what is more intimate, the divine with the human (see [New
and fixedness.
;

Testament, John lY
that they

23),

/ in

them,

and

thoxi

in me,
dvroL'i,

may

he

made

perfect in one, iyo) ev


h<i ev.

Kol

aij iv ifxol, iva oicrt

rereKea^evoi

170.

pressed

The inroad into a country by an army is exby the noun iia^o\^ iv with the same verbal
;

root gives the

noun e'/i^SoXeu?, a plug or stojyper. These examples show with what tenacity the primary

'Et5

and

'Ev.

99

suggestion of the prepositions in space clings to the

compounds and

their

derivatives

the

first

of

the

above examples suggesting room for motion after The second denotes a position fixed and entering.

immovable.
"With this discrimination in mind,
for differences in the

we find a reason Greek which we cannot well

express in an English translation.


scribing an

We

find, in de-

army arrayed
and
tTrt

for battle, Iv

tm

eiKovvfxo),

on

the left,

tov evcovu/xov, on the leftj


the translation.

and

perhaps

we cannot improve

We must

not on that account suppose the two forms are interchangeable.

Let us take a narrative where both


:

phrases occur (Anab. 1


re Kol TO

8),

eV Se

tw

evcovvixw Apialo'i

aXko ^ap^apiKov, and on

the

left

were

Ariaeiis
there

and

the other Ijarharian forces.

Again, and

left of the enemy, koI twv TroXeixlwv. Observe, these horsemen on the extreme left were a movable body they might be sent here or there as the turns of the battle should require but Ariaeus and his barbarian force were an integral part of the line of battle fixed there, for his removal would have changed the whole plan of the battle. On eVt see 55, on iv

were horsemen on the


eVl tov evcovvfiov

rjaav

iTTTret?

see 169.

171. TVe have seen, in comparing


e'i?,

et?

and

eV,

that

suggestive directly of motion,

is

suggestive, secrestraint

ondarily of room, of freedom to

move without

or obstacle

eV,

on the contrary, denoting position


100

The Greek Prepositions.

merely, makes us think of something as confined, held


fast

possibly
it.

in contact or in conflict with that

which

confines

172. In studying the following

and

eV,

we

shall find distinctions of

compounds of et? meaning which


:

they owe to these primary suggestions. Hdt. 1 17, 'E/A/SaXTieij/, el<j^aX\eiv.

He

sent in

an invading army, iae/3a\ o-rpaTc/p. After entering they had room to march round and ravage
which they
did.
to

The

other Greeks hegan

hack water, uveKpovovro


;

(note in passing the force of ava)

but an Athenian
vrfi

captain starting forth attacked a

shijp,

i/ji/SdWet

(Hdt. 8
conflict.

81).

Here was impact,


object of ela^aXkeiv
it is in,

arrest of motion,

173.

The

is

something that
the

can act after


situation.

and ek helps
poison

fit

word

to the
eV

To throw

into

the wells,

ra

^peara,

is

ela^aXKeiv, for the poison diffuses itself


:

and

acts after it is in (Thuc. 2


i7ito

48)

but to throw
i/M^dWeiv

grain

the mange?',

eh

ttjv (jidrvrjv, is
it is in.

the grain does not act after

The

objects of

ifi^dWeiv are
relation
;

lifeless things, or creatures in a passive


i7ito the

i/LL^dWetv riva irovrcp, to throw one


'E/z^SoX,^,

sea, to perish.

as a nautical terai, is the

driving the beak of a ship against the side of the

enemy's ship, where she can make no resistance but an attack, prow to prow, is irpoa^dkr), for the ship attacked can respond to the attack.
;

'E9

and

'Ev.

101

174:.

^E/jb^i^d^Lv,

but

e/i/9-,

passive

ela^c^d^eLv, to put on board where the object of the verb is inert, or placed on board simply to be carried etcr/3-,
;

where the object of the verb


as seamen, to

is

sent on board to act


;

man

the ship

soldiers, to fight
;

oflScers,

to

command

those on board

iv suggesting confine:

ment, and ek a sjDhere for action. Anab. 5 3, 1, They put on hoards ive^l^aaav, the sick, and those over forty years of age, and children and women, and the baggage; and sending on hoard, ela^L^daavTe^;,
Philesius and Sophaenetus directed them to take charge

of

these, tovtoov

cKekevov iirifieXeiadai.
iv

1T5.

Some compounds with


meaning
a
different

and

e/c

are appar-

ently so nearly alike in


distinctly

that

while yet they are


is

comparison of them
e/cS^^Xo?.

called for at this place.


latter, 6/^877X09,

"EvSiyXo? and

by name
is

means

clearly perceived,

The but not known


from what
it is

distinct in form, color, or action,


it
;

around

evSr]Xo<;
it

perception;

is

means more than

clearly

known through

clearly perceived,

known by name. A dark speck is clearly seen in the sky it is not known at once what it is it is e/c^T^Xo?.
; ;

After a little study the observer becomes sure what it is, and can give it a name ; then it is evBr]\o^. It
has, to the observer's
iv,

mind, found its home in a class, and has taken its name before this it was only something coming out of, iK, the blank air to sight, without a name. 176. II. 5:2, To Diomedes Athene gave might
;


102

; ;

The Greek

Prepositions.

and courage, that he might be conspicuous, KBr}\o<;, all the Argives. It was designed that he should draw all eyes from others to himself, by his This is a manifest superiority to them in action. situation that calls for e/cST^Xo?. I^ow, what situation would call for evBr]Xo<i ? Diomedes himself may serve

among

our turn, with a

little

preparation

let

him come

forth

on the plain amid the other Argives, and the Trojans far off see him coming he draws all eyes to himself, such might and courage does he show they do not know who he is he is eKSr]\o<; but after a little, from his horses, his armor, or something seen more clearly as he comes near, they see who he is then he
;

is evSrjTw^.

I look out of
brilliant

my window
;

and so peculiar that

it

from every other poppy it is is only that, for I do not know


wlien I shall learn
it

and see a poppy so draws my eye away e/cS?7\o9, and to me it


its

specific

name
marks,

its

name through

its specific

will be vSr]\o<;.

Soph. Antis. 405, ap' evSrjXa koX

aa(f)fj

Xeyco

Do

speak

it

clear

and plain /

evhrjXa, so that

you not

only hear

my

voice distinct

among

other sounds

which would be eKSrjXa but you know what I mean. 1Y7. Thuc. 4 132, To give some clear toTcen of steadfastness on the Athenian side, evBrjXov ri TroteLV
:

To2<s 'A6r]vaioi<i

^^ai6Tr}To<i iripi.

Observe, the

first

word makes

a call at the start for something definite


;

in the conclusion

the last words answer this call

'Ew ayid

'Ez^,

103
last

K8rj\o<; would scatter the thought, and leave the words without any business in the phrase.

178.

A light appears in the evening in


;

the eastern
artifi-

horizon

it
;

may be

a rising star,

it

may be an

and no more, as long as that doubt remains. After a little, something which the observer sees makes it certain which of the two posthen it becomes e[ji<^avr}<i, for it has sible things it is a name. 'Ei/ and e'/c serve our thought just as clearly here as they serve our senses when, on seeing somecial light
it is
e'/c^ai//^'?,
;

thing shining in a colorless heap,


the heap, and finding
it

we

take

it

out of
in a

to

be a jewel, put

it

box.
179.

Ta

iK(j)avT],

figures in alto-rilievo (Plato

Con-

viv.), that is, figures clearly seen because standing Could the out, ifc, from the surface of the stone. propYery figures ? word iii^avYj be used on these

erly,

as soon as

they are interpreted

not
;

before

the eV looking forward to the meaning

e looking

back to the plane surface out


sprung.

from which

the figures

180. Let the stone bearing these figures have been found among ruins, and so corroded by time and chance that it cannot be told at once what the They figures mean, or what creatures they represent. eK^avrj are still eK^avr), as on the day they were cut and no more. Now, let some gifted genius discover what the figures are, and what the whole means, and

they arc

i/ju^avrj.

104
II.
:

The Greek Prepositions.

4 468, " Where his side was uncovered of his buckler as he bowed him down " uncovered^ i^e;

(jiadvdr).

181. Plat. Theact. 206,


ificjiav)] TTOiec

d.,

'O \6709

Tr]v

hdvoiav

Bed

(f)(ov7]<;

fierd pTjfidTcov re koI ovofidTOJv,

discourse makes plain our thought hy

means of vocal sounds with words and phrases. Sounds of an unknown language can be no more than iK(j)avel<i to him

who

hears.

For a comparison of
Sec. 150).

eKBeiKvvvai with uttoS (see

182. ^EKBetKPvi/ai, to

show

to the senses, so that

the

object

is

perceived that was not perceived before;


it

the act communicates no knowledge, the senses.


1021).

only serves

Show
sole

The

me, e'/cS- (Oed. Col. object of the showing is that the


his children to
;

speaker

ivBeLKvvvat, to show to the see them mind something more than is seen, as tlie name, character, or action.
II.

may

19

83, UrjXelSr} ijoov ivBei^ofuii,

my better show myself to hitherto he has misunme, know mind, that he may " man whom the I point Do you see derstood me. " " his name show you and / will I see him. out f

/ will

Pelides ; will show

title."

The

first

verb

is

e/cS-,

the second

is

evB-\ iv

puts the object in a category to the person addressed,


in

which it was not before. Cyri. Inst. 1 6, You be able to use more persuasive words in just the degree that you can show yourself, ivBeLKvva-dai, able the preposition to do them good, or do them harm
:

will

'Et9

and

'El/.

105

h) places the object in the class of able ones

able

to

do harm. 183. The meanings of these two compounds seem nearly the same to undertake^ take in hand ^ but
to

do good or

there

is

a difference not to be overlooked.


is

This
take

difference

suggested by the prepositions.

To

a thing in hand, i'^')(eipelv, taken can be grasped and handled is under control.* The hand is the superior, the thing the inferior, that
implies that the thing so

may

be

moved by

it,

and may be held in


is

its

grasp.

With

hrt,')(eLpelv

the picture

different

here

it is

the

hand that is pictured as movable, and the thing on which it is put is thought of as stationary whether it is really movable or not is just the question to be determined in the act expressed by eVt^ei/oety. It is for just this kind of human experience, where living force comes against obstacles whose power of resist;

ance, or character in other respects,

is

not yet deter-

mined, that
in

calls for
its part.

such a verb as

iirix^cpelv to

come

and play
184.
if

We

will

now examine some

examples, and

see

they confirm the deductions from the original

meanings of the prepositions.


The Lexicon strangely says iyxeip^'ii', to put one's hand in a thing. The thing is taken in hand into the hand order to manage and control it, and not the hand put into the thing.
'

This mistakes the figure.


in

This

last,

whether

it

be

fire,

or earth, or water, or a trap, into which

one puts his hand,

is

not the

way

to affect the thing, but to affect the

hand

itself.

106

The Greek Prepositions.

make a worthy must he undertaken, The proposed work was in the writer's iyX^eipTjriov. line no one was more competent, therefore he could do it the work was in his hand. Plato Apol. Soc, / must attempt, Athenians, in the little time I have, to remove the bad opinion you have had of me so long m^ust endeavor, ein'XGip'qTeov his hand was upon something that it might be beyond his strength to remove, Mem. 2 3, To win over my friend to care for my affairs when I should be away from home, I would endeavor to take an interest in his affairs when he should be absent would endeavor to take an inXen. Ages. 1
:

1, It is

not easy to
it

record of his praise, but yet

terest, i'y')(eipoLr]v iTTiixeXeladac

this

he could certainly

do, hence ev

is

the right preposition

it

makes the

word

suit the fact.

Thuc. 2

3,

They

resolved that

made, iin'xeiprjTea it might not succeed, therefore iiri. In general we may say iy^eipeiv is concerned in individual matters iirc-xeipelv with wider and more important interests. This is in conformity with the primary suggestions of iv and eVl respectively and the instances found in reading conthe attempt should he
; ;

finn the distinction.


irapd
(xe livat,

Plat. Prol. 310,


to thee

C,

^Kve)(^eipr}cra

I tried to come
;

a thing naturally

within the actor's power

any defeat or hindrance would come not from the nature of the case, but from some accidental cause hence i'iX'Hdt. 2 158, Necos was the first who tried, eVe')(eipr)(7e, for a canal leading into the Red sea which
;
:

'Efc9

and

"Ei/.

107
Sicopv^ev.
its

Darius the Persian afterwards dug through,

This was a large undertaking, carrying in


the possibility of failure
;

nature

hence

eVt;^-.
is

185. Tvy')(^dvecv, to hit, but as hitting

in a degree
to Tiaiypen

a matter of chance, the words


as

come
is

to

mean

by chance

e'inrv'y)(aveLv, to fall ujpon, Tneet

with

the relation suggested by eVt


sarily

transient, not neces-

making

a change in either of the things brought


is

together; with ivTvy)(avcv the relation


strike into a thing is

closer; to

more than
:

to strike

The

crocodile coining upon, ivTvyoav, the bated

upon it. hook

it down. Hdt. 2 TO. Cyrus used often to send to his friends half emptied jars of wine, when

swallows

he had some of the


a long time

best,

saying that had not

now

for

come
:

across, i'inrv-)(pi, sweeter

wine than

this. Anab. 1 9, 25, The crocodile must needs swallow the bated hook with Cyrus drinking up the wine, or even taking possession of it, was a matter for
;

his discretion

therefore ivTvyx^dveiv

iTrtTvyx^dvetv.
coffin

When

digging

/ came
:

upon, iTreTvxov, a
68).

seven cubits long (Hdt. 1

change in the
as to cut in

coffin or

the

The act led to no finder. The chariots had


across,

scythes underneath, pointing toward the ground, so

two whatever they might came

orw

ivTiry^dvotev.

108

TJie

Greek Prepositions.

CHAPTEK XY.
Trept

AND

virkp.

186.

Ile/jl,

around., about, concerning;

irrrep,

over,

above, for, in behalf of.

superiority

These prepositions alike express some form of the first in overcoming distance, the second in overcoming gravitation. They alike take after them an object in the Geni-

tive, suggestive

usually of a causal relation in the


;

object of the preposition

as iirei^ofievoL irepX
:

vLKT]<i,

pressing on for victory (II. 23 437) ; the desire for victory called forth the effort eKKvjBKTTav virep twv
;

^L(f)c!)v,

to

leap over the swords

the danger of the feat


:

stimulated to the endeavor (Xen. Conviv, 2


187. These
in the

11).

two prepositions
;

alike take an object

Accusative
aa-rv

Achilles pursued

city., irepl

(II.

22

173).

"was not the pursuer's aim.

him around the To go round the city 16,' The spear-point II. 5
:

it was not the have the spear pass over the shoulder. We may say then, that to go around a lake to survey it, would require that the object of irepl be in the Genitive to go around it as the necessary way of getting forward in one's journey would put the object in the Accusative to throw a stone over a tree by successful effort would put the object of vwep in the Genitive

passed over the shoulder, virlp wfiov

aim

to

Uepl and
a bird flying over

'Tirip.

109

tree

would put the object in the


Trept

Accusative.
188.

We

here come to a distinction;

may

take an object in the Dative case, virep never; and


this difference arises

from the original difference in


Tlie thing

these prepositions as designations of space.

which is around another may be so attached to it as to have a fixed position, and this invites the use of the Dative as a ring around the finger, irepl SaKTvXqy, a bracelet around the wrist, Trepl %etpi, the coat of
;

mail about the iody,


of attachment.
189.

Trepl oTrjOeaaiv.

In these cases

the whole of the thing surrounded furnishes a surface

With

vTrkp,

however, the case

is different.

The

situation over, above, presents to the imagination


;

no ]3oint of attachment it is thought of as the momentary result of passing from one side to the other there is no halting, therefore no fixedness, therefore no opportunity for the Dative. If that which is over is thought of as resting on, and so as fixed, virep is
discharged, yielding
therefore, that virep
its

place to eVt.

The

reason,

is

not followed by the Dative


experience does not
j)re-

case

is

that ordinary

human

sent the situation that calls for that collocation.

190.

The study

of examples containing these pre-

positions reveals also another distinction, traceable to

the original meanings of these prepositions as designations of space.

To be around
at the

a thing

is

a situation
as soldiers

which many may hold

same time,

110

The Greek Prepositions,


city ; to deliberate ahout 'public
;

drawn up around a

affairs ; such expressions invite tlie use of irepl to figlit for one's hearth and home, as if one

but

were

standing over them to defend them, invites the use of vTrkp so too, when one acts in behalf of another,
;

making that other's case his own. Demos, adv. Phil. 1, The war was begun with the j^rpose to chastise
Philip,
it
is

Trepl

rov

TtfJicopj]a-aadai ^'CKLiTirov

the end of
his hands,

an endeavor
jXT]

to save ourselves

from

virep Tov

work
last
virep.

in

KaKm. The first was a which any who pleased might engage the
iraOelv avTov<;
;

was

fitting for the

Athenians alone
irepl

hence
rwv

"jrepl,

To speak

about our affairs,

irpa^fid-

Tcov

a thing which any citizen might do, each one ; bringing his contribution to the discussion.

To

offer sacrifice

for

the city, virep

Tr}<i

'7roXeco<;

(Mem. 2, 13), an act in behalf of others, restricted were first approved as worthy to perwho to those
2
:

form

it.

the truth concerning the affair, irepl tov is 7rpdyfxaTo<; (Hdt. 1 117), this is the one thing that

This

is

true of the
191.
86|^7;9,
fjL6pov<;

many that may be said. They are not making war


1)
;

for glory, irepl

nor for a part of %w/9a9 (Demos. Olyn.

their oioi territory, virep

fighting for glory

was an open own land was not; it was standing over their own hearth no discussion here could be in place. Cyri.
;

question; fighting in defense of their

Instit.

3,

They

will not cease talking about us,

Tlepl

and

'TTrip.

Ill

Since you are silent I will rjixcav. speak for you and for o^orselves^ virep crov koX virep in behalf of, as standing over to protect or vfiSiv defend.
BtaXeyofievoL irepl
;

Anab. 7

4, 10,

for for
give
sity

this one, virep rovrov.

Would jou even be willing to die You must fight with me


first

hiin, irepl rovhe [lot Sia/jbd-)(^ea6ac, for I will not

him up.
one
;

In the

phrase the actor


it is

is

of neces-

in the second,

necessarily
is

more than

one

the object of
192. JIoiv is
it

the preposition
;

not thought as

belonging to either of the actors


not be used.
that

therefore virep could

I hear
:

this

of

thee ? ri tovto

aKovco irepl aov

(Luke 16

2).

The

accusations were

brought to the master respecting his steward; but (II. 6 52-1) that on your account I hear shameful reproaches from the Ti'ojans, '66' virep akBev ata-'xe aKovw irpo'i Tpoooov. Hector was the head of the house therefore the shameful things, dia-'x^ea, were
:

uttered against Hector himself for not controlling his

cowardly younger brother. It is an appeal not to Paris's bravery and patriotism, but to his family pride,

and regard to his brother irpo<i Tpoocov, not by hearsay from the Trojans, but face to face, as they stood before him, and uttered their reproaches.*
;
' The translation by Lang, Leaf, and Myers, is as follows " That hear shameful words concerning thee in the Trojans' mouths, who for thy sake endure much toil." The one offered above is quite differ:

ent in the picture

it

presents, and seems

commended by

several con-

112

The Greek Prepositions.

CHAPTER
Trept

XYI.
composition.

AND

uTrep

193. In some compounds with irep\ and in many with vTrep, the preposition simply intensifies the meaning of the simple word KoKof;, heautiful / Trept/caWr;?, very beautiful j fieya<i, great, vTripfjueya';, immensely
;

great.

noun
yond

These are called Adverbial uses


object of the prepositions

because the
It

is

not named.

may however
(Trept)

be restored
;

irepiKaXkrj'i, beautiful

be-

others

virepfie'ya'i,

great

above

(yirep)

others.

In most compounds of
ing
is

Trepl

and

vTrep,

the mean-

too plain to invite or justify the citation of

examples.
194.

An

apparent contradiction
irepioiBa

is

found

in the

meanings of irepiopdv and


siderations
;

words

usually

it

"concerning thee"

preserves the natural and strict use of bnep, while is the translation of vepl, not of inrip; it is in

consonance with the kindly temper of Hector toward his younger brother; it harmonizes with the patriarchal feeling, making Hector
the head of the family

responsible for
it

all its

members

it

spares the

Bclf-love of Paris, since

does not present Hector as telling him the

bad things the Trojans were saying about him (Hector takes all this upon himself) it is more winning, making the appeal not to Paris's
;

love of country, but to his love of family

it

presents a picture all


cares, yet

pulsating with

life

the chieftain weighted with public


irphs

warm

in his family affections, and mediating between his family

and his

people.

For the meaning of

with the Gen., see Sec. 84.

Tlepl

and

'Tirep in Composition.

113

classed

together as having the same


is

siguification.

sometimes used with the meaning to look around and not see to disregard, take no note of as if the sight went round the object so as to avoid it in other cases the preposition is used intensively, as if the seer saw more than another would see in a like case. Hdt. 1 89, If, therefore, thou shalt permit, rrrepuSrj';, this plundering. II. 10 247, Since he excels in taking note, iirel ireploLhe vorjaat. Od. IT 317, I^or on the track he teas keen heyond others, Hdt. 3 65, I charge you not to txveac yap irepcySr]. permit, /mtj irepuhetv, the sovereignty to come round again to the Medes. Od. 3 241, Since he is knowing heyond others, irepioLhe aXkcov. 195. Our English words look and see with the preposition over play the same double game with us. "We should think certainly, from Etymology, that the business of an overseer was to make oversight the very things he ought not to do. So, too, a man, in looking over an account ought not to overlook a single item in it. In either language such verbal contradictions may remind us how meager the resources of language are compared with the ever-varying shajDes and turns of thought which it has to serve. 196. Ueptfiiveiv (Hdt. 7 58), They had been ordered to wait for his coming, irepnikvew the time of his coming was uncertain, and what they were to do afterward was uncertain compare avayikvuv and Kara-

The word

114
fxkveiv.

The Greek Prepositions.


Hdt. 4
:

89,

Treptfieveiv,

to

wait for some-

thing uncertain, as to the time of the arrival, or the result of it not as stated in the Lexicon, like simple
;

fiivco.

197. It
fjbiveiv

may be

well to bring Trepifiiveiv and ava-

into a stricter comparison by examining a pass:

age in which they both occur (Anab. 5 1, 4 and 5). The Greeks, having made their way through the

mountains to Trapezus, and rested there, are dehberathow to complete their return home. They wish to go by sea, if possible. Chirisophus speaks " Anaxiing
:

bius

is

a friend of mine, and

is

now

admiral.

will send

me, I think I

shall obtain ships

ports sufficient to carry

you home.

Now

If you and transdo you, if

you wish to return by sea, remain here


I shall return,

{Trept/Mevere)

and that will not be long." Heartill ing this the soldiers rejoiced, and voted that he sail After so much had been settled as quick as possible. Xenophon addresses them: "Chirisophus is sent to obtain ships, and we are going to wait for his return I will now tell you what I think we {dvafievovfjuev). Observe, the ought to be doing while we wait." They situation is changed when Xenophon speaks. have resolved to go by sea, and instructed Chirisophus In every mind the thought is that to make all haste. their course home is settled, and that they shall soon
be on their way.
just as TrepLfxivecu

The
was

situation calls for avajxiveiv,


fitted

for the waiting

when

everything was in doubt.

Are

Prepositions hiterchangeablc ?

115

CHAPTEK

XYII.

AKE PEEPOSmONS mXEECHANGEABLE ?


198.

Can

prepositions be interchanged without a


?

change of meaning

A respectable
dm,
Tr]v

this question in the afirmative.

examples adduced in proof.


as interchangeable are

author answers Let us examine the The prepositions given


'

eV, vrepi, also

eVt and

h<i.

Hdt. 6
Iwvlrjv

86,

'Am

irdaav

*EXXa8a, iv he koX

irepX

T7]<i arj<i

StKaioavvi]<i fjv \6yo<i ttoXXo?.

Through

of Greece^ and 'particularly in and about Ionia, there was much talk of thy honesty. Observe, the speaker was an Ionian he was therefore well acall the rest
;

quainted with matters in


try
;

and about

that small coun-

but when he speaks of

all the rest

of course means as far as he

knew

either by travel
He
his

of Greece, he

or through the reports of others.

This mental qualicould not

fication lies in the nature of the case.

know

all

the rest of Greece as he

knew

own

little

have just the situation that invites the use of ava. The picture is complete the other prepositions eV, irepi trip like nimble servitors each to his place. Nothing can be interchanged, or even changed. 199. Again, from Demos. T^9 hrX rrjv ^ArrcKrjv
country Ionia.
;

We

oBov KOI

T)]<;

et?

UeXoTrovvrjaov

Kvpi,o<;

yeyovev,

He

has

'

Jclf., vol.

ii,

p.

317, Oxf.

116
'become master

The Greek Prepositions. of the road


to Attica.,

and of
:

that into

Peloponnesus.

eh rrjv 'ArrLKr)v, for the country had boundaries, and space within those boundaries but this was not the picture It was a Httle tract, with one in the speaker's mind. great prize to invite the aggressor, and Phihp was its implacable foe. !Now, what preposition is called for,
;

We

might, indeed, say

when

the speaker would say that Philip

is

master of

the road to Attica?


the preposition

Demosthenes was not such a

lazy public functionary as to shape his phrase with

ure of Philip's hostility to


eirl.

His mind kindled with the pictAthens, and so he employs on the other hand, had a territory Peloponnesus,
et?.

more than ten times by

as large as Attica, contained seven

states, of diverse policies

and aims, and was entered

a long, narrow isthmus

a kind of neck to a capa;

cious bottle.

as for eVt there


states

Here everything invites the use of ek was no combination among the seven forming such a political unit as would admit

its use.

fall

may seem that in the English phrase to on the knees, which is sometimes expressed in Greek by eVl and sometimes by et?, these preposi200. It

tions are interchangeable.

But

this is not quite clear.

When
and

one

falls

on

his knees in submission or sup;

plication, the preposition is itrl


falls

when he stumbles
This
last situation

on

his knees,

it

is

et?.

calls for instant action for relief,

or recovery; and
eifl

we have

seen that eh suits this situation, and

does

^Afi(f)i,

On Both

Sides

of,

Around, About.

117

not, for the stumbler does not fall

on

his knees to

do

something there
position.

his instant call


is

is

to get out of the

The

petitioner

on

his knees to

do some-

thing while remaining there


for eVt.

situation that calls

201.

To

say that Prepositions cannot ever be in;

but before adducing examples in proof of a possible interchange the critic should see well that he understands the
Greek, not through an English translation of
it,

terchanged would be a very rash statement

but
is

by imagining the
pressiou,
;

situation that called for the exfeels its force.

and in that way

There
life

of no other path every sentence has a breathing its own and not until one feels its pulse can he
;

criticise

it.

CHAPTER
a/i<^4,

XYIII.

ON BOTH

sroES or, ajround, about.

202. This preposition has a claim to stand beside


7re/3t,

both for

its

general resemblance, and for


Originally
it

its

specific difference.

means on hoth

sides

of ; and is called for in speech about living creatures, which have right and left sides, right and left feet, This original meaning is so near eyes, and so forth. to Trept that in many cases it seems to stand for it ol dficfn sep^ea ol Trepl TOP IlelcravSpov (Thuc. 8 65)
:

; ;

118
(Hdt. 8 25)
:

The Greek Prepositions.


;

of numbers, ol afKJn
:

ra'i

ScoSeKa fivpidha<i
:

(Thuc. 1 54). In other instances the distinction between dfMcjil and ol/co? dfi(f)i6vpo<;, a house with a door irepl is plain
(Cyri. Inst. 1
2,

15)

irepi eiSSofnjKovra

on both sides, that is, in front and rear (Soph. Ph. 159) such a word as irepidvpo^i has no use, and therefore no place in the language dfj,(f)L0a\^^, of children, happy in having both parents alive (II. 22 496). It is plain that, if a definite number is thought of as a point reached by counting, a number somewhere near that, more or less, would invite the use of d/xcju, and not 7rpl, to express it, for the act of counting is naturally thought of as proceding in a line, as when one counts balls on a rod, or beads on a string. Any variation from a number so thought of must be either less or more along that line. This is the picture presented
;
:

in ol
'Trepl

d/jL(f)l

Ta<i

SdoBeKa fivpidBai;, quoted above.

But
with
pre-

is

also used in expressions of

number,
Trepl

as
is

i/38ofjbi]Kovra,

just above

and possibly

fered to

d/xcfn

here as suiting better the picture in the


;

writer's imagination

for Thucydides
less,

was thinking of
in the sea-fight

the seventy ships, more or

sunken

the vn.de waste of water, and the scattered and sink-

ing ships presented a picture where


of place, as
line,
it

irepl

was not out


in a
dfj,(})l

would be

in thinking of
this

number
be,

or on a string.

However
Trepl

may

suits the

mental picture, as
{d/ji(f)l

would

not, in noting

the time

dyopdv TrXtjdovaav) when the messenger

arrived at full speed to announce the approach of the

Upo, Before, In Front

of.

119
So, too, a/i0t

enemy.

Time

is

thought of as a

line.
II.

strictly suits the mental picture in

70, Set ye

me

and Menelaus to fight/br Helen, dfi(f)l 'EXevrj. There were but two claimants, and one way or the opposite,
as if along the

same

line,

the prize must go.

In

many

cases our search does not disclose a disa/jL(f>l

tinction in use between

and

TrepL

But the

original designations in space are not the less distinct


Trepl
is

the servitor of the dimensions, length, and

breadth, dfKJA of only one, the line.

CHAPTER
Trpo,

XIX.

BEFORE, IN FRONT OF.

203. Upo, before, as walls, forts, and defenders are


hefore the city
;

to

go

forth,

tt/jo, is

to

go

as

champion,

or defender

the point of view

is

the place from which

he goes

and the relation is, usually, that of acting in ; behalf of another, taking his part, meeting danger
II.

for him.

10

286, ore Trpo 'A^^atwi/ dyyeXo'i

rjet,

when he went as messenger in hehalfofthe Achaians. Of Hector we read (II. 2i 215), He stood forth hefore {irpo) the Trojan men and fair women, nor
:

thought of fear nor flight rrpo, forth as champion. 204. II. 17 665, Tlien from Patroclus went Menelaus, sore loth, for he exceedingly feared lest the
;
:

120

The Greek Prepositions.


irpo ^o^oio,

Achaians in disheartening fear., ap'yaXkov should leave him a prey to his foes 7rp6,
;

as if driven

forth

by

fear.^

205.

The

prepositions

irpb

and

virep

have one

broad mark in common.


speech to the fact that
rationally

They

are alike witnesses in

man

has in

him the power


his fellowloss,
:

and freely
toil

to

deny himself for


to his

man

can

for

him

own

can

suffer,

endure, and die for him.


the king.

Cyri. Inst. 8

8, 4, StuKiv-

hvvevetv Trpb ^aaiXico^, to incur

danger in hehalf of
willing to
;

Hdt. Y

134,

Would any one be

die
:

for Sparta^

ivpo r/}? ^iraprt]^

airoOvrjaKeLv

also

T 172, to perish for your defense,


Bat,.

Trpb vp,S)v airoXkathese, irpo

Soph. O. T. 10, to speak in hehalf of


<f)(ovelv.

rSyvhe

CHAPTER XX.
avv AND
fierd.

206. %vv, with, along with

/xerd,

among,

in

com-

mon
'

with.

These two prepositions, when considered together,


The Lexicon seems
to accept as authority the Scholiast,
<l>6pos in

who

says

"

flight, Lat. fuffa,

the only sense of


;

Homer "

but 11.9:2 dis-

proves this dictum

<pv(a <p6fiov KpvSevros tralpri,


;

headlong rout, com-

panion of chilling fear


for the inward feeling
is

in this passage /ear, <p60oi, is the expression

of this feeling flight, <pvCa,


it,

its

outward
cause.

sign,

the attendant, going with

as the effect goes with

its

Xvv and Mera.


throw light on each and their difference.
ToiaSe,
is

121
their likeness

other, both

from

Od. 9

2S6, I vnih these, avv

escaped destruction.

The

association

here

and purely incidental to the act of making their escape. Od. 10 320, Now go to the stj, lie there with the rest of thy company, fier aXKxov Here the association is the emphatic thing. iraipcov. Anab. 1 9, 2, For first when yet a boy, and receiving his training with his brother and with the other l)oys, crvv tw ahek^w koX avv Tot<; dX\x)c<i iraial, he was reckoned far superior to them all. Here the associatransient
: :

tion expressed

by

aiiv is incidental,
is

subservient to the

comparison, which

the main point.

Od. 16
is

140,

He
;

used to eat and drink with serv-

ants, jxera Sfjimcov, in the house.

Here the

association

not incidental

it is

the essential point.

where there is associamust be participation in something those who sit together at table must participate in the common fare those who travel together must participate
207. In every case, indeed,
tion, there
; ;

in the hardships of the way.


<rvv usually

The

use of /xera or of
is

determines whether this participation


not only act
^o^th,
crvv,

the leading idea conveyed.


208.

Men
;

their fellows,

but with their own endowments and qualities (Od. 24 193) a wife with great virtue, avv fx,eyd\7} aperfj with their equipment, crvv vrjt Oofi (II. 1 389) with
: : ;

the instrument, avv aKriTrrpw

(II.

42)

commission that empowers them to

act,

with their and with the


;

122

The Greek Prepositions.


good or bad.
there

results of their action,

There

is

nothing
dis-

necessarily co-ordinate or like, as in the things brought

together by /iera.
parity
;

Here

may

be the widest

men may

act (jvv

tw

dew, with God,

his guidance, with his help.

With

fxera,

under however,

the things or persons brought together are so far of a


sort that

thing.
II.

We
:

they are capable of participation in somehave instanced sleep, food, and drink.

24

400,

With

the others

cast lots,

rwv

fiera

7raW6fj,evo<i, that is, participating in

the chances and


Phil.),

danger,

glory of the service (Soph.


^covroyv,

when
they

Achilles was, /xeTa


their lot
(II.

with living men

shared

13

700), //.era ^oioaroiv ifid')(ovTO,

were fighting with the Boeotians among them, on their side, sharing their chances of the battle. Finally

we

read in Plat. Phaed. of the soul of the good

man

puritied

from passions

so as forever after truly

with God, [xera OeSiv Bidyovaa, in the language of the New Testament, to become partaker of the divine nature. We see how widely this differs from
to live

the idea expressed by


steps

a-vv

rolf Oeoh,

and by what

we have come
to

to the discrimination.

209. After verbs of

motion

fiera

means

to

go

among,
ence
tion.
;

go for, or after, so as to secure one's presfinally, to go after without any added implicaII.

370, "EX/ce yaer ^A^alov^, he


the

was dragging
1, 'K.vpov f^era-

him in among

Achaians.

Anab. 1

ire^eTai, he sends

for Cyrus.

210. In composition fiera often denotes change

Ata,
as [xeTa^dXKjetv, to
V06LV, to

Through, Across.

123

throw into a different state, fjuerachange onis mind. This is not unnatural. With the idea among in the mind, action suggests The men relative change as its necessary condition.
themselves,

on a chess-board travel much but, as it is all among it is brought about only by a change of
;

relative position.

The compounds with avu do not


consideration.

invite special

CHAPTER XXL
8ta,

THROUGH, ACROSS.
is

211.

The

object of this preposition

thought of

as an obstacle, to be crossed, passed through, or sur-

mounted,

as a gate-way, a river, a forest, a

mountain
of itself

chain, or even a level plain, for distance

is

an obstacle.
to side, not "

Ata means primarily through from side


as stated in

from one end to the other," The most interesting thing the Lexicon.
this obstructive space is

in crossing
it,

the getting through

and
hel-

beyond

it.

The

spear inflicted a

wound

hia 6ci)paKo<i,

through the

hi'east-plate, hia kvv67}<;,

through the

met ; it did not begin to fulfill the warrior's aim till The passing quite through it had past clean through. was a prerequisite, or previous condition for doing its

124
proper work.
tive case.

The Greek

Prepositioiis.

Here opens
:

a wide field for the Geni-

212. Cjri. Inst. 1


their

4,

The

others

all

had Cyrus on

tongues,

Bia

aT6/j,aTo<;.

picturesque

than this

amount

to

much

till

it

The Greek is more English a name does not it must come out is spoken
;

through {Sia) the door of the lips. This last phrase of Old English fully equals the Greek, which literally means through and out of, the Genitive denoting the point of departure the -pomt fro7n which. Again,

when they
that
is,

see each other, Sia y^povov, after

tifne,

temporary separation, the time of the separation being passed through I will come after a the time being passed through. ti77ie, Sia %pwou heard a noise passing through the He Anab. 1 8, 16, It passed quite through the rd^ewv. ranks, Sta twv
after a
;

ranks, otherwise he

would not have heard


:

it.

The

Gen. with hia denotes the agent. Hdt. 1 69, Croesus announced this through messengers, Bi dyyeXcov. By
analogy with the above,
it

denotes means, definite

measure, singly or in succession, of space, number, quantity, all flowing hy analogy from the primary

meaning

of hia, through ; as ov Bia f^aKpov, in no lo7ig time, hi oKvyov, after a short time / Be eviavrov, after

a year, yearly; to do an act Bt

opyi)'?,

through anger,
;

anger the inciting cause preceding the act if it be objected that the anger was not all passed when the
external act took place,
it

can be said in reply, that

enough had passed

to lead to the

outward

act,

and

Ala,
that
is

Through, Across.

125

all

that concerns the speaker, or the hearer

hoping that Sicily would be conquered, hC avrov, through him as the instrument, or agent (Thuc. 6:15). Aes. Fro. 281, w? fidOrjre Sea reXou? to ttuv, that you may learn the whole to the very end; the Greek 8ta is picturesque beyond the power of the English TeXovi, through the end, to the end and beyond. 213. Hdt. 9 13, Mardonius refrained from ravag;
:

ing Attica, iXirl^MV Bta


o-(f)ia'i,

7ravTo<;

rov y^povov

o/jLoiXoy^creiv

hojping all the while that the

Athenians would
hia iramd'i, etc.,

come

to

an agreement; the phrase


is,

ineans through all the time, that

through

all

the

periods successively of this time of doubt about the

Athenians, and the endeavor to win and hold them


to the Persian side.

plunder and destroy

Mardonius did not begin to all that time was expired. The first act of destroying was after the last moment of waiting and expectation hence the Genitive case is a necessity, it gives a true copy of what is in the mind. 214r. Of the two limits of the thing crossed, the hither and the farther limit, we have treated the farther one as the more emphatic because the extill
; ;

perience at that point


ence.

is

the

more important
mountain

experi-

Any
it

through

may begin

one

may

enter a forest wishing to go


to cross a

may go
it.

so far, at least, in crossing a river as to get into

But things that require no effort to do, and which amount to nothing when done, do not furnish much

126

The Greek Prepositions.

material for speech.

Without dwelling, then, on the

remains to consider the space intervening between the two limits of the thing crossed or passed over. And, first, we observe that this innearer limit,
it

tervening space

oflEers

to the imagination

no fixed
is

point or place of rest.

Therefore, as the Dative

the proper case to

mark

fixed position in space, there

seems to be no chance for the Dative case to come in and play its part after the preposition hia and so, in the fact agrees with our anticfact, we never find it
; ;

ipations,

and both conform to the nature of the case. Grammarians did not decide this question, but nature and spontaneous thought settled it before grammarians were born.
215.

The

single point left, then, for consideration,

is

the

passage through the intervening space ; what


;

what and along that passage that appeals to the imagination, and so is worthy of mention ? If there was anything of this sort in the speaker's mind, he would show that fact by putting the object of hia
characterized that passage, in itself considered

happened

in

in the Accusative case

for that

is

the case naturally

expressive of distance passed over.


hici

This brings us to

with the Accusative.


21G. In examining hia with the Accusative,

we

are

met

at the outset with the statement in the Lex.

" Ata of Place, only in Poets, the same sense as hia w. Gen." Before accepting so discouraging a statement,
let

us examine the passages adduced in proof.

II.


Ata, Through, Across.

127
aTeLprj<i.

247, e^ Se hia inv^a'^ rpSe Sat^cov 'yaXKO<i


six folds

And through

yielding spear.

What
;

went cleaving its way the undid it do then ? It stopped


;

hut in the seventh fold of hide it stuck, iv rfi S' it did not get clean through at ^ldTr] pivw (Tx^To
of course
it

e/SSoall

did not accomplish anything after getting


it

through, which

must have done in order

to justify

the use of the genitive (see the foregoing examples.) But, though the spear did not go through, it did a
it drove its way through the bronze and through six folds of hide. The mighty force of the throw was expended in the space between the front and the back of the shield and the

great

work

plate,

poet suits the word to the fact by putting the object


of hta in the Accusative case.
217. Second example (Ik 11
:

112-119), describing

the hind fleeing before the lion

who

has devoured her


koX

fawns, she speeds away in terror,


vXrjv,

^lo, Bpv/j,a irvicva

The through the thick copjpice and woods. picture shows us what took place within the limits
of the forest, not of an escape through and
it,

beyond
fits

for there was no escape.

The
II.

accusative

the

word

to the thought; the genitive

would have de-

stroyed the picture.

So in

23

122, in felling the

trees for Patroclus's funeral pyre, and dragging them,

through the thick underwood ; the interest of the action centers on what is going on within the woods. Od. 9 400, The Cyclops dwelt about him in the caves, St' aKpia^ rjveiJ,oeaaa<i, cdong
hia
pco7rr]'ia

TrvKva,


128
the

The Greek Prepositions.

windy
picture.

heights.

The
:

genitive here would give us

no

218. Cyri. Inst. 1

6,

By

reason of those pious

observances of yours, hid ye eKelva^ Ta<i iTn/xeXeia^;, you will approach the gods more hopefully when you
are going to pray; that
is,

the consciousness of his

pious conduct is like an atmosphere of hope about him as he goes to offer his prayers. Od. 8 520, He
:

fieydOv^ov 'A6r]vr]v.

conquered hy grace of Athene The goddess

the great-hearted, hia


is

thought of as a surrounding, or accompanying presence, " covering his head in the day of battle." Cyri. Inst. 1 5, Those
:

fond of praise are won by commendation, and /or this reason, hid tovto, they readily undergo all toil and all Their fondness of praise is a permanent danger. quality, or atmosphere, if you please, in which they
always move, whereas Bid tovtov would mean hy

means of this giving the picture of something transient, as means to an end. 219. The idea of two suggested by hd is not always the hither and farther side of a thing struck
through or pierced, as
a breast-plate
;

when

a spear pierces through

be the right and left portions of something struck through with a cleaving blow as when one with an axe cuts in two, BiaKoirrei., the
it

may

bar of a door, or gate (Anab. 7 other of these forms of thought


;

One or the 1, IT). may be looked for in

words compounded with Bid BiayyeXXeiv, to announce, distinguished from dirayyiWeiv, as from man to man
;

; ;

Ata,

Through, Across.

129

which announces something of known and felt imfrom 'Trapa'yyeKKeiv, to announce bj auportance thority, while i^cuyyeXXeLv is to annoimce a secret; TrpocrayyeXketv, to announce in expectation of a re;

sponse.

Lucian Di. De. 9 Poseidon. Could I have a short interview with


:

Zeus,

Hermes ? Heemes. Quite impossible Poseidon. I^ut at least announce me


;

to

him^

6/j,a)<;

irpocrdyyeikov avTu>

in

modem

phrase, take

up

my

name, or card, to him. This act of announcement looks for a response, and Trpo? attaches itself to the
verb to mark that
fact.

220. Alpeiv, to take, seize, gain for one's self


SuiLpeiv, to strike assunder, to separate into

two

parts.

KeXeveiv, to urge, incite,

command
;

StaKeXeveadat, to

Ae^^eo-incite, man by man. 6m, to receive, take, accept SiaB)(^(T6ai, to receive and pass on to another, as men standing in a line may receive and pass along buckets of water to extinguish

encourage each other, to

fire

as hunters

with fresh horses keep up the pur;

suit of

an animal

dvaSi'^ea-dai,,

KaTaBe')(eadaL (see

Sec. 30).

221. AiuKpiveiv, to discriminate between two. Luc.

Di. De. 26, iyo) ovk av BiaKpivai/xt avTov<;,

I could not

discriminate hetween them ^


Pollux.
Aiar/ivco(TKLv,

i.

e.,

between Castor and

same

Dial., XIw? Sta/yivoi)aKet<i,

apart f

one from, the other how do you know them Atacpevyetv, to escape by fleeing through
to
tell

130
dangers
;

The Greek Prepositions.


the thoiiglit often
left,
is

of a succession of dan-

gers on the right and

through which the fugitive

makes

his escape.

222. diuax^ipelv, to do, or take in hand, one's part

where two are acting, as to take an oar to match one who rows on the other side of the boat. Cyrus, Inst. 1, when a boy, would try to do a man's vjorJc, StaXeipoiT] TO, dvBp6<;, i. e., on seeing what a man did, he would be emulous to match him, and do the same. 'E7ri%et/oety means something like this, but the difference is clear. To try to walk fifty miles in a attempt in which one may fail is iirL-xeipelv an day walking by his side, with another, keep up to try to

is Sta^etjoety.

Note, Sec. 103.

A collection
beside

of individual things

may be formed by

bringing them

each other horizontally

relation in space suggested

by

to,

near

to,

beside ; Gr. Trpbs, Lat. aJ, in its


If,

primary suggestion of horiis

zontal motion.

however, the collection

thought of as

if

made by
e'lrJ

heaping the things on each other, the preposition in Gr. would be

each thing resting


we
near
to, beside, i7i
;

on what was there before as

its basis.

If

now
/o,

translate this spatial relation into English

by any of the terms


different

addition

to,

the words do not conform strictly to the

mental picture
thought.
It

wc use a
With

locution

drawn from a

form of
find,
is

may be

the most convenient, and the best


rrphs

wc can
come

but

it

is

not exact.

each particular of the collection


;

merely brought into nearness to others

the particulars

into

no

new

relation but this, in the process

and they lose nothing of their

Ala,
severalty by
it.

TJirough, Across.
The

131
particulars of

With

ewl the case is different.

the accumulated mass lose, to the imagination, something of their


severalty by the fact that they are

of a

new

whole.
is

They are

also in a

made contributary to the formation new relation, for each particular


by
ewl does not properly carry the

of the pile

now

either a supporter of others, or is supported

them.

Hence the statement that


besides, in addition to.

meaning

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