Cold Facts 2011-Fall

The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Fall 2011 Volume 27 Number 4

Inside this Issue
Sustaining Members
Listed/Spotlights 3; 23, 29, 38, 39, 43
Barrons Design for
Thermal Stress in
VJ Lines, Part 1 4
McIntoshs Cryogenic
Concepts 13
Radebaughs Cryo Frontiers 14
MT22 17
Visit to CERN 18
EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC 20
Tevatron Shutdown 22
Defining Cryogenics 24
Education for Cryogenics,
Part 2 26
Masons Space Cryogenics 28
People, Companies in
Cryogenics 48
Calendar 49
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ACME Cryogenics, Inc.
Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc.
Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.
Advanced Research Systems, Inc.
Air Liquide DTA
American Magnetics, Inc.
AMSC
Amuneal Manufacturing Corp.
Argonne National Laboratory
Austin Scientific, an Oxford Instruments
Company
Barber-Nichols, Inc.
Brooks Automation, Inc.
Vacuum Products Division
Brkert Fluid Control Systems
Butane Procurement & Engineering
Services Company
CAD Cut, Inc.
CCH Equipment Company
Cameron Valves and Measurement
Chart Inc.
Circor CryogenicsCPC Cryolab
Clark Industries, Inc.
Coax Co., Ltd.
Cool Pair Plus Corporation
Cryo Industries of America
Cryo Technologies
Cryocourses.com*
Cryoconnect
Div. of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd.
Cryofab, Inc.
Cryogenic Control Systems, Inc.
Cryogenic Industries, Inc.
Cryogenic Institute of New England
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation
Cryoguard Corporation
Cryomagnetics, Inc.
Cryomech, Inc.
Cryotech International, Division of Chart
Industries
CryoWorks, Inc.
CryoZone BV
DeMaCo Holland BV
DH Industries
DH Industries USA, Inc.
DLH Industries, Inc. (Cryocomp)
DMP CryoSystems, Inc.
Eden Cryogenics, LLC
Empire Magnetics
Everson Tesla, Inc.
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Fin Tube Products, Inc.
Flexure Engineering
Gardner Cryogenics
Genesis Magnet Services, LLC
Hypres, Inc.
ICEoxford Limited
Independence Cryogenic Engineering,
LLC
INOXCVA
Instant Systems, Inc.
International Cryogenics, Inc.
Janis Research Co., Inc.
Kelvin International Corporation
Kelvin Technology, Inc.
L-3 Communications Cincinnati
Electronics
L & S Cryogenics, Inc.
Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.
Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde
Process Plants, Inc.
Lockheed Martin Santa Barbara
Focalplane
Lydall Performance Materials
MadgeTech Inc.
Master Bond
MMR Technologies, Inc.
MEWASA North America, Inc.*
Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.
Midwest Cryogenics
Molecular Products, Inc.
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test
Laboratory
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
National Superconducting Cyclotron
LaboratoryMichigan State University
Nexans Deutschland GmbH
Niowave, Inc.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oxford Superconducting Technology
PHPK Technologies
Philtec, Inc.
Phytron, Inc.
Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc.
Pump Pros, Inc.
Quality Cryogenics of Atlanta, LLC
RUAG Space GmbH
Ratermann Manufacturing, Inc.
Redstone Aerospace*
RegO CryoFlow Products
Scientific Instruments, Inc.
Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd.
Sierra Lobo, Inc.
Spaulding Composites Inc.
Spearlab, Inc.
Stepan Company
Stirling Cryogenics BV
Stirling Cryogenics India Pvt. Ltd.
Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America,
Inc.
Sunpower, Inc.
Superconductor Technologies Inc.
SuperPower Inc.
TRIUMF
Technifab Products, Inc.
Technology Applications, Inc.
Temati
Tempshield Cryo-Protection
Thermax, Inc.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility
Ulvac Technologies, Inc.
Valcor Scientific*
WEKA AG
Wessington Cryogenics, Ltd.
* New member since last issue
4 FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 www.cryogenicsociety.org
Design for Thermal Stresses in VJ Lines: Part 1
(Continued on page 6)
Part 1. Differential Thermal Contrac-
tion
What are thermal stresses?
Thermal stresses are stresses that result
when a material experiences temperature
changes in the presence of constraints [1].
Thermal stresses are actually mechanical
stresses resulting from forces caused by the
material trying to expand or contract when it
is constrained.
Without constraints, there would be no
thermal stresses. From a design standpoint,
we may alleviate thermal stresses by elimi-
nating or reducing the constraints. In many
cases, the thermal stresses are not affected by
increasing the cross-sectional area for the
part.
The two types of constraints, as far as
thermal stresses are concerned, are (a) exter-
nal constraints and (b) internal constraints.
External constraints are restraints on the
entire system that prevent overall contrac-
tion or expansion when the system tempera-
ture is changed. For example, if a cryogenic
fluid transfer line were rigidly anchored at
both ends and the line were cooled down,
this would be an external constraint, because
the pipe cannot move axially. If the pipe
were allowed to move overall, but the upper
part of the pipe were warmer than the lower
part during cooldown, this would be an
internal constraint, because the upper and
lower portions of the pipe are not free to
move independently. We will consider the
design of VJ lines in the presence of both
types of constraints.
VJ Lines
A typical vacuum-jacketed (VJ) cryo-
genic fluid transfer line consists of an inner
line or product line, which operates at cryo-
genic temperatures, and an outer line or vac-
uum jacket, which operates at ambient tem-
perature, as shown in Fig. 1. This tempera-
ture difference can cause thermal stresses in
the lines due to the differential thermal con-
traction between the inner and outer line.
The expansion bellows in the outer line is
usually provided to reduce the thermal
stresses.
Unless special considerations make it
necessary to use an inner-line bellows, it is
good design practice to put the flexible bel-
lows in the outer line for several reasons.
First, if a leak develops in the corrugations of
the bellows, the leak can be repaired more
conveniently, because the outer-line bellows
is more accessible. Second, an inner-line bel-
lows would cause additional pressure drop
for the flowing fluid, because of the higher
friction factor for the bellows in comparison
with the smooth inner line.
If the ends of the line are anchored, ther-
mal stresses may result as the inner line is
cooled from ambient to its operating cryo-
genic temperature. Also, if the inner line is
not completely filled with liquid phase, the
upper portion of a horizontal line may
become warmer than the lower portion,
which is exposed to the liquid phase. In this
case, thermal stresses may result in bowing
of the inner line. These two effects will be
discussed in subsequent parts of this paper.
ASME Code Design
C r y o g e n i c
fluid transfer lines
are generally sized
according to the
ASME Code for
Pressure Piping,
B31.3 for Process
Piping [2], because
of proven safety
characteristics of
the Code. The inner
line is designed to
withstand the pres-
sure of the process
cryogenic liquid,
and the minimum
inner line wall thickness is determined from:
(1.1)
where:
p = internal design pressure (absolute pres-
sure for VJ lines)
D
0
= pipe outside diameter
S
a
= allowable stress
e
w
= weld efficiency, e
w
= 1 for seamless pipe
The ASME Code specifies the value of
the allowable stress. The allowable stress S
a
is the smaller value of: (a) one-third of the
minimum ultimate tensile strength S
u
at
ambient temperature, or (b) two-thirds of the
minimum yield strength S
y
at ambient tem-
perature.
Although the ultimate and yield
strengths for metals are greater at cryogenic
temperatures than at ambient temperature,
the ASME Code does not allow the utilization
of this additional strength, because the pipe
could be pressurized while the line is at
ambient temperature.
The outer line (vacuum jacket) is sized
using a graphical technique in the Code;
however, most transfer lines are long enough
that the tube buckling or collapsing relation-
ship for a long cylinder [3] may be used.
(1.2)
where:
v = Poissons ratio
p
cr
= critical or collapsing pressure, p
cr
= 4
p
atm
E = Youngs modulus at ambient tempera-
ture
Design for Differential Thermal
Contraction
The ASME Code does not provide specif-
ic expressions for thermal stresses; however,
the allowable stress, including thermal
stresses, according to the Code, is:
(1.3)
by Dr. Randall F. Barron, Professor Emeritus, Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, rbarron@bayou.com
Figure 1. Schematic of a typical vacuum-jacketed (VJ) cryogenic fluid
transfer line section.
5
Cold Facts Editorial Board
Randall Barron, ret. Louisiana Tech University;
Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC;
Robert Fagaly, Quasar Federal Systems;
Brian Hands, ret. Oxford University;
Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames;
Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab;
Glen McIntosh;
John Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder;
Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, ret. University of Southampton;
Nils Tellier, Robertson-Bryan, Inc.
FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 www.cryogenicsociety.org
Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published five times per year in
the Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall and a December Buyers Guide
by the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Contents 2011 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to
keep the information contained in this maga-
zine accurate, the information is not guaran-
teed and no responsibility is assumed for
errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant the
accuracy, completeness, timeliness or mer-
chantability or fitness for a particular purpose
of the information contained herein, nor does
CSA in any way endorse the individuals and
companies described in the magazine or the
products and services they may provide.
Cold Facts Magazine
Executive Editor
LAURIE HUGET
Editor
THERESA BOEHL
Advertising Coordinator
SHAWNYA ROBINSON
CSA Board of Technical Directors
Chairman
JOHN WEISEND II
FRIB Michigan State University
517/908-7743
President
JOHN URBIN
Linde Cryogenics, A Division of Linde Process
Plants, Inc. | 918/477-1341
Past President
LOUIS J. SALERNO
NASA Ames Research Center | 650/604-3189
Treasurer
MELORA LARSON
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
818/354-8751
Secretary
EDWARD BONNEMA
Meyer Tool & Mfg. | 708/425-9080
Executive Director
LAURIE HUGET
Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708/383-6220x222
Registered Agent
WERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.
FABIO CASAGRANDE
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
MICHAEL COFFEY, Cryomagnetics, Inc.
LANCE COOLEY, Fermi Natl. Accelerator Lab
JAMES FESMIRE
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test Laboratory
VINCENT GRILLO, Cryofab, Inc.
JOHN PFOTENHAUER
University of Wisconsin-Madison
WILLIAM SOYARS, Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory
Steven Van Sciver, FSU
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
SIDNEY YUAN, THE AEROSPACE CORP.
AL ZELLER, FRIB, MSU
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
SUSAN BREON, NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
From the Executive Director
September was a time
of travel. We attended
EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC in
The Hague, The Nether-
lands. A weeklong celebra-
tion of the discovery of
superconductivity, this Cen-
tennial Conference attracted
1100 attendees. We also
attended three special evening sessions on cry-
ocoolers, medical applications and commer-
cialization of SC. We moved on from The
Netherlands to Geneva where we had a full-
day tour of CERN, most hospitably hosted by
Dr. Laurent Tavian and Dr. Johan Bremer of the
Cryogenics Group, CERN Technology
Department. It was an amazing day!
You'll see articles and photos from these
two events in this issue of Cold Facts.
Test your knowledge of cryogenic tech-
nology! Take the monthly Kryo Kwiz by Dr.
Glen McIntosh. So far we've had great
response to this new feature of our monthly e-
newsletter, CryoChronicle. Winners of the first
two are from Oak Ridge National Laboratory:
Dr. Bill Schwenterly and Dr. Jonathan Demko.
They each received a stick drive containing all
of McIntosh's "Cryogenic Concepts" columns
from Cold Facts. To receive the CryoChronicle,
you must subscribe. You can do so at www.
cryochronicle.com. The questions and answers
will be posted online at www.cryogenicsoc
iety.org/resources/kryo_kwiz/.
Don't miss out: Nominations deadline for
the Roger W. Boom Award is December 1.
Details were given in the Summer Cold Facts
and can be seen online at www.cryogenicsoc
iety.org/about_csa/awards/.
CSA has received a $1000 donation from
the Boom Family Trust toward the award; the
trust will also fund an upgrade of the award
plaque to incorporate a likeness of Dr. Boom.
Two of the Excellence awards have been
generously funded by our benefactors. Linde
has donated $10,000 toward the George T.
Mulholland Award for Excellence in Cryogenic
Engineering. Lou Salerno has given $10,000
and Atlas Scientific $1000 toward the
Excellence in Cryogenic Research Award.
Funds are being solicited for the Excellence in
Cryogenic Operations and Support Award. If
you or your company have an interest in fund-
ing this or any other award, please contact John
Pfotenhauer, Awards Committee Chair,
pfot@engr.wisc.edu.
Registration will be open in mid-
November for the July 9, 2012, Fundamentals
of Cryocoolers Short Course to be taught by
Drs. Ray Radebaugh and Phil Spoor just before
ICC17, at the Sheraton Universal Hotel,
Universal City, California. The ICC17 will be
held July 9-12. Chairman is Jeff Raab of
Northrup Grumman. The CSA Short Course
has been updated to help prepare ICC17 atten-
dees with the latest information to make the
most of the conference. Conference registration
is now open at www.cryocooler.org.
CSA is now providing a regular column in
gasworldmagazine. The first submission was a
rundown of summer cryo meetings including
CEC, SRF11 and the 2011 Space Cryogenics
Workshop. The next column will highlight our
visit to CERN and the coincident shutdown of
the Fermilab Tevatron.
Be on the lookout for major changes to the
CSA website, www.cryogenicsociety.org, and
the online Buyer's Guide. A lot of effort has
been put into a total overhaul of the product
and services categories to make this feature
more useful to those seeking suppliers. Be sure
to notify us of any changes for your company
or lab listings in the Buyer's Guide as soon as
possible as we go to press shortly.

(Continued from page 4)
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Because the Code does not allow taking
advantage of strength improvement at cryo-
genic temperatures, the allowable stress at the
cold temperature S
a,c
is the same as the allow-
able stress at the warm ambient temperature
S
a,h
for cryogenic lines.
The axial displacement of the inner line
(subscript 1) is the sum of the axial displace-
ment due to mechanical stress and that due to
the thermal displacement.
(1.4)
Similarly, the total displacement of the
inner line (subscript 2) is:
(1.5)
The displacement of the bellows (spring
element) is:
(1.6)
where:
L
1
, L
2
= length of the outer and inner lines
E
1
, E
2
= Youngs modulus of the outer and inner
lines at the corresponding line temperature
e
t
= thermal strain parameter
1
,
2
= linear thermal expansion coefficient for
the outer and inner line material.
T
1
, T
2
= temperature of the outer and inner line
T
0
= stress-free temperature (usually ambient
temperature or the temperature at which the
lines are assembled)
k
sp
= spring constant for the bellows.
A
1
= outer line solid area; A
1
= (D
0,1
t
1
)t
1
A
2
= inner line solid area; A
2
= (D
0,1
t
2
)t
2
The thermal expansion coefficient varies
significantly in the cryogenic temperature
range [4]. Constant-temperature analysis may
be sufficiently accurate for thermal expansion
around ambient temperatures; however, the
integrated form must be used for the cryogenic
system to achieve acceptable accuracy.
The stresses in the inner and outer lines are related through an overall force bal-
ance for the line,
(1.7)
The displacement of the inner line is equal to the displacement of the outer line
plus the displacement of the bellows, L
2
= L
1
+ L
sp
. Using the previous expres-
sions in the force balance, we may obtain the following expression for the thermal
stress in the inner line.
(1.8)
where:
(1.9)
The bellows spring constant may be found from eq. 1.9, as follows.
(1.10)
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FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4
8
www.cryogenicsociety.org
Microspheres as Cryogenic Insulation: The Opacifier Investigation
Developed by
T e c h n o l o g y
Applications, Inc.
(TAI) (CSA CSM),
as a cryogenic
insulation materi-
al, micro-spheres
are hollow microscopic glass bubbles that
are light, strong, free flowing, noncorro-
sive and combine in a single material the
desirable properties that other insulations
have only individually. When used as a
cryogenic insulating material, micros-
pheres exhibit the optimal combination of
thermal performance, physical character-
istics, cost, weight, durability and low
maintenance. They are a highly efficient
insulation material in a cryogenic environ-
ment. Microspheres have been proven to
be a better alternative to current cryogenic
grade Perlite insulation and cheaper to
install and maintain than multilayer insu-
lation (MLI). In fact, NASA studies have
shown improvement of up to 51% in ther-
mal performance over Perlite and better
thermal performance than MLI at degrad-
ed vacuum levels, as shown in Figure 1.
TAI has worked with NASA regarding
microspheres as a cryogenic insulation
and holds US patent 6,858,280 for this
application. Currently, cryogenic tanks
using Perlite can suffer from compaction
caused by thermal cycling and/or vibra-
tions, resulting in costly thermal inefficien-
cies. Microspheres have a fluid-like behav-
ior that fills voids and does not compact
while in use, thus reducing boiloff and
eliminating the need to re-insulate.
Microspheres offer solutions to many
problems that affect cryogenic production,
transportation and storage with benefits
such as reduced boiloff rates, corrosion
protection and reduced maintenance costs.
Microspheres physical characteristics
allow them to be easily used as a direct
replacement for Perlite as OEM insulation
of new tanks and refurbishment of existing
tanks containing Perlite.
While there has been some investiga-
tion into the use of microspheres as a cryo-
genic insulation, little is known about the
effect of opacifiers in this application.
Candidate opacifiers were examined to
determine their potential for improving
microsphere-based system thermal per-
formance, and to determine stability of an
opacifier/microsphere mixture.
Opacifier Investigation
Candidate OpacifiersSelection of
opacifier materials was based on calculat-
ing the partial property dependence of
radiation and solid conduction for a mix-
ture of microspheres and the candidate
opacifier material. Candidate opacifiers
identified for consideration were: Mylar
flakes; double aluminized Mylar flakes;
aluminum powder; carbon black powder;
Al
2
O
3
powder; CaCO
3
powder; TiO
2
pow-
der and SiO
2
powder.
Mechanical and optical properties of
all materials were compiled and utilized to
establish predictions for relative thermal
conductivity. Based on this study, the most
promising opacifier was aluminized
Mylar. Thermal conductivity reduction of
60% was indicated at 30% opacifier mass
fraction. Other materials that showed
promise included non-aluminized Mylar
and titanium dioxide (TiO
2
). Composite
calculations for carbon black indicated no
improvement in thermal conductivity.
This is counter to test data available for
carbon black-opacified aerogel beads,
where reductions in thermal conductivity
of nearly 50% have been shown. Therefore,
carbon black was investigated further for
potential use with microspheres. Non
-aluminized Mylar was excluded from the
candidate opacifier list due to redundancy.
Metal powders were excluded due to his-
torical problems of settling, and SiO
2
was
excluded due to poor performance pre-
dicted by the above methods.
Carbon Black/Microsphere Mixing
AnalysisCarbon black was mixed with
microspheres in a glass quart jar to an
opacifier mass fraction of 20%. This mass
fraction is within the range of opacifier
effectiveness, in accordance with the ana-
lytical opacifier study. The jar was then
covered and shaken for approximately 30
seconds. This was done as a preliminary
means of evaluating initial homogeneity
and stability. The microspheres and carbon
black formed a visually homogenous mix-
ture. No layering or settling of the carbon
black was observed.
To assess the long-term settling char-
acteristics of the opacified microsphere
mixture, the sample insulation mixture
was agitated continuously on a vibration
table for 78 hours during a two-week peri-
od. At the end of the test, the appearance
of the mixture through the jar revealed no
evidence of carbon black settling. Upon
scooping into the mixture, a thin top layer
that was lighter in color was observed,
indicating that some of the carbon black
had settled out of this portion of the mix-
ture. However, this layer was on the order
of one mm thick, while the sample was
approximately 35 mm thick. No visible
layering of the mixture below 1 mm was
noted.
From these observations, it was con-
cluded that a microsphere/carbon black
Figure 1. Cryogenic Insulation Thermal Performance Comparison
A
p
p
a
r
e
n
t

T
h
e
r
m
a
l

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
m
W
/
m
-
K
)
Thermal Performance Comparison
Vacuum Pressure (millitorr)
Glass Microspheres
Perlite 9 pcf
MLI (60 layers)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1000000 100000
FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 9
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mixture is stable and that carbon black does not
readily settle at the tested opacifier mass fraction.
Because the proportion of affected microspheres is
negligible, no impact on thermal performance is
expected.
Aluminized Mylar/ Microsphere Mixing
AnalysisA -mil, double aluminized Mylar
(DAM) sheet was cut and shredded. Visual inspec-
tion found that the majority had dimensions at or
near 2 mm.
This shredded Mylar was mixed with micro-
spheres at a 20% mass fraction in a one-quart glass
jar. Although the Mylar appeared to mix evenly
throughout most of the mixture volume, a Mylar-
poor top layer of about 3 mm thickness immediately
formed, regardless of the orientation of the jar at rest.
Additional tapping on a table surface led to notice-
able microsphere migration toward the top of the
mixture. At times, these migrating microspheres
would bring Mylar shreds to the top with them, but
the overall effect was that of decreasing Mylar con-
centration at the top layer. This suggested that Mylar
pieces settle more quickly than fluidized micros-
pheres. The mixture fluidity was noticeably less than
that of plain microspheres. However, there was still
fluid motion of the mixture given enough perturba-
tion.
Due to the lower density of Mylar compared to
powder opacifiers, an alternate method of determin-
ing a reasonable amount of material to be used in a
thermal test was investigated. The amount of Mylar
film that would be equivalent to a 60-layer MLI was
calculated to be 340 ft
2
, which equated to a Mylar
mass fraction of 6.0%. The amount of film needed for
40- and 20-layer systems was also determined to
equate to 3.7% and 1.7% mass fractions, respectively.
A 6% Mylar-opacified microspheres mixture
was vibration tested simultaneously with the previ-
ously mentioned carbon black mixture. At the end of
the 78-hour vibration period, the sample composi-
tion had not visibly changed, based on the observed
distribution of Mylar flakes visible through the glass
jar. This indicates that while a thin top layer of
Mylar-poor microspheres was unavoidable, the rest
of the mixture is stable, and that Mylar pieces of this
size and thickness do not settle readily at the lower
mass fractions.
Titanium Dioxide (TiO
2
)/Microsphere Mixing
AnalysisTiO
2
was added to the microspheres in a
quart jar to a mass fraction of 20%. Upon inspection
of the TiO
2
/microsphere mixture, it was apparent
that the TiO
2
powder had not mixed evenly, even
given extra shaking. Part of the TiO
2
powder had
been in small clumps when it was added to the
microspheres, and these clumps had not broken up
completely during mixing. They were on the order of 1-2 mm in diameter,
which was not acceptable given the average microsphere diameter of 65 mm.
These relatively large TiO
2
clumps settled to the bottom of the jar as soon as
the shaking stopped due to their higher density.
When examining the TiO
2
/microsphere mixture with a microscope, it
was evident that the mixing was more complete than was apparent with the
naked eye. The TiO
2
had adhered to the microspheres so that the individual
clumps appeared to be clusters of microspheres that had stuck together.
However, the mixture was still not homogenous. The mixing resulted in a
container of unopacified microspheres together with small, microsphere-
encrusted TiO
2
clumps. Further, the majority of these clumps were at the bot-
tom of the container. In effect, while TiO
2
may make up a certain mass frac-
tion of an insulation mixture on a macroscopic level, it proved difficult to
obtain a mass fraction that was constant on a microscopic level. Vacuum
bakeout and vibration proved to be ineffective in breaking up the clumps.
Due to the mixing issue, TiO
2
was not included in vibration testing. As
an expedient, the TiO
2
was simply sifted as it was added to the microspheres
in preparation for calorimeter testing. During this process, the large clumps
did not break down, but there was enough material available in powder form
to opacify the microspheres to 30% mass fraction. While the pieces of TiO
2
had to be relatively fine in order to pass through the sifter openings, which
were approximately 1 mm x 1 mm, there was still no way to ensure that the
pieces would reduce to sub-microsphere size during the mixing process, thus
creating a more homogenous mixture and potentially maximizing the insula-
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Specialists in Cryogenic, Vacuumand Pressure Technology
On page 28 of the Summer issue of
Cold Facts, the author of Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Acquisition Device Bubble Point
Tests with High Pressure LOX at Elevated
Temperatures was incorrectly listed as
Jung et. al. It should have read, Jurns et.
al. Cold Facts regrets the error.
On page 41, in R&D Awards
Recognize Sensor, Gas Analysis
Instrument, Stanley Woodard is incorrect-
ly referred to as Stanley Wood. Cold
Facts regrets the error.
Corrections
We need your email address!
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In order to reach you, we need a valid
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tion thermal resistance. Once the TiO
2
and the microspheres were
in the mixing bag, the mixture was shaken three times as long as
the other insulation mixtures in a final attempt at homogenization.
Added Cost of OpacifiersThe cost of adding opacifiers to a
mixture of microspheres depends both on the mass fraction of
opacifier in the mixture and the amount of opacifier that is
ordered, due to bulk discount. Cost quotes for various amounts of
the three final candidate opacifiers were obtained. The approxi-
mate increase in cost of adding these opacifiers to the micro-
spheres were: Carbon black: 13%; TiO
2
: 23%; Double aluminized
Mylar: 1590%.
These estimates were for a large storage tank of the type in use
at Kennedy Space Center, so that bulk discount was taken into
account. The mass fractions of interest were 30% for carbon black
and TiO
2
, and 6% for DAM. At this point Mylar was nearly elimi-
nated from consideration due solely to cost. Only extreme effec-
tiveness as an opacifier would have justified continued considera-
tion. As is discussed in the next section, this was not the case.
Boiloff Calorimeter Testing
Data AcquisitionParameters of interest (temperatures, vac-
uum level, boiloff flow and pressure) were measured with appro-
priate instruments and the data was gathered with a LabVIEW
data acquisition program. This program read the instruments, dis-
played the data, calculated equations of interest (temperature
differences, etc.), and recorded the raw data to an electronic data
file. All reported values were calculated in an Excel spreadsheet
using the raw data.
ProceduresOpacifiers were measured and mixed with
microspheres, the mixture was loaded into the calorimeter, the
calorimeter was vibrated to compact the mixture, then the insu-
lation load was topped off. Thermal conductivity testing was
then performed. Basically, a test run consisted of: 1. Evacuation
of the test chamber to a desired vacuum level, using the vacuum
level control system as needed; 2. Filling the test and guard tanks
with LN
2
; 3. Allowing temperatures and GN
2
flow to reach equi-
librium; 4. Refilling the tanks; 5. Starting data acquisition; 6.
Continuing until the test tank or guard tanks were empty and
internal temperatures started to rise.
CalculationsThe heat conduction equation derived for the
boiloff calorimeter is:
mW/m-K
Figure 2. TAI test configuration Calorimeter and external support equipment.
MDC 20-pin
Feedthrough
MKS A900 Vacuum Gauge
Secondary
pump-out port
Filter Screens
MKS Baratron
Vacuum Gauge
Aluminum Shields
Primary
pump-out port
Guard Tank Vent
Guard Tank Fill
Test Tank Fill
Test Tank
Vent
Warming
Coil
HPS A900
Vacuum
Gauge
Vacuum
Control
Valve
Vacuum
Valve
Water
Bath
Vacuum
Pump
2 Vacuum
Pump
1
GN
2
Supply
MKS Baratron
Vacuum Gauge
Vacuum
Level
Controller
LN
2
Supply
FM
P
V1 V2
T12
T11
T10
T9
T6
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
A recent unpleasant and expensive
encounter with a commercially welded
assembly brought to mind a long ago
learning experience. We had sold a liquid
nitrogen transfer line system to a local
aerospace company. Special care was
taken in fabricating and evacuating these
lines for this high visibility customer. The
lines were made with bayonet connec-
tions for ease of installation at the users
facility. Each piece was carefully leak
checked and heated internally and exter-
nally during high vacuum pumpdown.
In due course, the lines were finished and trucked up to the cus-
tomer for installation. In a few days we got an angry call from the
customer who profanely said that the lines were no good and that
our company didnt know what it was doing. The lines were
returned and we leak checked each section with great care. No leaks
were found, so we re-evacuated each piece and assembled the entire
system on the factory floor. Then, with the customers representative
observing, we proceeded to run liquid nitrogen through the system.
Within a minute, the first section to get cold had turned white with
frost and all the rest followed suit in a few minutes. Each line had
totally lost its vacuum! There was obviously a common flaw in each
section of line.
It was discovered that the male bayonet nose adapters were all
machined from a single piece of stainless steel bar stock. Dye pene-
trant check of a remaining piece of this bar stock revealed that it had
an end to end continuous inclusion. This inclusion was absolutely
tight when warm but opened up to leak profusely when cold.
The immediate fix on the line system was to grind out all of the
nose adapters and replace them with sound material. An engineering
policy was established to prevent recurrence of this problem:
1. Do not use bar stock to machine parts for low temperature
exposure to vacuum on one side and cryogen pressure on the other.
2. If absolutely necessary to use bar stock in this kind of service,
dye penetrant check both ends of the bar stock before machining. If it
bleeds at either end, dont use it.
3. (1) and (2) apply to both aluminum and stainless steel bar
stock.
4. A safe but expensive alternative is to buy vacuum melted
material which is clean and free from inclusions.
Vacuum sidelight: A thin wall 2219 aluminum alloy spherical
tank 122 inches in diameter was fabricated by welding seven-piece
hemispheres. 100% radiography of the welds was required. The X-
rays may have picked up potentially leaky cracks but subsequent
mass spectrometer leak checking of all of the welds located a number
of leaks requiring repair. Conclusion: Radiography is not the ultimate
test of vacuum leak tightness.
FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 13 www.cryogenicsociety.org
Cryogenic Concepts
by Dr. Glen McIntosh, CEC Collins Awardee, CSA Fellow, cryogem@juno.com
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Most refrigeration processes, whether at
cryogenic temperatures or near room temper-
ature, rely on the compression of a gaseous
working fluid. Cooling occurs when the fluid
is expanded at some other location. The
vapor-compression refrigeration process was
first developed in 1834 by Perkins and is now
used in nearly all domestic refrigerators and
the majority of industrial and commercial
refrigeration systems.
Cryogenic temperatures are achieved
exclusively through the use of compression
and expansion of a gaseous working fluid.
An electron working fluid in the form of a
thermoelectric cooler comes close to achiev-
ing cryogenic temperatures (134K is the low-
est temperature achieved with eight stages),
but its efficiency is extremely low below
200K. What makes gaseous compression and
expansion the king of cryogenic refrigeration
processes? It is due primarily to the large
change in entropy during modest pressure
changes. This entropy change causes a large
adiabatic temperature change with only mod-
est pressure changes. A 10% change in pres-
sure in a monotonic gas (e.g., helium) leads to
a 4% adiabatic temperature change, which
means a 12K temperature change at 300K.
With an ideal expansion process involving a
pressure ratio of 10, helium cools to 119K and
nitrogen cools to 155K.
However, such an ideal expansion
requires a reversible expansion engine. An
irreversible Joule-Thomson expansion
(through an impedance) of nitrogen from 10
atmospheres to 1 atmosphere reduces the
temperature by only 0.6K at 300K. However,
with a pressure ratio of only 4, a mixed refrig-
erant optimized for temperatures between
150K and 300K will cool to about 270K with
no heat exchanger, and the addition of a sim-
ple heat exchanger allows the fluid to reach
150K. The large entropy and temperature
changes in liquid-vapor systems caused by
such an easily manipulated entropy handle
are unmatched in any other refrigeration sys-
tem. The entropy handle in this case is pres-
sure. Because the Joule-Thomson cycle has no
cold moving parts, it is easy to miniaturize
the cold parts. The challenge now is in the
compressor.
Refrigeration powers of only 10 to 100
mW are now becoming typical for cooling
some of the latest micro-electronic devices to
temperatures in the range of 70 to 200K.
Input powers for such refrigerators could be
less than about 1 W if high efficiency were
achieved. Existing refrigeration devices have
not kept pace with the electronic devices in
terms of miniaturization. The main bottle-
neck in the miniaturization is the compressor.
A compressor to provide a pressure ratio of at
least 4 is required either for a vapor-compres-
sion refrigerator (near ambient temperatures)
or for a Joule-Thomson refrigerator (cryo-
genic temperatures).
The smallest commercial compressors
require tens of watts of input power and are
designed for refrigeration powers of many
watts. For 10 mW of net refrigeration at 150 K,
the gross refrigeration power will be about 20
mW when using a good heat exchanger. In
that case, the ideal reversible input power to
the compressor using an optimized mixed
refrigerant at a 4:1 pressure ratio is only about
33 mW. If a miniature compressor could be
made that has a 20% isothermal efficiency,
then 165 mW of input power would be need-
ed. The piston swept volume would need to
be only about 6 mm
3
if it were running at
about 60 Hz to provide the necessary flow
rate of about 15 sccm.
The similarity between steam engines
and air compressors led to rapid develop-
ment of industrial compressors in the 19th
century. The early compressors used in min-
ing and iron foundries had pressure ratios in
the range of 3 to 7. Higher pressure ratios
were later achieved for liquefaction of gases.
The nature of their construction with several
moving parts has made compressors relative-
ly large pieces of machinery requiring many
watts of input power. In principle they could
be made smaller, just as a steam engine can be
made very small.
Several years ago I started making a
steam engine from plans in Live Steam
Magazine by James Senft [1] that uses a thim-
ble as a boiler and has a piston diameter of
only 1.6 mm. The total height is 7 mm ignor-
ing the flywheel, and the swept volume of
about 3 mm
3
is half that mentioned above for
a miniature refrigeration compressor. The
total volume ignoring the flywheel is about
0.1 cm
3
, but with the flywheel included the
volume is 0.2 cm
3
. Driving this same minia-
ture steam engine with a motor turns it into
an air compressor. A steam engine or com-
pressor of this size is made with tools typical
of a watchmaker. Material costs become neg-
ligible in such small sizes, but labor costs can
actually be higher than that of a larger com-
pressor. However, some watches, with more
moving parts than a compressor, are very
cheap. In order to significantly reduce costs, a
microcompressor would need to be made uti-
lizing the microfabrication technologies typi-
cally used in semiconductor fabrication.
Believe it or not, a steam engine with a piston
diameter of about 5 microns was developed
at Sandia National Laboratories a few years
ago using silicon chip-scale fabrication tech-
niques.
There are a fairly large number of hobby-
ist model engineers who enjoy a challenge.
Many have made very complex miniature
gasoline, steam or Stirling engines. They
often participate in informal contests to see
who can make the smallest of some type of
engine. I would like to challenge them to add
compressors to these contests. The challenge
would be to provide a pressure ratio of at
least 4, which is sufficient for useful refrigera-
tion. It would have to be sealed from the
atmosphere to use with a refrigerant. With a
flow rate of 15 sccm, a refrigeration power of
about 160 mW could be produced at 261K
using isobutane with no heat exchanger and
10 mW at 150K using a heat exchanger and an
optimized hydrocarbon mixture. Such refrig-
eration powers are large enough for some
useful electronic applications. For the profes-
sionals with access to chip-scale fabrication
equipment, the challenge would be to devel-
op such a compressor for low-cost mass pro-
duction. The availability of such a microcom-
pressor would have significant impact in the
field of refrigeration and cryogenics.
[1] James R. Senft, Thimble Power Plant,
Live Steam Magazine, October 1976, Wildwood
Publications, pp. 6-13; Steam and Stirling Engines
You Can Build, Volume 1, William C. Fitt, ed.,
Knowledge Publications (2007).
How Small Can We Make Compressors?
Cryo Frontiers
by Dr. Ray Radebaugh, NIST Boulder, 2009 CEC Collins Awardee, radebaugh@boulder.nist.gov
where:
This calculation of effective thermal
conductivity assumed: Uniform vacuum
throughout the insulation space;
Negligible heat leak from above or
below the test tank (due to the guard
tanks); Uniform temperature along the
length of the test tank; LN
2
reaches equi-
librium temperature ( ) quickly after
filling the tanks.
The test and guard tank tempera-
tures were monitored during the test,
and showed that the last three assump-
tions were valid. Vacuum level was mon-
itored at the middle pump-out port as a
backup to the vacuum level controlled at
the upper pump-out port. Each test run
was started only after the backup vacu-
um level measurement was within
1 mtorr of the control vacuum level.
Results
The average apparent thermal con-
ductivity results for the various micro-
sphere/opacifier mixtures are presented
graphically in Figure 3. These results are
based on 73 individual test runs.
Carbon BlackCarbon black
turned out to be more effective than
anticipated, resulting in about a 15%
reduction of effective thermal conductiv-
ity of microspheres at 30% mass fraction.
An additional test was performed at 40%
mass fraction to see if the trend in ther-
mal conductivity would continue.
Effective thermal conductivity was
reduced slightly, but 30% mass fraction
may be considered a practical upper
limit for carbon black, as 40% resulted in
significantly increased vacuum pump-
ing time. The point of maximum benefit
in the actual data appears to be 31-32%
mass fraction of carbon black. More test-
ing will have to be done to verify this.
Titanium Dioxide (TiO
2
)Based
on previously published results, TiO
2
was expected to be an effective opacifier.
As can be seen, mass fractions of 10%
and 20% TiO
2
in the microspheres result-
ed in an increase in thermal conductivity.
The conclusion is that TiO
2
is ineffective
as an opacifier. The theoretical predic-
tions of a microsphere/TiO
2
mixture
indicate that TiO
2
should not reduce the
overall thermal conductivity significant-
ly, that it should be an ineffective opacifi-
er. This prediction was verified within
the range of tested mass fractions.
Higher mass fractions of TiO
2
are not
practical due to the clumping issues
exhibited by TiO
2
, as mentioned earlier.
Because of this and the ineffectiveness in
reducing thermal conductivity, planned
tests at higher mass fractions were not
performed.
Double Aluminized Mylar-The
mass fractions of 2-mm-square Mylar
pieces in the microspheres tested were
3% and 6%, based on the equivalent
amount of material utilized in 40- and
60-layer MLI insulation. It was expected
that Mylar would reduce effective ther-
mal conductivity due to decreased radia-
tion heat transfer, while the low thermal
conductivity of Mylar and the thin layer
of aluminum would not contribute sig-
nificantly to the solid conduction.
To = outer shell temperature, K (mea-
sured)
= volumetric flow rate, scc/min
(measured)
= LN2 saturation temperature,
K = -0.0116P
2
+ 0.9332P + 66.134
P = Barometric pressure, mbar (from
NOAA weather station)
Figure 3. Averaged effective thermal conductivity results.
16 www.cryogenicsociety.org
Example Design
Input information. To illustrate the
principles discussed previously, let us con-
sider an example design. Suppose we want
to size a 46 in. (100150 mm) vacuum-jack-
eted transfer line for liquid oxygen service.
The pipes are seamless. The design parame-
ters are listed in Table 1.
Inner line wall thickness. The mini-
mum thickness of the inner or product line is
found from the ASME Code expression, eq.
1.1.
t = 0.00216 m = 2.16 mm (0.0850 in.)
The next larger standard pipe wall
thickness is 4-in. nom. (100 mm nom.) SCH
10 pipe, for which t
2
= 3.1 mm (0.120 in.).
The corresponding solid cross-sectional area
for the inner line is:
Outer line wall thickness. The mini-
mum thickness of the outer line or vacuum
jacket is found from eq. 1.2, using atmos-
pheric pressure as 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia).
t = 1.67 mm (0.0657 in.)
Although a SCH 5 pipe would be satis-
factory (t = 0.109 in. = 2.8 mm), let us use a 6-
in. nom. (150 mm nom.) SCH 10 pipe, for
which t
1
= 3.4 mm (0.134 in.) for the outer
line. The corresponding solid cross-sectional
area for the outer vacuum jacket is:
Required bellows spring constant.
The thermal stress will be larger in the inner
line than in the outer line, because A
1
> A
2
(see eq. 1.7). For the inner line, let us use an
allowable stress for both thermal and
mechanical (internal pressure) loading of 1.5
S
a
, so that the thermal stress in the inner line
should be limited to
2
= 0.5 S
a
= 53.8 MPa
(7800 psi).
The thermal strain parameters [5] are as
follows:
The parameter K
a
may be found from
eq. 1.8.
K
a
= 11.53
The required spring constant for the bel-
lows is found from eq. 1.10.
The maximum spring constant for the
expansion bellows is:
The displacement of the inner line due
to both mechanical and thermal loading
may be found from eq. 1.5.
The negative sign denotes a contraction
of the inner line.
The displacement of the bellows may be
found from eq. 1.6.
One commercially available 6-in. (150
mm) nom. bellows that has the required
allowable axial travel has 3 corrugations, an
allowable axial travel of 38 mm (1 in.), and
a spring constant k
sp
= 87.6 kN/m (500
lb
f
/in.). This bellows could tolerate a lateral
deflection between the ends of the bellows
of as much as 1.6 mm (1/16 in.). If greater
lateral deflection is required, 4 corrugations
could be used to allow as much as 6.4 mm (
in.) lateral deflection.
Using eqs. 1.8 and 1.9 with a spring con-
stant of 87.6 kN/m (500 lbf/in.), we find:
K
a
= 221 and 2 = 2.81 MPa ( 407 psi)
This is well below the allowable thermal
stress of 2 = 53.8 MPa (7800 psi).
Next section.The next section of this
paper addresses design for thermal stresses
arising because the inner line is anchored at
each end. The addition of a bellows in the
inner line is generally not advised, because
the line would have very little resistance to
lateral motion with bellows in both the inner
and outer lines. Also, the addition of the bel-
lows in the inner line would result in higher
pressure drop for the product liquid stream.
References
[1] Barron, R. F., and B. R. Barron, (2012). Design for
Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pg.
1.
[2] Becht, C., (2002). Process Piping, ASME Press,
New York, pg. 1.
[3] Timoskenko, S. P., and J. M. Gere, (1061). Theory
of Elastic Stability, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, pp. 474-482.
[4] Barron, R. F., (1999). Cryogenic Heat Transfer,
Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, PA, pg. 2.
[5] Corruccini, R. J., and J. J. Gniewek, (1961).
Thermal Expansion of Technical Solids at Low
Temperatures, National Bureau of Standards Monograph
29. See also R. F. Barron, (1985), Cryogenic Systems, vol. 2,
Oxford University, New York, pg. 407.
Table 1. Design parameters for the LOX VJ
line example.
From Sept-
ember 12-16, over
700 of the world's
foremost experts
in all aspects of
magnet technolo-
gy gathered in
Marseille, France, for the 22nd meeting of
the biennial Magnet Technology confer-
ence, MT-22. First established in 1965, the
Magnet Technology conference is the
worlds largest gathering dedicated specif-
ically to advancing the science and technol-
ogy of magnet applications, from the MRI
machines that allow non-invasive exami-
nation of the human body to the powerful,
high-current superconducting cables that
will contain, shape and drive the ITER
plasma. Taking place in the year that cele-
brates the 100th anniversary of supercon-
ductivity, MT-22 paid special tribute to the
50th anniversary of applied superconduc-
tivity. The ITER International Office and
the French CEA were responsible for the
organization of the meeting. Neil Mitchell
of ITER IO served as the general chair.
In parallel to the technical sessions of
the conference, a scientific and industrial
exhibition was held on site at Parc Chanot,
the conference venue, to allow the scien-
tists and engineers involved in magnet
technology research to interact with the
companies and organizations who are
responsible for building the actual hard-
ware that comprises the worlds most
sophisticated and advanced magnet sys-
tems.
A special evening was dedicated to
celebrating the 100th anniversary of super-
conductivity. Selected papers will be pub-
lished in a dedicated issue of IEEE
Transactions on Applied Superconduct-
ivity.
The IEEE Council on Supercon-
ductivity awarded three lifetime achieve-
ment awards at MT-22 to Dr. Alvin
Tollestrup, Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Dr. Yukikazu Iwasa, MIT, and
to Dr. Bernard Turck, formerly of
CEA/France. Tollestrup was recognized
for his work on the Tevatron; Iwasa was
recognized for nearly forty years of
research on the stability and design of
superconducting magnets, and Turck was
recognized for his work on Tore Supra, one
of the first toroidal superconducting mag-
nets.
Papers presented covered work on
superconducting magnets for high energy
physics and fusion energy. Many of the
papers from the HEP laboratories looked
forward to the technology of producing
dipole and quadrupole magnets that push
the limits of Nb
3
Sn superconductors.
Detailed results as well as projections of
operation of these devices were covered in
presentations from both US and European
laboratories. There were a significant num-
ber of papers on the engineering of coils for
ITER as well as results from early produc-
tion of conductor for these devices.
MT-24 will be held in July 2013 in
Boston and two years later MT-25 will be
held in Seoul, Korea.
MT-22 Conference Held in Marseille, France
A sunny day in Marseille Harbor, a typical maritime scene. Inset, the MT22 Banquet was held at the colorful and historic Convent Royal - Saint Maximin.
Another highlight of the conference was a visit to the CEA Cadarache facility and ITER. Photos courtesy Martin Nisenoff. Text courtesy Bruce Strauss, DOE.
Cold Facts Visits the Cryogenic Facilities at CERN
On September 28, we were privileged
to visit CERN, the European Organization
for Nuclear Research, in Geneva,
Switzerland. Travel to CERN from the
central city is an easy, direct tram ride. We
were greeted by Dr. Laurent Tavian,
Group Leader, Technology Department/
Cryogenics Group. He took us through
many areas of the laboratory, especially
the cryogenic and magnet areas, and
expertly explained operations to us.
CERN has about 2500 employees and
10,000 users, those who are contracted to
do research using one of the four detector
experiments: ALICE, LHC-b, ATLAS and
CMS.
It is a collaboration of 20 states, with
Romania and Israel proposed candidates
to join. There are seven observer states,
including the US and Japan.
CERN and its collaborations aim to
answer questions about the universe;
push the frontiers of technology; train the
scientists of tomorrow and bring nations
together for the advancement of science.
CERN is home to the Large Hadron
Collider, the 27-km particle accelerator
that is the worlds biggest and most pow-
erful. It accelerates two beams of protons
in opposite directions at more than 99.9%
the speed of light. The LHC brings these
counter-rotating beams to energy levels
almost an order of magnitude higher than
any other accelerator. The superconduct-
ing magnets that produce the very high
magnetic fields required to keep these
particles on their trajectory are cooled to
superfluid helium temperatures of 1.9K
with a complex cryogenic system.
At each collision, the conditions at a
thousandth of a billionth of a second after
the Big Bang, the beginning of our uni-
verse, are recreated. The collisions pro-
duce short-lived exotic particles and their
decay products, which are measured and
recorded by the particle detectors
installed in underground caverns at each
of the four interaction points. Up to 40
million collisions are expected per second.
The number of events created in a
collision is referred to as luminosity. The
goal for 2013 is to increase this number
steadily. The first collisions were at 7TeV;
when the LHC reaches full capacity they
will be at 14TeV.
The two largest experiments, ATLAS
and CMS, apply cryogenic technologies
for the superconducting tracking mag-
nets. ATLAS, in addition uses calorime-
ters with particle sensitive liquid argon
contained in cryostats for measurement of
their energy.
While we were not able to descend to
any of the underground areas, there was
plenty to be seen above ground, starting
with the CCCthe CERN Control Center.
Manned 24/7, there may be as many as 13
operators working on any shift, as well as
their assistants. There are 39 consoles,
each with three control screens and three
monitoring displays, for the LHC, the
SPS, the PS complex and the technical
infrastructure. The cryogenic monitors
report on 5000 conditions that must be
working correctly at all times. Tavian said
he is very pleased when all their lights are
green, meaning all is well, as this is his
responsibility.
We toured a facility with detailed dis-
plays and cutaways of the LHC cryogenic
system as well as the testing area for the
thousands of superconducting magnets
that were used in construction of this
enormous project. We were joined by Dr.
Luca Bottura, Magnet Group Leader, who
showed us the testing area where they can
test 15 magnets per week. During con-
struction, they tested a total of 1200 dipole
and 400 quadrupole magnets, working in
three shifts. We also saw the LHC
Left, the Magnet Testing area where the thousands of LHC magnets were tested during construction. Right, holding Cold Facts, Dr. Laurent Tavian, Group
Leader, Technology Department/Cryogenics Group, and Dr. Luca Bottura, Magnet Group Leader.
cryoplants used to supply helium for all
testing magnets. There is a 25,000 liter
helium dewar situated underground to
supply this area. Radio frequency cavities
are also tested in this facility.
The LHC can be seen as a large dis-
tributed helium system operating at a
variety of temperature levels down to
1.8K. The refrigeration plants control the
temperature levels for the whole system
at 75, 50, 20 and 4.5K, as well as the ulti-
mate temperature level produced by the
1.18K refrigeration unit providing the
superfluid helium to the cold mass con-
taining the superconducting coils. LHC
consists of eight 3.3 km-long sectors, with
access shafts to services on the surface
only at the ends of each sector. There are
five cryogenic islands, three serving
two sectors and two serving a single sec-
tor each. Each island must distribute and
recover coolant over a distance of 3.3 km
and carry kilowatts of refrigeration over
long distances with a temperature drop
from 1.9 to 1.8K less than 0.1K.
We were hosted at lunch by Dr.
Frederick Bordry, Head of the
Technology Department, and joined by
Dr. Johan Bremer, Section Leader, Cryo-
genics Laboratory and Instrumentation,
who escorted us in the afternoon. Bremer
is responsible for all detectors and their
cryogenic needs. He also operates a cryo-
genics laboratory where cutting-edge
experimental work is done.
We spent some time at ATLAS, where
a large, colorful mural outside the build-
ing depicts a schematic of the detector
operation. The actual detector is housed
in two underground caverns, 100m below
the surface. ATLAS is 46 m long and 25 m
high, one of the most elaborate particle
physics experiments ever designed, the
product of a worldwide effort by more
than 3000 scientists from 174 universities
and laboratories in 38 countries, working
closely with industry. Major components
of ATLAS are the inner detector, the
calorimeters, the muon spectrometer,
solenoidal and toroidal magnets and data
acquisition and computing. Bremer, who
has been with the experiment since its
inception, gave extremely detailed infor-
mation about the challenges that had to be
overcome in designing and constructing
ATLAS and about its present day opera-
tion.
A visit to the Cryo Lab, which was
founded in 1964 and will be physically
upgraded soon, was very interesting. It is
staffed by two engineers, two technicians,
three students and three fellows. They
work with temperatures from 50mK to
300K and have built and tested two mag-
nets for the AGIS (Advanced Gamma Ray
Imaging System) collaboration. AGIS is
an antimatter experiment seeking to veri-
fy the effect of earths acceleration on anti-
matter compared to matter. The result
could give the answers to the big question
of why is there so little antimatter in the
universe when there is so much matter.
Another very crucial project is testing
of welds of the superconducting dipole
magnet cable. Every tenth weld in the
tunnel is checked. The lab can perform
extensive testing of the resistance
between two superconducting cables very
quickly.
The lab also sponsors programs such
as Design Me a Physicist for schools.
The students predict what they think a
physicist would be like and then see for
themselves when they visit CERN and the
Cryo Lab. It opens their eyes to what
physics and physicists are really like! The
lab also puts on educational demonstra-
tions for students.
We left CERN after visiting the Visitor
Center, or the Globe of Innovation, where
ineractive displays tell the story of
t hi s mecca of sci ence expl orat i on.
Laurie Huget
Top left, in front of an aerial view of CERN, Dr. Johan Bremer, Section Leader, Cryogenics Laboratory and Instrumentation; Dr. Frederick Bordry, Head of
the CERN Technology Department, and Tavian. Below left, Bremer demonstrates the procedure for testing the LHC superconducting cables. Right, a section
of the LHC Cryoplant. Photos courtesy W.K. Huget.
Cold Facts Visits the Cryogenic Facilities at CERN
20
EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC
was held September 18-23
at the World Forum, The
Hague, The Netherlands.
This Superconductivity
Centennial Conference,
which attracted about 1100 attendees, cele-
brated 100 years of applied superconductivity
with a week of technical papers and special
events around this theme. Chairmen of the
event were Peter Kes, Kamerlingh Onnes
Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics, and
Horst Rogalla, University of Twente.
A special feature of the event was History
Day, held on September 21. It featured invited
plenary lectures and ended with the
Conference Dinner at Maturodam, a site with
miniature replicas of notable sites throughout
The Netherlands. Talks presented on History
Day included Kamerlingh Onness
Notebooks and the Discovery of
Superconductivity, by Peter Kes; The Early
Days of Superconducting Electronics: 1950 to
1970, by John Rowell, Arizona State
University (formerly Bell Telephone
Laboratories and Bellcore); Evolution of
Practical Superconducting Materials, by
Hiroaki Kumakura, National Institute for
Material Science, University of Tsukuba; and
Conductors from Superconductors, by
David Larbalestier, Applied Superconduc-
tivity Center, Florida State University. In the
afternoon, lectures included SQUIDs: Then
and Now, by John Clarke, University of
California and Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory; Superconductor Digital
Electronics, by Konstantin Likharev, Stony
Brook University, Large Scale Applications,
by Herman ten Kate, CERN and University of
Twente, and History, State-of-the-Art and
Perspectives of Superconducting Power
Equipment by Mathias Noe, Institute for
Technical Physics.
Also on History Day, the IEEE Council on
Superconductivity presented their awards in
the field of applied superconductivity. Prof.
Horst Rogalla received the IEEE Max
Swerdlow Award for sustained service to the
applied superconductivity community. Four
persons received IEEE Awards for continuing
and significant contributions in the field: Dr.
Shinya Hasuo, International Super-
conductivity Technology Center; Dr. James
Wong, Supercon, Inc. Dr. Alexis Malozemoff,
American Superconductor Corporation, and
Dr. Ronald Scanlan, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (retired). The awards
were presented by Elie Track of Hypres, CSC
President, and Martin Nisenoff, Vice
President of the CSC awards committee.
After the Awards ceremony a
Memorandum of Intent was signed formaliz-
ing the collaboration between the IEEE CSC
and ESAS, the European Society for Applied
Superconductivity. Signers were Track and
Xavier Obradors, President of ESAS.
Photo captions. Left to right. 1. IEEE CSC Awards: Elie
Track, President IEEE CSC; Shinya Hasuo; Horst
Rogalla; Alexis Malozemoff; Ron Scanlan; James
Wong, Marty Nisenoff. 2. Nisenoff presented the
newly minted niobium medal for the Rosner Young
Entrepreneur Award to Carl Rosner, award founder,
with Track. 3. The medal. 4. On History Day, SC
Pioneer K. Alex Mueller reminisced and talked of the
future prospects for SC. IEEE CC social events:
5. Lance Cooley and Prof. Kyoji Tachikwa. 6. Bruce
and Suzanne Strauss with Dick Veldhuis, conference
Secretary. 7. Herman ten Kate and Peter Kes. 8.
Track listens to Moises Levy, past IEEE CSC President,
make a point. 9. Nisenoff and Alex Braginski. 10. The
World Forum, conference venue. 11. People walking in
Maturodam, a museum of miniature Dutch scenes,
site of the conference banquet. Photo credits:
1-7, IEEE CSC; 8, 9, 11, Ron Goldfarb, NIST;
10, Lou Salerno.
More photos from this conference, MT22, the CERN
visit and the Tevatron closing day will be posted as
Photo Galleries at www.cryogenicsociety.org.
EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC Celebrates SCs 100th Birthday
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
6 6
5 5
7 7
8 8
9 9
11 11
10 10
22
Fermilab Tevatron Ends Long, Successful Service
All good things must come to an end,
the saying goes. Still, the scientists, engineers
and officials who spent years planning,
building and running the Tevatron particle
accelerator undoubtedly felt tinges of sad-
ness when the machine was powered down
for the last time on September 30. The
Tevatron was the worlds first superconduct-
ing synchrotron, capable of accelerating pro-
tons and antiprotons within a nearly 4-mile
ring at energies of up to 1 teraelectron volts,
or TeV.
Many spectators, both in person and
remotely, watched Helen Edwards dramatic
push of a button aborting colliding beams in
the Tevatron, thus marking the end for the
accelerator and its experiments.
The Tevatron exceeded every expecta-
tion ever set for it, said Fermilab Director
Pier Oddone during the 40-minute shutdown
procedure. After the bittersweet ceremony,
staff members gathered in the Wilson Hall
atrium for a celebration to honor the machine
and its accomplishments.
We will really miss the Tevatron, but
we have to move on and hopefully do some-
thing even better, contributing to pushing
back the frontiers of science, said Roger
Dixon, head of the Accelerator Division.
Jay Theilacker, Head of the Accelerator
Divisions Cryogenics Department, recalls
that the Tevatron was first totally cold on
Memorial Day weekend in 1983. During con-
struction, staff numbers peaked at about 80
people, though only about half that number
work in the department now.
Theilacker also remembers the myriad
challenges that faced his department in the
early days of the Tevatrons run. Maintaining
a good Tevatron uptime was of the utmost
importance, but magnet quenches were
numerous in the early days.
Early on, it was very, very difficult to
get the machine running reliably, said
Theilacker.
Other obstacles were a result of the
Tevatrons warm iron superconducting mag-
net design, which made 24 satellite refrigera-
tors necessary in addition to a large central
helium liquefier. Long ago, these refrigera-
tors were outfitted with local instrumenta-
tion and pneumatic controllers, which were
eventually incorporated into the overall
accelerator control system for remote
resources. Another improvement involved
alignment and materials for the refrigerators
reciprocating expansion engines, lengthen-
ing mean time between failures.
Theilacker says installing an upgrade to
the cryogenics system, which allowed it to
run at lower temperatures and higher ener-
gies, was also a major undertaking.
Luckily, the Cryogenics Department was
led by very talented individuals. Theilacker
credits Ron Walker with developing a very
practical gas analyzer, allowing them to see
the purity of helium in real time. Bill Fowler
was instrumental in cryogenics at Fermilab,
as well as superconducting magnet develop-
ment. Claus Rode, another Tevatron cryo pio-
neer who is now at Jefferson Lab, was dedi-
cated to the design and operation of the satel-
lite refrigerators.
The Tevatrons days may be over, but
Theilacker stresses that most of the
Tevatrons cryogenics personnel have been
phased into other cryogenics activities, espe-
cially cryogenics for the SRF test facility and
Project X.
For Theilacker, looking forward to new
projects is even more promising than looking
back at the Tevatrons run. Its been a very
good machine, he says, but its time to
move on to new ventures.
1 1 3 3
4 4 5 5
6 6 7 7
(All descriptions are from left to right.) 1. The D0 Control Room just before the shutdown ceremony. 2. Fermilab employees gather in Wilson Hall for the
post-shutdown celebration. 3. Fermilab Director Pier Oddone with a journalist covering the event. 4. Steve Holmes, Fermilab; Steve Gourlay, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory; Bruce Strauss, US Department of Energy; Stuart Henderson, Fermilab; Dave Stutter, University of Maryland (Formerly
DOE). 5. Andrew Dalesandro, Arkadiy Klebaner, Ben Hansen, Mike White and Alex Martinez (all engineers in AD Cryogenics). 6. Bill Soyars, Accelerator
Cryogenics; Bruce Hanna, Tevatron Operations; and Jim Steimel, Advanced Accelerator Projects. 7. Jerry Zimmerman (Mr. Freeze), Paula Zimmerman.
Photos courtesy of CSA. Full photo galleries of the event will be available at www.cryogenicsociety.org/news/photo_galleries/.
Spotlight on Sustaining Member
2 2
FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 www.cryogenicsociety.org
23
All-New, Expanded
Short course in
cryogenic
engineering
August 6-10, 2012
Colorado School oI Mines, Golden, Colorado
Instructor: David-John Roth, Redstone Aerospace
www.cryocourses.com
(305)972-8847 inIocryocourses.com
Space is limited - sign up early!
Fully updated content based on Dr. Thomas
Flynn/Cryoco short course
All-new material
More thorough updates to equipment,
techniques, applications and guidelines
New real-liIe examples with color photos
N
E
W
cryocourses.com

The monthly CSA e-newsletter, CryoChronicle,
introduced a new feature in September, the Kryo
Kwiz. Questions are supplied by Dr. Glen McIntosh,
Collins Awardee, CSA Fellow, and author of the pop-
ular Cryogenic Concepts column in this magazine.
The first person to submit the correct answer
each month wins a complete collection of the
McIntosh columns. Test your knowledge. The Kwiz
question is only available in the CryoChronicle. To sub-
scribe, visit www.cryochronicle.com. Archived ques-
tions and answers will be posted at www.cryo
genicsociety.org/resources/kryo_kwiz/.
October Question: Almost all cryogenic equip-
ment is vacuum jacketed. Not surprisingly, the most
common problem with cryogenic equipment, particu-
larly transfer lines, is poor vacuum or outright vacu-
um failure. To the uninitiated, the problem seems
simple: for a volume of X and a vacuum system with
a pumping speed of Y, just pump it down for a time Z
and you're good to go. Not so. The real challenge is to
deal with outgassing and diffusion. Which of the fol-
lowing is the principal outgassing constituent and
which is the main diffusion gas? Neon, carbon diox-
ide, water vapor, argon, methane, hydrogen, helium,
air.
Answer: The main outgassing constituent is
water vapor, and the main diffusion gas is hydrogen.
Winner: Jonathan A. Demko, PhD, PE, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL).
September Question: Copper is widely used in
cryogenics, but it is seldom welded. Copper welds
readily, but requires high currents because of the high
thermal conductivity. The three most common com-
mercial copper alloys are:
CDA 101 Oxygen Free High Conductivity
(OFHC)
CDA 110 Electrolytic Tough Pitch
CDA 122 Phosphorous Deoxidize
Which of these alloys should never be welded?
Why?
Answer: CDA 110, Electrolytic Tough Pitch
(ETP). Oxygen is the culprit herealmost any amount
of it in copper will cause the weld to crack after a
cryogenic cold shock. CDA 101 and CDA 122 are oxy-
gen-free and can be welded safely. Winner: Dr. Bill
Schwenterly, ORNL.
Another winner is Dr. Arup Ghosh of
Brookhaven National Laboratory, who won the draw-
ing for a one-year membership bonus for those pay-
ing their dues before October 15. Thanks to all who
entered.
Kryo Kwiz Debuts
in CryoChronicle;
We Have Winners!
Burkerts New Gas Mixing Box
The new Gas Mixing Box from Burkert Fluid Control
Systems is a multi-gas mixer or dispenser suitable for use in
the Industrial Gas Sector for 2 to 4 gasses. It can be ordered
as a mixer with max 4 inlets and 1 outlet or as a dispenser
with one inlet and max 4 outlets. It uses the unique Burkert
Mass Flow Controllers with CMOS technology. These MFCs
are known for fast response time, low pressure drop and
superb stability. The MFCs are working with a wide range of
non-corrosive gases. A touch panel display is used to enter
set points and to display outputs. Internal communication is
based on RS485, entirely digital. This gas mixer could be used
for various applications like gas mixing, food packaging, bio
reactors, cutting and welding, flame control, heat treatment
and analyzers. Contact marketing-usa@burkert.com, www.burkert-usa.com.
Power supply: 110/230 V AC 50-60 Hz
Power consumption: max 40 W
Dimensions: 9" x 8" x 7.5" (23 x 20 x 19 cm)
Weight: 18 pounds (8 kg)
Gasses: non-corrosive gasses
Flow controller ranges: 0-10 SCCM (lowest range); 0-80 SLM. (highest range)
Flow controller accuracy and linearity: +/- 0.8% reading + 0.3% FS
Input pressure: max 145 PSI (please specify input pressure when ordering)
Inlet: max 4 as a mixer, 1 as a dispenser
Outlets: 1 as a mixer, max 4 as a dispenser
Body material: Al or SS
Cover: sheet metal
Control: 6.5" color touch panel
Defining Cryogenics
by Dr. John Weisend II, FRIB, Michigan State University, CSA Chairman, weisend@frib.msu.edu
Oxygen Deficien-
cy Hazards (ODH) are
a significant safety
issue in cryogenic facil-
ities. ODH occurs
when inert gases such
as nitrogen, helium or
argon displace room air
and thus lower the percentage of oxygen
in the space below that required for
human life. OSHA defines an area as
oxygen deficient if the percentage of
oxygen is less than 19.5% by volume.
ODH is a particular hazard in cryo-
genics due to the very large volume
change between a cryogenic liquid (or
cryogen) at its normal boiling point and
the resultant gas at room temperature
and pressure. For example, 1 liter of liq-
uid helium at 4.2K and 1 Bar results in
roughly 700 liters of helium gas at 300K
and 1 Bar. Nitrogen and argon have sim-
ilar volumetric ratios and neon is even
worse, with a volumetric ratio of 1341
between the cryogenic liquid and the
gas at room temperature and pressure.
The result is that small amounts of cryo-
genic liquids, if converted to gas, can
produce inert atmospheres that are
unable to support life.
Its very important to understand
that this is not a hazard associated only
with large cryogenic facilities or applica-
tions. Even small amounts of cryogenic
liquids can create lethal conditions in
small areas and rooms.
Adding to the hazard is that at suffi-
ciently low concentrations of oxygen,
the first indication of a problem is sud-
den unconsciousness, followed rapidly
by coma and death.
Oxygen deficiency hazards can be
safely mitigated. The key is to first be
aware of the problem and then to deter-
mine the extent of the hazard. Once this
is done, appropriate mitigations may be
taken to reduce the hazard.
Anyone dealing with cryogenics
should calculate the effect of a release of
the cryogens on the oxygen concentra-
tion in the room or space. Among the
questions to consider are: What hap-
pens if the release of cryogens occurs
during non-working hours? Will the
area be rendered unsafe for staff who
reenter it at the start of the next working
day? Scenarios such as equipment fail-
ure or the opening of a relief valve
should also be examined.
Typical ODH mitigations include
the use of fixed or personal oxygen mon-
itors that alarm if the oxygen concentra-
tion becomes unsafe and enhanced ven-
tilation systems (which would have to
be treated as safety systems with appro-
priate reviews and backups). The best
mitigation is to use engineering design
to reduce the problem by techniques
such as minimizing the amount of cryo-
gens in use, maximizing the size of the
space in which they are used and ensur-
ing that relief systems vent outside the
building.
It is crucial that all staff involved
with cryogenics and visitors to areas
containing cryogenics receive training
about oxygen deficiency hazards and
the proper response to events or alarms
There are a large number of
resources for the determination and mit-
igation of oxygen deficiency hazards. US
Department of Energy Laboratories
such as Fermilab, Jefferson Lab and
SLAC all have formal ODH policies and
accepted techniques for determining
ODH risks. These are available to the
general public via the following links:
http://esh-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-
bi n/Ret r i eveFi l e?doci d=387; f i l e
name=5064.pdf;version=5 ( Fermilab)
wwwol d. j l ab. org/ehs/ehsman
ual/6500.htm (Jefferson Lab)
www.group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/
hazardous_substances/cryogenic/
(SLAC)
The Compressed Gas Association
also has developed a number of valu-
able documents on ODH safety. These
may be found on the CGA website:
http://www.cganet.com/
Recent papers on oxygen deficiency
hazards include: Analysis for Liquid
Cryogen Spillage in the
Superconducting Cyclotron Building at
VECC, Roy, et al., Proc. ICEC22-
ICMC2008 (2009), Diffusion of Gases in
Air and its Affect on Oxygen Deficiency
Hazard Abatement, Theilacker and
White, Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol 51. (2006),
Summary of the Experimental Studies
of Cold Helium Propagation along a
Scale Model of the LHC Tunnel,
Chorowski et al., Adv. Cryo.Engr. Vol. 49
(2004) and Investigation of Personal
and Fixed Head Oxygen Deficiency
Hazard Monitor Performance for
Helium Gas, Arenius et al., Adv. Cryo.
Engr. Vol 47. (2002).
After extensive consultation with cryogenic products and
services providers, the new CSA Buyers Guide is live and
available for searching at www.cryogenicsociety.org/buy
ers_guide.
Category listings have been vetted and edited to correctly
reflect companies capabilities and product lines. We have
added descriptions to each category to make it even easier for
those seeking suppliers to find what they need. New internal
banner ads will be available soon on a first come, first served
basis in all categories. We invite you to take a look. If you find
any inaccuracies or have any suggestions, please contact
jo@cryogenicsociety.org.
New, Improved Online Buyers Guide Debuts
J A N I S
Janis Research Company
2 Jewel Drive Wilmington, MA 01887 USA
TEL +1 978 657-8750 FAX +1 978 658-0349 sales@janis.com
Visit our website at www.janis.com
Cryogenic Systems
Does your research require low temperatures?
Contact Janis today. Our engineers will assist you
in choosing the best system for your application.
.10 mK to 800 K
.Cryocoolers
.LHe/LN
2
Cryostats
.Magnet Systems
.Dilution Refrigerator Systems
.Micro-manipulated Probe Stations

Come in from the Cold
Get the Hottest Market Information
on Cryogenic Systems
Subscribe to
CryoGas International
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Its Easy. Print or Digital.
Subscribe on-line www.cryogas.com/subscribe
Or call Melissa Martel
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6:15 PM
Microspheres as Cryo Insulation
The measured performance of Mylar was very different from
expectations. Not only was the actual thermal conductivity much
higher than predicted, but higher mass fractions of Mylar result
in even higher effective thermal conductivity. The best explana-
tion that can be drawn from the data is that the Mylar flakes act
as a thermal short around the microspheres, resulting in higher
effective thermal conductivity than plain microspheres. Even if
Mylar were effective, higher mass fractions are not practical due
to the high cost of the Mylar material. The conclusion is that dou-
ble aluminized Mylar chaff is unacceptable as an opacifier in
microspheres.
Calorimeter Testing Conclusions and Remarks
All of the planned testing was performed satisfactorily. A
total of 73 tests were performed. Carbon black is an effective
opacifier, with a maximum benefit of about 15% reduction in
effective thermal conductivity at 30-40% mass fraction in the
microspheres. Aluminized Mylar and TiO
2
are not effective
opacifiers. Both should be eliminated from further consideration
due to this, high cost, and the mixing problems covered above.
For more information and technical papers about the use of
microspheres as a cryogenic insulation, visit TAI at
www.techapps.com/microsphere-insulation-programs.html.
26
Education for Cryogenics and Superconductivity: Part 2
In the Summer 2011 issue of Cold Facts,
we featured Part 1 of this series, which
focused on educational institutions in the
US. In Part 2, we focus mainly on institu-
tions outside of the US, and then list other
educational opportunities outside of the
traditional classroom, such as short courses,
taking place around the world. In Part 3, we
will provide a list of internships available to
students.
Those who would like to submit addi-
tional information can contact Theresa
Boehl at theresa@cryogenicsociety.org, 708-
383-6220 ex. 225.
Southampton University, UK
For more than 30 years, the Institute of
Cryogenics at Southampton University has
been actively engaged in fundamental and
applied research in cryogenic engineering
and superconductivity. The institute is
staffed by experts in cryogenic systems,
thermodynamics and cryogenic coolers,
cryogenic safety, handling of cryogens and
enhanced heat transfer and superconduct-
ing materials and applications.
Research areas include cryogenic sys-
tems; design, optimization and novel codes;
novel applications of cryogenics; cryogenic
heat transfer and fluid dynamics; material
properties at low temperatures; cryogenic
safety; cryogenics in hydrogen economy;
superconducting power devices, including:
generator/motor, HTS current leads, trans-
former/fault current limiter and integration
with power electronics; superconducting
materials: properties and characterization,
quench propagation and cryogenic stability,
AC losses, processing and optimization.
For more information, visit:
www.soton.ac.uk/engineering/research/gr
oups/energy_technology/institute_of_cryo
genics.page.
Institute of Refrigeration and
Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, China
The present Institute was established in
1990. There are about 20 faculty members
and staff, which includes nine people with
higher professional titles and five full pro-
fessors. There are two masters degree pro-
grams, two doctoral programs (refrigera-
tion and cryogenic engineering and heat-
ing, ventilation and air conditioning engi-
neering) and a post-doctoral station.
The Institute welcomes 40-50 new
undergraduates every year, as well as 20-30
graduate students.
Research in cryogenics deals with cryo-
genic refrigeration systems, gas-liquefac-
tion systems, cryocoolers, thermoacoustic
refrigeration, cryogenic heat transfer and
insulation, properties of cryogenic fluids,
cryogenic liquid storage and transfer sys-
tems and rocket precooling technology.
More information can be found at:
www.doe.zju.edu.cn/english/redir.php?cat
alog_id=46053&object_id=46065.
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Six professors and two associate pro-
fessors research and teach in the cryogenics
field (in contrast with general refrigeration).
Research topics involve the following: visu-
alization of cryogenic flow in micro-chan-
nels; fundamental cryogenic heat transfer;
cryogenic ground support equipment sys-
tems for the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
project; cryostats; cryogenic pressure ves-
sels; vacuum technology; G-M, Pulse tube
cryocoolers; cryogenic technologies for
LNG applications; thermophysical proper-
ties for cryogens and air products; cryo-
genic support for superconductors; energy
storage, liquid helium and superfluid heli-
um; etc.
Undergraduate courses include
Cryogenic Technology and Applications,
Pr i nci pl es of Ref r i ger at i on and
Cryogenics, The Miracles at Absolute
Zero Temperatures: Superconductivity and
Superfluidity and Cryobiology, Cryo-
medi ci ne and Thei r Appl i cat i ons.
Graduate courses include Thermal Process
and Heat Transfer in Cryogenics, and
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer in
Cryogenic Engineering.
Principles of Refrigeration and
Cryogenics has been recognized as a
National Excellent Course in Universi-
ties, an outstanding course in this field.
The website (in Chinese) for the Principles
of Refrigeration and Cryogenics course is
www.sjtuirc.sjtu.edu.cn/jpkc/home.htm.
For more information, contact Yonghua
Huang, huangyh@sjtu.edu.cn.
Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology, Daejeon
The Mechanical Engineering
Department at KAIST offers a course enti-
tled Cryogenic Engineering to Masters
and PhD students.
This course reviews overall cryogenics
fundamentals and provides an introduction
to low temperature applications. It familiar-
izes students with the behavior of materials
at low temperatures as well as low-temper-
ature refrigeration systems. The entropy
transfer concept is introduced and used
with the second law in the same way that
heat transfer and work transfer are used
with the first law. The cryogenic systems of
gas separation and gas liquefaction, various
types of cryocoolers, cryogenic heat trans-
fer, vacuum technology and applications of
superconductivity are main topics.
Prerequisites include thermodynamics,
heat transfer and fluid mechanics.
More information can be found at
www.kaist.edu or by contacting Dr.
Sangkwon Jeong, skjeong@kaist.ac.kr.
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Several courses and programs are
offered at Escola de Engenharia de Lorena
at Universidade de Sao Paulo (EEL USP):
Undergraduate courses: Materials
Engineering; Physics Engineering (new
course). Graduate program: Materials
Science and Engineering (MSc and PhD lev-
els), Department of Materials Engineering.
Course topics are as follows: Materials
Engineering: 1) Introduction to
Superconductivity, elective, 4 credits (60 h):
Introductory discipline to superconducting
materials and phenomena. 2) Vacuum
Technology and Cryogenics, elective, 4
credits (60 h): Fundamentals of vacuum
technology, including vacuum pumps and
components, instrumentation and applica-
tion. Cryogenics: properties of gases and
liquids, heat transfer at low temperature,
thermal and mechanical properties at low
temperature, cryogenic equipment (dewars,
transfer lines, temperature and liquid level
measurement), refrigeration and gas lique-
faction, Linde-Hampson and Collins cycles.
Physics Engineering (beginning in
2012): 1) Vacuum Technology and
Cryogenics, required, 4 credits (60 h)
2) Superconducting materials and devices,
required, 4 credits (60 h).
Courses in the graduate program:
1) Superconductivity, 4 credits (60 h): Basic
phenomenologic theory of superconductiv-
ity, superconducting properties, characteri-
zation of superconducting materials.
2) High temperature materials, 4 credits (60
h). 3) Power application of superconducting
materials, 4 credits (60 h) 4). Magnet Technology, 4
credits (60 h).
The graduate course at EEL USP is the most com-
prehensive program on superconducting materials
and technology in Brazil.
Prerequisites for the courses are as follows:
Vacuum and Cryogenics: Thermodynamics and trans-
port phenomena. Superconductivity: Basic electro-
magnetism, quantum physics and solid state physics.
Research topics include novel superconducting
materials, magnetic and superconducting properties
and high critical temperature superconducting mat-
erials.
The Materials Engineering Department offers a
diversified infrastructure for materials processing and
characterization: SEM, DTA/DSC/TGA (up to
1600C), universal mechanical test machine, furnaces
for sample preparation and heat treatment (up to
2200C), and a metallographic lab. For superconduct-
ing materials analysis: Cryofree PPMS, Oxford
Instruments magnet (up to 9 T), cryofree sample
measurement system, liquid helium and liquid nitro-
gen.
More information (in Portuguese) can be found
at t he f ol l owi ng websi t es: www. eel . usp. br,
www.demar.eel.usp.br and www.ppgem.eel.usp.br.
Further contact and inquiries should be made to:
Prof. Durval Rodrigues Jr., Head of Department, dur-
val@demar.eel.usp.br; Prof. Fernando Vernilli, gradu-
ate program coordinator, fernando.vernilli
@usp.br, or Prof. Carlos Yujiro Shigue, undergraduate
course coordinator, cyshigue@demar.eel.usp.br.
Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany
The Mechanical Engineering Department at TU
Dresden offers a course in cryogenic engineering pri-
marily for graduate students. The course is given in
German and is usually held in the winter term, over
the course of 15 weeks with a 90-minute lesson plus 90
minutes of exercise/tutorial per week.
It is a complete, standard course on all relevant
cryogenic topics, such as definitions (Carnot factor,
temperature ranges, motivation), impact and weight
of cryogenic technologies, historical milestones,
todays cryogenic activities, refrigeration cycles, cool-
er types and function, cryogenic cooling cycles, cryo-
genic safety and superconductivity, among many
other topics.
A prerequisite is thermodynamic knowledge
(e.g., standard thermodynamic courses).
Research is being conducted at TU Dresden on
the conceptual design of large helium plants and stan-
dard liquid helium supply systems; research on
improvements of standard helium plants and components (combined with the
operation of the central TU Dresden helium plant); development of cryogenic
instrumentation and level meters; and cryogenic cooling for special applica-
tions (liquid neon cooling; liquid argon systems).
Resources for students include the following: cryogenic lab with helium
liquefier, liquid helium equipment and cryostats, liquid nitrogen supply and
equipment, hydrogen laboratory liquefier, liquid hydrogen safety test area,
hydrogen instrumentation, cryogenic measurement equipment, calorimeter
cryostat for MLI characterization, cutaway models for demonstration, national
and international network for co-operation or student exchange.
More information is available by contacting Dr. Christoph Haberstroh,
christoph.haberstroh@tu-dresden.de.
KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Sweden
KTH offers Superconductivity and Its Applications to Masters and
beginning PhD students.
Topics include properties of superconductors, Meissner effect, good con-
ductors and perfect conductors, London theory for superconductors, thermo-
dynamics for superconductors, type-I and type-II superconductivity, vortices
in type-II superconductors, energy losses, Bean critical state model Josephson
junctions, quantum interferometers (SQUIDS), short and long Josephson junc-
tions, Ginzburg-Landau theory for superconductors, large scale applications
(e.g., magnets, energy storage, advanced transportation) and applications in
electronics (e.g., SQUID instruments, computers, measurement normals). A
The Planck
and Herschel mis-
sions were launch-
ed in May of 2009.
They are app-
roaching the end
of their opera-
tional life, and
major publications
have resul t ed.
They have made
major advances in our understanding of
the universe. A very detailed group of
papers reporting results was published
in January 2011, and may be viewed at
www.sciops.esa.int/index.php?pro
ject=PLANCK&page=Planck_Publish
ed_Papers. Much of what I report below
was taken with permission from these
papers. An updated set of papers will be
available early in 2012.
The Planck and Herschel spacecraft
were placed in a small orbit around the
second Lagrangian point, which is on
the earth-sun line 1,500,000 km (930,000
mi) outside the earths orbit. It is an
unstable equilibrium point, but the cor-
rections needed to keep it in orbit
around L2 are small and infrequent. It
has the major advantage that radiation
from the sun and the earth can be
shielded by the solar panel on the sun
side. The spacecraft axis is parallel to
the earth sun line, and the earth and sun
are separated by no more than 5
degrees.
The primary purpose of Planck is to
determine the thermal anisotropies of
the cosmic microwave background
(CMB), the 1.7K radiation which is shin-
ing on earth from all directions. The
fluctuations are on the order of 10
-5
K,
and are identical in temperature and
structure to a high degree in all direc-
tions. This is difficult to understand
because the CMB is receding at the
speed of light in all directions. Because
temperature can be propagated no
faster than the speed of light, there can
be no causal connection. Plancks main
goal is to understand this by measuring
the temperature varia-
tions and the polariza-
tion of the light in an
all-sky survey in
many infrared bands.
The cooling sys-
tem of the Planck
spacecraft is des-
cribed in detail in my
column in the Winter
2008 issue of Cold
Facts. It is a complex
chain, as shown in
Figure 1. To summa-
rize, the stages are: 1)
a warm electronics
stage at 270K, 2) a set
of 3 V-groove radia-
tors at system, 3) a
sorption cooler stage,
4) a Sterling cooler
stage, and a
3
He/
4
He
dilution refrigerator.
The requirements and
performance are sum-
marized in Table 1.
The cooldown of
Planck proceeded
smoothly, starting on
May 14, 2009, and
reaching equilibrium on July 3, 2009.
Since that time the system has been
holding steady, with only minor varia-
tions caused by minor motions around
the L2 point. Final temperatures of the
major parts of the spacecraft are shown
in Table 1.
These results are very close to those
predicted. In particular, the most critical
point, the HFI detector stage, actually
fell below the required 0.1K and the
reported 0.1028K is the result of apply-
ing a small amount of heat as part of
normal temperature control operations.
28 FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4
by Dr. Peter Mason, retired, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Visiting Associate, California Institute of Technology, CSA Fellow,
pmason@alumni.caltech.edu
Update on the Planck Mission
Space Cryogenics
Table 1
Fig. 1. Cutaway view of Planck showing the temperature of key components.
The solar panel at the bottom always faces the sun and the earth, and is the
only part of the flight system illuminated by the sun, the earth, and the
moon. Temperature decreases steadily towards the telescope end, due to low-
conductivity mechanical connections and aggressive use of radiative cooling.
The focal plane detectors are actively cooled to 20K and 0.1K. Image cour-
tesy ESA.
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Instant Systems Immunologically Inert Ported Pouches
Suited for Cryogenic Storage of Biological Products
Instant Systems has introduced CryoPort, their
new line of immunologically inert, fluoropolymer,
ported pouches for stem cells, tissues and bioengi-
neered products requiring cryogenic storage, preserva-
tion, transport and transfer. The ported pouches are customizable, produced with
USP Class VI materials, and manufactured in Class 1000 clean rooms under cGMP
conditions.
CryoPort answers the need for a biologically, immunolog-
ically and chemically inert ported pouch which remains flexi-
ble at cryogenic temperatures, while offering protection for
storing and freezing of cells and tissues, and allowing for visu-
al inspection of contents. Cryoport can also be used in cell col-
lection, gene therapies, cell suspensions, immunotherapy and
vector production. Custom configurations include number of
ports, types of connectors and differing sizes. CryoPort cus-
tomization allows for use within current systems without
equipment or protocol changes.
Instant Systems was founded to meet the growing need for higher quality, cus-
tom packaging for allograft preservation. Recognizing the need for collaborative
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to create packing solutions which are easily integrated into existing systems. By
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dards, Instant Systems continues to produce packaging systems such as
CryoLoc and CranioLoc which are recognized in the industry as top quality
products meeting rigorous packaging standards. Contact Kimber Burley, 800/706-
5808, kburley@instantsystems.com.
Meyer Tool to Supply Critical Equipment
For Argonnes ATLAS Intensity Upgrade
The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) is
a heavy ion accelerator located underneath the Physics Building
at Argonne National Laboratory (CSA CSM). It is currently
undergoing an intensity upgrade.
Meyer Tool & Manufacturing is providing the helium pressure vessels for the
superconducting niobium cavities for the ATLAS upgrade as well as fabricating
major components of the cryomodule that will contain the cavities.
Meyer is supplying the rectangular cryostat vacuum vessel and top lid, the
aluminum nitrogen cooled thermal shield and nitrogen cooling tubing, the
superinsulation and other assembly components for the cryostat. Meyer will com-
plete the assembly, minus the SRF string, and vacuum leak test the cryomodule.
This cryomodule assembly will include installation of the magnetic shielding
and the thermal shield system with superinsulation, both in the vacuum vessel
and on the top plate assembly. They will then bolt the top plate to the vacuum ves-
sel and perform initial testing of the assembly. Testing will include helium leak
check of the vacuum vessel as well as pressurization of the nitrogen piping while
the vacuum vessel is evacuated. These key tests will verify the integrity of the
assembled system before the ATLAS team installs the cavity string. Visit
www.mtm-inc.com.
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short introduction to cryogenic cooling methods will be incorporated in the course in the
coming academic year.
Prerequisites are good knowledge of basic concepts in vector analysis, like diver-
gence, curl, Gauss and Stokes theorems, good knowledge of electromagnetism and
Maxwell equations and knowledge of basic solid state physics.
More information is available by contacting Prof. Magnus Andersson, mag
nusan@kth.se.
Aalto University, Finland
Aalto University is a new univer-
sity founded in 2010 by combining
three previously independent univer-
sities in Helsinki: Helsinki University
of Technology, Helsinki School of
Economics and University of Art and
Design.
The following courses are intend-
ed for graduate level (Masters, PhD)
students: 1) Low temperature physics:
Theory of superconductivity, 2) Low
Temperature Physics: Nanoelectron-
ics, 3) Low Temperature Physics:
Basics of Cryoengineering and 4)
Quantum Computing. They are
offered at the Low Temperature
Laboratory.
The following topics are covered:
1) Theory of superconductivity, phe-
nomenological and microscopic theo-
ries. 2) Nanosystems at low tempera-
tures, electronic transport and proper-
ties in superconducting nanostruc-
tures. 3) Refrigeration and thermome-
try below 1K. Properties of matter at
low temperatures. 4) Quantum com-
puting, qubits, quantum gates, some
algorithms.
A prerequisite is good knowledge
of condensed matter physics and
quantum mechanics.
Research is being done in the fol-
lowing areas: Quantum fluids and
solids, liquid and solid
3
He, superfluid
31
www.cryogenicsociety.org FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4
3
He,
3
He-
4
He mixtures, nanophysics at
millikelvin temperatures, nanorefrig-
eration and nanothermometry. Visit
www.aalto.fi/en/.
The Low Temperature Laboratory of
Aalto University employs and trains 20-30
graduate students in its research areas of
low temperature physics, and one to five
PhDs graduates every year. More informa-
tion can be found at: http://ltl.tkk.fi/
wiki/Courses, http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL or
by contacting Juha Tuoriniemi, juha.
tuoriniemi@aalto.fi. Detailed information
on the courses, research topics, and possi-
ble contact persons can be found at
http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL/Annual_reports.
Also available is a list of other low
temperature laboratories throughout the
world: http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL/Links_
to_other_labs.
Cryogenic Engineering Center,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, India
IIT Kharagpur offers MTech, MS and
PhD programs in Cryogenic Engineering.
Major research areas pursued at the
Cryogenic Engineering Center include
superconductivity and superconducting
devices, vacuum technology, gas separa-
tion and purification, refrigeration and liq-
uefaction of gases, cryogenic food process-
ing, natural gas and hydrogen energy, air
separation technology, cryogenic process
engineering, nitrogen liquefiers and cryo-
genic instrumentation.
The Center has very good workshop
facilities with competent and efficient sup-
porting staff. An excellent computational
facility is provided to the students. An
excellent computer facility is also available
to every faculty member. In addition, the
center has a technical library with numer-
ous selected technical books and journals
which are procured regularly.
For more information, visit
www.iitkgp.ac.in/departments/home.php
?deptcode=CR or contact Prof. V.V. Rao,
vvrao@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in.
Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, India
In the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Prof. G. Venkatarathnam
offers the following courses: ME 4600
Cryogenic Systems (undergraduate), ME
6030: Refrigeration and Cryogenics (gradu-
ate), ME 6500 Advanced Cryogenic
Systems (PhD level). The Department of
Physics offers courses on cryogenics and
applied superconductivity for MS Physics
students.
The Cryogenic Systems course closely
follows the books Cryogenic Systems by
R. F. Barron and Cryogenic Process
Engineering by K.D. Timmerhaus and
T.M. Flynn.
A common approach based on the
book Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant
Processes by G. Venkatarathnam is fol-
lowed for the Refrigeration and
Cryogenics course. This course covers con-
stant temperature refrigeration processes
(vapor compression, vapor absorption,
Stirling, G-M, Pulse-Tube) and variable
32
(Continued from page 31 )
temperature refrigeration processes (expander-based process-
es, expanderless processes operating with both pure fluids and
refrigerant mixtures), cryogenic insulation and industrial
applications of low temperature refrigeration systems.
The Advanced Cryogenic Systems course teaches thermo-
dynamic properties of mixtures (equations of state, activity
coefficient methods, two and multiphase equilibria), separa-
tion of gases (distillation, adsorption), liquefaction of gases
(Air, H2, He) and mixed refrigerant processes for refrigeration
and liquefaction of natural gas and nitrogen/air.
A prerequisite for all courses is ME 1100,
Thermodynamics, and for Advanced Cryogenic Systems, ME
6030, Refrigeration and Cryogenics.
Research is being conducted in the following areas: mixed
refrigerant cycle refrigerators, mixed refrigerant cycle nitrogen
liquefiers, natural gas liquefiers, refrigerant mixtures operating
with heat pumps, vapor absorption refrigerators operating
with new working fluids, development of two- and multi-
stream very high effectiveness heat exchangers for cryogenic
applications.
More information is available at http://mech.iitm.ac.in or
by contacting Prof. G. Venkatarathnam, gvenkat@iitm.ac.in.
Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
The Polish Academy of Sciences offers a full-time PhD pro-
gram in physics and chemistry of solid state. The subjects of inter-
est are realized within two divisions:
1. Division of Low Temperature Superconductivity, which is,
among other subjects, conducting research on superconductivity,
from materials synthesis through basic physical properties investi-
gation to applications;
2. Division of Magnetic Research, which is mostly concentrat-
ed on investigation of strongly correlated electronic systems,
including superconductivity. The division is able to perform
experiments in the milliKelvin temperature region.
The PhD Program is open to applicants who graduated with a
Masters degree (or another equivalent recognized in Poland) in
physics, chemistry, electronics or materials science, with an average
grade over 4 (in 2-5 scale; 2the worst; 5the best), or students
who will graduate in the current academic year.
All the topics available within the program are part of current
research work conducted in the Institute.
Program participants can obtain fellowships, awarded each
year. Additionally, the participants can join the International Max
Planck School (Dresden Wrocaw Prague) and complete a por-
tion of the program in institutes in Dresden.
More information can be found at http://intibs.pl or
http://intibs.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i
d=41&Itemid=65 or by contacting Dr. Tomacz Zaleski,
T.Zaleski@intibs.pl.
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
The Technical Institute of Physics CAS accepts Masters and
PhD candidates from universities and other institutes.
Programs for studying cryogenics are generally handled by
different groups themselves, while the Institute provides some
introductory lectures totaling around 20 hours that cover various
aspects of cryogenic technologies, such as cryocoolers, cryogenic
instrumentation, cryogenic material processing, gas liquefaction
and large-scale cryogenic engineering. Activities involve pulse tube
cryocoolers, gas liquefaction, cryogenic materials processing, large-
scale cryogenic engineering and property measurement at cryo-
genic temperatures.
More information (in Chinese) can be found at www.ipc.ac.cn
or by contacting Dr. Wei Dai, dwpeng@yahoo.com.
Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
The Feinberg Graduate School in the Weizmann Institute of
Science (WIS) grants Masters and PhD degrees; there is no under-
graduate program.
There are currently no courses on cryogenics at WIS, though
there are many labs using cryogenics in the faculties of physics and
chemistry. The students learn about cryogenics from their advisors,
staff scientists, post-docs and fellow students.
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Prof. Eli Zeldov in the Dept. of Condensed
Matter Physics does research on vortices in super-
conductors, mostly high Tc. The methods used are
microscopic Hall-bar linear arrays, magneto-optical
imaging, and scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
where the probe is a SQUID. At the moment, there is
a big effort in Prof. Zeldovs group to make the SPM
SQUIDs, which are on the tip of pulled capillaries of
fused silica. The diameter of the tip of the pulled
capillaries, and therefore of the SQUID itself, is ~200
nm.
For more information, contact Dr.
Michael L. Rappaport, michael.rappaport@weiz-
mann.ac.il.
University of Cambridge, UK
Dr. B. A. Glowacki conducts lectures on cryo-
genic materials and techniques in the Department of
Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University
of Cambridge for final year undergraduate students.
The course covers applications of cryogenic liquids
and material requirements and properties for cryo-
genic applications, among other topics.
Students are encouraged to watch the DVD
Lectures on Superconductivity available at
www.msm.cam.ac.uk/ascg/lectures/.
With regard to research, the Applied
Superconductivity and Cryoscience Group of the
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
takes a broad, multidisciplinary approach to applied
superconductivity research. Their work includes the
synthesis of superconductors, the design and fabri-
cation of conductors and their characterization and
optimization; materials under active investigation
span the entire Tc range, including YBCO, MgB
2
,
Nb
3
Sn and Nb
3
Al. Their cryoscience research focus-
es on advanced hydrogen-oxygen production tech-
nologies of photocatalytic electrolyzers for fuel and
cryogenic purposes, as well as the development of
advanced cryocoolers.
www.msm.cam.ac.uk/ascg/lectures/ or by contact-
ing Glowacki at bag10@cam.ac.uk.
University of Sheffield, UK
The work of the Department of Physics and
Astronomy centers predominantly on particle
physics experiments such as the ATLAS and ATLAS
Upgrade particle tracking detectors based on the
Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
R&D covers advanced materials, metallurgy,
semiconductor development and cryogenic cooling.
University of Sheffield collaborates with large inter-
national research facilities, institutes and industrial
partners.
The key methodology for R&D is to explore the use of low mass, high per-
formance materials developed from their research to be produced at a low cost
in high volume.
An in-house liquid helium production system underpins all the cryogenic
activities, and faculty have more than 50 years experience in various aspects of
cryogenic testing and repair. A specialty activity is the design, development and
manufacture of unique cryostats to suit researchers individual needs.
Cryogenic repair work is also carried out at these facilities.
For more information, contact Richard French, R.S.French@
sheffield.ac.uk.
University of Bologna, Italy
The University of Bologna is offering a new course this academic year
focusing on applied superconductivity and magnet technology. The course is
intended for students of Energetic Engineering during their fifth year of study,
or the last year of the 3+2 system.
The course includes 60 hours of direct lectures and several laboratory expe-
riences such as measurement of critical temperature, quench on superconduct-
ing tapes and levitation experiments. The course program is divided into two
parts: in the first part, superconducting materials will be introduced and mag-
net technology applications will be described, such as magnets for MRI, nuclear
fusion, accelerators and magnetic separation.
(Continued on page 34 )
34 www.cryogenicsociety.org FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4

In a second part of the course (30
hours), power applications of applied
superconductivity will be addressed, such
as SMES, Fault Current Limiters, trans-
formers, motors and so on. The University
welcomes students from abroad for diplo-
ma thesis, internships and research periods
during PhD studies, but there is no funding
available for these activities from the insti-
tution.
Experimental research activities con-
cern quench measurements in YBCO tapes,
experiments on FCL and on magnetic sepa-
ration. Theoretical research activities con-
cern most modeling aspects of supercon-
ducting devices.
For more information, contact Marco
Breschi, marco.breschi@unibo.it.
University of Twente, The
Netherlands
In the research and development of
technical superconductors, the High
Current Superconductivity (HCS) group
has an excellent national and international
reputation. High-current superconductivi-
ty is a fast-evolving field, driven by new
developments in materials science and the
continuous demand for higher perform-
ance from end users. These include com-
mercial systems like MRI and NMR, large
international efforts such as ITER and
CERN or emerging applications in the
power and energy sector.
The strength of the HCS group lies in
its multidisciplinary approach, contribut-
ing to fundamental material and conductor
research but also to their application in
devices. Research focuses particularly on
those physics issues that are crucial for
developing a superconductor into a fully
functional material.
More information can be found at:
www.utwente.nl/tnw/ems/research/HCS/
hcs.doc/.
North Carolina State University
(United States)
The Department of Materials Science
and Engineering has three faculty involved
in superconductivity research. There is no
formal coursework, though superconduc-
tivity is part of courses on electronic mate-
rials and magnetic materials.
Research is focused on studies of the
synthesis/processing-microstructure prop-
erties of oxides and pnictide superconduc-
tors, and on performance limiting mecha-
nisms and failure mechanisms. Researchers
study bulk materials, wires/tapes and
magnets and interact heavily with the
applied superconductivity industry.
www.mse.ncsu.edu or contact Dr. Justin
Schwartz, Justin_Schwartz@ncsu.edu.
Opportunities outside of the
traditional classroom: Short
Courses
Cryocourses.com
Cryocourses.com, a division of
Redstone Aerospace, offers several course
options in the field of cryogenics.
The annual, five-day Cryogenic
Engineering Short Course is held every
August and covers basic thermodynamics,
fluids, materials, equipment and system
design, including cryocooler basics, refrig-
eration and liquefaction, vacuum, instru-
mentation and safety. This course is for
degreed and non-degreed technical, opera-
tions and safety personnel, as well as all
personnel working in cryogenic applica-
tions.
The 2012 course, developed and
expanded from Dr. Thomas Flynns Cryoco
course, will be held August 6-10th in
Golden CO and is currently open for early
enrollment.
Cryocourses.com also offers a stan-
dard two-day safety class typically on-site
at customer request. The course covers liq-
uid cryogen and gaseous high pressure
safety in all aspects.
Custom-written courses based on safe-
ty, engineering or a combination of the two
are available as on-site classes upon
request. These are geared toward technical
sales staff, technicians and operations per-
sonnel.
For more information, visit www.
cryocourses.com or contact David-John
Roth, djroth@redstoneaerospace.com.
Course in Low Temperature Elec-
tronics
Dr. Randall Kirschman offers a short
course on Low-Temperature Electronics.
This course is a comprehensive overview of
the subject. It was most recently presented
at CERN in Geneva and at the European
Space Agency center in Noordwijk, The
Netherlands. Dr. Kirschman is based in
Silicon Valley, California.
The course is usually presented on-site
at the sponsoring organization. The course
has been presented as two full-day ses-
sions, but it can be divided into partial-day
sessions. The cost is negotiable and
depends upon the number of participants,
format and location. It is assumed that the
participants will have a basic knowledge of
electronics and semiconductor devices.
A master copy of course notes is pro-
vided, consisting of approximately 160
pages, plus approximately 900 bibliograph-
ical entries. The course notes may be pur-
chased separately.
Course objectives are as follows: to
describe applications where the technolo-
gies of electronics and low temperatures
are brought together; to illustrate the rela-
tionships between fundamental phenome-
na, materials behavior, and device and sys-
tem characteristics and performance at low
temperatures; to provide an overview of
the behavior of materials and components
used in electronics at low temperatures:
metals, ceramics, plastics, passive compo-
nents, semiconductor materials and
devices, and electronic circuits and assem-
blies; to provide practical information on
materials, devices, circuits and techniques
for persons involved in low-temperature
electronics.
www.ExtremeTemperatureElectronics.
com or contact Dr. Kirschman at ext
elect@gmail.com.
European Course in Cryogenics
This course is taught in English and
offered once per year, usually in
August/September. It is organized by TU
Dresden, Wroclaw Technical University
and NTNU Norway and held for three con-
secutive weeks (i.e., 15 days full-time), and
is geared toward graduate students or PhD
students.
35
What projects are you involved in now? My work involves development of
semiconductor devices (diodes and transistors) for operation at cryogenic tempera-
tures, down to as low as liquid helium temperatures for certain applications. The
idea is improved performance, such as better signal-to-noise for preamplifiers, or
reduced losses for power converters.
Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? The
biggest challenges relate to semiconductor device design and fabrication. However,
heat removal at cryogenic temperatures is also a serious challenge.
What future developments would help solve this? I would like to see a small
cryocooler, of modest cooling power, something like a thermoelectric cooler but able
to reach 20-40K. It should be electrically powered and self-contained (except for the
waste heat output) and not require any external apparatus or fluids. Such a cry-
ocooler would be very useful for spot cooling of critical electrical components to
improve signal-to-noise, or frequency or speed capability.
What projects are you involved in now? Development of sub-femtotesla sensi-
tivity magnetic field sensors.
Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? Extending
bandwidths to tens of MHz and beyond (and of course, the usual need for funding).
What future developments would help solve this? Discovery and development
of room temperature superconducting materials that are ductile and have coherence
lengths that are at least 2 nm. For my application, the current carrying capability of
the wire needs only to be at the 0.001 - 0.01 amp level.
What projects are you involved in now? Thermal storage units, gas-gap heat
cvi
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precision, quality and efficiency. This attitude
is reflected throughout the entire organization
and in every product Acme offers.
With decades of combined experience in the industrial gas industry, our
engineering, sales and manufacturing staff stands ready to assist you with
equipment and system designs, or to provide technical assistance in optimizing
your current applications. For over 40 years, Acme Cryogenics has focused upon
sound engineering, creative solutions, robust manufacturing and high
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service gas and cryogenic equipment supplier.

Topics covered are similar to those list-
ed in the above section under TU Dresden,
though the focus is mainly on hydrogen
technology, helium technology and liquid
natural gas technology.
A prerequisite is thermodynamic
knowledge, e.g., standard thermodynamic
courses.
http://tu-dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/
fakultaeten/fakultaet_maschinenwesen/ie
t/kkt/ecc2011/index_html or by contacting
Dr. Christoph Haberstroh, christoph.haber-
stroh@tu-dresden.de.
For information about the 2012 course,
contact Robin Langebach, robin.lange-
bach@tu-dresden.de.
Cryogenics Course, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Germany
This three-day cryogenic information
and training forum is now in its 39th year.
The forum is a technical introduction to
concepts such as thermodynamic basics of
refrigeration, industrial techniques of
refrigeration (liquefaction, refrigeration
units, cryocoolers), thermodynamic proper-
ties of cryogens and basics and techniques
for heat transfer to cryogens and for ther-
mal insulation, among many other topics.
The course gives an overview of cryo-
genics regarding refrigerants, insulation,
design, safety technology and control cir-
cuits. Students will become acquainted
with different fields of application of cryo-
genics, e.g., vacuum technology, NMR-
spectroscopy and liquid hydrogen technol-
ogy.
Target group: Natural scientists, engi-
neers and technicians who work at cryo-
genic facilities; engineers and technicians
working for research, development and
production who want to be informed about
the latest technological developments in
this expanding specialist area.
For more information, contact Dr.
Holger Neumann, holger.neumann
@kit.edu.
Cryocourse, Grenoble
Cryocourse is the European inten-
sive course on advanced cryophysics and
cryogenics. Since 2002, eight events (cours-
es and conferences) have been held, gather-
ing about 400 young researchers from the
European Union, but also from non-EU
countries.
These theoretical and practical hands-
on courses cover the main topics of cryo-
genics, from fundamental physics concepts
to industrial applications.
Courses are taught in English. Group
discussions in several European languages
are encouraged, when possible. Students
may be eligible for total or partial financial
support.
More information is available at
http://cryocourse.grenoble.cnrs.fr/.
Course offered by Guy Gistau,
Cryoguy
Gistaus course covers basics in cryo-
genics and helium refrigeration, and is
designed for young engineers and those
already working in the field of helium,
especially operators who might never have
had a complete introduction to the basics of
their job, as well as any person involved in
designing, building or operating cryogenic
systems.
Each educational module lasts 24 to 28
hours. Courses are typically held in a place
where attendants have access to a cryogenic
system, which allows seeing and touch-
ing the components that were introduced
during the course.
It is possible to set up customized ses-
sions for a specific group.
For more information, contact Guy
Gistau, guy.gistau@orange.fr.
CSA Short Courses and Educational
Opportunities
The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.,
has historically sponsored Short Courses in
c o nj unc t i o n wi t h t he Cr y o g e ni c
Engi ne e r i ng Conf e r e nc e a nd t he
International Cryogenic Materials
Conference, as well as with the Applied
Superconductivity Conference (ASC).
Some of the past course topics have
been Fundamentals of Cryogenics,
Safety, Design of Optimal Helium
Refrigeration and Liquefaction Systems,
Cryogenic Properties of Materials,
Cryocoolers and Microcryocoolers, Low
Temperature Superconductors, High
Temperature Superconductors, Metals
and Alloys and Composites and Resins.
Instructors are leaders in their field,
including Dr. Rao Ganni, Dr. Steven Van
Sciver, Thomas Peterson, Dr. Peter Lee, Dr.
Richard Reed, David Evans and other cryo-
genics experts. Three courses will be held at
the ASC in Portland OR next fall.
For many years, CSA has also spon-
sored a Short Course at the International
Cryocoolers Conferences, taught by Dr. Ray
Radebaugh with Dr. Willy Gully; in 2012 it
will be taught with Dr. Phil Spoor. This
course prepares attendees for ICC, giving
them a broad background on cryocoolers
plus the latest technical information.
Radebaugh has taught a Cryocooler course
for CSA at all the major conferences, tailor-
ing it to the audience and updating it regu-
larly.
On-site courses
CSA has also presented an on-site
course, Aerospace Cryogenic Systems, at
NASA Glenn Research Center, taught by
Drs. Radebaugh, John Pfotenhauer and
Peter Shirron.
The Society can tailor on-site courses to
the individual facility and bring together
leading experts to teach it upon request. For
example, CSA sponsored Guy Gistau's
Helium course for a group in Florida.
Webinars
New from CSA are webinars. The first
was Introduction to Cryostat Design
taught by Dr. J. G. Weisend II. A follow-up
to this course using case studies of specific
cryostat designs is planned for Spring 2012.
In January 2012, a course on cryogenic safe-
ty geared to the cryobiology and
cryosurgery sector will be taught by F.
Haug ( CERN), T. Peterson (FNAL) and J.G.
Weisend II (MSU). This will be followed by
a more general course on cryogenic safety
taught by the same instructors.
Webinars can be designed to meet spe-
cific needs. To discuss CSA courses, contact
Weisend, CSA Chairman and Education
Committee Chair, weisend@frib.msu.edu.
www.cryogenicsociety.org FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 36
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38
AdSem, Inc., the owner of unique tech-
nologies for manufacturing high-, low- and
ultra-low temperature Si and Ge NTC ther-
mistors, has developed a new family of
semiconductor cryogenic NTC thermistors
specifically designed for sensing the level of
cryogenic liquids. These SE-1MM thermis-
tors have fast response and are perfect for
measurements in cryogenic
liquids with any boiling
temperature down to 4.2K,
like liquid noble gases
(xenon, argon, neon), oxy-
gen, nitrogen, hydrogen,
helium. The thermistors
work in non-linear regime
at high voltage, specifically,
in the range of 12V-35V,
which causes thermistor
overheating and sharp
resistance decrease, when
the sensor is out of the liq-
uid. They can also work in
Ohmic regime at low volt-
ages as highly sensitive cryogenic ther-
mometers for temperature ranges of
400K- 77K, 400K- 20K, 400K1. 5K.
Additionally, in applications where thermis-
tors are submerged into liquid helium, they
could be used also as a furnace for evapo-
ration of liquid helium, when its necessary.
The SE-1MM semiconductor thermis-
tors are epoxy encapsulated with 3.0 x 2.3 x
2.2mm size and 8 mm length leads.
Standard tolerances for resistance value at
liquid nitrogen are 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%.
Resistance value at room temperatures is 350
10% Ohm. Resistance values at such cryo-
genic liquids as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,
helium can be customized for any narrow
subrange in the range of 15KOhm - 1MOhm.
www.adsem.com.
Macro Technologies, LLC, a Superior
Products company, announced that their
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fueling nozzle
is being used in INOXCVAs LNG mobile
refueling stations. INOXCVA recently built
and delivered LNG mobile refueling stations
in an effort to overcome the deficiencies in
the LNG fuel infrastructure. INOXCVA
relied on the engineering expertise of Macro
Technologies to supply a new generation of
LNG fueling nozzles.
Macro Technologies has performed
extensive R&D, prototyping and field test-
ing in LNG fueling applications. This com-
mitment to engineering excellence made
them a strategic partner for INOXCVA with
the fueling nozzles for the mobile fueling
stations. Non-metallic bearings on the noz-
zle and air gaps minimize icing issues that
may occur due to the low temperature of
LNG fueling. For safety, the nozzle provides
a positive stop, allowing gases trapped after
the fueling process to be safely vented.
The nozzles can be quickly and easily
repaired with kits, rather than having to
send damaged nozzles back to the manufac-
turer. This feature in particular is invaluable
for mobile refueling stations deployed in
remote areas.
INOXCVAs LNG mobile refueling sta-
tions are expected to offer safety, speed and
ease of use to fueling station operators. Able
to be deployed as semi-permanent LNG
fueling stations or as service vehicles for
refueling, INOXCVAs LNG mobile refuel-
ing stations provide a feasible solution for
LNG fuel infrastructure.
In addition to their LNG fueling nozzle,
Macro Technologies manufactures a number
of other innovative LNG fueling products,
including an LNG tank receptacle, cryogenic
hose and relief valves. Macro Technologies is
a supplier of safe, effective and cost-effective
solutions for the LNG industry. Contact
Marc Buenaventura, Product Manager,
mbuenaventura@superiorprod.com.
INOXCVA Chooses Macro Technologies LNG Fueling Nozzle
AdSem Semiconductor NTC Thermistors for Cryogen Level Measurement
New Arctic Fox Tanks from Ratermann Mfg.
R a t e r m a n n
Manufacturing (CSA
CSM) has recently
launched a new line of
cryogenic mini bulk
tanks called Arctic
Fox. The tanks are
currently available in
1,000 and 2,000 liter
sizes, with a 500 psi delivery pressure.
During the nearly four-year design peri-
od, Ratermann continuously solicited
customer comments, feedback and
requests and incorporated many of
these into the current design to meet the
wants and needs of the industry.
These designs include dual blow
downs to take the pressure down faster
and improve fill time efficiency, a
diverter valve for safety valve redun-
dancy and easy change-out without the
need to blow down the tank, a vacuum
port for field testing of vacuum integri-
ty and a highly polished exterior to
meet the most demanding aesthetic
requirements of end users.
Ratermann Manufacturing is now a
master distributor for Sherwood Valves.
Sherwood valves are available to ship
from their strategically located distribu-
tion centers. The companys sales repre-
sentatives are available to meet with
customers to review applications and
make recommendations for matching
the correct valve for the application. All
Ratermann sales representatives are
knowledgeable professionals with
extensive background and understand-
ing of the compressed gas industry.
Valves are available to ship from
their inventory for industrial gas, spe-
cialty gas, corrosive, chlorine or
propane applications, as well as any
specialty or custom application.
Contact sales@rmimfg.com,
925/606-2049, www.rmiorder.com.
Example of R (T) dependence for typical SE-1mm
cryogenic thermistoer in linear/Ohmic regime.
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Cryocourses.com Expands, Totally Updates Flynn Courses
Cryocourses.com is a division of
Redstone Aerospace specializing in
applied cryogenic engineering instruc-
tion. The course was previously pre-
sented by Cryoco, Inc., and featured
partners Dr. Thomas Flynn and David-
John Roth as instructors. Dr. Flynn is
retired and Roth is the owner/operator
of the new division. Three main courses
are offered: a four-day on-site cryogenic
engineering short course, a two-day on-
site cryogenic safety course and an
annual five-day Cryogenic Engineering
Short Course held in Golden CO every
August. The next annual course is set
for August 6-10, 2012.
These courses have been complete-
ly updated and rewritten to reflect the
latest technology and advances in engi-
neering. The most recently updated sec-
tions focus on instrumentation, vacu-
um, materials and safety. The sections
on thermodynamics and fluids are
updated as well. New materials and
example photos have been added.
The principal instructors bring
experience in daily field operations for
NASA and the military. They spend
approximately 1000 hours per year
compiling and rewriting the material
for these classes.
The classes are geared to both
degreed and non-degreed engineering
and design personnel, technical sup-
port, lab operations and process opera-
tions personnel, as well as safety and
program management in the applied
cryogenics sectors of science and indus-
try.
The material is a valuable resource
for the nuclear, medical, superconduct-
ing, supercollider, particle accelerator,
food, cryocooler, cryogenic component
and piping/bulk storage/transfer and
manufacturing industries and all other
related industries using any type of
cryogenics in the processes or opera-
tions.
Students receive a 600-700 page
class notebook with pages for every
slide shown in the course. As a part of
the annual summer course, students
receive the hardback textbook,
Cryogenic Engineering by Flynn.
David-John Roth is a graduate of
the Colorado School of Mines, with 28
years experience as chief engineer of all
technical and applied programs at
Cryoco, Inc. He most recently complet-
ed a two-year assignment at Kennedy
Space Center as Chief Engineer for the
Redstone Aerospace design team for
Constellation Ares-1 Mobile Launcher,
Ground Systems Design and 21st
Century Launch complex design teams.
For more information about the
courses, visit www.cryocourses.com.
Spotlight on New Sustaining Member
www.cryogenicsociety.org FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4 40
Cooley Heads New Fermilab SC Materials Dept. Serving the
industrial gas industry
with reconditioned
equipment
For more than 30 years, CCH
Equipment has offered customers
dependable equipment and service.
Services and Capabilities
Air Separation Plants
Cryogenic (ASU) Plants
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Gas Storage Systems
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Process Tanks
DOT Tube Trailers
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Contact:
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www.cchequipment.com
Dr. Lance Cooley,
a CSA Board Member,
was recently appoint-
ed Head of the
Supe r c onduc t i ng
Materials Department
at Fermi National
Accelerator Labora-
tory, a CSA CSM. The
new department was
formed July 1, 2011 as
a combination of the
S RF Ma t e r i a l s Gr o u p i n t h e S RF
Development Department and the Super-
conducting Strand and Cable R&D Group in
the Magnet Systems Department. Peoples
Fellow Tengming Shen was also assigned to
the new department.
Cooley said the mission statement for
the new department is twofold: 1.) To sup-
port the R&D, acquisition, and definition of
quality control for superconducting materi-
als used in the development and construction
of superconducting magnets and supercon-
ducting radio-frequency cavities and 2.) To
foster collaborations with other organiza-
tions to understand and develop the next
generation of superconducting materials,
emphasizing their use in accelerator applica-
tions. Collaborators include universities,
industry and other laboratories from around
the country and the world.
The new department has three groups:
Cavity Processing R&D (headed by Dr.
Charlie Cooper), Strand and Cable R&D
(headed by Emanuela Barzi), and Materials
Science.
The department will primarily serve
ongoing projects at Fermilab. This includes
the luminosity upgrade of LHC, where the
department will produce hundreds of meters
of Nb
3
Sn cable for 11 T magnets; the muon
accelerator R&D project, where the depart-
ment will pioneer strand and cable process-
ing, heat treatments, and testing along with
collaborators from BNL, LBNL and NHMFL;
the ILC R&D project, where the department
performs mechanical and chemical polishing
R&D, single-cell cavity R&D, and basic mate-
rials science, and R&D for Project X, where
the department will explore cavity polishing
techniques and materials science.
The department also has plans to carry
out curiosity-driven research, including
opportunities for other applications of super-
conductors in accelerators, in conjunction
with the new Illinois Accelerator Research
Center; exploration of materials beyond pure
niobium, Nb-Ti alloy, and Nb
3
Sn; standards
development; and collaborations with IIT,
Northwestern, UChicago, UIC, Michigan
State, Florida State, Nevada-Reno, and ANL,
among others, on basic materials.
The Superconducting Materials
Department operates in several facilities at
Fermilab: the Industrial Center Building,
Industrial Building 3 (IB3) and IB3-Annex,
and IB-4. IB3-A was just completed this year,
being supported by DOE-ARRA (stimulus)
funds. The department also maintains chem-
istry facilities in the villagethe eastern
area of Fermilab where guests are housed.
IB3 houses materials science laboratories
and equipment, while IB3 and IB3-A house
strand and cable R&D laboratories and
equipment. IB4 houses cavity polishing R&D
laboratories and equipment. Offices are in
the Industrial Center Building.
Post-Tevatron, Cooley believes the
department will see a lot of new activity, such
as pushing the quality factor of SRF cavities
to ever higher values. This is important to
cavities for linear accelerators that operate
continuously, e.g., Project X and the neutrino
experiments it will feed, accelerator-driven
subcritical reactors (India, China), and other
applications. The department will also work
toward extending the accelerating gradient
to new records, which is important to cavities
for pulsed high-energy linacs, such as a 1-
TeV version of the ILC.
In addition, Cooley and his colleagues
will look for cheaper, simpler and more effi-
cient ways to make SRF cavities and super-
conducting strands and cables at equivalent
performance as the existing production
processes achieve today. This includes new
processing techniques for cavities based on
mechanical polishing instead of chemical
electropolishing and techniques to scale up
billets of superconducting strand.
Other activities include transitioning to
materials beyond the niobium family (pure
Nb in RF cavities, Nb-Ti alloy and Nb
3
Sn in
superconducting strands) to achieve higher
magnetic fields and more powerful accelera-
tors. This includes new activities on Bi-2212
and, to a lesser extent, YBCO as materials for
winding solenoids of 30 T field or higher,
which is one key piece of a future muon col-
lider.
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Cold Facts Visits DH Industries, Stirling and CryoZone
On September 23
we visited Eindhoven,
The Netherlands, and
the facilities of CSA
Corporate Sustaining
Members DH Indus-
tries, Stirling Cryo-
genics and CryoZone. We were first wel-
comed at Stirling Cryogenics by Edo
Oliemans, General Manager, and Erik
Haenen, Senior Research Engineer. Later
we also spent some time with Owner and
Group Director Ronald den Heijer.
Stirling Cryogenics was founded in
1990 as a spinoff of Philips. In the late
1990s den Heijer got full ownership of the
company and founded DH Industries.
DH Industries is a full-range cryogenic
service provider. Therefore DH Industries
is comprised of three different companies,
all with their own cryogenic expertise:
Stirling Cryogenics: design and pro-
duction of Stirling cycle based cryogener-
ators and customized closed loop cryo-
genic cooling systems.
CryoZone: creative cryogenic experts
specializing in the control and circulation
of cryogenic fluids and gases, such as LN
2
and GHe, to cool and heat applications.
Combined Technologies: responsi-
ble for corporate technology research into
new applications and machines.
Stirling Cryogenics supplies highly
reliable, modular cryocoolers of varying
capacity. Stirlings standard products can
be customized and adapted to existing
situations. There are four basic helium-
filled cryogenerator types. Their products
are sealed systems reaching 20-30K using
gaseous helium cooled by an internal
helium loop.
CryoZone delivers custom-made
cryogenic solutions that are ready for use
as functional hardware. This makes their
products and systems ideally suited for
OEM system builders. The motto of
CryoZone is commitment to getting the
job done, and the same commitment is
expected from clients in
return. They are con-
vinced that a working
relationship with clients
based on a high level of
communication and coop-
eration is the basis for
their success.
DHI is a system inte-
grator of these two suppli-
ers components. In the
US and Canada, DH
Industries USA Inc. is the
official supplier for both
Stirling Cryogenics and
CryoZone.
Stirling Cryogenics
primary business serves the artificial
insemination, cryobiological and dairy
industries as well as providing equip-
ment for the storage of blood samples for
HIV research. Another market is manu-
facture of space simulation chambers,
which right now is seeing considerable
growth.
The company provides
both open and closed sys-
tems for use in High
Temperature Superconduct-
ivity (HTS) applications. As
Haenen discussed in a paper
presented at an evening ses-
sion on cryocoolers held at
EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC, the
company is also getting
involved in providing cryo-
genic cooling solutions for
power transmission and
storage using HTS materi-
als.
The proposal in the
paper was that using HTS, compact
underground stations can be located
within power grids at some distance from
the source. The skill needed is to achieve
low temperatures and to keep it there.
Reliability is of the essence. Haenen
said that Stirling and CryoZone have the
ability to contribute to the commercializa-
tion of reliable HTS power gridsat this
point over small distances, but with
longer distances possible in the future.
According to Haenen the demand for
HTS is growing. The physical area avail-
able for power infrastructures is typically
limited and HTS is a solution, as it can
achieve ever smaller footprints. Fault cur-
rent limiters will combine with HTS
cables to serve energy transmission and
storage. He believes that actually very
few people understand what happens
when things get cold. Stirling does; they
are experts in the process of getting cold
and keeping it cold as efficiently as possi-
ble.
The company also serves the space
industry. Space simulation chambers
need well-distributed cold. DHI provides
cooling solutions for simulation cham-
bers for testing space machines and sys-
tems. They can build the first stage eco-
nomically and expand the capacity of
helium liquefiers by precooling gas.
Of interest is a technical paper,
Recirculating Liquid Nitrogen System
for Operation of Cryogenic Pumps, pre-
sented at the 32nd International Electric
Propulsion Conference by A.W.

Fabrication area.
From left, Erik Haenen, Senior Research Engineer; Ronald den Heijer,
Owner and Group Director, and Edo Oliemans, General Manager, with
Cold Facts. Behind them is a map showing their worldwide sales reach.
44
Mihir Pathak, a PhD student in
Mechanical Engineering at Georgia
Institute of Technology, has been select-
ed by NASA as a Space Technology
Research Fellow. One of 81 graduate stu-
dents chosen for the fellowship, Pathak
will conduct research on a two-stage,
20K pulse tube cryocooler for Space
Studies.
These fellowships will develop
Americas technology leaders for tomor-
row, leaders that will help us out-inno-
vate, out-educate and out-build our
competitors and maintain our leader-
ship in space, NASA Administrator
Charles Bolden said in a press release.
When asked about receiving the fel-
lowship, Pathak said the following:
It feels great! Every young engi-
neer or scientist looks up to a prestigious
agency like NASA. I'm very thankful for
this opportunity and I commend the
continuous support that I receive from
my PhD advisor, Dr. S. Mostafa
Ghiaasiaan; my NASA mentor, Dr. Jeff
Feller; and my school, Georgia Institute
of Technology. I should also mention my
fiance (Praachi) and my family
(Gaurang, Sandhya and Munir) for their
support.
My research will entail the design
and development of a low temperature,
high capacity space cryocooler.
Historically, these systems operate at
very low efficiencies and are therefore
limiting our current space reach. Since
the heart of this cryocooler is the low
temperature regenerator, I will also be
performing in-depth system-level and
pore-level studies to understand the
thermal and hydrodynamic phenomena
occurring during cryogenic operation.
By addressing these challenges, I intend
to accomplish my goals so that next gen-
eration spacecraft can employ this new
cryocooler technology.
The development of a next genera-
tion cryocooler will contribute to our
capability to reach beyond our current
space boundaries and perform deep
space missions. These deep space explo-
rations will advance the knowledge
within the scientific community.
Cryogenics is considered an enabling
technology field, and considering its
future applications and its potential in
space, it is a game-changing technology.
With game-changing technology comes
innovation, which arguably drives our
country's competitiveness and econo-
my.
Mihir Pathak in the Georgia Tech Cryo Lab
Georgia Tech Student Receives NASA Research Fellowship
Kieckhafer and M.L.R. Walker of the
Georgia Institute of Technology. It
describes a system manufactured by
Stirling Cryogenics and handled by DH
Industries USA.
The authors say that cryogenically
pumped electric propulsion facilities (EP)
achieve very high pumping speeds
through the use of multiple pumps simul-
taneously operated within the same vacu-
um chamber. Cryopumps are ideal for EP
use as they have high pumping speeds, can
be mounted at any location in a vacuum
chamber, contain no oils or greases which
may contaminate the thruster or cathode,
and can achieve extremely low base pres-
sures. A very high pumping speed is
required in EP research in order to main-
tain a low facility pressure while the
thruster operates, which is required for
accurate performance and plume measure-
ments.
Cryopumps of course require a con-
stant supply of LN
2
, often provided by use
of bulk storage tanks. The paper, however,
found that the addition of the Stirling
SPC-8 cryogenerator systemproves that
there is a closed-loop LN
2
alternative to
costly and inconvenient bulk storage
tanks. Not only did the Stirling equip-
ment meet the cooling needs, but the sys-
tem is fully automated and can be left
active for long periods of time with no
operator interaction.
The authors concluded that the
advantages of a closed-loop LN
2
system
justify the extra expense of
installation and the long
cooldown timesit pays for
itselfA closed-loop system
with a nominal storage tank
always has LN
2
available for
deliveryNo energy is
wasted cooling nitrogen that
is already a liquid. The cryo-
generator system removes
the cost and logistical issues
associated with LN
2
supply
to a cryopump radiation
shroud, and replaces them
with a nearly unlimited LN
2
supply available at the push
of a button.
Other projects the company has been
involved with include supplying the detec-
tor system for neutrinos at SNOLAB,
where they cool to 74K in a former nickel
mine. SNOLAB is a Canadian under-
ground physics laboratory at a depth of 2
km in Sudbury, Ontario. The original
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experi-
ment has ended, but the facilities have been
expanded into a permanent underground
laboratory.
DHI also worked on the detector cool-
ing system for the Large Binocular
Telescope (LBT), an optical telescope for
astronomy located on 10,700-foot Mount
Graham in the Pinaleno Mountains of
southeastern Arizona, and is a part of the
Mount Graham International Observatory.
The LBT is currently one of the world's
most advanced optical telescopes; either of
its mirrors taken alone would be the largest
optical telescope in continental North
America.
Stirling Cryogenics successfully
designed and built the cooling system for
the ICARUS project, which is being carried
out by the INFN in Italy. This fully self-con-
trolled system of twelve 4 kW cryogenera-
tors is built to cool 400,000 liters of liquid
argon to exactly 94K for at least 10 years.
The ICARUS experiment detects neutrinos
from the sun in order to determine their
physical properties. See a video at
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lp8S3iGS
-EU. Laurie Huget
From One
Engineer
To Another
Find out:
indium.us/C501
Scan code with
mobile device
t answers
t blogs
t tech papers
t one-on-one
t support
t live chat
Where does the
name indium
come from and
what makes it
so versatile?
Paul Socha
Principal Engineer/
Americas Technical Manager
psocha@indium.com
2011 Indium Corporation
ASIA t CHINA t EUROPE t USA
www.indium.com
Cold Facts Visits DH Industries Group
Stirlings final test area.
Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N
575 McCorkle Boulevard Westerville OH 43082
Phone: (614) 891-2244 Fax: (614) 818-1600
i nf o@l akeshore. com www.lakeshore.com

www.lakeshore.com

www.cryogloves.com
800-680-2796
When function is important and safety is critical.
Cryo-Gloves
SEND TO: ads@cryogenicsociety.org

U
The leading medical and scientific firms worldwide rely on Tempshield Quality. The leading medical and scientific firms worldwide rely on Tempshield Quality. ISO 9001: 2000

CryoWorks Opens Riverside CA Manufacturing Facility, Sales Office
CryoWorks, Inc opened a new sales and
manufacturing facility in Riverside CA in
May 2011. It is managed by President
Timothy Mast. Mast has 23 years of experi-
ence in the design, engineering, sales, project
management and manufacturing of vacuum-
jacketed cryogenic piping systems. As part of
this expansion, CryoWorks was fortunate to
add welders who each bring along 20-plus
years of experience.
By having a facility on the west coast we
are better able to serve our customers with
benefits of quick lead times and low shipping
costs. CryoWorks goal is to give our cus-
tomers the best service and components at
competitive prices. This facility will allow us
to continue in meeting that goal, Mast said.
Founded in 2009, CryoWorks is a family
owned and operated company specializing in
design, sales, installation and service for cryo-
genic piping systems. Their customers turn to
them for a wide range of products such as
bayonets, valves, flex hoses, static vacuum,
dynamic vacuum, rigid, flexible and/or
hybrid cryogenic piping systems.
CryoWorks provides a wide range of
new and used products for storage, distribu-
tion and end user applications. Their diversi-
fied market includes food and beverage,
semiconductor, electronics, aero-space/
defense, entertainment, gas suppliers, solar,
research and development, medical/pharma-
ceutical and automotive.
Contact Mast, 9227 Orco Parkway,
Suite C, Riverside, CA 92509, 951/965-0136,
www.cryoworks.net.
For demand-
ing applications
where highly flex-
ible, impact resist-
ant bonds are
required, Master
Bond developed
Polymer System
EP37-3FLF. This
optically clear,
two-component
epoxy has excep-
tional resistance
to cryogenic tem-
peratures and severe thermal cycling. Its low
exotherm also makes it a superb potting,
encapsulating and casting system, especially
where wider cross section thicknesses are
specified. Its unique combination of proper-
ties allows it to cure at room temperature
without stressing delicate electronic compo-
nents.
Serviceable over the wide range of 4K to
250F, EP37-3FLF cures at room temperature
in 2 to 3 days or faster at elevated tempera-
tures. This epoxy offers a convenient, non-
critical 1 to 1 mix ratio by weight or volume,
and a low mixed viscosity of 1,400 to 1,500
cps. Additionally, users can work with a 100
gram mass of the adhesive at room tempera-
ture for up to 90 minutes.
EP37-3FLF has a bond shear strength
exceeding 2,000 psi and a T-peel strength of 25
pli. This flexible epoxy has an elongation of
180% and superior electrical insulation prop-
erties with a volume resistivity of
1x10
14
ohm-cm. It bonds well to a variety of
substrates including metals, glass, ceramics,
rubbers and many plastics and is widely used
in the optical, electrical, electronic, computer
and OEM industries.
EP37-3FLF is sold in pint, quart, gallon
and 5 gallon container kits and has a 6-month
shelf life if unopened and stored at room tem-
perature. www.masterbond.com.
Master Bond Offers Optically Clear Epoxy to Withstand Cryo Temperatures
GE Global Research has begun work
on the first phase of a 2-year, $3 million
project from the US Department of
Energy to develop a next generation wind
turbine generator that could support
large-scale wind applications in the 10-
15MW range. GEs superconducting
machine design will employ a novel
architecture and proven cryogenic cool-
ing technology, resulting in an improve-
ment in reliability of the complete
machine. GEs proposed superconducting
machine aims to have twice the torque
density of competing technologies and
will additionally reduce the dependence
on the rare earth materials prevalent in all
permanent magnet machines for wind.
The American Physical Society
(APS) has named Brookhaven National
Laboratory an APS Historic Site.The offi-
cial APS Historic Site citation recognizes
the Labs broad-based contribution to sci-
ence.
SuperPower Inc. (CSA CSM) will
share in $3.1 million awarded to the
University of Houston, Texas, to develop
prototypes for lower-cost, higher-efficien-
cy superconducting wire for wind tur-
bines. The grant, through the US
Department of Energy, will be used to fur-
ther develop superconductive wire and
develop a manufacturing process that
would make the wire less expensive than
the wire currently used in wind genera-
tion.
CSA regrets to
report that Richard
Henry Kropschot, age
84, died peacefully on
September 30. Krop-
schot served as the
Director of the Cryo-
genics Division of the
National Bureau of
St andards, among
many other positions. He published more
than 60 papers in cryogenic engineering
and low temperature physics and served
as editor of the Review of Scientific
Instruments and Cryogenics.
The MicroBooNE neutrino experi-
ment at Fermilab (CSA CSM) has
received Critical Decision 2-3a approval
from the Department of Energy. This is
the third stage of the four-stage DOE
approval process prior to construction.
CD 2-3a authorizes the MicroBooNE col-
laboration to make purchases of construc-
tion items that require a long lead time,
such as cryogenic systems. Full approval
to start construction is planned for 2012.
Saul Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
and a professor of physics at the
University of California at Berkeley, has
won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for
the discovery of the accelerating expan-
sion of the universe through observations
of distant supernovae. Perlmutter heads
the international Supernova Cosmology
Project, which pioneered the methods
used to discover the accelerating expan-
sion of the universe, and he has been a
leader in studies to determine the nature
of dark energy.
The Mid-Infrared Instrument
(MIRI), a pioneering camera and spec-
trometer that will fly aboard NASAs
James Webb Space Telescope, has com-
pleted cryogenic testing designed to
mimic the harsh conditions it will experi-
48 www.cryogenicsociety.org FALL 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 4
People, Companies in Cryogenics

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superconductortechnoIogy.
ence in space. MIRI underwent testing
inside the thermal space test chamber at
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Space in
Oxfordshire, UK. The sophisticated
instrument is designed to examine the
first light in the universe and the forma-
tion of planets around other stars.
October marked
the 50th issue of the
joint Fermilab/SLAC
symmetry magazine,
which published its
f i r s t i s s u e i n
Oct./Nov. 2004. The
c o v e r s h o w s
Fer mi l ab s i coni c
Wilson Hall and an
equally iconic wedge
of flying geese form-
ing an X against the sky, which represents
Project X.
SGD Inc., a single source wholesale
supplier of specialty gas equipment, has
acquired Special Gas Supplies LLC, a
supplier to compressed gas cylinder
fillers of shrink wrap, tamper-proof seals,
status tags, cylinder status neck ring discs,
cylinder netting, lecture bottles and lec-
ture bottle valves. Special Gas Supplies,
which previously operated out of Bahama
NC, will now be operating out of SGDs
facility in Emerson NJ.
Atlas Copco JC Carter Pumps has
introduced a third generation pump
upgrade program available to its cus-
tomers, featuring the only third genera-
tion SMP cryogenic pump for LNG in the
industry. The third generation design
offers customers significant advantages
over previous designs.
American Superconductor Corp-
oration (CSA CSM) has announced that it
is now doing business as AMSC, intro-
ducing a new corporate identity in order
to foster strong, sustainable growth. The
new identity is just one of the changes that
we are making to support a more diversi-
fied and sustainable company, said
AMSC President and Chief Executive
Officer, Daniel McGahn.
President Obama has named
Benjamin Lev, an assistant professor in
applied physics at Stanford, as a recipient
of the Presidential Early Career Award
for Scientists and Engineers. It is the
highest honor bestowed by the US gov-
ernment on science and engineering pro-
fessionals in the early stages of their
research careers. I want to create new
forms of quantum matter and study their
properties in novel ways, he said. This
can then lead to better intuition about
how materials such as high temperature
superconductors behave.
Eden Cryogenics (CSA CSM) hosted
an annual reunion of employees of the
original CVI at a cookout in September.
Despite the rain, the event provided
opportunity to network and share experi-
ences of the old and the new as attendees
learned of Edens current products and
markets and met new personnel while
reconnecting with former colleagues.
People, Companies in Cryogenics
Upcoming Meetings & Events
2012
MARCH 18-23
9TH INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE
SYMPOSIUM
Los Angeles, California
www.its9.org/
APRIL 29-MAY 4
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND MAGNETISM
Istanbul, Turkey
www.icsm2012.org/
MAY 14-18
INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING
CONFERENCE 24 / INTERNATIONAL CRYO-
GENIC MATERIALS CONFERENCE 2012
(ICEC24/ICMC 2012)
Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
www.icec24-icmc2012.org
JULY 8-12
ASME SUMMER HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE
Puerto Rico
www.asmeconferences.org/HT2012
JULY 9-12
INTERNATIONAL CRYOCOOLER CONFERENCE
(ICC17)
Sheraton Universal Hotel, Universal City, California
www.cryocooler.org
JULY 9
FOUNDATIONS OF CRYOCOOLERS SHORT
COURSE AT ICC17
Sheraton Universal Hotel, Universal City, California
JULY 9-11
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY SUMMER SCHOOL
Wolfson College, Oxford, UK
www.iop.org/conferences
AUGUST 6-11
SHORT COURSE IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
www.cryocourses.com
SEPTEMBER 11-14
12TH CRYOGENICS IIR INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
Dresden, Germany
www.icaris.cz/conf/Cryogenics2012
OCTOBER 7-12
APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CONFERENCE
(ASC12)
Portland, Oregon
www.ascinc.org
2013
JUNE 17-21
CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE/
INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC MATERIALS
CONFERENCE
Denaina Civic and Convention Center
Anchorage, Alaska
cec-icmc.org
JUNE 23-25
SPACE CRYOGENICS WORKSHOP 2013
Alyeska Resort, Girdwood, Alaska
www.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org
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ACME Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
American Magnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Barber-Nichols, Inc. . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
CCH Equipment Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
CPC-Cryolab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chart Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Cool Pair Plus, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Cryocourses.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Cryofab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CryoGas International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Cryogenic Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation . . . . . . . . . .12
Cryo Technologies . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
DLH Industries (Cryocomp) . . . . . . . .Back Cover
Eden Cryogenics, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
gasworld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
ICC17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Indium Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
International Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Janis Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Lake Shore Cryotronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Linde Cryogenics/Linde Process Plants, Inc. . . . . . . . .37
Lydall Performance Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Macro Technologies (Superior Products) . . . .33
Master Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Meyer Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
PHPK Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Philtec, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Rego CryoFlow Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Scientific Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Specialty Gas Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Sumitomo SHI Cryo America . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
Sunpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
SuperPower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Technifab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
Tempshield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Thermax, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Valcor Scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
On Our Cover
Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
218 Lake Street Oak Park IL 60302-2609 Phone: 708.383.6220 Ext. 222
Fax: 708.383.9337 Email: csa@cryogenicsociety.org Web: www.cryogenicsociety.org
A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenics
ISSN 1085-5262 CSA-C- 3804 Fall 2011 Printed in USA
New Memberships Cryogenic Society of America
218 Lake Street Oak Park Il 60302-2609
Fax: 708.383.9337
50
Our cover represents the passing of the high ener-
gy accelerator baton from Fermilabs Tevatron, which
shut down on September 30, to the CERN Large
Hadron Collider, where the search for the Higgs boson
and other physics discoveries will be made. The photo
of Fermilabs Wilson Hall displaying a large X repre-
sents the labs future, which includes Project X and other
ventures (photo illustrations: Fermilab and Sandbox
Studio). The background photo shows a schematic of
the LHC ATLAS experiment (image courtesy CERN).
See Tevatron story, page 22; CERN visit story, page 18.
Check the CSA website for photo galleries.
Zip +4 Required
Visit us anytime worldwide at
www.shicryogenics.com
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2011 SHI Cryogenics Group
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Cold Facts 2011-Fall

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Cold Facts 2011-Fall

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The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.

Fall 2011 Volume 27 Number 4

New west coast branch to

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Cryocoolers have been recognized as the industry

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