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Vol.

June 1964

NO. 1

SYSTEMATICS
The Journal of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences
APOSTLES OF INTEGRATION
Dr. Victor Cofman

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: The Phenomenon of Man (Collins 1959) Le Milieu Divin (Collins 1960) Oliver L. Reiser: The Integration of Human Knowledge (Sargent 1958) Nature, Man & God (Univ. of Pittsburgh Press 1951) John G. Bennett: The Dramatic Universe (Hodder & Stoughton} (1956)-Vol. I. The Foundations of Natural Philosophy (1961)-Vol. II. The Foundations of Moral Philosophy The above authors have very diverse backgrounds, Chardin, anthropologist and Jesuit father, bases his arguments on palaeontology and evolution. Reiser, philosopher and humanist, has one foot in the field of semantics and cybernetics and gives a sidelong glance at Eastern thought. Bennett, with an early training in mathematical physics and wide experience in applied science and esoteric teachings, roams over the whole field of human (and divine) endeavour. All three are attempting to add to the prevalent materialist philosophy of the West a 'spiritual' extension-one or more dimensions beyond space-time. Their aim is a harmonious integration of apparently conflicting factors in Society and within the individual, a synthesis of opposites. They are individuals with vision, using a scientificintuitional approach, a combination of 'head and heart', examples of a 'third culture' about to be born. To understand them requires an effort of will, a combination of the scientific-factual and poeticmystical attitude, i.e. having one's head in the clouds while keeping one's feet on the ground. Approaching our task of critical examination on systematic lines, we begin by giving a brief outline of each of the three systems as a whole.
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Teilhard de Chardin: The Phenomenon of Man

Chardin deals with the evolution of the spirit, parallel with the evolution of matter. There is a tendency in matter to become more complex. ("complexification"). In this process of material evolution, 'particles' form atoms, atoms combine into molecules and eventually into very large 'organic' molecules. Protein molecules gather together into huge chains of special structure that can duplicate themselves and form the basis of living matter. Life evolves first as viruses and single cells, then as multicellular organisms, plants and animals. In the lower animals specialized cells form a nervous system which grows and deve1cps into a brain. By using his brain, man changes his environment and, by co-operating with others, forms social groups.

There exists in nature, in addition to ordinary physical energy another form, namely "inner" or "radial" energy, the amount of which increases as 'complexification' proceeds. Not only does it increase in quantity but, just as with increase in temperature ice changes into water and water into steam, so the increase in "inner" energy produces sudden changes in the type of material structures with which it is associated. One such change occurs when life appears on Earth; another when self-consciousness appears in man ("hominisation") and a third major change could be the separation, or independence of the inner energy from the material organism ("Christogenisis").

Chardin has coined the term "noosphere" for the collective psychic or spiritual environment, corresponding to the 'biosphere' standing for the totality of living organisms on the Earth. The "noosphere" is gradually developing a centre, a world consciousness (the "omega point"), this process being guided by the eternal Christ principle. The above is a rough and sketchy outline of Chardin's thesis. In the "Phenomenon of Man" he marshals an impressive amount of biological and anthropological evidence in support of his views. One important point which he brings out is that of "convergence" or "involution". Unlike the "divergence" and multiplication of species which takes place throughout biological evolution in successful types of organisms, we find that in man the formation of new species has been prevented by intermarriage and cultural exchange. We find instead the "convergence" of civilization, which should lead to the "omega point".

O. L. Reiser: The Integration of Human Knowledge


Reiser approaches the problem of integration from the standpoint of scientific humanism as a believer in collective intelligence, in democracy and in a planetary ethics.
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He outlines the great systems of philosophy, from Platonic idealism to atheistic existentialism and ends with a pantheistic humanism which aims at combining Eastern mysticism with Western science. To build his cosmology Reiser brings together a wealth of material from logic, semantics, mathematics, cybernetics, science and psychology. He postulates an Unmanifest Universe and a Supreme (Cosmic) Imagination which brings about a spiral evolutionary advance from elementary particles through atoms, molecules, bodies, cells, organisms and man, towards a World Sensorium or World Brain. For Reiser the Earth is an organism at embryonic stage, with a great composite mind beginning to dawn. Radio, television, long distance transport, etc. are its developing organs. He is a strong advocate of "Project Prometheus", communication satellites that would encircle the Earth transmitting information that would build a universal culture. He even looks forward eventually to "radiation belts of thought", utilizing extra-sensory perception. The material evolution is accompanied by, and dependent upon corresponding energy fields: electromagnetic, chemical, biological, mental and psychic. These require, in addition to the space-time of the material universe, another set of four dimensions for the geometry of consciousness or mental life. An important rle is ascribed to 'spin' (angular momentum) which occurs throughout, from cosmic to sub-atomic phenomena, and may play a part in the transition from one dimension to another. For the coming new civilization Reiser envisages a non-Aristotelian logic (multi-valued semantics) involving a fusion of reason and emotion, with individuals having a balanced personality. He would not be averse to the use of high-energy radiation to bring about mutations in the human race, provided that they could be guided by a psi-field to produce desirable results.

J.G. Bennett: The Dramatic Universe


Bennett's Cosmology is a very comprehensive attempt at a synthesis of Philosophy, Science and Religion. It presupposes a wide knowledge on the part of the reader and develops a new form of (symbolic) language which makes demands upon one's power of understanding (Le. upon the will to understand). At the basis of Bennett's philosophy is a system of twelve terms (categories): wholeness, polarity, relatedness, subsistence, potentiality, repetition, structure, individuality, pattern, creativity, domination and autocracy. Parallel with these categories are twelve levels of existence, from the lowest unorganized substratum (hyl') through corpuscles, particles, bodies, viruses (colloids), cells, organisms, men, planets (biosphere), stars, galaxies, to the total knowable Universe. There are further twelve qualities of energy in a scale varying from physical to vital and Cosmic energies. These energies, though related to the twelve levels of existence (which are factual) and
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the twelve categories (which depend upon will to understand) are themselves attributes of twelve 'potencies of being' which graduate from the unipotency of the universal substratum (or hyl) to the twelfth potency of the Universal Being. Human experience thus consists of a triad: function (fact), being and will. For the classification of facts Bennett uses six (metrical) dimensions: three dimensions of space, time, and two other dimensions namely, eternity (the region of possibilities) and 'hyparxis' (the dimension of 'recurrence' or 'ableness-to-be'). Within this framework he classified all natural sciences and exemplified their main characteristics. Two more (non-metrical) domains the domain of value and the domain of harmony are introduced to accommodate the experience of 'Being' and 'Will'. Between the quantitative domain of fact and the qualitative domain of value Bennett places the quality of 'emergence', best recognized in the appreciation of a work of art; and the notion of synchronicity which discloses timeless connections in our experience (cf. C. J. Jung). The burden of Bennett's philosophy is the spiritual development of the individual. In his present state, man's consciousness consists of his 'personality' (mostly acquired characteristics) and his 'essence' (mainly inborn 'unconscious'). By conscious efforts of will man can acquire the power to work upon the unconscious self and develop his 'essence'. The essence then becomes divided into three layers; of these, the 'higher self' is capable of uniting with the 'Cosmic Individuality' The dyad: opposition or complementarity The triad: reconciliation. In Chardin's philosophy the chief dyad is 'material' vs. 'spiritual'. The former is represented by physical energy and the latter by 'inner' or 'radial' energy which becomes vital energy in plants and animals and spiritual energy in man. The lower and less complex forms of matter are subject mainly to physical energy. As 'complexification' proceeds, bodies come increasingly under the influence of 'radial' (and eventually under the influence of 'vital' and 'spiritual') energy. In the end man should become entirely 'spiritualized'. Here we have a dyad of opposites; the 'complementarity' of the material and spiritual is brought out by Chardin in "Le Milieu Divin'", where he makes a strong plea for the acceptance of the physical world as an integral part of the religious experience. Reiser's main dyad is Specialization vs. Integration. He constructs a 'Temple of Knowledge', whose pillars are the various sciences, of religion aesthetics. These rest upon a foundation of mathematics, including the Sciences, logic and semantics and are topped by philosophy and wisdom (social planning). There are several other important dyads in Reiser's integrative system: in each case he suggests a 'reconciling' factor which forms a 'triad': the socio-political dyad, capitalism vs. communism, would be reconciled by a third term, humanistic socialism, the scientific-religious opposition by means of a humanistic religion; the mind-heart (or reason-emotion) dyad would be overcome by a multi-valued logic or multiple-interpretation symbolic language; and the East-West

philosophical opposition would be transformed into "the two poles of an armature" representing the World Brain. Bennett's main dyad is between the domains of "fact" and of "value". His triads are exemplified by a comprehensive analysis of the laws of Will-human, infra-human and super-human

The 'tetrad' of Integration

We recognize in the above diagram several of the dyads we have already met, especially if we replace some of the terms with equivalent ones (e.g. intellectscience; subconscious--religion; individualcapitalism; society-communism). The tetrad, however, draws attention to further relationships among its terms. Beyond the first stage of integration between the intellect and the deeper part of consciousness (Chardin's 'soul'; Reiser's 'emotions'; Bennett's 'essence'), there comes a further integration between the psyche of the individual and that of society (humanity). This can be upon a collective conscious level (Reiser's World Brain or psi-field) or upon a deeper (or higher) level of universal consciousness (Chardin's noosphere and omega-point). Bennett has three tetrads (or groups of energies): physical, vital, and cosmic (twelve in all), characteristic of the twelve levels of being, themselves divided into three tetrads: Materiality, Vitality and Deity. He further develops the theme of 'creation' in terms of three tetrads.

The pentad of potentiality (spiritualization).

Chardin's account of increase in spiritualization (or inner energy) in living entities can be expressed as a pentad, the terms ABCDE representing plants, animals, man, omega-point and Christ respectively In Reiser's evolutionary series, the five terms: plant, animal, man, world-brain and cosmic imagination can be likewise treated as a pentad. Bennett has a series of seven pentads dealing with the "spiritualization" of existence. The terms of his middle (fourth) pentad are 'germs', animals, man 'demiurge', Cosmic Individual. It should be noted that, in the pentads of Chardin and Reiser most terms have a material component (plants, animals and man in the case of Chardin; plant, animal man and World Brain in the case of Reiser); in Bennett's pentad all five terms refer to non-material essences belonging to different categories of being. Man's task in Bennett's system is to raise his essence to a higher level so as to make it fit to be absorbed in the Cosmic Individuality.

The 'Hexad' of actualization: Recurrence, Emergence Complexification Negative entropy, Evolution, Higher dimensions. The concept of emergence is one which recurs upon different levels in the theories which we are considering. The emergence of new qualities, of new dimensions, follows upon the integration of parts into new whole, which acquire additional characteristics. It is true that what is new in an integrated whole can be said to have existed potentially in the constituent parts (hence Chardin's assumption that some form of consciousness or inner energy exists in inanimate matter); but we only become aware of the emergence of the new quality when the potentiality becomes realized. Complexification' is a basic principle in Chardin's philosophy. It represents an increase in order or organization, an improbable stare which may be equated with negative entropy, "the stuff of life". It deserves in biological science a status comparable with the second law of thermodynamics (the increase in entropy). The well-known dialectical principle of "change of quality with increase in quantity" is overshadowed by the principle of emergence of new qualities upon integration and complexification'. 1 The Heptad: The Process of Integration.
It is perhaps necessary to mention here that some of the terms are used by the authors with different connotations. 'Emergence' as used above, applies to Chardin-Reiser usage; for Bennett, it has a more specialized meaning. The terms evolution and involution are used by Chardin and Bennett with different meaning. The reader has to be always on the lookout for variations in the meaning of words used by various authors, and even by the same author on different occasions a fact which hardly needs be stressed for students of multi-valued logic and symbolic expression.
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The stages of material integration from sub-atom to man, as seen by all three authors, could be expressed on a seven-fold scale: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, enzymes (bodies' Reiser) cells, organisms, man. The application of the seven-stage principle to other aspects of integration cultural, political, economic, religious, etc. could give valuable insights as to the stage which humanity has now reached in each case and might even supply answers to such questions as: What do the present revolutionary trends in literature and in art portend? Is a World Government 'round the corner'? Does humanity need to develop, as Reiser advocates, new 'archetypes' in the collective consciousness? (Perhaps 'neotypes' would be a more suitable term). What part will mystical experience and / or 'revealed truth' play in the next stage of psychic development? Does interplanetary travel indicate the beginning of a new cycle (a new 'octave') in human evolution? Or, will some 'shock' such as atomic warfare or other world catastrophe be a necessary factor towards further advance?

Summary and Conclusion


It is noteworthy that the application of the systematic progression of terms in this instance has led us from the dyad with its opposition of the two aspects of individual consciousness the intellect and the subconscious to their reconciliation in the triad, the subsequent integration with the consciousness of humanity in the tetrad, the evolution of the spirit throughout the living world in the pentad, the development of 'inner' (spiritual) energy in the whole of nature (including the inorganic world) through complexification in the Hexad, to the entire process of integration in the Heptad There is little doubt that humanity is in the throes of an integrative process. We should be grateful to those who, like Chardin, Reiser and Bennett, accepting the risk of being looked at askance by their colleagues, are treading the thorny path of progress.

ENVOY The Octad: A new beginning


The principal argument against integration is that our present knowledge is incomplete and increasing at a fast rate; therefore, it is argued, attempts at integration are premature and harmful since any universal framework may act as a 'straight jacket' limiting the freedom of the thinker. The answer to this objection is that consciously or unconsciously frameworks which limit investigation are already in existence (cf. science and psi-research) and that the proposed systems of integration are 'open' systems subject to expansion and change. Even so, perhaps what is needed is a super-integrative system, capable not only of 'evolving' but also of 'revolving'-not in a circle, but in an expanding logarithmic spiral. Such a system would
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accept as a basic principle that 'the opposite is likewise true' and show that, beyond given limits, every one of its framework assumptions can and must change. It would be able and expected to fit within its framework all integrative systems. Perhaps the first step towards such an aim would be to take each of the three systems we have considered and, keeping their basic framework, develop them so that they include the important features of the other two.

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