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UDC

6216332 + 621.83336

: 0014

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR TOOTHED
2 BEVEL AND HYPOID GEARS

( Reaffirmed 2000 )

GEARING

PART

1. Scope -

Defines

the commonly

used terms in bevel and hypoid SECTION ONE

gear industry.

2. Bevel

Gear Terminology
Conical in form and operating on intersecting axes.

2.1 General Definitions *2.1 .I Bevel gears -

ON AXIS

surface described by the ins antaneous 2.1.2 Pitch surface - The geometrical movement of the mating gear in relation to the gear under consideration in a given pair.
PITCH PLANE -

axis

Of the

(PITCH ELEMENT I

2.1.3 Reference surface - An imaginary dimensions of a gear, considered alone, the basic member. *2.1.4 Pifch cone The pitch surface

conventional are defined.

surface with reference It is the pitch surface

to which the tooth of engagement with

of a bevel gear ( see 2.1.2 ). of the bevel gear pair along

axis of relative motion *2.1.5 Pitch element - The instantaneous which the pitch cones of the gears roll without slipping ( see 2.1.2 ).
*Applicable to bevel gears only.

Adopted

8 February

1984

@October 1934, ISI INDIAN


MANAK

Gr 11

STANDARDS
BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR NEW DELHI

INSTITUTION
SHAH 110002 ZAFAR MARG

IS : 2458( Part 2 ) - 1984


PINION AXIS

/GEAR

AXIS

2.1.6 Pitch angle - The 2.1.7 Shaft angle - The sum of the two pitch angles 2.1.6 Pitch plane - The cular to the axial plane. 2.1.9 Axial plane - The

angle between an element of pitch cone and the axis (see 2.1.5). angle between the axes of the mating bevel gears; this is equal to the ( see 2.1.5 ). plane tangent to the pitch cone along the pitch element and perpendiplane that contains
TRANSVERSE APEX PLANE --b

the two axes of the bevel gears

pair.

PlTCh L PLANE

VIRTUAL CYLINDRICAL GEAR

TRANSVERSE

SECTION

IS:2458
2.1 .I 0 Transverse ( see 2.1.9 ). plane The plane perpendicular to the axial plane and

(Part the

2 )-I984 pitch plane to

circle of intersection of the pitch cone with a plane, perpendicular 2.1 .I 1 Pitch circle -The the axis of the bevel gear, on which the pitch has the specified value ( see 2.1.9 ). 2.1.12 Pitch point - The point on the transverse plane circles of the mating bevel gears contact (see 2.1.9). cone whose ~ 2.1 .I3 Back cone -The outer ends of the teeth ( see 2.1.14 ). 2.1.14Root cone elements along the pitch element pitch where

the pitch at the

are perpendicular

to the

elements

The cone, enveloping

the bottom lands of the teeth.


PITCH fAPEX

PllCH

CONE

2.1.15Root circle 2.1.16 Face cone -

The circle

of intersection

of root cone with the back cone ( see 2.1.14 ).

The cone enveloping

the top lands of the teeth.


BE APEX

2.1.17Front cone - The cone whose elements inner ends of the teeth. 2.1.16 Crown - The point element ( see 2.1.19). defined

are perpendicular of a face

to the

pitch

elements

at the

by the intersection

cone element

and a back cone

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.1.I 9 Crown circle

The circle

ot intersection

of the back cone and face cone.


FACE CONE r
WN

CROWN CIRC%

2.1.20 Front-crown cone element.

The

point

defined

by the intersection

of a face, cone element

and a front

PITCH FRONT CROWN

ANGLE

ANGLE

1 FACE
GLE

2.1.21 Face angle 2.1.22 Root angle -

The

angle between

an element an element

of the face cone and its axis ( see 2.1.20). of the root cone and its axis ( see 2.1.20 ), and is

The angle between

2.1.23 Back angle - The angle between an element of back cone and a plane of rotation equal to pitch angle unless the back cone is modified in the gear blank ( see 2.1.24 ). 2.1.24 Addendum angle The angle between
FACE APY

elements
,,KH

of the face cone and the pitch cone.


APEX

ADDENDUM AN

ANGLE

ANGLE

FRONT ANGLE\

2.1.25 Dedendum 2.1.24 ).

angle -

The

angle

between

elements

of the root cone and

pitch

cone

(see and is

2.1.28 Front angle - The angle between usually equal to back angle ( see 2.1.24 ). 2.1.27 Pitch apex element. ( Also called

an element

of front

cone and a plane of rotation

The point defined by the intersection pitch cone apex ) ( see 2.1.24 ), 4

of the

bevel

gear axis

and a pitch

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.1.28Face apex - The point defined by the intersection element. ( Also called face cone apex ) (see 2.1.24 ). 2.1.29 Root apex - The point defined element. ( Also called root cone apex ). by the intersection of the bevel gear axis and a face cone

of the bevel gear axis and a root cone

ROOT

APEX

2.1.30Face width (see 2.1.29)-, 2.1.31 Pitch 21.32 Outside

The width -

over the toothed

part of the gear measured

along a pitch

element

diameter diameter

The diameter -

of the pitch

circle

( see 2.1.29 ). ( see 2.1.29). cone element from the point

The diameter

of the crown

circle

distance of a face 2.1.33Face angle distance - The perpendicular of intersection of the axis with the locating surface on the back,

PITCH

APEX

CACE

ANGLE

2.1.34 Back angle distance apex ( see 2.1.33 ).

-The

perpendicular

distance

of a back cone

element

from

the pitch

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.1.35 Outer cone distance along a pitch element. The distance between the pitch apex and the back cone measured
INNER CONE mTANCE

2.1.36 Mean cone distance - The distance from the pitch measured along a pitch element ( see 2.1.35 ). 2.1.37 Inner cone distance a pitch element ( see 2.1.35 ). 2.1.38 Pitch apex to crown crown ( see 2.1.39). The distance The distance from the pitch along a bevel the bevel

apex to the middle

of the face width

apex and the front cone gear axis gear axis from

measuredaloW
apex to the apex to the

the pitch

2.1.39 Pitch apex to back - The distance along locating surface on the back of the gear blank. PITCH Am
PITCH APEX TO BACK r

from the pitch

CROWN

PO?

PITCH APEX $cnoWN

-i?i

BACK

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.1.40 Crown fo back - The distance in the axial plane from the crown to the locating surface on the back of the gear blank ( see 2.1.39). 2.1.41Mounfing distance - The distance along the bevel gear axis from the point of intersection of the axes of mating gears ( pitch apex in bevel gears ) to the locating surface on the back or front of bevel gear, in the assembly. 2.1;42 Back cone distance - The distance along an element of the back cone from its apex to the pitch circle in the direction normal to the pitch cone ( see 2.1.39 ). 2.1.43 Equivalent pitch radius of bevel gear - The radius of curvature of the pitch surface in the transverse section of bevel gear teeth, at the outer end; and this is equal to back cone distance.
TRANSVERSE PITCH / PLANE CONE -I EQUIVALENT NUMBER Of TEETH

APEX

EQUIVALENT PITCH RADIUS (BACK CONE DISTANCE)

VIRTUAL

CYLINDRICAL GEAR

2.1.44 Equivalenf number of feefh - The number of teeth of the specified module of the bevel gear, contained in the whole circumference of a pitch circle corresponding to an equivalent pitch radius ( see 2.1.43 ). 2.1.45 Virtual cylindrical gear of a bevel gear -The imaginary cylindrical gear of which the transverse section is having the equivalent number of teeth ( see 21.43 ). *2.1.46 Crown gear - A bevel gear with straight profile teeth having a pitch angle of 90 and hence a pitch surface at right angles to its axis.
CROWN GEAR AXIS

PITCH

CONE

*Applicable

to bevel

gears

On!y.

lS:245i( Part 2).1984


*2.1.#7 Basic member -For the family of bevel gears, a bevel gear that can contact both the gears of a bevel gear pair, at any turning position along the same lines along which the gears contact one another.
Note-The basic member for a family of bevel gears is a crown gear ( see 2.1.46 ).

2.1 A8 Complementary basic members - Two basic members are complementary fitted face to face with completely coincident pitch and tooth surface.

if they can be

COMPLEMENTARY

BASIC MEMBERS

*2.1.49 Complementary
mentary basic members.

crown

gears -Two

bevel gears of 90 pitch

angle

which

are

comple-

COMPLEMENTARY

CROWN GEARS

2,l.!j9 Conjugate explained below:

gears -

Gears

with

mating

tooth

profiles

which

satisfy

the

law

of

gearing

Law ofgearing
every point

-The ratio.

of contact

passes

common ncrmal to the mating tooth surfaces of a pair of gears at through the pitch point for gears to transmit uniform motion at

constant

velocity

*Applicable

to bevel gears only.

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.1.51 Conjugate crown gear -A gear under the law of gearing. crown gear with straight profile teeth which runs with a bevel

BEVEL

PINIO~I

BEVEL

70 CROWN GEAR

2.1.52 Corijugate crown gears.

bevel gears -

Two bevel gears which

are conjugate

to a pair of complementary

2.153 Interchanaeable gear) is complementary 2.2 Tooth Characteristics

bevel aears -The to itself.

bevel clears within

a family,

whose basic member (crown

that forms the side of a gear 2.2.1 Tooth surface - The surface bounded by the face cone, the root cone and face width of tooth.

tooth,

the

area of which

is

PLANE

r-

PITCH

NORMAL SURFACE

TO

2.2.2 Tooth profile-The surface ( see 2.2.1 ). 2.2.3 Tooth trace-A surface ( see 2.2.1 ).

curve of intersection

of a tooth surface

and a plane

normal

to the pitch

general

term for the curve

of intersection

of a tooth

surface

and its pitch

2.2.4 Whole depth - The total depth of a tooth space defined by the distance circle and the root circle measured along a back cone element ( see 2.2.5). 9

between

the crown

IS : 2458 (Part 2)2.2.5 Addendum back cone element.

1984
The distance between the crown circle and pitch circle measured along a

AXIAL
ADDENDUM DEDENDUM

SECTION
1 FK CONE DISTANCE

CIRCULAR

TOP

LAND

SPACE T:pcKDN~

WIDTH/

/BOTTOM

LAND

SECTION 2.2.6 Dedendum back cone element - The distance (see 2.2.5 ). between

AA circle and the root circle bevel gears measured along a

the pitch

2.2.7 Working depth -The sum of the addenda of the mating the depth of engagement of the two gears (see 2.2.5). 2.2.6 ClearanceThe difference of its mating gear ( see 2.2.5 ). in the dimension of dedendum circle

and this also defines

of a bevel gear and the addendum of the bevel gear between the two

2.2.9 Circular. thickness - The length tooth profiles of a tooth (see 2.2.5 ).

of arc of the pitch

2.2.10 Space width -The length of arc of the pitch circle tooth profiles of a tooth space ( see 2.2.5 ). IO

of the bevel gear lying

between the two

IS : 2458 (Part 2 ) - 1984


length of arc of the pitch 2.2.11 Circular pitch -The ponding profiles of adjacent teeth (see 2.2.5 ). 2.2.12 Chordal thickness ( see 2.2.5 ). -The length height of circle of the bevel a circular gear between corres-

the chord subtending from

thickness

arc of a tooth subtending the

2.2.13 Chordaladdendum -The circular thickness arc ( see 2.2.5 ). 2.2.14 Toe The portion portion 2.2.15Heel-The 2.2.16 Top /and-The 2.2.17 Normal curve.

the top of the tooth

to the chord

of the tooth surface of the tooth surface

at the inner end of tooth ( see 2.2.17 ). at the outer end of the tooth (see 2.2.17). ( see 2.2.17 ). measured normal to the tooth lengthwise

surface

of the top of a tooth width of the top

top land -The

land

2.2.18 Inner normal 2.2.19Mean normal 2.2.20 Outer normal 2.2.21 Bottom ( see 2.2.5 ). 2.2.22 Face 2.2.23 Flank -

top land top land top /and The

The width The width The width of

of the normal top

land at the inner end of the tooth. of the face width.

of the normal top land at the middle

of the normal top land at the outer end of the tooth. the bottom surface surface of a tooth space adjoining the fillets

/and -

surface

The upper portion The lower portion

of the tooth of the tooth surface

( see 2.2.17 ), ( see 2.2.17 ).

2.2.24 Top side - The upward-facing from pitch apex ( see 2.2.17).

of tooth on the left side of a bevel gear when viewed surface whose of a tooth tooth on the left side of a bevel gear

2.2.25 Bottom side - The downward-facing when viewed from pitch apex ( see 2.2.17 ). 2.2.26 Concave side -The side of the tooth direction of the tooth (see 2.2.17).

surface

is concave

in the length-wise

11

IS : 2458 ( Part 2) - 1984


side of the tooth whose tooth surface is convex in the length-wise 2.2.27 Convex side -The direction of the tooth ( see 2.2.17 ). side of tooth which is in contact with its mating gear when the pair is 2.2.28 Driving side -The in operation. 2.2.29 Spiralangle - The angle between the tooth trace and an element of pitch cone at the mean cone distance or at the middle of the face width. -k
1

,OUTER
i*

CONE

DISTANCE

+---

CONE

lsTAJcE

~NER

CONE

DISTANCE

INNER ANGLE

SPIRAL MEAN
.

POINT

<

WCH

SURFACE

RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF TOOTH SPIRAL

PITCH

PLANE

2.2.30 inner spiral angle - The spiral angle at the inner end of the tooth ( see 2.2.29 ). 2.2.31 Oufer spiral angle - The spiral angle at the outer end of the tooth ( see 2.2.29 ). 2.2.32 Face advanceThe distance on a pitch circle through which an oblique or spiral tooth moves from the position at which contact begins at one end of the tooth to the position when contact ceases at the other end,

l12

PITCH

SURFACE

IS: 2458 (Part


2.2.33 Arc of action -The arc of the pitch circ e through beginning to the end of contact with a mating tooth profile. P1tcl-l
POlNl

2)-

1984

which
.

a tooth

profile

moves from the

2.2.34 Arc of approach - The arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth profile moves from its beginning of contact until the point of contact arrives at the pitch point ( see 2.2.33 ). 2.2.35 Arc of recess-The arc of the pitch circle at the pitch point until contact ends ( see 2.2.33 ). through which a tooth profile moves from contact

2.2.36 Contact ratio -

The ratio of arc of action This

to circular

pitch. contact pitch ratio and is the contact

2.2.37 Transverse cantact ratio ratio in the transverse section. 2.2.38 Face contact ratio -

is also called

as the profile to circular

The ratio of face advance

( see 2.2.32).

2.2.39 Modified contact ratio - This is also called mismatch contact ratio and is the resultant contact ratio of a localised tooth bearing which spreads to the extremeties of working tooth profile under load and is given by the formula: MO = q/M2 where A% = modified contact ratio, iI& = face contact ratio, and A& = transverse contact ratio. 2.2.40 Pressure angle at a point - The acute angle between a tangent to the tooth line perpendicular to the pitch cone passing through the point of tangency.
PRESSURE ANGLE PRESSURE PITCH ANGLE

+ M2

profile

and

CIRCLE

A CIRCLE ON i!PITCH CONE

13

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.2.41 Pressure ( see 2.2.40 ). angle Pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle

in curvature 2.2.42 Mismatch - The relative difference curves of two mating teeth of a bevel gear pair.

between

the profiles

and/or

lengthwise

of the pitch diameter ( mm) 2.2.43 Module - The quotient quotient of the circular pitch ( mm ) by the number 11 1. 2.2.44 Addendum cylindrical gear. 2.2.45 Addendum the module. modification of a bevel gear The

by the

number

of

teeth

[ or the

addendum

modification

of the

virtual

modification

coefficient

The

quotient

of addendum

modifications

( mm ) by

2.2.46 X-zero gear 2.2.47 X-gear -

A bevel gear whose addendum

modification

coefficient

is equal to zero. from zero. rack

A bevel gear whose addendum

modification

coefficient

is different The

2.2.46 Standard basic rack tooth profile ( of a system tooth profile of the virtual cylindrical gears. 2.2.49 Space width gear. taper The change

of bevel gears ) -

standard

basic

in the tooth space width

along the tooth

length

of a bevel

SPACE

WIDTH

TAPER

2.2.50 Tooth thickness taper gear tooth ( see 2.2.49 ),

The

change

in tooth

thickness

along

the tooth

length of a bevel

2.2.51 Slot width taper - The Change in slot width formed ih the root plane of a bevel gear tooth by a V-shaped cutting tool, of nominal pressure angle, whose sides are tangent to the two sides of the tooth space of the bevel gear tooth ( see 2.2.49 ). 2.2.52 Depth-wise taper - The change in tooth depth along measured perpendicular to the pitch element ( see 2.2.49 ). 14 the length of a bevel gear tooth,

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


22.53 Sfandard depfh-wise taper -The depth-wise taper of a bevel gear tooth in which root cone apex coincides with the pitch apex and the slot-width at inner end is narrower than the slot-width at outer end of the tooth.
ROOT CONE LINE OF STANDARD DEPTH WISE TAPER GEAR /-

PITCH

APS11/

22.54 Duplex taper - The depthwise taper of teeth in a bevel gear pair in which root cone apex does not coincide with pitch apex and slot width is maintained constant from toe end to heel end, ( Slotwidth taper is zero 1 ( see 2.2.53 1. 2.3 Types of Bevel Gears *2.3.1 Straight bevel gears - Bevel gears whose tooth traces are straight extended will pass through the point of intersection of their axes. and tapered, which, if

*Applicable

to bevel gears

only.

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


*2.3.2 Skew bevel gear - Bevel geai defined fram a crown lines not passing through the apex (that is, teeth are straight gear whose andoblique). tooth traces are straight

skew bevel gear in which the teeth *2.3.3 Right-hand skew bevel gear -The when viewing the teeth from the inner end to the outer end from the apex. *2.3.4 Left-hand skew bevel gear - The skew bevel gear in which the teeth when viewing the teeth from the inner end to the outer end from the apex. twist

twist

clockwise,

anti-clockwise,

*Applicable to bevel gears only. 1G

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 j - 1984 *2.3.5 Spiral


bevel gear Bevel gear with teeth which are curved and oblique.

RH GEAR

rr: LH PINION

*2.3.6Right-hand
inclined

spiral bevel gear - The bevel gear in which the outer half of the teeth is away from the axis in clockwise direction as viewed on the face of the gear ( see 2.3.5 ).

*Applicable

to bevel gears only.

17

1s : 2458( Part 2 ) - 1984


*2.3.7 Left-hand spiral bevel. gear -The bevel gear in which the outer half of the teeth is inclined away from the axis in anti clockwise direction as viewed on the face of the gear.

LH GEAR

*2.3.8 Zero1 bevel gears - Spiral bevel gears with zero spiral angle with teeth which but in the same general direction of straight bevel gear teeth ( see 2.3.7 ). 2.3.9 Angular bevel gears Bevel gears in which the axes are not at right angles.

are curved

SHAFT ANGLE (90

*Applicable

to bevel gears

only.

18

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.3.10 External bevel gear Bevel gear operating on shaft angles <90.

2.3.11 Internal

bevel

gear -

Bevel gear operating

with

its mating

gear on shaft angles

>90.

bFT

ANGLE > 90

2.3.12

Miter

gears

Bevel

gears in which

each member of the pair has same number

Of teeth.

2.4

Terms

Connected

wifh inspection,

Testing

and Development

Procedure the larger number of teeth, and

2.4.1 Gear-Of driving member

the two gears of a bevel gear in miter gears. of a bevel

pair the one with

2.4.2 Pinion-Of the two gears and driving member in miter gears. 2.4.3 Pitch -The on adjacent teeth. theoretical

gear pair

the one with

the smaller

number

of teeth, points,

distance

along the arc of pitch circle

between corresponding

19

IS:2458 (Part 2)-1984


2.44 Pitch range - The algebraic of pitch on the entire gear. difference between the longest and the shortest measurement

2.4.5 Pitch variation - The difference ween any two adjacent teeth. 2.4.6 Tooth spacing The measured

between

the theoretical

pitch

and the measured

pitch

bet-

distance

between

corresponding

points

on adjacent

teeth.

2.4.7 Spacing variation - This is also called any two adjacent measurements of spacing. 2.4.8 index The theoretical -The angular displacement position

tooth-to-tooth

spacing

and is the difference

between

of teeth about the axis of the pitch angular

cone. position relative

2.4.9 Index variation to a datum tooth.

of any tooth from its theoretical

2.4.10 Total index variation - The maximum amount of angular displacement from the theoretical angular position of any tooth with respect to any other tooth of the complete gear. 2.4.11 rotation. Concentricity The degree of coincidence of the axis of the pitch cone with its axis of

2.4.12 Eccentricity rotation.

The perpendicular

distance

between

the axis of pitch

cone and its axis

of

in mounting 2.4.13 Composite variation - The variation tight-mesh with a specified gear on a gear rolling fixture. 2.4.14 Tooth-to-tooth rotated through composite of variation Number The

distance

of a bevel

gear when

it rolls

in

an increment

composite variation 360 of teeth in gear under inspection of composite variation

obtained * during

as the

gear

is

2.4.15 Total composite variation of the gear being inspected.

The amount

one total

revolution

2.4.16 Profile wave - The oscillatory its axis, when it rolls in metal to metal tions introduced on the tooth profiles.
Note - The average the gear-pair. value of individual

displacement of a pinion in the direction perpendicular to contact with its mating gear, as a result of profile modifica-

oscillations

around

one full

revolution

of the gear is the profile

wave for

2.4.17 Circumferential backlash - (The backlash in the plane the spacewidth of a tooth exceeds the thickness of the engaging

of rotation ). The amount tooth on the pitch circles.

by which

2.4.18 Normal backlash - (The backlash in normal plane ). The play between mating tooth surfaces at the tightest point of mesh in a direction normal to the tooth surface when the gears are mounted in their specified positions. Note - To obtain
and cosine circumferential of the pressure angle. backlash, the normal backlash value is divided by cosine of the spiral angle

2.4.19 Backlash variation - The difference between the maximum and minimum in a complete revolution of the larger of a pair of mating bevel gears, 20

backlash

occurring

IS:2458(Part2)-1984
2.4.20 Tooth bearing - Also called the tooth contact is the summation of the instantaneous lines of contact on the tooth surface when the gear and pinion roll together cn their specified mountings.
LINES /OF CONTACT -

ONE L_-

PITCH LOCALISED TOOTH BEARING

TOOTH BEARING CONJUGATE OR FULLY MATCHED GEARS

CENTRAL

TOE

BEARING

f@+v
FULL LOAD TOOTH BEARING HEEL BEARING

TOE

BEARING

E3
CROSS BEARING HIGH BEARING

2s
LOW BEARING LAME BEARING

2.4.21 Localised foofh bearing - The tooth bearing which results of the gear pair are cut with lengthwise and/or profilewise mismatch

when either or both members ( see 2.4.20 ). are re-cut

2.4.22 Development -The gear cutting procedure through which the tooth surfaces with different machine setting in order to obtain a desired tooth bearing,

2.4.23 V and H check -A practical way of accurately measuring, on a testing machine, those amounts of relative vertical and horizontal displacements (from the specified mounting positions ) which the gears can withstand without the occurence of tooth bearing concentrations at the ends of their teeth. 21

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


2.4.24 Central toe bearing - The tooth bearing, observed on the load, which extends approximately one-half the tooth length favouring also relieved slightly on the face and flank of the tooth ( see 2.4.20 ). testing machine under light the toe end of the tooths, and

2.4.25 Full load tooth bearing - The tooth bearing observed on application testing which spreads on the whole area of tooth surface but shows slight relief at the ends and along the face and flank of the tooth surface ( see 2.4.20 ). . 2.4.26 Toe bearing The tooth bearing concentrated concentrated at the toe end of the tooth at the heel end of the tooth ( see 2.4.20 ). ( see 2.4.20 ).

2.4.27 Heel bearing -

The tooth bearing

2.4.28 Cross bearing - The tooth bearing concentrated end on the opposite side of the tooth-( see 2.4.20 ). 2.4.29 Low bearing The tooth The tooth bearing bearing

at the toe end on one side and at the heel

on flank on both sides

of the tooth

( see 2.4.20 ). (see2.4.20).

2.4.30 High bearing -

on the face or top on both sides of the tooth towards

2.4.31 Lame bearing - The tooth bearing the flank on the opposite side ( see 2.4.20 ).

the top on the side of the tooth and towards. the full

2.4.32 Wide bearing - The tooth bearing centrally positioned lengthwise, but covering depth of the tooth profilewise showing very little relief on top and flank of the tooth,

WIDE

BEARING

2s
NARROW BEARING BEARING

BRIDGED

(PROFILE)

e
LONG 6RlDGE

(FULL

LENGTH)

BEARING

SHORT

BEARING

(LENGTH

WISE)

BEARING

BIAS-IN SPIRALS

BEARING FOR AND HYPOIDS

BIAS-OUT SPIRALS

BEARING FOR AND HYPOIDS

22

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 )- 1984

LONG FLANK, SHORT TOP DIAMOND BEARING

LONG TOP SHORT FLANK DIAMOND BEARING

SHORT TOE-LONG HEEL BEARING (ON V & H CHECK)

LONG

TOE-SHORT HEEL BEARING fON V & H CHECK1

positioned lengthwise and has extremely 2.4.33 Narrow bearing - The tooth bearing centrally narrow profile contact with the concentration of contact in the centre of the working depth ( see 2.4.32 ). 2.4.34 Bridged ( profile ) bearing - The tooth bearing which flank of tooth, with lighter contact in between ( see 2.4.32 ). 2.4.35 Long bearing ( full length length of tooth ( see 2.4.32 ). bearing ) The tooth shows hard contact on both top and

bearing

which

shows

contact

along

the

full

2.4.36 Short bearing - The tooth bearing the length of the tooth ( see 2.4.32 ). 2.4.37 Bridged ( lengthwise middle of facewidth. ) bearing -

centrally

positioned

lengthwise

with short contact

along

The

full

length

bearing

with

narrower

width

in the

2.436 Bias-in-bearing - The tooth bearing which always runs from the flank at toe to the top at heel on convex side of pinion tooth, and from top at toe to the flank at the heel on the concave side of pinion tooth, regardless of the hand of spiral ( see 2.4.32 ). 2.4.39 Bias-out-bearing - The tooth bearing which always runs from the top at toe to flank at heel on the convex side and from flank at toe to the top at heel on the concave side of pinion tooth, regardless of the hand of spiral ( see 2.4.32 ). 2.4.40 Diamond bearing - The tooth in the flank or vice versa ( see 2.4.32 ). bearing with the contact length short at the top and long

2.4.41 Short foe-long heel bearing - When V and H check is carried out on a gear pair on a testing machine, the bearing which will be observed to be short at toe and long at heel end of the tooth ( see 2.4.32 ). 2.4.42 Long toe-short heel bearing - When V and H check is carried out on a gear pair on a testing machine, the bearing which will be observed to be long at toe and short at heel end of the tooth ( see 2.4.32 ).

23

IS : 2458

( Part

2 ) - 1984 SECTION TWO

3. Hypoid

Gear Terminology

3.1 General Definitions 3.1.1 Offset The perpendicular distance between the axes of pinion and gear.

OFFSEI1

t=lNlON

AR

24

IS: 2458( Part 2)-1984


3.1.2 Pitch
continuous of hypoid gears tangent surfaces - The surfaces of revolution line of contact which can be either curved or straight. to each other along a

GEAR
DIMlnhl
I II.,,.

PITCH

AP X I,

-L-

GEAR AXIS
PLANE

PITCH

APEX

PITCH SURFACE OF PIN

WAN

POlNl

PINION

AXIS/

/v

-CRIBED CONE ON SURFACE OF I~EV~LUTION OF THE HYPOIO PAIR

GEAR

PITCH APEX

PlNlON PITCH A

PITCH SURFACE

PINION MEAN

VIEW AT A cones of the pitch surfaces 3.1.3 Pitch cones - The inscribed planes, which touch each other at a common point ( see 3.1.2 ). point generally on the middle 3.1.4 Mean point -The where their pitch cones touch each other ( see 3.1.2 ).

of the hypoid

gears, in their axial

of face widths

of the gear and pinion,

3.1.5 Pitch plane - The common tangent plane at the mean point gear pitch cone and pinion pitch cone ( see 3.1.2 ).

which

contains

the apeces

of

25

IS : 2458( Part 2 ) - 1984


3.1.6 Pitch normal hypoid gears. The normal at the mean point to the pitch plane and the pitch cones of

S OF HELICAL

SEGMENI

MEAN POINT /__.MEAN _POINT

AXIS

OF

balance 3.1.7 Limit pressure angle - The unbalance in pressure angle required for a theoretical The value of unbalance is algebraically of tooth action between two sides of a hypoid gear tooth. added to the nominal pressure angle to obtain the concave side pressure angle and algebraically subtracted from the nominal pressure angle to obtain the convex side pressure angle. 3.1.6 Limit normal - The pitch inclination of the line of action. normal at the limit pressure angle which corresponds to zero

26

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


3.1.9 Instantaneous roll and along which axis surfaces The fine of contact slide,
PITCH

of the pitch

surfaces

about

which

the surfaces

LINES

OFF

3.1 .lO Pitch lines - The lines intersection with the instantaneous 3.1.11 Relative the instantaneous

on the pitch surfaces axis ( see 3.1.9 ).

which

are tangent

to each

other

at their

motion -The turning motion of the kinematic pitch surfaces of hypoid gear about axis combined with a translation or sliding motion along the instantaneous axis. lead -The translation or the relative turning motion about the instantaneous A surface which has the lead, as of the gear pair.
that satisfies the above condition

3.1 .12 Instantaneous per one turn of relative 3.1.13 Basic membermotion and instantaneous Note -The
surface

motion along the instantaneous axis of a hypoid pair. instantaneous


segment

axis relative

same

axis,

the

same

is a helical

( see 3.1.6).

3.2 Types of Hypoid 3.2.1 Hypoid at right angle. gears

Gears gears Hypoid gears with gears spiral with teeth that are curved teeth that with are straight surfaces surfaces and oblique, and oblique, of both with their with gear their and axes axes pinion and the

3.2.2 Skew hypoid at right angle.

Hypoid

3.2.3 Generated hypoid gears - Hypoid generated by the same or similar tools. 3.2.4 Formate hypoid gears - Hypoid mating pinion tooth surfaces generated.

gears gears

tooth, gear

with

tooth

non-generated

27

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


3.2.5 Helix form hypoid gears - Hypoid gears with gear tooth surfaces non-generated, additional helical in feed motion to the cutting tool while forming the tooth surface, pinion tooth surfaces are generated. 3.3 Miscellaneous Terms The angle between the axes of the hypoid pair in a plane parallel to both the but with an the mating

3.3.1 Shaff angle axes.

OFF

/ MOUNTING I DISTANCE-PINION APEX BEYOND CROSSING POINT (-1

MOUNTING DISTANCE - GEAR -_I

Note - In hypoid
gears.

gears,

the shaft

angle

does not have a fixed

relation

to the pitch

angles

as in the case of bevel

point of intersection 3.3.2 Crossing point - The apparent projected in a plane parallel to both the axes ( see 3.3.1 ).

of ,the axes of hypoid

pair,

when

3.3.3 Mounting distance - The distance from the crossing point of the axes to a locating of a gear, which may be either at back or front of gear ( see 3.3.1 ). 3.3.4 Cone apex beyond crossing from the cone apex to a line which mating member (see 3.3.1 >,

surface

point - The distance along the axis of a hypoid gear or pinion is normal to the axis and which passes through the axis of the

28

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984 INDEX


The index A Addendum 2.2.5 Angle 2.1.24 Chordal 2.2.13 Modification coefficient Modification coefficient Anole Addendum 2.1.24 Back 2.1.23 Dedendum 2.1.25 Face 2.1.21 Front 2.1.26 Limit pressure 3.1.8 Pressure 2.2.41 At a point 2.2.40 ;;;;t2.1. 22 Bevel gear 2.1.7 Hypoid gear 3.3.1 Spiral 2.2.29 Inner 2.2.30 Outer 2.2.31 Angular bevel gear 2.3.9 Apex Face 2.1.28 Pitch 2.1.27 Root 2.1.29 Arc of action 2.2.33 of approach 2.2.34 of recess 2.2.35 Axial plane 2.1.9 Axis, instantaneous 3.1.9 8 Back angle 2.1.23 Distance 2.1.34 Back cone 2.1 .I3 Distance 2.1.42 Backlash Circumferential 2.4.17 Normal 2.4.18 Variation 2.4.19 Basic member Bevel gear 2.1.47 Hypoid gear 3.1.13 Bearing Bias in 2.4.38 out 2.4.39 Bridged Lengthwise 2.4.37 Profile 2.4.34 Central toe 2.4.24 Gross 2.4.28 ;$mond 2.4.40 length 2.4.35 load tooth 2.4.25 Heel 2.4.27 High 2.4.30 Lame 2.4.31 Localised tooth 2.4.21 Long 2.4.35 Long toe-shaft heel 2.4.42 Low 2.4.29 Narrow 2.4.33 Short 2.4.36 Short toe-long heel 2.4.41 Toe 2.4.26 Tooth 2.4.20 Wide 2.4.32 Bevel gear 2.1 .I Bias In bearing 2.4.38 number is the same as the relevant clause number of the each term in the glossary.

2.2.45 of a bevel gear 2.2.44

Out bearing 2.4.39 Bottom land 2.2.21 Bottom side 2.2.25 Bridged Lengthwise bearing 2.4.37 Profile bearing 2.4.34

C
,e,;trTAltoe bearing 2.4.24

Addendum 2.2.13 Thickness 2.2.12 Circle Crown 2.1.19 Pitch 2.1.11 Root 2.1 .I5 Circular Fitch 2.2.11 Thickness 2.2.9 Clearance 2.2.8 Complementary basic member 2.1.48 crown gears 2.1.49 Composite variation 2.4.13 Concave side 2.2.26 Concentricity 2.4.11 Cone Apex beyond crossing point Back 2.1 .I 3 Face 2.1.16 Front 2.1 .I7 Pitch Bevel aear 2.1.4 Hypoid gear 3.1.3 Root 2.1 .I4 Conjugate bevel gear 2.1.52 crown gear 2.1.51 gears 2.1.50 Contact ratio 2.2.36 Face 2.2.38 Modified 2.2.39 Transverse 2.2.37 Convex side 2.2.27 Cross bearing 2.4.28 Crossing point 3.3.2 Crown 2.1 .I8 Circle 2.1.19 Front 2.1.20 Gear 2.1.46 Crown to back 2.1.40

3.3.4

D
Dedendum 2.2.6 Angle 2.1.25 Depth-wise taper 2.2.52 Development 2.4.22 Diameter Outside 2.1.32 Pitch 2.1.31 Diamond bearing 2.4.40 Distance Back angle 2.1.34 Back cone 2.1.42 Crown to back 2.1.40 Face angle 2.1.33 Inner cone 2.1.37 Mean cone 2.1.36 Mounting Bevel gear 2.1.41 Hypoid gear 3.3.3 Outer cone 3.1.35 Pitch apex to back 2.1.39

29

IS : 2458 ( Part 2 ) - 1984


crown 2.1.38 Driving side 2.2.28 Duplex taper 2.2.54 E Eccentricity 2.4.12 Equivalent number of teeth 2.1.44 pitch radius 2.1.43 External bevel gear 2.3.10 F M Face 2.2.22 Advance 2.2.32 Angle 2.1.21 Distance 2.1.33 Apex 2.1.28 Cone 2.1.16 Width 2.1.30 Flank 2.2.23 Formate hypoid gears Front angle 2.1.26 cone 2.1 .I7 crown 2.1 20 Full length bearing load tooth bearing G Gear 2.4.1 Bevel 2.1.1 Advance 2.3.9 Conjugate 2.1.52 External 2.3.10 Interchangeable 2.1.53 Internal 2.3.11 Left-hand skew 2.3.4 spiral 2.3.7 Right-hand skew 2.3.3 spiral 2.3.6 Skew 2.3.2 Spiral 2.3.5 Straight 2.3.1 Zero1 2.3.8 Conjugate 2.1.50 Crown 2.1.46 Conjugate 2.1.51 Generatad hypoid 3.2.3 Hypoid Formate 3.2.4 Generated 3.2.3 Helix-form 3.2.5 Skew 3.2.2 Miter 2.3.12 H Heel 2.2.15 Bearing 2.4.27 Helix-form hypoid gears High bearing 2.4.30 Mean cone distance 2.1.36 normal top land 2.2.19 .point 3.1.4 Mismatch 2.2.42 Miter gear 2.3.12 Module 2.2.43 Mounting distance Bevel gear 2.1.41 Hypoid gear 3.3.3 N 2.4.35 2.4.25 Narrow Normal bearing 2.4.33 top land 2.2.17 L Lame bearing 2.4.31 Left-hand skew bevel aear 2.3.4 spiral bevel-gear 2.3.7 Limit normal 3.1.8 Localised tooth bearing 2.4.21 Long bearing 2.4.35 toe-short heel bearing 2.4.42 Low Bearing 2.4.29

3.2.4

0
gff;lrt 3.1 .I

cone distance 2.1.35 normal top land 2.2.20 spiral angle 2.2.31 Outside diameter 2.1.32 P Pinion 2.4.2 Pitch 2.4.3 Angle 2.1.6 Apex 2.1.27 to crown 2.1.38 to back 2.1.39 Circle 2.1.11 C&Kilar 2.2.11 Bevel gear 2.1.4 Hypoid gear 3.1.3 Diameter 2.1.31 Element 2.1.5 Lines 3.1.10~. Normal 3.1.6 Plane Bevel gear 2.1.8 Hypoid gear 3.1.5 Point 2.1.12 Range 2.4.4 Surface Bevel gear 2.1.2 Hypoid gear 3.1.2 Variation 2.4.5 Plane Axial 2.1.9 Pitch 2.1.8 Transverse 2.1.10 Pressure angle 2.2.41 at a point 2.2.40 Profile wave 2.4.16 R Reference surface 2.1.3 Relative motion 3.1.11 Right-hand skew bevel gear 2.3.3 spiral bevel gear 2.3.6

8.2.5

index 2.4.8 Variation 2.4.9 Inner cone distance 2.1.37 normal top land 2.2.18 2.2.30 spiral angle Instantaneous axis 3.1.9 lead 3.1 .I2

30

IS : 2458( Part 2 ) - 1984


Root Angle 2.1.22 Apex 2.1.29 Circle 2.1.15 Cone 2.1.14 S Shaft angle Bevel gear 2.1.7 Hypoid gear 3.3.1 Short bearing 2.4.36 toe-long heel bearing 2.4.41 Skew bevel gear 2.3.2 Left-hand 2.3.4 Right-hand 2.3.3 Skew hypoid gear 3.2.2 Slot width taper 2.2.51 Space width 2.2.10 Taper 2.2.43 Spacing variation 2.4.7 Spiral angle 2.2.29 bevel gear 2.3.5 Standard basic rack tooth profile 2.2.48 depth-wise taper 2.2.53 Straight bevel gears 2.3.1 T Taper Depthwise 2.2.52 Duplex 2.2.54 Slot width 2.2.51 Space width 2.2.49 Standard depth-wise 2.2.53 Tooth thickness 2.2.50 Thickness Circular 2.2.9 Chordal 2.2.12 Toe 2.2.14 Bearing 2.4.26 Tooth Bearing 2.4.20 Profile 2.2.2 Spacing 2.4.6 Surface 2.2.1 Thickness taper 2.2.59 Trace 2.2.3 Tooth-to-tooth composite variation Top 2.2.22 Top land 2.2.16 -Inner normal 2.2.18 Mean normal 2.2.19 Normal 2.2.17 Outer normal 2.2.20 Top side 2.2.24 Total composite variation 2.4.15 Index variation 2.4.14 Transverse plane 2.1.10 V V and H check 2.4.23 Virtual cylindrical gear 2.1.45 W Whole depth 2.2.4 Wide bearina 2.4.32 Width Face 2.1.30 Space 2.2.10 Working depth 2.2.7

2.4.14

X
X-gear X-zero 2.2.47 gear 2.2.46

Z
Zero1 bevel gear 2.3.8

EXPLANATORY

NOTE

hypoid

This standard has been prepared for the guidance of manufacturers and users of bevel and gears to assist them in the correct interpretation of the terms used in the industry.

In view of the increasing use of bevel and hypoid gears in automobile industry, a need has been felt to introduce a separate standard on glossary of terms. Subsequently, chapter 3 of Glossary of terms for toothed gearing dealing with terminology of bevel and IS : 2458-1965 hypoid gears stands deleted. The terms common to parallel axis gears and bevel gears which are frequently encountered in bevel gear industry are repeated in this standard. Section one in this standard covers the terms connected this section are common to bevel and hypoid gears. Terms only appear in section two. with bevel gears. Most of the terms in which are applicable to hypoid gears Bevel

In formulation of this standard considerable assistance has been derived from Gleason and Hypoid Gears System, AGMA and the work done at international level. 31

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