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IS : 9766 - 1966

Indian Standard
METHOD FOR GEAR CORRECTION
Fourth Reprint JUNE 1992
( Incorporating
Amendment No.

1)

UDC 621.833-l : 53.088~6

63 Copyright BUREAU
MANAK

1975 STANDARDS
SHAH 110002 ZAFAR MARO

OF
BHAVAN, 9

INDIAN
BAHADUR DELHI NEW

Gr 5

August

I967

I6 t 3758 - 1966

Indian Standard
METHOD FOR GEAR CORRECTION

Gears Sectional Committee,

EDC 59

Chairman SHRI R. Yoatrzmiwnn Hindustan

Representing
Machine Tools Ltd, Bangalorc

Members SRRI V. A. S. SETTY ( Alternate to Shri R. Yogeshwar ) New Allenberry Walks, Calcutta SHBI M. C. BAHETI SHRI J. Y. RA~HAVAN ( Alfcmafe ) In personal capacity ( Indian Znslitvle of Technelogl, htOF B. M. BRL~AUMKAII Kharagpur ) Directorate Cenerat, Ordnance Factories ( Ministry SHRI S. N. CHATTIXHJEE of Defence ) Jessop Rr Co Ltd, Calcutta Swr G. C. CHATTOPAD~YAY Burn & Company Ltd, Howl-ah SEEI B. K. DAM The Associated Cement Companies Limited, Bombay SHR~ P. N. GULATI National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR ), New Delhi SEEI P. C. JAIN Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, Burdwan SH~I S. KUNDU David Brown Grravrs Ltd, Poona SHRI D. MAS~ARI~NHAS SHRI M. NA~ARAJ ( Alternate ) Gears India, Madras SHRIMATHEW ALAPATT SARI P. M. NITYANANDAN ( Akmafc ) Indian Diesel Engines Manufacturers Association, SIIRI A. N. OAK
SHRI R. WILBERT ( Allcrna;c ) Ashok Levland Limitrd, Madras !kBI K. SURYANARlYANA RAO The R. C: P. Limited, Madras SHEI V. M. RAo S-1 K. SATYANA~AYANA ( Al&tote ) Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation SHBI A. SARKAR Burdwan SARI S. K. KESH ( Allcrna~c) The Mysorc Kirloskar Ltd, Harihar SHSI N. C. SUKHAXANwAL.4 SRRI R. K. RAMCIIANDRARaa ( Alternate ) Greaves Cotton & Co Ltd, Madras SHBI V. VENKATA~AMAN Heavy Electricals ( India ) Ltd, Bhopal SERI D. S. M. VISHNU Kilburn and Company Limited, Calcutta SEBI W. WEI~XANN Director General, ISI ( Ex-ofiio Mcmba ) SHE1 M. V. PATANKAR, Director ( Mech Engg ) ( Secrcfary )

f,td.

( Continued on page 2

RUREAU
MANAK

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS
ZAFAR MARC

BHAVAh,

9 BAHADUR SHAH NEW DELHI 110002

lS:37!56-1966
( Glatiaued~mJnpuge 1 )

Panel for Corrections for Gears,. EDC 59/P-2


Representing

Hindustan

Machine

Tools Ltd, Bangalore

S~lrrV. A.S. SISTTY (A&ma& Sbri R. Yngeshwar ) 3~11 MATEBW ALAPATT SERI N. G. tk7KEURAXWALA

to Gears India, Madras


The Myaorc Kirloskar

Ltd, Harihar

IS:37!i6-1966

Indian Standard
METHOD FOR GEAR CORRECTION
0. FOREWORD
0.1This Indian
Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 28 September 1966, after the draft finalized by the Gears Sectional Committee had been approved by the Mechanical Engineering Division Council. 0.2 The gear is said to be corrected with the basic tooth form. when the tooth form does not conform

0.3 Gear correction is resorted in order to avoid undercut, improve strength and running properties or to adjust the centre distance. The gear correction is normally recommended in the following cases: a) Of gears with critical b) Of non-standard c) To obtain d) To obtain centre balanced reduction number strength, in sizes. covers corrections have been worked for both spur and helical out only for spur gears. of teeth, and distance,

0.4 Although this standard gears, the specific examples

0.5 This standard deals only with profile shifting type of gear corrections. The other types of corrections like change of pressure angle, change of module and change of addendum are not being considered, as these involve use of special cutters or reduction of active gear tooth profile or both. 0.6 In preparing this standard, from the following: considerable assistance has been derived

DIN 3992 : 1964 Profilverschicbung bei Stirnradern mit Aussenverzahnung ( Addendum modification of external spur and helical gears). Dcutscher Normenausschuss. Manual of gear design, sponsored by American Gear Manufacturers Association, Machinery Publishing Co Ltd, Brighton, 1, England. 1. SCOPE 1.1 Tllis standard covers the method for gear corrections gears with basic profile according to IS : 2535-1963* of teeth mure than 10.
*Basic rack, modules and diametral pitches of cylindrical gcarsfor

of spur and helical and wit11 number grn(*ral engineering.

( Since revised ). 3

ISr3756-

1966

12 This standard covers the various types ofcorrections, the effect of corrections and the method ofdistribution ofcorrections on to the two mating gcan.

2 TERMIN0LoGY 20 For the purpose of this standard, the following symbols and terms shall apply in addition to IS s2458-1965* and IS : 2467-1963t. 2.1 contrct Ratio ( e y) -The ratio of the length of path of contact to the circular pitch and is &en by the relation: e y = tfdk
-dab;; zqyliQd%2-2eas . . Sin a

where
d,, = db = a= a= m=
NOTE -

tip circle diameter (see Note), base circle diameter (see Note), actual centre distance, pressure angle at pitch circle, and module.
Suffix 1 is related to the pinion and suffix 2 to the wheel.

2.2 Equivalent Bending Stress (n) - The stress on the tooth caused by the load, considering the tooth as a cantilever loaded at the free end and is given by the relation:

u
U = -

6.m

.qv

where U = 90 =
b =

normal load on tooth, tooth form factor, width of the gear, and module.

m =
2.3 Noise -

This is caused due to the inaccuracies of the gears, changes in tooth form, and frictional forces causing vibration. This may be reduced by increasing contact ratio. *Glossary TNotation of terms for toothed for toothed gearing. gearing.

IS : 3756 - 1966 2.4 Specific Slidin&-Th e ratio of the difference in tangential components of velocities of the mating flanks to the tangential component of velocities:
y.d :

VT1-

VTS = VT1

At the beginning of contact


pl = a sin a ~2, and p2 = HAP Pbp

At the end of contact pr = 1/& where VT =


P i a = = =

rbl,

and pn = a sin a -

pl

tangential component of the peripheral velocity, instantaneous radius of curvature, gear ratio, pressure angle, tip circle radius, and base circle radius.

r-a =
lb =

2.5 Tooth Thickness

be 0.4 m.

at the Tip (s.) - The minimum thickness & should The value may be calculated using the following equation:

so = da m(n/s+2Xtana)+fnv C d where COY aa =


da =

a_tnVaa I

r cos a , tip circle diameter, module, correction factor, pressure angle at pitch circle, pressure angle at the tip circle, and reference diameter.

m a aa d
2.6 Undercutting

x = = =
=

- The recess in the theoretical profile, resulting from the cutter interference at the root of the tooth. This happens when the

IS t 3756 - 1966

number of teeth of the pinion is so small that the generating cutter extends beyond the base circle of the pinion and the dedendum profile does not get properly generated. 2.7 Wear Strength ( PH ) - The capacity to resist wear, caused by the normal load on the tooth and the sliding velocity. The wear strength is given by the relation: -+ pH -bd where u b d 4.1
3. TYPES

= 1 =

normal load on tooth, width of the gear, pitch diameter, and wear strength factor of pinion.

OF CORRECTIONS

3.1 ProHe Shifting - Shifting the basic rack either away or towards the reference cylinder by an amount xm is termed as profile shifting. The former is taken as positive and the latter as negative profile shifting. 3.1.1 &-Correction-The gears are said to be &-corrected when the sum of profile corrections on the two mating gears is equal to zero, that is, XI + XP = 0 or XI = --x2. 3.1.2 S-Correction - The gears are said to be S-corrected when the sum of the profile corrections on the two mating gears is either positive or negative. 3.2 Change of Pressure Angle - Change in the generating rack pressure angle results in the change of pressure angle of gears. The minimum number of teeth to avoid undercutting, contact ratio and specific sliding factor may be modified by suitably changing the pressure angle. 3.3 Change of Addendum - The change in addendum when the tooth height factor qh is made either less than one or greater than one. 3.4 Change of Module - This is attained by changing the pitch of the generating rack, that is, module of the gear, to suit to the given centre distance and number of teeth of the mating gears. 4. EFFECTS OF CORRECTION

4.1 Profile Shifting - Typical examples of change in the tooth form with the positive and negative correction and tip formation are shown in Fig. 1. 6

1 2 3 4 5

Root line of the rack cutter. Pitch line of the rack cutter. Tangent to the root circle of the gear. Tangent to the pitch circle of the gear. Tip circle of the gear.

6 7 8 C El E,

Pitch circle of the gear. Root circlebf the gear. Base circle. Pitch point. Line of contact.

FIQ. 1

INFLXRNCE OF GEARCkXZRECTION 7

(t

12 )

I8137$643.1
various

1966 on

So-Correction - Typical examples of the effect of &correction factors for a particular gear pair are shown in Fig. 2.

411.2 S-Correction - Typical examples of the effect of S-correction various factors for the above gear pair are shown in Fig. 3. 5. DISTRIBUTION OF CORRECTION

on

5.1 Knowing the total number of teeth zi + tr, the value of total correction factor xl+xr should be taken to suit particular requirements of load-carrying capacity, balanced conditions or sliding conditions ( PI, Pr, etc ) from Fig. 4. Figures 5 and 6 shall be used for distribution of total correction factor between gear wheel and pinion, former for reduction gear drives and the latter for step up gear drives. These are applicable for gears of teeth less than or equal to 150. 5.1.1 Through a point with co-ordinates Xl+%; 2 and
a+t,

parallel to the neighbouring line ( Fig. 5 or Fig. 6 ). of xi and X* against 21 and LP respectively.

Read out the values

draw a line

5.2 For helical gears the total correction factors and the distribution of correction factors may be obtained by the same method as for spur gears, after substituting the number of teeth of helical gears by the equivalent number of spur gear teeth obtained by the following formula: Equivalent where spur gear teeth Number of teeth of helical gear toss g, cos g

P = helix angle, and


&I = base helix angle = sin-i ( sin b cos a ). 5.3 Adjustment of Correction for Centre Dintance+ - If two gears having number of teeth zi and ~2 and module m are operated at centre distance u then the total correction factor xt to be applied to the gears is obtained from the following formulae: For spur gears: xt I;, = Inv a - Inv a , tan a &= cos a p-1 cos a

*For cutter adjustment,setalsoAppendixA. 8

IS:3756-1966 where XI = Xl + XP, a - (I JJ=------m a=mzm,


Zm = ( LI + zo )/2,

Inv u = ( tan a -

and a ), a in radians

a = pressure angle at pitch circle = 20, and a = operating pressure angle at point of contact. The first two equations can be solved with the help of Table 1. Once xt has been determined, it can be distributed between the two gtars in the way described in 5.1. For helical gears: Calculate -5, -corresponding where to & from Table 1

.?m =

ZICP +

.22cs,

2 a - u m

y=-----,

/3 = helix angle, and zce = equivalent spur gear teeth according to the formula in 5.2. Once xt has been determined it can be distributed gears in the way described in 5.2. However, for accurate may be used: xt -= L, Y _ -f&l between the two

calculation ofxt, the following exact equations Inv at - Inv at tan a cos A___ -__ at cosp ( cos a( 1 >

IS : 3756 - 1966

where ~~=a~+a~,y=-,a=-~,; ~ = L.T.1 +


22

a -

m
co.3

(3

: =

tan-:( -.s );
&l=dl+Zm( &=&+2m( I-xf+y) l-xxl+y)

at = transverse pressure angle; and at = operating transverse pressure arqle. 5.3.1 The tip diameters of the pinion and gear are given by:

The root diameters are given by: dtl=dL--2m(


&P=&--2M(

1 +c-xx,)
1 +C-Xx,)

where
d = mz for spur gears and -?!%

cos p

for helical gears, and

E = clearance coefficient in basic rack profile. 6. BASIC REQUIREMENTS 6.1 The following conditions cdrrectiofi. 6.1.1 should be satisfied for any gear, &er

The contact ratio should be greater than 1.1.

6.1.2 The minimum addendum clearance of 0.1 m should be maintained. 6.1.3 The tooth thickness at the tip should be greater than or equal to 0.4 m for hardened gears which may be reduced to 0.25 m in exceptitinal cases. 6.1.4 Undercutting should be avoided. 10

TABLE

TOTAL CORRECTION FACTOR, WORKING PRESMJRE ANGLE AND CENTRE DISTANCE MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR INVOLUTE GEARS ( PRESSURE ANGLE = 20 ) ( Clause 5.3 )

DIFF 66 68 69 :: 74 75 :; 80 ii 85 ii 91 4, 95 2 101 103 105 107 109 110 113 115 116 119 121 123 125 127 130 131 134 136 :z

xtpm

a 16 00 IO g: 40 17 fir 10 32;: 40 50 18 00 10 w-v 40 50 190 00 ;i: 30 40 50 20 00 ;;: 30 40 I 21:: 10

Y/tm
-0.022 44 -0.021 62 -0.020 79 -0*019 95 -0~019 10 -4l.018 24 -0.017 37 -0016 49 -0015 60 -0*014 71 -0.013 80 -0.012 88 -0.0 195 -0~01101 -0~010 06 -0%09 10 -Oft08 13 %zz 2.E fZ ff

DXFF

=E:i ;: -0~019 02
-0.018 33 --0*017 62 =K% YZ zcol: zi --0*013 84 -z,:,t; zx:, -0tm -0.008 :: :i 66 78

86
87 88 89 92

9:
ii 95 96

=k%z t: -0*006 0 1 --oft05 06 --O+KM 08 -Of)03 09 --@002 08 -0m105 OmO 00 ofJO 07 0*002 16 0903 26 0~004 39 0*005 54 0+06 70 0.0 7 89 0.00 B 10 0.010 33 0011 58 MI12 85 0.014 15 @f-l15 46 O-n16 80 0.018 16 ::g it

-0m3 13 -0.002 10 -0m105 0.000 00 0*00106 om2 14 :::: :: 0.005 i3 0906 55 oflO 68 0.008 82 om9 97 0.011 13 0.012 30 0.013 49 0.014 69 0~01589 0.017 1 I 0.018 35 0.019 59

102 103 105 105 106 108 ~~ 111 112 I!3 il4 115 116 117 119 120 120 122 124 124 ( Gmtimud

t:

g : 40 22 ii: ;o: 2:

IS:3756-1966
TAXlIE 1 TOTAL CORRECIION FACTOR. WORIUNG PRJZ88~ ANGLE AND GENTRE DISTANGE MODIFICATION PAWOR FOR INVOLUTE GEARS ( PRES8CtRE ANGLE = 20 ) - Cimrd

( aalrrr 5.3 )

DIFW 144 145 147 150 153 :zi i: :z 170 173 175 17d 180 183 186 189 191 195 197 :z 22z 212 215 218 iii: 5:: fZ 240 z 251 253 256 261 265

xrlzn O-020 94

DIFE 125 ?7 ~28 !zi 132 132 134 135 136 136 139 140 141 142 it: 147 147 150 150 151 153 155 155 157 159 159 161 163 164 165 161 168 170 171 172 ;;: 176 179 180 181

O-02238

22 50 23 00
IO

GE2 . iEE%
0.029 87 O-031 45 8zzKz Om631 xzz O-041 41 O-043 16 o-04494 0:046 74 O-048 57 p5& oxI54 23 O-056 18 Oa58 15 oo~E%~ O-064 24 b%Z xi%? O-07499 O-o?7 24 O-07951 O-O@1 82 O-064 16 O-W654 O-06894 O-091 38 O-09385 :iEE O-101 47 010408 O-106 73

20 30 40
50

24O60 :,:

12

Sa

Ols
o-4

O-2 04 0.6 O-6 ' ------)X

Fm. 2

&CORRECTION

( FOR Q =

14, zz = 60 AND a = 20 )

13

,:3756-1966
I-7

I 8 CONTACT

I I RATIO

04

04

06

0.6

19

-x

-x

9~

60

40

20

W2

04

b6

04

1.0

-x
FIG. 3
S-CORRECTION ( FOR ZI = 14

14, z2 =

ROLAND

a =

20 )

APPENDIX ( Clause 5.3 ) A-l. CUTTRR


ADJUSTMENT FOR

CORRECTED

GEARS

A-l.1 While cutting a gear of module m and having z number of teeth and correction factor x with a rack cutter or hob, the distance between the centre of the gear and the pitch line of the cutter is given by:

m(--$-+x )
While cutting the above gear with a pinion cutter having zc number 01 teeth, the centre distance of the cutter and gear is given by: a = my +a where

a=%(z+z.)
y=zm

cos a a

-_1

cos

,z,= >

z+
Inva

a is obtained from the relation: Inv a = y+

or knowing x, z and zc, y can be found nut with the help of Table 1. A-2. RXAMPLIRS A-2.1 Pair of speed reducing spur gears having ZI = 22, ~6 = 36, a = 20, m = 2, a = 59 mm, x1 and xs are to be found which is described below: zqn= 22 + 36 = 29 2 a=2 x 29=58mm 59 2 58 = +0*5

y = Y -=ZViI

+ 0.5 = + 0.017 24 29

From Table 1 interpolating: %= + 0.01831 and a = 22j13 x 29 = + 0.53099 e 18 + 0.531

xt = + 601831

IS:3736-1966 From Fig. 5: xl = + 030 and 1c= + 0.231 d,l = 2 [ 22 + 2 ( 1 da, = 2 [ 36 + 2 ( 1 dtl=2[22-2( d/r = 2 [ 36 @231 + 05 ) ] = 49076 mm 0.30 + 0.5 ) ] = 76.8 mm

1 +0*25-030)]=40200mm 2 ( 1 + 0.25 - O-231 ) ] = 67.924 mm

The distance of the pitch line of hob or rack type cutter from: the pinion centre line = 2 the gear centre c F+ 0.30

1=

22.60 mm

line = 2 [?+0.231]=36.462mm

If these are cut by a pinion type cutter having 38 teeth, then the centre distance betweeen pinion and cutter is fcund out as follows: .zm= for c= 22 -t 38 = 30 2 0.3 30 = + 001

From Table 1, L = +000966,y=+02898,a=30~2=60 & So the required centre distance, a = 2 x O-289 8 + 60 Similarly obtained. A-2.2
22 =

= 60579 6 mm the centre distance between the gear and the cutter may be 24

Pair of speed increasing helical gears of module 4 and p = 15, zr= 59, a - 173 mm, x1 and xs are to be found which is described below: The equivalent spur gear teeth in gear and pinion are given by:
Teq =

t cos p* cos p

where cos &, is obtained from sin &, = sin !3 cos a Here @b = 14 4 34 Lllq = <rsq %m= 24 o.908 8 59 p= 0.908 8 264 + 64.9 2 = 264 64.9 -_ 45.65

19

ISr3736-1966 mt =-----= cos p a=?(24 Y= 173 m

4 - 4141 0965 93 +59) = 171*85mm

Y -_= Zm

171.85 1.15 - = + o-287 5 4 4 0.287 5 = --+ 0.006 30 4565

By interpolation from Table 1: ;:= + 000644

xt = + 0006 44 x 4565 = + 0.294 with zm = 45.65 and?= + 0.147 from Fig. 6

Corresponding to zrsr and zreRone obtains: xl = + O-174 and 1c2= + 0120 dr=4141 X 24=994mm 0120 + 0287 5 ) = 10874 mm ds = 4141 x 59 = 24&5 mm &I = 994 -I- 2 X 4 ( 1 de = 2445 + 2 x 4 ( 1 dtl = 994-2 d/s = 244.5 O-174 + 0287 5 ) = 25341 mm X 4 ( 1 + 025-00174) = 90792 mm 120 ) = 235460 mm

2 X 4 ( 1 + 0.25 -0

Cutter position for the pinion may be obtained in the same way as given in A-2.1.

20

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OF :

INDIAN

STANDARDS

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