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ACIDS AND BASES Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H +].

. Base: a substance which when added to water produces hydroxide ions [OH-]. 2. Properties: Acids: react with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)) 2 react with compounds containing CO3 and form carbon dioxide and water turn litmus red taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example) DO NOT TASTE ACIDS IN THE LABORATORY!! Examples of Acids

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Nitric acid (HNO3) Carbonic acid in softdrink (H2CO3) Uric acid in urine Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in fruit Citric acid in oranges and lemons Acetic acid in vinegar Tannic acid (in tea and wine) Tartaric acid (in grapes)

Bases: feel soapy or slippery turn litmus blue they react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides taste bitter (ever get soap in your mouth?) DO NOT TASTE BASES IN THE LABORATORY!! Examples of Bases and Alkalis

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda Calcium hydroxide ( Ca(OH)2 ) or limewater Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) or ammonia water Magnesium hydroxide ( Mg(OH)2 ) or milk of magnesia Many bleaches, soaps, toothpastes and cleaning agents

3. Water dissociation: H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) equilibrium constant, KW = [H+][OH-] / [H2O] Note: water is not involved in the equilibrium expression because it is a pure liquid, also, the amount of water not dissociated is so large compared to that dissociated that we consider it a constant Value for Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 Note: The reverse reaction, H+(aq) + OH-(aq) x 10-14 [H+] for pure water = 1 x 10-7 [OH-] for pure water = 1 x 10-7 Definitions of acidic, basic, and neutral solutions based on [H +]

H2O(l) is not equal to 1

acidic: if [H+] is greater than 1 x 10-7 M basic: if [H+] is less than1 x 10-7 M neutral: if [H+] if equal to 1 x 10-7 M

Example 1: What is the [H+] of a sample of lake water with [OH-] of 4.0 x 10-9 M? Is the lake acidic, basic, or neutral? Solution: [H+] = 1 x 10-14 / 4 x 10-9 = 2.5 x 10-6 M Therefore the lake is slightly acidic Remember: the smaller the negative exponent, the larger the number is. Therefore:

acid solutions should have exponents of [H+] from 0 to -6. basic solutions will have exponents of [H+] from -8 on.

Example 2: What is the [H+] of human saliva if its [OH-] is 4 x 10-8 M? Is human saliva acidic, basic, or neutral? Solution: [H+] = 1.0 x 10-14 / 4 x 10-8 = 2.5 x 10-7 M The saliva is pretty neutral. 4. pH relationship between [H+] and pH pH = -log10[H+]

Definition of acidic, basic, and neutral solutions based on pH acidic: if pH is less than 7 basic: if pH is greater than 7 neutral: if pH is equal to 7 The [H+] can be calculated from the pH by taking the antilog of the negative pH

The pH Scale

Common Acids Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Stomach juice Lemons Vinegar Apples Oranges Grapes Sour milk White bread Fresh milk

pH 0.1 0.3 1-3 2.3 2.9 3.1 3.5 4 4.4 5.5 6.5

Common Bases Human saliva Distilled water Blood plasma Eggs Seawater Borax Milk of magnesia Ammonia water Limewater Caustic soda

pH 6-8 7 7.4 7.8 7.9 9.2 10.5 11.6 12.4 14

Example 3: calculate the [OH-] of a solution of baking soda with a pH of 8.5. Solution: First calculate the [H+] if pH is 8.5, then the antilog of -8.5 is 3.2 x 10-9. Thus the [H+] is 3.2 x 10-9 M Next calculate the [OH-] 1.0 x 10-14 / 3.2 x 10-9 = 3.1 x 10-6 M Example 4: Calculate the pH of a solution of household ammonia whose [OH -] is 7.93 x 10-3 M. Solution: This time you first calculate the [H+] from the [OH-]

7.93 x 10-3 M OH- = 1.26 x 10-12 M H+ Then find the pH -log[1.26 x 10-12] = 11.9 Now you try a few by yourself. You can then check your answers using the Java applet that follows, but remember, you won't learn how to do them if you don't try by yourself first. Practice #1. What is the pH of a solution of NaOH that has a [OH -] of 3.5 x 10-3 M? Practice #2. The H+ of vinegar that has a pH of 3.2 is what? Practice #3. What is the pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution?

5. Strength of Acids and Bases: Acids 1. Strong Acids: + completely dissociate in water, forming H and an anion. example: HN03 dissociates completely in water to form H+ and N031-. The reaction is HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + N031-(aq)

A 0.01 M solution of nitric acid contains 0.01 M of H+ and 0.01 M N03- ions and almost no HN03 molecules. The pH of the solution would be 2.0.

There are only 6 strong acids: You must learn them. The remainder of the acids therefore are considered weak acids. HCl H2SO4 HNO3 4. HClO4 5. HBr 6. HI Note: when a strong acid dissociates only one H+ ion is removed. H2S04 dissociates giving H+ and HS04- ions.
2. 3.

1.

H2SO4

H+ + HSO41-

A 0.01 M solution of sulfuric acid would contain 0.01 M H+ and 0.01 M HSO41- (bisulfate or hydrogen sulfate ion). 2. Weak acids:

a weak acid only partially dissociates in water to give H+ and the anion for example, HF dissociates in water to give H+ and F-. It is a weak acid. with a dissociation equation that is HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq)

Note the use of the double arrow with the weak acid. That is because an equilibrium exists between the dissociated ions and the undissociated molecule. In the case of a strong acid dissociating, only one arrow ( ) is required since the reaction goes virtually to completion. An equilibrium expression can be written for this system: Ka = [ H+][F-] / [HF]

Which are the weak acids? Anything that dissociates in water to produce H+ and is not one of the 6 strong acids.

Molecules containing an ionizable proton. (If the formula starts with H then it is a prime candidate for being an acid.) Also: organic acids have at least one carboxyl group, -COOH, with the H being ionizable. 2. Anions that contain an ionizable proton. ( HSO41- H+ + SO42- ) 3. Cations: (transition metal cations and heavy metal cations with high charge)
1.

also NH4+ dissociates into NH3 + H+ Bases 1. Strong Bases: They dissociate 100% into the cation and OH (hydroxide ion). example: NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

a. 0.010 M NaOH solution will contain 0.010 M OH - ions (as well as 0.010 M Na+ ions) and have a pH of 12.

Which are the strong bases? The hydroxides of Groups I and II.

Note: the hydroxides of Group II metals produce 2 mol of OHions for every mole of base that dissociates. These hydroxides are not very soluble, but what amount that does dissolve completely dissociates into ions. exampIe: Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

a. 0.000100 M Ba(OH)2 solution will be 0.000200 M in OH - ions (as well as 0.00100 M in Ba2+ ions) and will have a pH of 10.3. 2. Weak Bases: What compounds are considered to be weak bases? 1. Most weak bases are anions of weak acids. 2. Weak bases do not furnish OH- ions by dissociation. They react with water to furnish the OH- ions. Note that like weak acids, this reaction is shown to be at equilibrium, unlike the dissociation of a strong base which is shown to go to completion. 3. When a weak base reacts with water the OH- comes from the water and the remaining H+ attaches itsef to the weak base, giving a weak acid as one of the products. You may think of it as a two-step reaction similar to the hydrolysis of water by cations to give acid solutions. examples: NH3(aq) + H2O(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) CH3NH3+(aq) + OH-(aq)

methylamine: CH3NH2(aq) + H20(l)

acetate ion: C2H3O2-(aq) + H2O(aq) HC2H302(aq) + OH-(aq) General reaction: weak base(aq) + H2O(aq) weak acid(aq) + OH-(aq)

Since the reaction does not go to completion relatively few OH- ions are formed. Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions: definition of a salt: an ionic compound made of a cation and an anion, other than hydroxide. the product besides water of a neutralization reaction determining acidity or basicity of a salt solution: 1. split the salt into cation and anion 2. add OH- to the cation a. if you obtain a strong base. the cation is neutral b. if you get a weak base, the cation is acidic 3. Add H+ to the anion a. if you obtain a strong acid, the anion is neutral b. if you obtain a weak acid. the anion is basic 4. Salt solutions are neutral if both ions are neutral 5. Salt solutions are acidic if one ion is neutral and the other is acidic 6. Salt solutions are basic is one of the ions is basic and the other is neutral. 7. The acidity or basicity of a salt made of one acidic ion and one basic ion cannot be determined without further information. Examples:
KC2H3O2 An aqueous solution of KC2H3O2 will be basic. The K+ is the cation of a strong base (KOH), thus it is a neutral ion and has no effect on the pH of the solution. The C2H3O2- is from a weak acid (HC2H3O2), thus it is a basic ion. This compound in an aqueous solution will, therefore, form a basic NaHPO4 An aqueous solution of NaHPO4 will be basic. The Na+ is the cation of a strong base (NaOH), thus it is a neutral ion and has no effect on the pH of the solution. The HPO4- is from a weak acid (H3PO4), thus it is a basic ion. This compound in an aqueous solution will, therefore, form a basic solution.

solution. Cu(NO3)2 An aqueous solution of LiHS Cu(NO3)2 will be acidic. An aqueous solution of LiHS 2+ The Cu is the cation of a will be basic. The Li+ is the weak base (Cu(OH)2), thus cation of a strong base it is an acidic ion and has (LiOH), thus it is a neutral ion an effect on the pH of the and has no effect on the pH of solution. The NO3- is from a the solution. The HS- is from strong acid (HNO3), thus it a weak acid (H2S), thus it is a is a neutral ion. This basic ion. A solution of this compound in an aqueous compound in water will, solution will, therefore, therefore, be basic form an acidic solution. KClO4 An aqueous solution of KCl04 will be neutral. The K+ is the cation of a strong base (KOH), thus it is a neutral ion and has no effect on the pH of the solution. The Cl04- is from a strong acid (HClO4), thus it too, is a neutral ion. A solution of this compound in water will, therefore, be neutral. NH4Cl An aqueous solution of NH4Cl will be basic. The NH4+ is the cation of a weak base (NH3), thus it is an acidic ion and will effect the pH of the solution. The Cl- is from a strong acid (HCl), thus it is a neutral ion. A solution of this compound in water will, therefore, be acidic.

6. Acid-Base Reactions: Strong acid + strong base: HCl + NaOH net ionic reaction: H+ + OH- H2O Strong acid + weak base: NaCl + H2O

example: write the net ionic equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid, HCl, and aqueous ammonia, NH3. What is the pH of the resulting solution? Strong base + weak acid: example: write the net ionic equation for the reaction between citric acid (H3C6H507) and sodium hydroxide. What is the pH of the resulting solution?

7. Titrations 1. Strong acid-strong base titration 2. Strong acid-weak base titration 3. Weak acid-strong base titrations

example: titration curve for the titration of vinegar with NaOH pH at end point- approximately 8.5 species present- H2O and NaC2H3O2 appropriate indicator-phenolphthalein

8. Three models of acids: l. Arrhenius Model Basis for the model--action in water

acid definition: produces H<SUP+< sup> in water solution base definition: produces OH1- in water solution

2. Bronsted-Lowry Model Basis for the model-- proton transfer

acid definition: donates a proton ( H<SUP+< sup> ) base definition: accepts a proton conjugate acid definition: the acid becomes the conjugate base after it donates the proton because it can now accept it back. conjugate base definition: the base becomes the conjugate acid after it accepts the proton because it can now donate it back.

3. Lewis Model Basis for model--electron pair transfer


acid definition: accepts a pair of electrons base definition: donates a pair of electrons

SUMMARY
Acids Formation of Acids and Bases Bases

Acids are formed from the reaction of nonmetal oxides with water. eg: carbonic acid is formed by reacting carbon dioxide with water. CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Bases such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH and CsOH can be made by reacting the corresponding alkali metals with water. eg: 2 Li (s) + H2O (l) 2 LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)

H2CO3 (aq) Metal oxides also react with water to form bases. eg: Na2O (s) + H2O (l) 2 NaOH (aq)

Taste

Sour

household vinegar (acetic acid) lemon juice, orange juice or citrus fruit juices (citric acid) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Coca-Cola (contains phosphoric acid)

Bitter Milk of Magnesia (magnesium hydroxide) Maalox antacid (Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide)

Feel

concentrated acids can cause skin burn; care should be taken when handling acids turn blue litmus paper red React with bases to form salt and water (i.e. neutralization reaction React with metals such as magnesium, zinc, iron to roduce hydrogen gas, H2 (g).

concentrated bases can cause skin burn; care should be taken when handling bases; bases often feel slippery or soapy; turn red litmus paper blue React with acids to form salt and water (i.e. neutralization reaction)

Reaction to Litmus Paper Reactions

Examples

car battery (sulfuric acid) stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) carbonate water (carbonic acid)

drain cleaner, oven cleaner (sodium hydroxide) cleaning products (ammonia solution)

Reactions with Acids


ACID Hydrochlori c Acid HCl + + + BASE Sodium Hydroxide NaOH SALT Sodium Chloride NaCl + + + WATER Water H2O

ACID Hydrochlori c Acid HCl

METAL

SALT Magnesium Chloride MgCl2

HYDROGEN GAS Hydrogen H2

+ +

Magnesium Mg

+ +

CARBON ACID + CARBONATE SALT + WATER + DIOXIDE GAS Hydrochlori c Acid HCl + + Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Calcium Chloride CaCl2 + + Water H2O + + Carbon Dioxide CO2

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