CP000 Classpad Help Series

Casio Classpad Help Series
Version 7 March 2011
A companion set of movies to accompany this series can be viewed from the Australian Casio Education site at www.casio.edu.shriro.com.au
The eActivities, help sheets, functions and programs mentioned in this series can be downloaded from the Casio Solutions site at www.charliewatson.com/classpad
Index - Basic
Sheet Title
1 Setting Up 1 (Handheld video)
Description
Basic start up actions, the first of which is using the P-Button on the back of Classpad to perform a soft reset and access basic system settings. Settings in Main we recommend you should make to ensure your initial experience of Classpad and these help sheets is hassle free. A guided tour of the most commonly used areas of the Classpad keyboard. Some basic editing methods in main, including drag, cut, copy and paste. Use of the mth and 2D tabs in entering simple calculations when in Main. Some basic calculation techniques including evaluation of expressions and subtitution. Collect like terms and expand and simplify expressions such as 3(4 - 2x)^2. Factorisation of numbers and expressions (eg quadratics). Simplification and addition of algebraic fractions. Determine the Highest Common Factor or Lowest Common Multiple of two numbers. Important actions that should be taken in Main before trying any of the activities in this section. Solve the equation 7x - 3 = 2x + 4 using a traditional step by step approach in Main. Solve the equation 7x - 3 = 2x + 4 using the solve command in Main. Solving the inequality 3 - 4x > 9 using both a step by step approach and also the solve command in Main. Solving the quadratic equation x^2 + 6x + 5 = 0 with the solve command in Main. Solve simultaneously the equations 2x - 3y = -1 and x + y = 7 using a traditional step by step elimination method in Main. Solve simultaneously the equations 2x - 3y = -1 and x + y = 7 using the 2D simultaneous template in Main. Solve simultaneously the equations 2x - 3y = -1 and x + y = 7 using the Solve command in Main. How to express a as the subject of the equation t = 2a + 3b in Main. Important settings that should be taken in Graph & Table before trying any of the activities in this section. Graph y = 2x + 3 using the Graph & Table application, including setting the View Window. Graph 3x + 2y =12 using the Main application, including use of Resize. Graph y = x^2 + 3x - 4 using the Graph & Table application, including setting the View Window. Graph y = 4^x using the Graph & Table application, including use of Zoom facility. Solve y = 3x - 4 and y = 6 - 2x graphically by first drawing the functions and then finding the points of intersection. Solve y = 2 - 5x and y = -3x^2 + 4x + 2 graphically by first drawing the functions and then finding the points of intersection. Solve simultaneously the equations 3y - 2x = 5 and x + 2y - 8 = 0 graphically using both Main and Graph windows.
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2 Setting Up 2 5 Exploring The Keyboard 6 Basic Editing in Main 7 Simple Calculations in Main 10 Numeric Calculations 11 Simplifying & Expanding 12 Factorising 13 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions 14 HCF and LCM 200 Three Actions Before Solving 201 Solving Equations Step By Step 202 Solving Equations With Solve 203 Solving Linear Inequalities 204 Solving Quadratic Equations 205 Solving Simultaneous Linear Eqns 1 206 Solving Simultaneous Linear Eqns 2 207 Solving Simultaneous Linear Eqns 3 208 Rearranging Equations 300 Graph and Table Settings 301 Graph a Linear Function 1 (Graph) 302 Graph a Linear Function 2 (Main) 303 Graph a Quadratic Function 304 Graph an Exponential Function 305 Graph Simultaneous Equations 1 (Linear) 306 Graph Simultaneous Equations 2 (Quadratic) 307 Simultaneous Equations In Main
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
400 Statistics: Basic Settings and Actions 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 410 411 Statistical Calcs: From a List Statistical Calcs: Frequency Table Create a Boxplot from a List Create a Boxplot from a Frequency Table Create Multiple Boxplots Create a Histogram from a List Create a Histogram from a Frequency Table Statistical Calcs: Two Variables Scatterplot and Regression
412 xyLine Time Series 500 Spreadsheet Basics 501 Arithmetic Sequence 502 Fibonacci Sequence
503 Geometric Sequence 520 Pie Chart 601 Storing Formulae In eActivities 700 Geometry - Basic Settings 701 Geometry - Line Segment 702 Geometry - Line Segment A To B 703 Geometry - Line Segment Midpoint 712 Geometry - Triangle 713 Geometry - Right Triangle 714 Geometry - Solve Triangle 1 715 Geometry - Solve Triangle 2 716 Geometry - Solve Triangle 3 800 Sequence Basics 801 Sequence Explicity Defined 802 Simple Recursive Sequences 803 Fibonacci Type Sequences 901 Algy - An Introduction 902 Algy - Squaring An Expression
Basic settings, inserting and deleting rows in the Statistics application. Calculate one variable statistics from a single list of scores. Calculate one variable statistics from a frequency table. Create a boxplot from a single list of scores. Create a boxplot from a frequency table. Create several boxplots in a single graph to compare their distributions. Create a histogram from a single list of scores. Create a histogram from a frequency table. Calculate two variable statistics from paired data. Create a scatterplot and then calculate and plot the least squares linear regression line through the data. Create an xyLine of time series data. A quick introduction to the common data types - text, number and formula - and some useful spreadsheet tools. Create a simple sequence and then extend the spreadsheet using Cut and Paste technique. Create the Fibonacci sequence, adjust columns widths, use the Fill Range command to extend the sequence and display very long integers. Create a geometric sequence including the sum of terms and extend using Tap and Drag technique. Create a pie chart, determine the percentages represented by each sector and dynamically modify. Store and solve all your commonly used formulae as strips in eActivities. Setting up the geometry window, including scales, displaying axes, integer grid and saving. Draw a line segment, measure its properties of length, gradient, equation. Draw a line segment between two points A and B and determine its length. Draw a line segment between two points A and B and construct its midpoint. Draw a simple triangle and learn how to measure angles, sides, area and perimeter. Construct a right triangle and measure angles, sides, area and perimeter. Construct and solve triangle ABC given two sides and the included angle. Construct and solve triangle ABC given two sides and a nonincluded angle. Construct and solve triangle ABC given all three sides. Basic settings in the Sequence application. Create the sequence of Triangle Numbers using an explicit definition, and graph the first 12 terms. Create an arithmetic sequence, then a geometric sequence, also finding the sums of the GP. Create the Fibonacci Sequence, graph the first 10 terms and find the ratio of conscutive terms. Algy is an Classpad AddIn which encourages experimentation and perseverance with symbolic manipulation. Algy is used to help expand (x - 3)^2 with a few mistakes along the way!
66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128
911 Using NumSolve 912 NumSolve Tips 913 Built-In Probability Simulation Tool
921 Financial Simple Interest 922 Financial Compound Interest 923 Financial Loan Repayment
An introduction to using NumSolve from the Main menu in the context of the simple interest formula I=PRT/100. Learn some tips on working efficiently in NumSolve. Use the built-in probability simulation tool in Main (or eActivity) to simulate throwing one or two dice or selecting items at random from a container. Calculate simple interest and future values in the Financial application. Solve compound interest problems in Financial, including finding future values, interest rates and time required. Solve loan repayment problems in Financial, including payments, time periods and loan amounts.
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136 138 140
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Index - Intermediate
Sheet Title
40 Rounding 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 55 140 141 142 240 250 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 440
Description
Page
144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192
441
Rounding to a given number of decimal places or significant figures. Sequence: What Is My Rule Use the sequence function in Main to find the defining rule for various sequences. Eliminate Function Eliminate one variable from an equation using another equation. Example: If x=8-2t and y=6t-1 find an expression for y in terms of x. Creating User Defined Functions Create your own user functions.Examples (i) f(x)=1/x or (ii) Ckh2ms to convert speeds from km/h to m/s. Edit And Delete User Defined Functions Managing your own user defined functions such as those created in the previous topic. Composite Functions Define f(x) and g(x), then find f(g(1)), graph g(f(x)) and find all h(x) where g(f(x))=g(h(x)). Piecewise Defined Functions Define, use and graph piecewise functions in Main. OS3.04 and later. Angle Tips Learn how to over-ride the selected angle setting when working with trig functions in Main. Random Numbers Generate random numbers and simulate throwing dice using the rand() and randList() functions in Main. Assign And Delete Values To Variables Temporarily and permanently assign and delete values to variables in main. Useful for substitution. Matrix Operations Basic matrix creation, editing and calculations in Main, including determinants and inverses. Differentiation Basics Differentiation basics in Main using either Interactive, diff or the 2D template. Also higher orders and any variable. Equation Of Tangent To Curve Find the equation of the tangent to a curve in Main using the tanLine function. Integration Basics Find indefinite and definite integrals in Main using either Interactive, S or the 2D template. Restrict Range Of Solutions With Trig Equation Two methods to restrict the range of solutions returned when solving trig equations in Main. Solve System Of Equations With 3 Unknowns Use one of the 2D templates to solve systems of equations with 2 or more variables. Jump To An Exact Coordinate Jump to any exact coordinate whilst tracing along one of several functions in graph. Show Gradient When Tracing Show the gradient of a function on screen when tracing along its graph. Modify Tool Use the Modify tool when graphing to vary the parameters of a graph. In this example we vary a and b when y = ( x + a )^2 + b. Equation Of Tangent To Curve Find the equation of the tangent to a curve in Graph and Table using the Analysis, Sketch, Tangent function. Definite Integration Evaluate and illustrate definite integrals in Graph and Table using Analysis, G-Solve tools. Linear Programming Solve a linear programming problem with 4 constraints in Graph and Table. Piecewise Defined Functions Enter and graph piecewise defined functions in Graph and Table. Graph Of Derivative Draw the graph of a function in y1 and automatically draw the graph of its first (and second if required) derivatives. Histogram Class Intervals Vary the class intervals when summarising data with a histogram. Also shows use of the randList() command to create a list of random numbers. Prediction From Regression Line Substitute a value into a recently calculated regression line to determine a predicted value.
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442 Residuals And Residual Plots
541 Simple Interest
542 Compound Interest 543 Reducible Interest 544 Annuities 545 Smoothing Time Series 550 Dice Simulation 630 File Management 631 Add Strip Help 632 Cascade Style eActivity
633 eActivity Tips 641 Ambiguous Case Of Sine Rule 741 Angle in a Semi-Circle 742 Angles in the Alternate Segment 743 Angles in the Same Segment 744 Cyclic Quadrilaterals 745 Lengths of Tangents 746 Tangents and Radii 747 The Central Angle 755 Coordinate Geometry: Enclosed Area 756 Coordinate Geometry: Perpendicular Line 757 Modifying Labels of Objects 760 Transformation Of Objects 840 Compound Interest
841 Reducible Interest
940 Verify Tool In Main
After finding a linear regression model for a bivariate data set, residuals are calculated and plotted to check suitability of linear model. Create a flexible Simple Interest spreadsheet using Absolute and Relative cell references and extend by copying and pasting multiple columns. Create a flexible Compound Interest spreadsheet using Absolute and Relative cell references and format cells to 2dp. Use a spreadsheet to examine the balance of a reducible interest loan. Use a spreadsheet to examine the balance of an annuity. Smooth time series data in a spreadsheet using moving averages, fit a regression line and predict future values. Simulate throwing 120 six-sided dice in a spreadsheet and display the resulting distribution as a histogram. Lock, Unlock, Delete, Move Folder and Rename eActivities. Also create a new folder. Strip Help is a great way to add hints on what to do within any strip in an eActivity. Many multiple-step math problems can be programmed into an eActivity. This example uses Herons method to find the area of a triangle given three side lengths. Some tips on working within eActivities including working with text or calculation rows, deleting strips and adding strip help. Examples of ways to deal with the ambiguous case of the sine rule when solving obtuse triangles. Construct a diameter in a circle and then examine the angle in the semi-circle. Construct a tangent to a circle and then examine angles in the alternate segment. Construct 2 angles on the circumference from a common chord and examine. Construct a cyclic quadrilateral and examine sum of opposite pairs of angles. Construct 2 tangents to a circle from an external point and examine their lengths. Examine the angle between a tangent to a circle and a radius. Construct angles on the circumference and at the centre from a common chord and examine. Find the area of the triangle enclosed by the line 3x + 2y - 7 = 0 and the axes. Find the equation of the line through (2, -1) perpendicular to the line 5x - 2y +6 = 0. How to change the labels of any Geometry object using the annotation tool - eg change triangle ABC to triangle PQR. Create and reflect a triangle in the line y=-x in Geometry. Also, tips on using other transformations. Examine the growth of money over 10 years using compound interest and also use the difference tool to find individual amounts of interest for any year. Use sequence to examine the balance of a reducible interest loan, determine total interest paid and find individual monthly interest figures. Use the Verify tool in Main to check steps when manually simplifying expressions.
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200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214
216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242
244
246
Index - Advanced
Sheet Title
70 Define CIS 71 Define Function With Many Variables 73 Complex Number Basics 74 Polar To Rectangular Coordinate Conversions 80 Normal Probability Calculations 81 Inverse Normal Probability Calculations 82 Random Sample From Normal Distribution 83 Binomial Distribution Calculations 85 Random Sample From Binomial Distribution 170 Volume Of Revolution 171 Implicit Differentiation 172 Inverse Of A Function 180 Vector Basics 181 Vector Tips 270 Use Of dSolve In Growth And Decay Problems 271 Use dSolve With Simple Harmonic Equations 370 Polar Graphing 371 Parametric Graphing 372 Table Of Binomial Probabilities
Description
Create your own cis function for making complex number entry simpler. Create and use a function with many variables. Also edit a user defined function in the program editor. Basic complex number entry and calculations, including finding magnitude, argument and conversion between forms. Use the toPol and toRect functions to convert between polar and rectangular coordinates with vectors or complex numbers. Calculate normal probabilities in Main using the Interactive menu and normCDF function. Calculate inverse normal probabilities in Main using the Interactive menu and invNormCDF function. Draw a random sample from X~N(60,144) in main and calculate mean and sd. Also analyse in Statistics. Calculate binomial probabilities in Main using the Interactive menu and BinomialPDF function. Draw a random sample from X~Bin(24,1/6) in main and calculate mean and sd. Also analyse in Statistics. Find a volume of revolution in Main and graphically. Find the gradient at a point of an implicitly defined function in Main. Find the inverse of a function algebraically using invert and also view the inverse graphically. Convert vectors between Cartesian and polar forms, find unit vectors, angle between vectors and dot products. Use a simple form of entering 2 or 3-D vectors in Main. Use the differential equation solver with a simple growth and decay question. Use the differential equation solver with a simple harmonic motion question. Graph a polar function using r=Type, adjust basic view window settings and become aware of some limitations. Graph parametric functions using ParamType, adjust basic view window settings and become aware of some limitations. An easy way to create a binomial probability distribution in Graph and Table using the binomialPDf function. Also export table to a list. Calculate normal probabilities in Statistics using the Calc menu and Normal CD tool. Calculate inverse normal probabilities in Statistics using the Calc menu and Inverse Normal CD tool. Calculate a confidence interval when sample data has been entered in the statistics application. Calculate a confidence interval from supplied summary data in the statistics application. Calculate binomial probabilities in Statistics using the Calc menu and Binomial PD tool. Display the graph for X~B(10,0.65) in Statistics using the Calc menu and Binomial PD tool. Create and save an eActivity to quickly find trapped areas between any two curves. Create and save an eActivity to easily see the steps in obtaining the derivative of any function from first principles.
Page
250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286
470 Normal Probability Calculations 471 Inverse Normal Probability Calculations 472 Confidence Interval From List Data 473 Confidence Interval From Summary Data 474 Binomial Distribution Calculations 475 Graph Binomial Distribution 670 Trapped Areas 671 Differentiation From First Principles
288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302
672 Average Rate Of Change Of Function 675 Normal Probabilities Using Solve 676 Vectors Closest Approach 1 677 Vectors Closest Approach 2 680 Geometry Link 770 Apply Matrix Transformation 771 Find Transformation Matrix 780 Animation Basics 781 Angle in a Semi-Circle 2 784 Cyclic Quadrilaterals 2 880 Explicit From Recursive 980 Enable And Set Shift Keys 981 Ending Screens 982 Create An Ending Screen 983 Use Library For Global Access
984 Example Small Programs 985 Create A Small Program
Create and save an eActivity to calculate the average rate of change of any function over a given interval. Create and save an eActivity to calculate ANY of the parameters (eg mean, sd, etc) involved in a normal probability question. Create and save a re-usable eActivity to solve a vector closest approach problem using the dot product. Create and save a re-usable eActivity to solve a vector closest approach problem using a calculus method. A Geometry Link in an eActivity is used to investigate translations applied to a parabola. Other possibilities are also hinted at. Create a triangle in Geometry, apply a matrix transformation to the vertices in Main and view the image back in Geometry. Use an object and its transformed image in Geometry to determine the equivalent transformation matrix in Main. Fast track your animation skills by animating a tangent line around a circle. Examine the angle in the semi-circle using the Animation tool. Examine sum of opposite pairs of angles using the Expression tool. Determine the explicit formula for a sequence from a recursive definition using Sequence RUN and the rSolve() function. Take advantage of enabling the built-in shift key (-) facility to save time when entering common expressions on your Classpad. How to set a picture as the ending screen - the picture that briefly flashes onto the screen when you turn your ClassPad off. Two ways to create ending screens are explained - one with your handheld and one using the Classpad Manager. The library folder sits in the Other Data memory of Classpad but functions or programs stored in them are also available in eActivities. Five examples of small utility programs freely available from the internet are shown. How to create a small program on your hand held Classpad.
304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332
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10
Basic
A companion set of movies to accompany this series can be viewed from the Australian Casio Education site at www.casioed.net.au
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Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia
www.casioed.net.au
Author Date CPM OS Mahendra Vaswani 1 Jan 2008 03.01.3000.0240
001 Setting Up 1
On the back of the ClassPad, use a pen or stylus to press the P button.
Touch the centre of each cross as directed.
Adjust the screen contrast, tap Set.
Set the language you desire, tap Set.
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Select QWERTY as the keyboard format, tap Set.
Select the preferred font, tap Set.
Set the Power Save Mode to 1 hour. Set Auto Power Off to 6 min Tap Set.
Tap Tap Edit Tap Clear All Variables Tap OK
Note that this use of the P button does not delete or alter any existing data, programs, add-ins or other work stored in your ClassPad.
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 31 January 2010 03.04.4000
002 Setting Up 2 Main

From the menu at the bottom of the screen, tap Tap , Basic Format, Default
Under Number Format, tap Normal 2 Under Angle, tap Degree Tap Set.
From the menu beneath the screen, tap
Scroll down using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the screen. Tap
Tap System at the top of the screen. Tap ClassPad Name Enter your name. Tap Set
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Tap
on the top right hand side of the screen.
Tap Ver.
This should display the current (Jan 2010) Operating System as 3.04
Tap OK.
To update your Classpad OS download and run the free update software from http://edu.casio.com. The software prompts you with all necessary steps.
From the menu beneath the screen, tap
You should now be ready to start using ClassPad.
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 19 Dec 2007 03.01.3000.0240
005 Exploring The Keyboard

Start in Main. Tap Settings, Keyboard. You can also press the blue Keyboard button on the handheld unit. The keyboard fills the bottom half of the screen. Next to the mth, abc, cat and 2D tabs are icons for cut, copy and paste.
At the far right of the second row (after x, y, z and t) is backspace
Tap on TRIG. sin, cos and tan can be found here.
Tap on
to return.
Tap on OPTN. Inequalities can be found here.
Tap on
to return.
Tap on VAR. Single letter variables other than x and y can be found here.
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Tap on
Single letter upper-case variables are different to lower-case variables.
Tap on the abc tab. Its best to avoid this part of the keyboard unless you simply want to type text - when saving a file, naming your Classpad or creating an eActivity.
Tap on the cat tab. You can access all types of function here mostly for advanced users.
Tap on the 2D tab. This is the students friend! You can use these templates to make mathematical expressions and equations look just like they are in the textbook.
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006 Basic Editing in Main

Start in Main.
Tap Edit, Clear All and confirm with OK.
Tap Edit, Clear All Variables and confirm with OK.
Tap Settings, Keyboard. You can also press the blue Keyboard button on the handheld unit.
Correct errors by overtyping Type in 27 36 and tap EXE.
Select the in the line just typed by dragging across it.
Tap and then tap EXE.
Drag and drop expressions Select the line 27 / 36 by dragging across it from right to left.
Now drag your selection into the cursor box on the next line and let go.
Tap
(backspace).
Tap EXE.
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Copy and Paste Tap on the earlier answer of to select it.
Tap on
to copy this fraction.
Tap into the empty cursor box and tap
to paste.
Type 20 after the fraction and tap EXE.
Note: Copy and Paste can also be found in the Edit menu.
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007 Simple Calculations in Main

Comparing the mth and 2D tabs. Which do you prefer? Evaluate 42.
mth use
2D use
and 2.
Evaluate 34.
mth use
2D use
Evaluate
49 .
mth use
and closing bracket
2D use
20
Evaluate (-6)2. Care must always be taken when raising negative numbers to a power always wrap the number in brackets first.
mth use
2D use
and 2.
Evaluate
216 .
mth use power of one-third for cube root.
2D use
Evaluate
3 1 + . 4 6
mth use
between numerator and denominator.
2D use
Beware mixed numbers the addition symbol MUST be placed between the whole number and the fractional parts when using the 2D fraction template. The screen shows the error if this is omitted.
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010 Numeric Calculations

Tap
Press Keyboard To evaluate 2(4 + 0.5) 2 Use the keypad or tap expression. Either press or tap EXE. and use the template to enter the
To obtain a decimal answer, from the menu beneath the screen, tap Standard and then press or tap EXE.
NOTE: Decimal should now be displayed beneath the screen.
To evaluate
81 33 2 +
1 ( 4 ) 2
Tap
and use the template to enter the expression.
Either press or tap EXE.
To obtain an exact answer, from the menu beneath the screen, tap Decimal and then press or tap EXE.
NOTE: Standard should now be displayed beneath the screen.
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To Evaluate
243 45 and use the template to enter the expression.
Tap
Either press or tap EXE.
To obtain a decimal answer, from the menu beneath the screen, tap Standard and then press or tap EXE. To evaluate 3x 2(5 x 3) for x = 2
Either use the keypad or tap mth to enter the expression 3x 2(5 x 3) Tap OPTN, tap followed by x = 2
Press or tap EXE.
To evaluate 4 xy for x = 2 and y = 5 Either use the keypad or tap mth to enter the expression 4 xy Tap OPTN, tap Tap , tap type x = 2, y = 5, tap
Tap EXE.
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011 Simplifying & Expanding

Tap
To simplify x + x Enter x + x Press or tap EXE. To simplify x + x + y Enter

x+x+ y
Press or tap EXE.
To simplify x x Enter
x x
Press or tap EXE.
To simplify
2a + 3b 4a + 7b
Press Keyboard.
Tap VAR Use the VAR keys to enter 2a + 3b 4a + 7b . Press or tap EXE.
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To expand 3( x + 4) Either Tap Action, Transformation, expand Enter 3( x + 4) and press or tap EXE. or Enter 3( x + 4) Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, expand Tap OK
To expand ( x 3) 2 Either Tap Action, Transformation, expand Enter ( x 3) 2 and press or tap EXE. or Enter ( x 3) 2 Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, expand Tap OK.
To expand x(a + 3) 2 Either Tap Action, Transformation, expand Enter x(a + 3) 2 and press or tap EXE. or Enter x(a + 3) 2 Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, expand Tap OK.
(Remember to tap VAR to enter the variables a and x)
To expand and simplify 2( x 3) 2 5( x + 2) 2 Either Tap Action, Transformation, expand Enter 2( x 3) 2 5( x + 2) 2 and press or tap EXE. or Enter 2( x 3) 2 5( x + 2) 2 Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, expand Tap OK
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012 Factorising
Tap
To determine the Prime Factorisation of the number 60 Either Tap Action, Transformation, factor Enter 60 and either press or tap EXE or Enter 60 Highlight 60 Tap Interactive, Transformation, factor
To factorise x 2 + 8 x + 16 Either Tap Action, Transformation, factor Enter x 2 + 8 x + 16 and either press or tap EXE or Enter x 2 + 8 x + 16 Highlight x 2 + 8 x + 16 Tap Interactive, Transformation, factor To factorise 12 x 2 + 7 x 10 Either Tap Action, Transformation, factor Enter 12 x 2 + 7 x 10 and either press or tap EXE or Enter 12 x 2 + 7 x 10 Highlight 12 x 2 + 7 x 10 Tap Interactive, Transformation, factor
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013 Simplifying Alg. Fractions

Tap
To simplify
30a 3b 4 c 2 15a 2bc5
Either Press Keyboard Tap Action, Transformation, simplify Tap Tap
Enter 30a 3b 4 c 2 in the numerator Enter 15a 2 bc 5 in the denominator Press or tap EXE
NOTE: Use VAR and and the 2D display.
to swap between the variable
Or Press Keyboard Tap Tap
Enter 30a 3b 4 c 2 in the numerator Enter 15a 2 bc 5 in the denominator Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, simplify
NOTE: Use VAR and and the 2D display.
to swap between the variable 28
To simplify
x +1 x + 2 + 4 3
Either Tap Action, Transformation, combine Tap , tap
Enter
x +1 x + 2 + 4 3 Press or tap EXE
Or Tap , tap
Enter
x +1 x + 2 + 4 3 Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, combine
To simplify
1 2 + x y
Either Tap Action, Transformation, combine Tap , tap
Enter
1 2 + x y Press or tap EXE
Or Tap , tap
Enter
1 2 + x y Select the entire expression Tap Interactive, Transformation, combine
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Author Date CPM OS Romaine Saunders 1 Jan 2008 03.01.3000.0240
014 HCF and LCM
Tap
To determine the Highest Common Factor of 12 and 18 Tap Action, Calculation, gcd Enter 12, 18
Press or tap EXE.
NOTE: gcd is an abbreviation for Greatest Common Denominator To determine the Lowest Common Multiple of 12 and 18 Tap Action, Calculation, lcm Enter 12, 18
Press or tap EXE.
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200 Three Actions Before Solving

Before starting any type of algebraic work in the Main application, there are three useful actions to begin with.
Starting in the Main application, the first action is to tap Settings, Basic Format, Default, Set.
The second is to tap Edit, Clear All Variables.
This ensures that any numerical values assigned to variables such as x, y, etc are cleared.
The third action is to tap Edit, Clear All so that you have a clear workspace to ready to begin.
This last step is optional, but will help you to exactly reproduce the screens seen in the movies in this series.
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Author Date CPM OS Monty Campbell 1 Jan 2008 03.01.3000.0240
201 Solving Equations Step By Step

Solving an Equation There are two methods in which equations may be solved :
i. Interactively step by step in the main screen (as you would do with pencil and paper normally) ii. Using the Solve command from the embedded screen menus. This task uses the first option.
Tap the Main screen icon
Solve the equation 7x 3 = 2x + 4 Enter in the equation then press EXE.
(Interactive step by step method)
Then we could ask What do we want to do to both sides Add 3 to both sides! Enter + 3
Then press or tap EXE. We then obtain (after adding 3 to both sides)
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Then subtract 2x from both sides. Enter - 2x (subtract key NOT the (-) key !)
Then press or tap EXE. We then obtain .
Then divide both sides by 5. Enter 5
Then press or tap EXE. We obtain our exact answer (being in Standard mode not Decimal).
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202 Solving Equations With Solve

Solving an Equation There are two methods in which equations may be solved :
i. Interactively step by step in the main screen (as you would do with pencil and paper normally) ii. Using the Solve command from the embedded screen menus. This task uses the second option.
Tap the Main screen icon
Solve the equation 7x 3 = 2x + 4 (Using the Solve command) Either Press Keyboard Tap Action, Equation/Inequality, solve Enter 7x 3 = 2x + 4 Press or tap EXE
NOTE: x is the default variable
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or Press Keyboard Enter 7x 3 = 2x + 4 Select the entire equation. Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve Tap OK
Solve the equation 5a + 6 = 2(3a - 1) (Using the Solve command) Either Press Keyboard Tap Action, Equation/Inequality, solve Enter 5a + 6 = 2(3a - 1), a Press or tap EXE
NOTE: Tap VAR to obtain the variable a. It is necessary to specify that a is the variable.
or Press Keyboard Enter 5a + 6 = 2(3a - 1) Select the entire equation. Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve Enter a for the variable Tap OK
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203 Solving Linear Inequalities

Solving a Linear Inequality Solve the linear inequality 3 4x > 9 (Interactive step by step method)
Tap the Main screen icon Press Keyboard. Enter 3 4x > 9 Press or tap EXE. NOTE: the greater than symbol > can be found in OPTN
Now we can subtract 3 from both sides. Enter - 3 Then press or tap EXE
We could then consider dividing both sides by -4. Enter (-) 4 This yields the correct solution x <
3 2
!!
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Solve the linear inequality 3 4x > 9 (Using the Solve command)
Tap the Main screen icon Press Keyboard. Either Tap Action, Equation/Inequality, solve Enter 3 4x > 9 Press or tap EXE
NOTE: x is the default variable
or Enter 3 4x > 9 Select the entire inequality Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve Tap OK
As a variation, if we enter x + 2 > x we obtain ANY real solution. If we enter x + 2 > x + 3 we obtain NO real solution.
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204 Solving Quadratic Equations

Solving a Quadratic Equation using the Solve command Solve x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
Tap the Main screen icon Press Keyboard. Tap Either Tap Action, Equation/Inequality, solve Enter x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 Press or tap EXE
NOTE: x is the default variable Use to type the index 2, then either tap in the next position or press the right cursor key once, before continuing typing.
or Enter x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 Select the entire equation Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve Tap OK
Two solutions are given: x = -5, x = -1
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We can then edit the solve command to change the equation : Select the entire line with the solve command text .. Then drag the selected text to a new line . (dont press EXE)
Highlight the 5, type 9. Press or tap EXE
This then yields only ONE solution x = -3. In a similar manner, edit the solve command to solve x2 + 6x + 7 = 0
This then yields TWO exact solutions x = -3 2.
In a similar manner, edit the solve command to solve x2 + 6x + 12 = 0
This then yields no real solutions.
Alternatively, merely highlight the item(s) to be edited, type the replacement(s), then press or tap EXE. For example, solve x2 - 8x + 16 = 0 by highlighting +6, typing -8, and then highlighting 7, typing 16. Press or tap EXE
This then yields only ONE solution x = 4.
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205 Solving Simultaneous Linear Eqns 1

Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Interactive step by step method Solve simultaneously : 2x 3y = -1 x + y = 7 These can be solved algebraically in two main ways: i. Interactively step by step in the main screen ii. Using the Solve command from the embedded screen menus. This task uses the first option. c d
Tap the Main screen icon Press Keyboard Tap
To solve interactively We can consider multiplying equation d by 3 and ADDING this to equation c Tap Action, Transformation, simplify Enter and then highlight equation d Tap Position the cursor after the right bracket Type x 3 + Enter and highlight equation c Tap Press or tap EXE
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To solve 5x = 20: Type 5 Press or tap EXE
To substitute x = 4 in equation d and solve for y: Highlight the equation x + y = 7 and drag to the new line Highlight x + y = 7 Tap , tap OPTN, tap
Highlight x = 4 and drag to the cursor Highlight the entire line, x + y = 7| x = 4 Tap , tap
Press or tap EXE Type 4 Press or tap EXE
The screen shows the solution, x = 4, y = 3
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Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations using the 2D template Solve simultaneously: 2x 3y = -1 x + y = 7 These can be solved algebraically in three main ways: i. Interactively step by step in the main screen ii Using the 2D template iii Using the Solve command from the embedded screen menus. This task uses the second option.
Tap
Enter the equations into the 2 spaces just to the LEFT of the vertical bar.
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Then after the vertical bar : Type x, y (This tells the ClassPad you wish to solve for x and y)
Press or tap EXE
This gives the solution x = 4, y = 3. (The curly brackets suggests that this is a set of values)
If we wished to solve 3 equations in 3 variables, we would tap twice. This will then allow 3 equations to be entered.
For example, solve simultaneously: 3x 5y + 8z = -32.5 x + 2y 4z = 16.5 -7x + 3y + z = -0.5
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Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations using the Solve command Solve simultaneously: 2x 3y = -1 x + y = 7 These can be solved algebraically in three main ways: i. Interactively step by step in the main screen ii Using the 2D template iii Using the Solve command from the embedded screen menus. This task uses the third option.
Tap Action, Equation/Inequality, solve
Enter the equations separated by a comma.
Highlight the equations and tap
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Tap the arrow at the right hand end of the line. Position the cursor at the end of the line and type ,x,y
Highlight x,y and tap
Press or tap EXE
This gives the solution x = 4, y = 3. (The curly brackets suggests that this is a set of values)
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208 Re-arranging Equations

Re-arranging Equations Suppose we wish to express a as the subject in t = 2a + 3b.
Tap the Main screen icon Press Keyboard Tap , tap VAR
. Either: Tap Action, Equation/Inequality, solve Enter t = 2a + 3b Type , a Press or tap EXE
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or: Enter and highlight t = 2a + 3b Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve The default variable to solve for is x, change this to a by highlighting x and typing a
Tap OK
Some other examples are : Obtain r as the subject in S = 4r2
NOTE: Tap tap tap
for capital S for , for r2 S = 2r2 + 2rh
Obtain r as the subject in
Tap on
a few times to view the rest of the result.
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Author Date CPM OS Romaine Saunders 13 Dec 2007 03.01.3000.0240
300 Graph and Table Menu Settings
Tap
and then tap
To clear the Graph Editor Window (the upper window), tap in the upper window. Tap Edit, Clear All
To clear the Graph Window (the lower window), tap in the lower window. Tap Edit, Clear All
NOTE: the top menu is dependent on the active window
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Tap in the Graph Editor Window (the upper window). Tap Tap Graph Format
Tap Default Tap in the square adjacent to G-Controller.
Tap SET
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301 Graph a Linear Function_1

Graph y = 2x + 3 using the Graph & Table application Tap and then tap
Tap Edit, Clear All to clear the window.
Tap in the box following y1. Type in 2x + 3 Press EXE
Tap
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Tap
, View Window
Set the View Window parameters for x and y
For example, -5 x 3, -4 y 6
To trace along the line Tap Analysis, Trace to see the coordinates of the cursor displayed at the base of the graph. Tap the graph controllers or to move the cursor along the line.
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302 Graph a Linear Function_2

Graph 3x + 2y =12 using the Main Application Tap
Type in 3x + 2y =12 Tap to view the Graph Window.
Highlight the equation, drag and drop onto the Graph Window.
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Enlarge the View Window
Tap
to Resize to full screen.
To locate the horizontal intercept Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Root
To locate the vertical intercept Tap Analysis, G-Solve, y-Intercept
Note the original relationship 3x + 2y =12 has been transformed and displayed at the base of the graph as y = 6 + (-3/2)x
To return to split screen mode, tap
Resize again.
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303 Graph a Quadratic Function

Graph y = x2 + 3x - 4 using the Graph & Table application Tap and then tap
Tap in the box following y1. Type in x2 + 3x - 4 Press EXE
Tap
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Set the View Window parameters Tap , View Window
Locate key features of the parabola Horizontal intercepts: Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Root Use the left and right curser keys to move to each intercept.
Vertical intercept:
Tap Analysis, G-Solve, y-Intercept
Vertex:
Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Min
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304 Graph an Exponential Function

Graph y = 4x using the Graph & Table application Tap and then tap
Tap in the box following y1. Type in 4x Press EXE
Tap
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Set the View Window parameters Tap Zoom, Quick e^x
To change the line style Tap to the right of the equation.
Tap the desired line style. Tap OK
Tap
to redraw the graph.
To locate the vertical intercept Tap Analysis, G-Solve, y-Intercept
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305 Simultaneous Equations 1

Solve y = 3x 4 and y = 6 2x graphically Tap and then tap
Tap in the box following y1. Type in 3x 4 Press EXE
Tap in the box following y2. Type in 6 2x Press EXE
Tap
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Set the View Window parameters Tap Zoom, Quick Standard
Determine point of intersection Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Intersect
The point of intersection of the two lines occurs at x = 2 and y = 2.
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306 Simultaneous Equations 2

Solve y = 2 5x and y = -3x2 + 4x + 2 graphically Tap and then tap
Tap in the box following y1. Type in 2 5x Press EXE
Tap in the box following y2. Type in -3x2 + 4x + 2 Press EXE
Tap
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Set the View Window parameters
Tap
to open and modify the View Window
Determine points of intersection Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Intersect
The points of intersection of the line and the parabola occur at x = 0 and y = 2 x = 3 and y = -13 Use the left and right curser keys to move to each point of intersection.
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307 Simultaneous Equations In Main

Solve 3y - 2x = 5 and x + 2y 8 = 0 graphically
Start in Main.
Type in 3y - 2x = 5 and tap EXE.
Type in x + 2y 8 = 0 and tap EXE.
Tap
Tap Zoom, Quick Initialise.
Tap to select - 2x + 3y = 5 in the Main window.
Drag this selection into the Graph window.
Tap to select x + 2y 8 = 0 in the Main window.
Drag this selection into the Graph window.
Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Intersect.
The solution is x = 2, y = 3.
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 23 September 2008 03.03.3000
400 Statistics - Basic Settings

Open the Statistics application.
Tap Edit, Clear All, OK.
Tap on the
icon.
Now tap screen.
and so on to display your choice of 2, 3 or 4 lists on the
Two of the settings at the bottom of the screen reflect your settings in Main the angle mode and choice of Standard or Decimal. Between them, make sure that Auto is displayed. Auto means that all graphs will be scaled automatically. To turn Auto on or off tap SetGraph, Stat Window Auto and then tap On or Off.
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Type a few numbers into list1. If you make a typing mistake, tap onto the wrong number and simply retype the correct value.
To insert an extra number, for example between the 3 and the 5 shown here, tap onto the lower of the two numbers. Tap Edit, Insert Cell. Undefined appears in the cell. Now type in the extra value and tap EXE.
To delete an existing number tap onto the number. Then either tap Edit, Delete, Cell. or press the Clear button.
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401 Statistical Calculations from a List
To find the summary statistics such as the mean, standard deviation and so on for the ages below, open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Enter the ages into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE. If you make a typing mistake, tap onto the wrong number and simply retype the correct value.
Here are the names of the last ten prime ministers of Australia together with the ages at which they became prime minister. Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Gough Whitlam Malcolm Fraser Bob Hawke Paul Keating John Howard Kevin Rudd 57 67 56 63 56 45 53 47 56 50
Tap Calc, One-Variable. Use the drop down menus to set the XList to list1 and the Freq to 1. Tap OK.
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The One-Variable statistics are displayed. The mean age is 55 years. The standard deviation is 6.387 years.
Use the scrollbar to move down the list. The median age is 56 years. The inter-quartile range is 57 50 = 7 years.
Tap OK to finish.
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402 Statistical Calculations Frequency Table
To find the summary statistics such as the mean, standard deviation and so on for the frequency distribution below, open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All.
Score Frequency
4 12
5 20
6 34
7 29
8 18
9 5
Enter the scores into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE. Enter the frequencies into list2 the same way.
Tap Calc, One-Variable. Use the drop down menus to set the XList to list1 and the Freq to list2. Tap OK.
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The One-Variable statistics are displayed. The mean score is 6.305. The standard deviation is 1.312. The total number of scores is 118.
Use the scrollbar to move down the list. The median score is 6. The mode is also 6. There is one modal class (ModeN = 1). The modal class has a frequency of 34 (ModeF = 34).
Tap OK to finish.
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403 Create a Boxplot from a List

Open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Enter the ages below into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE.
Here are the names of the last ten prime ministers of Australia together with the ages at which they became prime minister. Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Gough Whitlam Malcolm Fraser Bob Hawke Paul Keating John Howard Kevin Rudd Tap SetGraph. Ensure that just StatGraph1 has a tick in its box. 57 67 56 63 56 45 53 47 56 50
Tap Setting to open the Set StatGraphs window. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. Use the drop down menus to set Type: MedBox XList: list1 Freq: 1
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Tap Set to confirm your settings.
Tap the DrawGraph icon
Tap Resize
Tap
and observe the minX is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Now use the cursor key to move left and right through the 5 key points of the boxplot.
Tap close
in the top right hand corner of the screen.
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404 Create a Boxplot from a Frequency Table

Open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All.
Score Frequency
4 12
5 20
6 34
7 29
8 18
9 5
Enter the scores into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE. Enter the frequencies into list2 the same way.
Tap SetGraph. Ensure that just StatGraph1 has a tick in its box.
Tap Setting to open the Set StatGraphs window. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. Use the drop down menus to set Type: MedBox XList: list1 Freq: list2
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Tap Resize
Tap
and observe the minX is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Now use the cursor key to move left and right through the 5 key points of the boxplot.
Tap close
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405 Create Multiple Boxplots

Open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Enter the prime ministers ages below into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE and the presidents ages into list2.
Here are the names of the last ten prime ministers of Australia together with the ages at which they took office and the last ten presidents of the USA together with the ages at which they took office. Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Gough Whitlam Malcolm Fraser Bob Hawke Paul Keating John Howard Kevin Rudd 57 67 56 63 56 45 53 47 56 50 Dwight Eisenhower John Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush 62 43 55 56 61 52 69 64 46 54
Tap
to open the Set StatGraphs window. along the top of the window.
Notice the tabs
The window has 9 tabs and by default always opens to tab 1. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. On tab 1 use the drop down menus to set Type: MedBox XList: list1 Freq: 1 Tap on the 2nd tab. Tap on the On radio button opposite Draw. On tab 2 use the drop down menus to set Type: MedBox XList: list2 Freq: 1
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Tap Resize
Tap and observe the minX of the top boxplot is displayed at the bottom of the screen. Below minX, StatGraph1 is displayed, indicating the currently selected graph. Use the cursor key to move left and right through the 5 key points of the top boxplot.
Use the cursor key to move up and down between StatGraph1 and StatGraph2.
Tap close
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406 Create a Histogram from a List

Fourteen test scores are shown below.
Enter these into list1.
Tap Setting to open the Set StatGraphs window. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. Use the drop down menus to set Type: Histogram XList: list1 Freq: 1
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The Set Interval window appears. HStart is the LH Start value on the x-axis. Set to 50. HStep is the width of the columns. Set to 10. Tap OK.
Tap Resize
Tap
and observe the frequency of the first class (50 60) is 2.
Now use the cursor key to move left and right through the histogram.
Tap close
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407
Create a Histogram from a Frequency Table
Here are the results of throwing a regular six-sided dice 100 times.
Enter the scores into list1 and the frequencies into list2.
Tap Setting to open the Set StatGraphs window. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. Use the drop down menus to set Type: Histogram XList: list1 Freq: list2
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The Set Interval window appears. HStart is the LH Start value on the x-axis. Set to 1. HStep is the width of the columns. Set to 1. Tap OK.
Tap Resize
Tap
and observe the frequency of the first class is 16.
Now use the cursor key to move left and right through the histogram.
Tap close
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410 Statistics: Two Variable Calculations
To find the summary statistics such as the mean, standard deviation and so on for the data below, open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All.
The data below shows the number of births and deaths for ten similar sized suburbs in a city during a one year period.
Enter the number of births into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE. Enter the number of deaths into list2.
Tap Calc, Two-Variable. Use the dropdown menus to set XList: list1 YList: list2 Freq: 1
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Tap OK.
The Two-Variable statistics window is displayed. The mean number of births is 70.9. There are 10 data points. The mean number of deaths is 50.1.
Use the scrollbar to move down the list. The standard deviation of the number of deaths is 22.8. The largest number of deaths is 92.
Tap OK to finish.
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411 Create a scatterplot with regression line

The data below shows the number of births and deaths for ten similar sized suburbs in a city during a one year period.
Enter the number of births into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE. Enter the number of deaths into list2.
Tap Setting to open the Set StatGraphs window. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. Use the drop down menus to set Type: XList: YList: Freq: Mark: Scatter list1 list2 1 square
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Tap Resize
Tap and observe that the x and y-coordinates of the first data point are displayed at the bottom of the screen (xc = 74, yc = 92).
Tap the cursor key to move left and right through the other points.
Tap Calc.
Tap Linear Reg.
Tap OK to confirm Set Calculation settings.
The Linear Regression coefficients are displayed. The line has a gradient of 0.581 The correlation coefficient is 0.578 Tap OK. The regression line is drawn through the data points.
Tap and observe that the x and y-coordinates of a point on the regression line are displayed at the bottom of the screen together with equation of the line of regression. Tap the cursor key to move left and right along the line or up and then left and right to jump through the data points.
Tap close
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412 Create an xyLine from a Time Series

The data below shows the average Australian household size (people per household) against time (the number of years since 1910).
Enter the years since 1910 into list1 by typing each number and tapping EXE. Enter the average household size into list2.
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Tap Setting to open the Set StatGraphs window. The radio button opposite Draw should be On. Use the drop down menus to set Type: XList: YList: Freq: Mark: xyLine list1 list2 1 square
Tap Resize
Tap and observe that the x and y-coordinates of the first point are displayed at the bottom of the screen (xc = 1, yc = 4.5).
Now use the cursor key to move left and right through the 14 points of the time series.
Tap close
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500 Spreadsheet Basics
Start with File, New.
The 3 most common types of entries in spreadsheet cells are Text, Numbers and Formulas.
Text Examples: Rate, Sum and Title. Tap into cell A1, and use the keyboard abc tab to enter the word Rate. Notice that by default Classpad left-aligns text within a cell.
Numbers Examples: 0.1 and 12. Tap into cell A2, and use the keyboard mth tab to enter the number 0.1. Notice that by default Classpad right-aligns numbers within a cell.
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Formulas that combine references to numbers or cells or both Examples: =34, = A1+A2 or =B2/100. Tap into cell A3 and type 34. Note that it is treated as a text entry. Now tap into cell A4 and type = 34 and see the result displayed as 12.
Now tap back into cell A4 and tap the zoom icon in the toolbar to see both the formula entered and the calculated value of the cell. Tap the zoom icon again to close the zoom window.
Still in cell A4, experiment with the bold tool . tool
and the cell alignment
Next select the whole column by tapping on the column A header Use the same tools with all of the selected cells.
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501 Spreadsheet - Arithmetic Sequence

This example uses the spreadsheet application to create the arithmetic sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, From the Main Menu tap Spreadsheet. In spreadsheet tap File, New.
Tap into cell A1 and use the keyboard to enter 5 and then tap EXE. In cell A2 use the keyboard to tap = and then tap into cell A1. The formula bar at the bottom of your Classpad screen should be showing at this stage.
Now use the keyboard to tap +3 and then tap EXE.
Cell A2 now displays the value 8.
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Tap into cell A2 and use the keyboard contents.
to take a copy of the cell
Tap into Cell A3 and tap on Paste
Notice how the spreadsheet modifies the pasted formula to add 3 to the previous cell (A2) contents.
Now simply repeat the process over and over, tapping into the cell below and tapping on Paste until the required number of terms is generated. In subsequent examples we will explore other ways of quickly pasting the formula into a large number of cells.
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502 Spreadsheet Fibonacci Sequence

This example uses the spreadsheet application to create the well-known Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, where each term is the sum of the previous two. From the Main Menu tap Spreadsheet. In spreadsheet tap File, New.
Tap into cell A1 and use the keyboard to enter 1 and then tap EXE, repeating again in cell A2. In cell A3, tap on = to start a formula, tap into cell A2, tap +, tap into cell A1 and then tap EXE. The result in cell A3 is 2. Tap back into cell A3 to see the screen at right.
To copy this formula into the next 100 cells proceed as follows. With cell A3 highlighted, tap on Edit, Fill Range. Tap into the Range box and edit it to read A3:A100. Note that the colon to separate A3 and A100 is in the second row on the screen. Tap OK.
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Hide the keyboard and scroll down. Note that eventually some values of the sequence are too wide to be displayed as integers in the spreadsheet cells. Tap and drag on the border between the column headings to widen the column. Alternatively tap on Edit, Column Width and set the value to 80, the maximum allowable width.
Scrolling further down, Classpad is displaying the 50th and subsequent terms in scientific notation. Tap on the column heading A to select the whole column. Next tap in order to display the terms exactly.
Eventually Classpad cannot display the exact value within the cell and simply shows a truncated number.
With a single cell highlighted tap seen in its entirety.
and now the exact value can be
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503 Spreadsheet Geometric Sequence

This example uses the spreadsheet application to create the geometric sequence 100, 50, 25, 12.5, From the Main Menu tap Spreadsheet. In spreadsheet tap File, New. Use the keyboard to enter 100 into cell A1 and tap EXE. Start a formula in cell A2 with =, tap into cell A1 and then add 0.5. Tap EXE.
Cell A2 now contains 50. Experiment with tapping onto cell A2. Sometimes you will see this highlight inside the cell. and sometimes - a white
When you see the white highlight, Classpad will let you drag a copy of this cell into another cell. Tap and drag to extend the formula into the next few cells in column A.
To create the sum of the terms of this sequence in column B, tap into cell B1 Tap = to start a formula, tap into cell A1 and tap EXE.
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With cell B2 selected, start a formula with =. Tap into B1, tap +, tap into A2, tap EXE. The number 150 is now displayed in cell B2, using the formula =B1+A2.
Copy and paste this formula into cells, B3, B4 and so on to generate the sums of the terms of this geometric sequence.
Modify the first term of this sequence from 100 to 20. Tap into cell A1, type in 20 and tap EXE. Note how the whole spreadsheet instantly updates.
Extension: Modify this spreadsheet to also accommodate any common ratio stored in cell C1.
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520 Spreadsheets: Create a pie-chart
This example uses the spreadsheet application to create a pie-chart to illustrate the varying number of Classpad downloads by type from the web site www.classpad.org
From the Main Menu tap Spreadsheet. In spreadsheet tap File, New.
To remind ourselves of each category, we will enter the first letter of Addins, Basic, Documentation and eActivities into column A.
Tap into cell A1 and use the abc tab on the keyboard to enter A and then tap EXE. Enter the other letters in a similar way.
Tap into cell B1 and use the mth tab of the keyboard to enter the numbers of downloads: 56, 54, 19 and 98.
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Tap onto cell B1 and immediately drag the stylus down to cell B4, highlighting the data we wish to graph.
Tap Graph, Pie
Tap onto each sector in turn to see the corresponding frequency and percentage displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Tap and drag the marker on the pie-chart. Note how the number in the corresponding cell on the spreadsheet changes.
Tap into a cell in the spreadsheet and change the number. Note how the pie-chart instantly changes.
Tap close
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601 Storing Formulae In eActivities
Tap
and then tap
Start a new eActivity file - tap File, New and then OK if prompted.
Save the eActivity - tap File, Save, type in a name for the file and tap Save. (eActivity file names can be up to 20 characters long)
Repeat the following steps for each formula 1. Insert a NumSolve strip: Tap Insert, Strip, NumSolve
2. Enter the formula: Press Keyboard Tap mth, VAR Type the formula in the equation box, eg C = 2r and then tap EXE. (Note: can be located by tapping )
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3. Type an identifying name for the strip. Tap (top right corner of screen) to close the NumSolve strip.
Tap the abc tab and type a name in the left part of the strip.
4. Save the updated eActivity. Tap File, Save, Save and confirm Overwrite with OK.
To use the eActivity. Tap File, Open, select the eActivity and tap Open. Locate the desired solve strip and tap Solve.
For example, to find the radius of a circle of circumference 50cm, type C=50 and tap on r (the variable to solve for). Then tap at the top of the screen.
To close a strip, tap on
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700 Geometry Basic Settings
Tap
and then tap
Start a new geometry file - tap File, New and then OK if prompted.
Tap Tap Geometry Format
Tap Default Tap Set
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Tap several times on
until the required combination of axes, scale
and integer grid are displayed.
If coordinate work is involved, it is useful to have the grid displayed. Classpad will snap points to the nearest grid point.
Integer Grid To use the grid without axes displayed, tap is clear. Now tap View, Integer Grid. Note that if the width of the Geometry window exceeds 24 units, the grid points will not display even with Integer Grid on. until the screen
To set the View Window in Geometry Tap and then tap View Window
Enter the required values and tap OK. Classpad maintains the same scale on both x and y-axes and so it is not possible to set the y-min and max, just the y value for the middle of the screen.
Saving Geometry files Any Geometry file can be saved for later recall. Tap File, Save, type in a name for the file and tap Save. (Geometry file names can be up to 8 characters long)
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701 Geometry - Line Segment
Tap
and then tap
Start a new geometry file, tap File, New and then OK.
To draw a line segment: Either tap Draw, Line Segment or tap the second down arrow and choose the line segment tool
Either tap the screen in two places to draw line segment AB
or tap the screen once to indicate the starting point, tap the screen again and drag to locate the other end of the line.
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To determine features of line segment AB:
Tap the right arrow the measurement toolbar.
at the far right of the toolbars to display
Tap once on a blank part of the screen to deselect everything and then tap once towards the middle of the line to select it. The toolbar shows the length is 7.778335.
To determine the:
Length of AB:
tap
Gradient of AB:
tap
Equation of AB:
tap
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702 Geometry - Line Segment A To B

To draw a line segment from A(-1, -3) to B(4, 2)
From the Menu, start the Geometry application. Start a new geometry file - tap File, New and then OK if prompted.
Prepare the geometry window Tap several times on until the axes, scale
and integer grid are displayed as shown.
Select the Line Segment tool Either tap Draw, Line Segment
or tap the second down arrow and tap the line segment tool
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Draw the line segment from A(-1, -3) to B(4, 2) Tap near (-1, -3) and notice that in the bottom right hand corner of the screen (in the status bar), as you tap, the coordinates (-1, -3) are momentarily displayed. This is because with the integer grid visible, Classpad will always place points on the nearest grid point to that tapped on the screen. Now touch the screen and drag the pen around until (4, 2) is displayed in the status bar. Once you are at (4, 2) release the pen and the line is complete. Finally, tap on the Select tool
To find the length of AB Tap the arrow at the far right of the toolbars to display the
measurement toolbar.
Tap once on a blank part of the screen to deselect everything and then tap once towards the middle of the line to select it. The length is displayed in the measurement toolbar as 7.071068
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703 Geometry - Line Segment Midpoint

To find the midpoint a line segment from A(-4, 10) to B(8, -8)
From the Menu, start the Geometry application. Start a new geometry file - tap File, New and then OK if prompted.
Tap several times on
until the axes, scale
and integer grid are displayed.
Tap View, Zoom Out to finish preparing the Geometry window.
Select the Line Segment tool Either tap Draw, Line Segment
or tap the second down arrow and tap the line segment tool
Draw the line segment from A(-4, 10) to B(8, -8) Tap near (-4, 10) and check that as you tap, the coordinates (-4, 10) are momentarily displayed in the status bar.
Now touch the screen and drag the pen around until (8, -8) is displayed in the status bar. Once you are here, release the pen and the line is complete.
Finally, tap on the Select tool
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To construct the midpoint of AB Tap once on a blank part of the screen to deselect everything and then tap once towards the middle of the line to select it.
Tap Draw, Construct, Midpoint and the point C is added to the middle of the line segment AB.
To determine the coordinates of C, the midpoint of AB Tap once on a blank part of the screen to deselect everything.
Tap the arrow
at the far right of the toolbars to display the
measurement toolbar.
Tap on C. The coordinates are displayed in the measurement toolbar as (2 ,1).
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712 Geometry Triangle
Tap
and then tap
Start a new geometry file, tap File, New and then OK. Draw a triangle: Tap the triangle icon
Either tap anywhere on the screen or, tap the screen and drag the stylus to form a box.
Tap the right arrow display the information box.
at the far right of the toolbars to
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To determine features of the triangle:
Length of a side:
tap on a side
NOTE: To deselect, tap on a blank part of the screen.
Size of an angle:
tap on the two sides forming the angle
Area of the triangle: tap on all three sides of the triangle, tap on the first down arrow, tap on
Perimeter of the triangle: tap on all three sides of the triangle, tap on the first down arrow, tap on
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713 Geometry - Right Triangle
Tap
and then tap
Start a new geometry file, tap File, New and then OK.
Draw a triangle: Tap the triangle icon
Tap the right arrow
display the information box of the measurement toolbar.
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Create a right triangle: Tap on two sides of the triangle to show the size of the angle formed by these two sides.
Tap on the angle size in the box and type 90, tap
on the tick.
This constrains the angle to always be 90.
To clear a constraint, tap on a shaded tick box or use Edit, Clear Constraints to clear all constraints.
To determine or constrain other features of the triangle: Length of a side: Size of an angle: tap on a side tap on the two sides forming the angle
Area of the triangle: tap on all three sides of the triangle, tap on the first down arrow, tap on
Perimeter of the triangle: tap on all three sides of the triangle, tap on the first down arrow, tap on
NOTE: To deselect all, tap on a blank part of the screen.
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714 Geometry - Solve Triangle 1

Solve triangle ABC given two sides and the included angle.
Tap
and then tap
To deselect, tap in a blank part of the screen.
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To set the given constraints: Length of a side AB = 4 tap on side AB, tap on the length, type 4, tap the tick To deselect side AB, tap in a blank part of the screen. Length of a side BC = 6 tap on side BC, tap on the length, type 6, tap the tick To deselect side BC, tap in a blank part of the screen. Angle ABC = 56 tap on sides AB and BC, tap on the angle size, type 56, tap the tick
NOTE: With nothing selected the + (zoom in) , - (zoom out) and = (auto scale) keys can be used to rescale the triangle to quickly fit the screen.
To determine the remaining features: Tap in a blank part of the screen. Length of AC: tap on side AC
Size of angle BAC: tap on sides AC and AB Tap in a blank part of the screen. Size of angle ACB: tap on sides AC and BC
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Solve triangle ABC given two sides and a non-included angle.
Tap
and then tap
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To set the given constraints: Length of a side AB = 10 tap on side AB, tap on the length, type 10, tap the tick To deselect side AB, tap in a blank part of the screen. Length of a side BC = 9 tap on side BC, tap on the length, type 9, tap the tick To deselect side BC, tap in a blank part of the screen. Angle ACB = 63 tap on sides AC and BC, tap on the angle size, type 63, tap the tick
To determine the remaining features: Tap in a blank part of the screen. Length of AC: tap on side AC
Size of angle BAC: tap on sides AC and AB Tap in a blank part of the screen. Size of angle ABC: tap on sides AB and BC
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Solve triangle ABC given three sides.
Tap
and then tap
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To set the given constraints:
Length of a side AB = 7.5 tap on side AB, tap on the length, type 7.5, tap the tick To deselect side AB, tap in a blank part of the screen. Length of a side BC = 4.6 tap on side BC, tap on the length, type 4.6, tap the tick To deselect side BC, tap in a blank part of the screen. Length of a side AC = 8.7 tap on side AC, tap on the length, type 8.7, tap the tick
To determine the remaining features: Tap in a blank part of the screen. Size of angle ABC: tap on sides AB and BC Tap in a blank part of the screen. Size of angle BAC: tap on sides AB and AC Tap in a blank part of the screen. Size of angle ACB: tap on sides AC and BC
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 8 March 2011 03.05.0000
800 Sequence Basics

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Note that by default, the Recursive tab is chosen rather than Explicit. Also note that you can create up to three different sequences at one time, a, b and c.
Tap Type. Note that there are 4 types of recursion available.
Tap
Note that the items available depend on the type of recursion selected.
Tap
Tap
Choose On to also display the sum of the terms of a sequence, or Off to just display the terms of the sequence.
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Tap on the Explicit tab.
Tap Type. Note that no items are available from this menu.
Tap
Note that only four items are available.
Tap
Use Start and End to set the first and last terms of the sequence required and then tap OK.
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801 Sequence - Explicitly Defined

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Tap on the Explicit tab.
Example: Find and graph the first twelve terms of the sequence given by Tn = 0.5(n2 + n) , the sequence of triangle numbers.
Enter the explicit formula in the first row and tap EXE.
Tap
Use Start and End to set the first term as 1 and last term as 12 and then tap OK.
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Tap
Tap Resize. The first twelve terms are displayed.
Tap
Tap Zoom, Auto. The twelve terms are plotted and scaled to fit the window.
Tap
to close the graph window.
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802 Simple Recursive Sequences

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Example 1. Find the tenth term of the arithmetic sequence given by
Tn +1 = Tn 4, T1 = 33
Tap Type and choose the 2nd type.
Enter the recursive formula on the first line using the keyboard.
menu and the
Tap EXE. Enter the first term as 33. Check that the formula is selected:
Tap
Tap
Tap Resize. The first ten terms are displayed.
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Example 2. Find the sum of the first eleven terms of the geometric sequence given by Tn +1 = Tn 2, T1 = 3 . Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Tap Type and choose the 2nd type. Enter the recursive formula on the first line and tap EXE. Enter the first term as 3. Tap
Tap
Tap
Choose On to also display the sum of the terms of the sequence.
Tap
Tap Resize. The first eleven terms are displayed together with their sums in the third column.
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803 Fibonacci Type Sequences

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Find and graph the first 10 terms of the Fibonacci sequence given by
Tn +2 = Tn =1 +Tn , T1 = 1, T2 = 1
and then find the ratio of consecutive terms. Tap Type and choose the 4th type.
Enter the recursive formula on the first line using the keyboard.
menu and the
Tap EXE. Enter the first term as 1 and then the second term as 1. Check that the formula is selected:
Tap
Tap
Tap Resize. The first ten terms are displayed.
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Tap
Tap Zoom, Auto. The ten terms are plotted and scaled to fit the window.
Tap the drop-down arrow next to
Tap
Tap Resize.
The ratio of the first ten terms are displayed and can be seen to start approaching the value of golden ratio of
1+ 5 . 2
Tap
to close the window and return to the sequence editor.
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901 Algy An Introduction

Algy is an Add-In application that encourages experimentation and perseverance with symbolic manipulation. It can be downloaded from the website www.stepsinlogic.com
Algy can check our work in a couple of ways as we manipulate either expressions or equations.
From the Main menu, tap on Algy 2.
Next display the Keyboard.
Well use Algy to help solve the equation 5x + 4 = 3x
In the top cursor box enter the above equation and tap EXE.
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We now have to solve the equation using pencil and paper techniques, using Algy to check our working
So, suppose we next entered 4 = 2x and then tap EXE.
To finish we type x = 2 and tap EXE.
Lets ask Algy to check how we went
Tapping on
Algy tells us that both lines are not correct
simplifications of the initial line.
Tapping on
is better news!
Algy tells us that the second line is not a correct simplification of the first line, but the third line is a correct simplification of the second line. Algy is simply checking relative to the previous line. Thanks to Algy, we can now fix up our error in the second line, follow it through and check again.
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902 Algy - Squaring An Expression

From the Main menu, tap on Algy 2.
Next display the Keyboard.
Well use Algy to help expand the expression (x 4)2 .
In the top cursor box enter the above expression and tap EXE.
We may think that the expansion is x2 16, so type this onto the next line and check. Algy says this is not correct when we tap
Ah, we remind ourselves that (x 4)2 is the same as (x 4)( x 4)
And tapping
Algy agrees.
We enter our expansion of this on the next line and ask Algy to check
Hmmm, ah! 16 should be + 16!
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And Algy agrees!
Nearly there, we think. Simplify the middle bits
Yes!
Tapping
rules off and allows us to start another problem.
Previously Algy helped us manipulate an expression. Now how about getting Algy to help us solve the equation x2 = 4?
Thats easy, x = 2!
Uh Oh?
Algy is quite particular about us finding ALL possible solutions. Wed better remember to also include x = -2 using or.
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911 Using NumSolve

The NumSolve application is useful for solving equations with several variables when we only expect a single solution. In this example we will use the simple interest formula to solve some problems. Open the NumSolve application from the Main Menu.
Open the keyboard and from the mth tab tap on the VAR option to enable the single letter variable menu. Tap the button, enter the formula I=PRT/100 and then tap EXE.
Warning it is strongly recommended that the abc tab is NEVER used for variable entry unless you understand and want to use multiple letter variables.
Sometimes the variables in your formula will already have values assigned to them as seen at left. A quick way to delete them all is to tap on , the diamond to the right of Solve, and chose the Clear a-z option.
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Example: Find the simple interest which will accumulate on a principle of $5000 invested for 5 years at a rate of 6%pa. Enter the known values against the appropriate variables, tap onto the radio button of the unknown I and then tap the icon.
The solution of $1500 for the unknown is displayed in a window and also against the variable I once OK has been clicked.
Example: What rate of simple interest is needed to double the value of a $1000 principal over a time of 12 years? Clear the existing values as above, enter the known values against the appropriate variables, tap onto the radio button of the unknown R and then tap the icon. The solution of 8.33% is displayed.
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912 NumSolve Tips

Displaying your equation.
Notice that when you enter an equation for solving in NumSolve, ClassPad displays the variables in the order in which it comes across them in the equation. Also, the first variable in the list is always the one selected for solving.
More than one solution. NumSolve will only ever find one solution at a time to an equation. As a rule of thumb, ClassPad finds the 'closest' solution to the value of the is tapped. variable when
For example, set s = 2.5 , t = 15 and b = 10 , select b and tap
The solution found is b = 5 .
Now set s = 2.5 , t = 15 and b = 10 , select b and tap
The solution now found is b = 5 . So a handy tip is to always enter a reasonable estimate of the solution for the variable you are looking for before tapping solve.
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Restrict the range of solutions. You can restrict the range of solutions returned by setting the values of Lower and Upper. With the settings shown at left, the negative solution will not be found.
To reset the range, tap
followed by Initialise Bound.
Quicker solutions. If Classpad is unable to find, or is taking a long time to return, a solution it may help to decrease the convergence setting. The default setting is shown in the middle of the bottom of the screen and - see top right. is usually 1 1013 , displayed as
To change the convergence tap
followed by Convergence.
The convergence window opens and a new value can be set. Note that the convergence setting is reset to the default value every time you exit the NumSolve application.
Here's an example of how changing the convergence can help on a hand held ClassPad. Enter the normal probability equation and values shown at right. Tap Solve.
With the default convergence setting of shown.
, the "Can't Solve" warning is
Now adjust the convergence to a lower value, such as
Tap Solve.
A valid solution is returned.
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913 Built-In Probability Simulation Tool

Start in Main. Tap the drop down arrow next to
and then tap
The Probability window opens. By default 1 Die is selected. Edit the number of trials to 30. Tap OK.
The results of a simulation of throwing a 6-sided die 30 times are displayed in a frequency table.
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Tap Display, Sample Data.
A list of raw scores for the simulation is displayed.
Tap File, New, OK. We will simulate drawing 50 balls with replacement from a bag containing 10 blue balls and 5 red balls. Select Container and leave Replace set to Yes. Set A to 10 (blue balls). Set B to 5 (red balls). Set the number of trials to 50 and tap OK.
In this simulation, 35 blues and 15 reds were drawn.
Tap Display, Sample Data. The order in which the balls were drawn is displayed.
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921 Simple Interest in Financial

Start in the Financial application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap Simple Interest.
Note that at the bottom of the Simple Interest screen is the number 360. Tap the Format tab just above 360.
Set the Days in Year to 365. Tap the Format tab again to hide.
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Tap the Help tab. To calculate the simple interest on an amount of $500 at a rate of 4.5%pa for a period of 61 days, proceed as follows. Tap into the Days box and enter 61. Tap into the I% box and enter 4.5. Tap into the PV box and enter -500.
Tap the
icon.
The simple interest rounds to an amount of $3.76.
Tap the
icon.
With interest added, the future value of the amount rounds to $503.76.
Note that this application can only calculate the two values SI and SFV. It is not possible to calculate I%, for example, from the SI value.
To clear the page for another problem tap Edit, Clear Page. To delete the page tap Edit, Delete Page.
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922 Compound Interest in Financial

Start in the Financial application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap Compound Interest.
Tap the Format tab. Check the settings are as shown. If not, adjust.
Tap the Help tab. To calculate the compound interest, calculated monthly, on an amount of $500 at a rate of 4.5%pa for a period of 18 months, enter the values shown at right. As you enter each value, the Help box at the bottom of the page explains the meaning of each variable. PMT is set to 0 as no further deposits after made except for the initial $500.
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Tap the
icon.
The future value of the amount with interest rounds to $534.85.
To clear the page for another problem tap Edit, Clear Page. How long will it take for an amount of $1000 to double in value if interest of 6% is compounded annually? Enter the values as shown at right.
Tap the
icon.
ClassPad calculates that 11.896 instalment periods will be needed. In other words the investment will have doubled at the end of 12 years.
To delete the page tap Edit, Delete Page.
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923 Loan Repayments in Financial

Start in the Financial application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap Compound Interest. Tap the Format tab. Check the settings are as shown. If not, adjust.
Tap the Help tab. Suppose a student wishes to purchase a car priced at $4000. The student has no savings but due to a part-time job can afford to repay $250 every month. A bank offers the student a loan of $4000 at an annual interest rate of 15% compounded monthly. How many complete months will it take the student to repay the loan? Enter the values shown at right. As you enter each value, the Help box at the bottom of the page explains the meaning of each variable.
Tap the
icon.
Since the number of installment periods must, in practice, be a whole number, 17.96 is rounded up to a solution of 18 months.
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Determine how much interest will be paid in total on the loan. Set N to exactly 18 and tap the
icon.
We can now see that the final payment of $250 was $9.24 too much, and so in practice should have been $240.76. The total repaid was 18 payments of $250 less $9.24, which comes to $4490.76. The total interest paid is $490.76 - the total repaid less $4000, the amount of the original loan.
Determine the monthly repayment to repay the loan in exactly 18 months. Set the FV back to 0 and tap on the
icon.
18 monthly payments of $249.54 would pay off the loan.
How much could be borrowed if the student could afford $300 payments? Set the PMT to 300 and tap on the
icon.
The student could afford a loan of just over $4800.
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Author Date CPM OS Romaine Saunders 14 April 2008 03.02.3000
040 Rounding
Tap
and then tap
Tap Standard if not currently in Decimal mode. Press Keyboard
To round 34501.04567 to 3 decimal places,
tap
, tap the F tab and select fRound
type 34501.04567,3) Press EXE
To round 34501.04567 to 2 significant figures, tap , tap the S tab and select sRound
type 34501.04567,2) Press EXE
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 27 June 2008 03.03.3000
041 Sequence: Whats my rule?
A. Find an expression for the nth term of the following sequence. 3, 7, 11, 15, Tap and use the curly braces { and } from the math tab to enter the sequence as {3,7,11,15}. Drag across the list to select.
Tap Interactive, tap List-Calculation, tap sequence.
Tap into the variable box and select x, tap on VAR, tap on n.
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Tap OK and the rule for this sequence is displayed.
B. Find the equation for the parabola that passes through the points (-2, 3) (1, 0) and (3, 18). Tap Interactive, tap List-Calculation, tap sequence. Tap the radio button next to Two lists of data. In the top box enter the x-coordinates as a list surrounded by curly braces. Repeat for the y-coordinates in the Map to { }: box.
Tap OK.
NB: The sequence command will find the lowest order polynomial to fit a sequence of points.
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 08 February 2009 03.03.3000
042 Eliminate Function

Example If x = 8 2t and y = 6t 1 find an expression for y in terms of x. Start in Main and enter the two expressions.
Tap on the expression for x and take a copy.
Drag a copy of the expression for y into the cursor box and highlight it.
Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, eliminate. The Equation box already contains the expression for y. Tap into the Variable box and enter t, the variable to eliminate. Tap into the Subst into box and paste a copy of the expression for x.
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Tap OK. The result is y = 3 x + 23 and the variable t has been eliminated.
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043 Creating User Defined Functions

Example (i) Let f ( x ) =
1 . Find f (5) and x such that f ( x ) = 0.25 . x
Enter the expression
1 and drag across to select it. x
Tap Interactive, Define.
Tap into the Variable/s box and enter x. Tap into the Func name box, tap the abc tab and enter f. Tap OK and f ( x ) has been defined.
Enter f(5) and tap EXE.
Enter f ( x ) = 0.25 and drag across to select. Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve. Tap OK.
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Note that any attempt to use the variable f now produces an error.
Entering f ( x ) returns the function.
Example (ii) Create a function called Ckm2ms to convert speeds from kilometres per hour to metres per second. Start in Main and Clear All. Tap Interactive, Define.
Use the abc tab to enter the Func name as Ckh2ms. Enter the Variable/s as n. Enter the conversion expression as 10n / 36 .
Tap
k, tap the cat tab and under Form choose User.
All User Defined functions on your Classpad are now displayed.
Tap onto Ckh2ms( and tap INPUT. Now add 100 to the function and tap EXE. 100km/h is approximately 27.8m/s.
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044 Edit And Delete User Defined Functions

Changing a User Defined Function. If a function has already been defined, simply redefine it using the same name as shown at right.
Editing a User Defined Function. From the Main menu choose Programs.
Tap the Open Folder icon Set the Type to Function.
~.
Check that the Folder is set to main. Then choose the required function from the Name box and tap OK.
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The function definition is displayed.
Edit the function as required and tap the save icon
{.
Return to Main, enter the function and see that it has now been updated.
Deleting a User Defined Function. From Main, tap Settings, Variable Manager.
Tap the main folder to highlight it and tap main again to open it.
Select the variables to be deleted by tapping the relevant checkboxes. Note that functions will have FUNC as their variable type.
Tap Edit, Delete and confirm with OK.
The functions have been deleted. Tap Close and Close to return to Main.
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045 Composite Functions

Working with composite functions is easy using Classpad. Start in Main by defining f and g as shown.
f ( x ) = 2x 1 g( x ) = x 2 4x + 6
The next screen shows the value of f (g (1))
To determine g (f ( x )) it often pays to call the simplify command.
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To graph a compound function, simply drag g (f ( x )) into the graph window or in the graph and table application, enter Y1= g (f ( x )) .
There may be another function h such that g (h ) = 4 x 2 12 x + 11 . Start by entering g (h ) = 4 x 2 12 x + 11 and solve the resulting equation for h. Note the second solution h( x ) = 2 x + 5 .
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046 Piecewise Defined Functions

Note that the technique shown here is only possible using OS v3.04 and later. Navigate in Main to the 2D tab. Tap twice on the
icon to create three empty rows.
Enter the function as shown.

3 x 2 f (x) = x 3 2
1 x < 2 x2 Elsewhere
Note that we leave the third condition box empty to allow for elsewhere.
We could have started by using Define f(x). A couple of values show the results are as expected.
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To graph the function simply open a graph window and drag f ( x) in.
An alternative in the graph and table application is to enter Y1= f ( x ) .
Piecewise functions can be traced along, integrated and so on, either in Main or Graph. This is very useful for some probability functions.
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047 Angle Tips

When working with trigonometric functions, the choice of angle setup is important - either degrees, radians or grads. The selected setting can easily be over-ridden using the mth, TRIG menu. Start in Main. Set the angle mode to Rad. Enter sin(30) and tap EXE. The is no exact value for the sine of 30 radians, so sin(30) is returned.
Now enter sin(30), using
for degrees.
This over-rides the radian setting and returns 1/2.
Now set the angle mode to degrees and number to complex. Enter sin
( ) and tap EXE - again, the default setting is over-ridden.

6
Note that regardless of the selected angle mode, any calculation involving an imaginary number power exponent is performed using radians.
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050 Random Numbers

Random (or should we say pseudo random) numbers can be generated with Classpad in several forms. Start in Main. Navigate to the cat tab and then to the functions beginning with R. Highlight rand( and tap INPUT. Tap EXE. A random number between 0 and 1 is generated.
Tap EXE again to generate a few more random numbers.
Enter the rand( function again only this time add 1,6 after the opening bracket. Tap EXE a few times. This time random integers between 1 and 6 (inclusive) are generated.
You may want to experiment with other numbers.
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A couple of items lower in the catalogue is randList(. This is similar to rand( except that a list of random numbers is generated. The first number after the opening bracket specifies how many.
randList(10,1,6 will generate 10 random numbers between 1 and 6 inclusive.
Some statistical analysis of the numbers generated can be made using the Action, List-Calculate tools, such as the mode shown here.
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051 Assign And Delete Values To Variables

Method 1 - Temporary Suppose it was required to evaluate 3 x + 4 y when x = 1 and y = 5 . Start in Main and enter the expression 3 x + 4 y . Tap onto the mth tab. Tap OPTN and insert the | symbol as shown. The expression evaluates to 23, but note how x and y are still displayed as variables.
Method 2 - Permanent Start in Main and use the symbol (found to the left of x when the mth tab is displayed) to enter the display shown.
Note how x and y are no longer displayed as variables but as the values they have been assigned.
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To delete the values set in this way, tap Edit, Clear All Variables.
Now x and y are displayed as variables.
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055 Matrix Operations

Start in Main. Navigate to the 2D tab and tap CALC. To create a 3 row and 4 column matrix, tap times.
twice and
three
To create a square matrix, tap
the required number of times.
Example 1. Calculate 3 + 4 . 2 5 Enter the expression as shown and tap EXE.

1 2
Example 2. Calculate 3
2 1 11 0 26
Enter the expression as shown and tap EXE.
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Example 2. Find the determinant and inverse of . 6 4 Create the matrix and tap EXE. Tap Action, Matrix-Calculation, det, ans. Drag a copy of the matrix to a new line and add the power of negative one. Tap EXE to find the inverse.
2 1
Sometimes it is useful to assign a matrix to a variable. Return to the top line and add variable A.
A, which assigns the matrix to the
Tap EXE. Now enter 2A and tap EXE.
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140 Differentiation Basics

Start in the Main application. Enter the expression x 3 2 x and drag the pen back across it to select.
Tap Interactive, Calculate, diff.
The diff dialogue box opens.
For a first order derivative with respect to x, simply tap OK.
Classpad completes the syntax and returns the derivative.
Sometimes the value of the derivative for a given x-value is required.
When the diff dialogue box opens, tap on Derivative at value, enter the required value (eg 2) in the last line and tap OK.
Classpad completes the syntax in a different way.
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A simple shortcut for first order derivatives with respect to x is as follows. Enter the expression, tap EXE, tap the mth tab, CALC, diff and EXE.
The
d templates can be found in the 2D tab. dx
Higher order derivatives can be found either using the Interactive, Calculate, diff method or using the 2D template shown. Differentiation with respect to any variable is also possible.
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141 Equation Of Tangent To Curve

Start in Main. Find the equation of the tangent at the point (3, -3) to the curve y = x 2 4x .
Enter the expression x 2 4 x .

Highlight the expression and tap Interactive, Calculate, tanLine.
Tap into the Point box and enter 3. Tap OK.
The tangent is given by y = 2 x 9 .
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142 Integration Basics

Start in the Main application. Enter the expression 3 x 2 2 and tap EXE.
Drag a copy of the expression onto the next line and drag the pen back across it to select. Tap Interactive, Calculate,
The
dialogue box opens.
For an indefinite integral with respect to x, simply tap OK.
Classpad completes the syntax and returns the indefinite integral.
Note that you still need to remember to add the constant of integration.
Drag another copy of the expression onto the next line and drag the pen back across it to select. Tap Interactive, Calculate,
For a definite integral with respect to x tap the Definite button and enter the limits of integration (use 1 as the lower and 3 as the upper). Tap OK. Classpad completes the syntax and returns the value of the definite integral.
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A simple shortcut for indefinite integrals with respect to x is as follows. Enter the expression, tap EXE, tap the mth tab, CALC,
and EXE.
The
template can be found in the 2D tab.
Integration with respect to any variable is possible.
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Restrict Range Of Solutions With 240 Trig Equations

When solving trigonometric equations using Solve in Main, Classpad tends to return a general solution, as shown at right.
The equation to solve is cos( x) = 0.5 .

There are a couple of methods to return all solutions within a given range, such as 0 x 360 .
Method 1 solve numerically.

Use Interactive, solve and choose the Solve numerically option. Set the Lower and Upper as required and tap OK. A warning appears. Tap OK.
Two solutions are returned within the specified range.
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Method 2 add a restriction on x to the equation.

Enter the equation cos( x) = 0.5 . Open the keyboard, tap on the mth tab, tap restriction.
and add the range
Highlight the expression. Tap Interactive, solve and OK.
Two solutions are returned within the specified range.
Note that the restriction can also be added outside the solve command.
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Solve System Of Equations With 3 250 Unknowns

Solve systems of equations with 2 or more variables in Main. Open the keyboard and tap the 2D tab. Tap the
icon.
Tap it repeatedly to add extra rows.
Enter the system of equations to be solved.

x 2 y + z = 14 x y z = 2 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 28 Enter the three variables to be solved for (x, y and z in this example).
Tap EXE. The system of equations is solved.
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340 Jump To An Exact Coordinate

When in graph mode, the ability to trace to an exact point along a curve is often useful. Here are a few examples of how to do this. Draw the graph of y = x 2 using the scale set by Zoom, Quick Initialize. Using either Analysis, Trace or tapping u then = start to trace along the curve and notice that the coordinates of the cursor are displayed at the bottom of the screen. Trace using the cursor key or the on-screen graph controllers, which can be turned on and off in Settings, Graph Format.
Using other graph scales or after a box zoom, the coordinates displayed are rarely in such nice forms as when the Quick Initialize scale is used, as shown at right.
To trace to the point where the x-coordinate is exactly 1.1, press the 1 key. A window opens for you to enter the required x-value. Complete the entry and tap OK. The cursor jumps to the exact location.
To jump to an exact y-coordinate, tap Analysis, G-Solve, x-cal and enter the required y-value.
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To draw a tangent at the point where x = 2 .
Tap Analysis, Sketch, Tangent. The cursor appears mid-screen. Press the 2 key, edit the entry to
2 and tap OK.
To determine the area between the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 0.5 and x = 1.2.
Tap Analysis, Sketch, Cls to Clear the Screen from the previous activity. Tap Analysis, G-Solve, . A vertical line appears.
Press the 0 key, edit the Lower entry to 0.5, set the Upper entry to 1.2 and tap OK.
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341 Show Gradient When Tracing

Draw the graph of y = x 2 using the scale set by Zoom, Quick Initialize.
Tap Settings, Graph Format, check the Derivative/Slope box and then Set.
Using either Analysis, Trace or tapping u then = start to trace along the curve and notice that the slope (dy/dx) is displayed just above the ycoordinate (yc).
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342 Modify Tool

In this example we will use the Modify tool when graphing to vary the parameters of a graph y = ( x + 2) 2 + 1. Start in graph and draw the graph of y = ( x + 2) 2 + 1 using the scale set by Zoom, Quick Initialize. Tap Resize so that the graph occupies the whole window. IMPORTANT: If there are no arrow-heads at the end of your axes, you will need to check the G-Controller box in Settings, Graph Format.
Tap Analysis, Modify. Set the Step to 1 and tap OK. The Step is the amount by which the parameters of the graph will be changed.
Note that the curve is drawn with a thick line and that the function is now displayed at the bottom of the screen.
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Select just the 1 coefficient at the end of the function equation and tap the left and right cursors. Note how the modified function moves, whilst a copy of the original function remains as a thin line.
Now select just the 2 coefficient inside the ( x + 2) bracket and tap the left and right cursors.
To stop using the Modify tool, close the graph window.
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343 Equation Of Tangent To Curve

Start in Graph and Table. Find the equation of the tangent at the point (2, 0) to the curve y = x 2 2x .
Enter the expression x 2 2 x into y1.

Tap
Tap Analysis, Sketch, Tangent.
The cursor appears centred on the function.
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Tap
on the hard keyboard.
The jump to x-coordinate box appears. Tap OK.
The tangent is drawn to the curve at (2, 0). The equation of the tangent can be seen in the information bar below the graph.
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344 Definite Integration

Start in Graph and Table.
3
Evaluate
x
1
2 xdx .
Enter the expression x 2 2 x into y1.

Tap
Tap Analysis, G-Solve,
The cursor appears centred on the function and the prompt for the Lower bound appears in the bottom right hand corner of the screen.
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Tap
on the hard keyboard.
The set Lower and Upper box appears.
Edit the values to 1 and 3. Tap OK.
The integral is shaded. The value of the integral can be seen in the information bar below the graph.
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345 Linear Programming

Start in Graph and Table. We will find the maximum value of 5 x + 15 y given the four constraints x y 3 4 y 6 x
y 1 x2 Tap Edit, Clear All. Enter 3 x / 4 for y1 and tap EXE.
Tap onto the = sign in the y1 line. The Type box opens. Modify the type to suit the inequality as shown. Tap OK.
Now enter both of y2 and y3 and modify the type for each.
Tap into the box for y4. Tap Type and tap x Type .
(This sets all functions from now on to be this type. When finished, tap Edit, Clear All or Type, y = Type to reset.)
Complete x4 by entering a 2 and then tapping EXE.
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Tap the Draw Graph icon
Tap Zoom, Quick Initialise. Tap the Pan icon
and drag the graph to centre the feasible region.
Find the corners of the feasible region using Analysis, G-Solve, Intersection.
(Note that with multiple lines drawn, use the up/down cursor control to select the first line, tap EXE and repeat to select the second line.)
Classpad will only find intersection points of y= function types, not x=. To find the corners on the x= line, tap Analysis, Trace and use the up/down cursor to select one of the sloping y= lines. Then press the 2 key to open the Enter x-value box and tap OK.
Record the coordinates of the 3 vertices likely to maximise the objective function and open the Main application.
Open the keyboard. Tap the 2D tab and CALC. Tap
once and
twice.
Enter the 3 sets of ( x, y ) coordinates for the vertices as shown.
once and enter the objective function Enter and then tap coefficients of x = 5 and y = 15 . Tap EXE. Observe that the (4, 2) vertex maximises the objective function with a value of 50.
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346 Piecewise Defined Functions

Graph the function below in Graph and Table.
3 x 2 f (x) = x 3 2
1 x < 2 x2 Elsewhere
Start by entering the 3 functions (without restrictions) in y1, y2 and y3.
Tap onto the end of the function in y1. Tap the mth tab and then
Tap the given symbol | . Complete the rest of the inequality and tap EXE.
Do the same for y2 and y3.
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Tap
(Tap Zoom, Quick Initialise to achieve the scale shown at right.)
Note that when tracing along such a piecewise function, it is necessary to use the up-down cursor key to jump from one function to another.
Note that piecewise functions entered this way in Graph and Table cannot be integrated and so on over their entire domain.
An alternative and more flexible method is shown in the Intermediate Main section, also titled Piecewise Defined Functions. This alternative method does allow integration, tracing, etc over the whole domain.
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347 Graph Of Derivative

Start in Graph and Table. Tap Edit, Clear All. Graph y = x 2 x + 1 and its derivative y ' . Enter the function into y1.
Open the keyboard on the mth tab. Tap CALC. Tap diff. Add y1(x) using the abc tab and tap EXE.
Tap
to draw the graph and its derivative.
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To draw a higher order derivative, use the 2D tab. Tap CALC and tap on the higher order derivative template.
Enter the parameters, such as those shown and tap EXE. Deselect y1 and tap
to draw the graph and its second derivative.
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440 Histogram Class Intervals

This activity assumes that you already know the setup steps to create a histogram as explained in the Basic level Help Sheet 406. We will use the randList function to create a list of 100 random numbers between 1 and 20 and examine their distribution using a histogram.
Open the Statistics application. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap into the Cal box at the bottom of the list1.
Press k , tap on the abc tab, find and select the randList( function. Tap INPUT, type 100, 1, 20 and a closing bracket. Tap EXE.
Press k again to close it. Notice that list1 now contains 100 random numbers from 1 to 20.
Edit the SetGraph settings as shown for a histogram.
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Tap
and accept the default Set Interval values by tapping OK.
Tap = and use the cursor keys to trace along the tops of the columns, observing the lower class boundary (xc) and class frequency (Fc) displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Tap " and the Set Interval input box is displayed.
Modify the values so that HStart is 0.5 and HStep is 2.
Tap OK and again trace along the columns.
The first class is now 0.5 2.5, the second 2.5 4.5 and so on. Classpad would include a score of exactly 2.5 in the second class and so we could write the class intervals more formally as 0.5 x < 2.5 , etc.
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441 Prediction From Regression Line

This activity assumes that you already know the steps to calculate a regression line as explained in the Basic level Help Sheet 411. The data below from (sheet 411) shows the number of births and deaths for ten similar sized suburbs in a city during a one year period.
Enter the data into lists 1 and 2 and check that StatGraph 1 is set to produce a scatter plot.
Tap Calc, Linear Reg. * Check the settings are as shown, ensuring that Copy Formula is set to y1. This will automatically copy the regression line into the first function (y1) in the graph editor. Note that any other function would also be OK to use. Tap OK to confirm Set Calculation settings.
* Note that the method explained in this help sheet also applies to any other regression model appropriate for the data used. The linear regression coefficients are displayed.
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Tap OK to close the Stat Calculation window. The regression line is drawn through the scatter plot. Tap = and use the left and right cursor keys to trace along the regression line and observe the x and y-coordinates displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Find the expected value of y when x = 90. Method 1: Whilst in trace mode, press the 9 key, complete the x-value to be 90 and then tap OK. The cursor has jumped to (90, 61.193), and so the predicted value is 61.193. Note that attempting to jump to points outside of the visible screen will give rise to a Domain error, making this method unsuitable for extrapolation. Method 2: Tap on ~ to open up the main application. Use the abc tab to type y1(90) and tap EXE. This action substitutes the number 90 into the function (the regression line) stored in y1 resulting in 61.193. This method is suitable for values involving extrapolation as the y1(200) calculation shows.
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442 Residuals and Residual Plots

This activity assumes that you already know the steps to calculate a regression line as explained in the Basic level Help Sheet 411. The data below from (sheet 411) shows the number of births and deaths for ten similar sized suburbs in a city during a one year period.
Enter the data into lists 1 and 2 and check that StatGraph 1 is set to produce a scatter plot.
Tap Calc, Linear Reg. * Check the settings are as shown, ensuring that Copy Residual is set to list3.
) for each data point This will automatically calculate the residuals ( y y and place them in list3.
* Note that the method explained in this help sheet also applies to any other regression model appropriate for the data used.
Tap OK to confirm Set Calculation settings. The linear regression coefficients are displayed. Tap OK to close the Stat Calculation window. The regression line is drawn through the scatter plot in the lower window.
) can be seen in list3. In the upper window the residuals ( y y
Tap in the top right hand corner of the screen to close the graph window.
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To create a residual plot: Tap SetGraph, un-tick Previous Reg.
Change the settings for StatGraph 1 by selecting list1 and list3 as shown at right.
The residual plot is drawn in the bottom window.
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541 Spreadsheet Simple Interest

Start the spreadsheet application. In this worksheet, users will be able to modify both the interest rate and the initial principal and observe how the interest and principal grow. To start type in the text and numbers as shown.
Enter the formula =A4+1 into cell A5 and copy down a few rows. Tap into cell B3 and enter the heading Int.
Tap into cell B4. Using the formula I = P R 100 T, start to construct the formula in this cell by tapping =B2B1/100A4. Before tapping EXE, modify the formula to =B$2B$1/100A4 using the $ found in the second row. Tap EXE. This creates an absolute reference to the numbers in the first and second rows of column B, so that when we copy and paste the formulas down into more rows of the spreadsheet, this cell reference does not change, whilst the reference to the cells in column A will update as required.
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Copy the formula just created in B4 down a few rows. In cell C3 type Total.
Our formula for the total will again need an absolute reference as we will calculate it by adding the initial principal in cell B2 to the interest on each row. In cell C4 type =B$2+B4 and tap EXE. Copy this formula down a few more rows.
We can now modify the interest rate and principal and observe the changes to the spreadsheet. Tap into cell B1, enter 5, tap EXE, tap into cell B2, type 4000 and tap EXE.
To extend the table down a few more rows, tap into cell A9 and drag across to cell C9 to select the bottom row. Tap Edit, Copy. Tap into cell A10 and tap Paste. Repeat for a few more rows.
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542 Spreadsheet Compound Interest

Start the spreadsheet application. In this worksheet, users will be able to modify both the interest rate and the initial principal and observe how the interest and principal grow. To start type in the text and numbers as shown. Enter the formula =A4+1 into cell A5 and copy down to cell A14. In cell C4 enter the formula =B2.
Tap into cell B5. Enter the formula =C4B$1/100 and tap EXE. Note the use of the absolute cell reference to row 1 in column B.
Tap into cell C5. Enter the formula =C4+B5 and tap EXE. After 1 year the total value of the investment is $550.
Tap into cell B5 and drag across into cell C5. Tap Edit, Copy. Tap into cell B6, tap Edit, Paste. Repeat this process down to the 10th year.
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Note that in several cells, an amount of money is displayed to more than 2 decimal places. We will format these cells to 2 decimal places.
Select the range of cells from B4 to C14 by tapping into cell B4 and dragging across the screen to cell C14.
Tap Edit, Number Format, Fix2, OK.
Now all values in the selected part of the sheet have been rounded to 2 decimal places.
We can now modify the interest rate and principal and observe the changes to the spreadsheet. Tap into cell B1, enter 4, tap EXE, tap into cell B2, type 2000 and tap EXE. Some fine adjustments may be necessary to the column widths to achieve the display shown here.
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543 Reducible Interest

A reducible interest loan is typically used to buy expensive items. Suppose a student wishes to purchase a car priced at $4000. The student has no savings but due to a part-time job can afford to repay $250 every month. A bank offers the student a loan of $4000 with an interest rate of 15% pa compounded monthly. How many complete months will it take the student to repay the loan and how much interest will be paid in total? Start a new spreadsheet. Enter 4000 in cell A1 for the initial loan. One month later, we must add interest (15% 12 = 1.25% per month) to the loan.
Tap into cell C1 and enter 0.0125 for the interest rate as a decimal. Tap into cell B1 enter the formula =A1$C$1 to calculate the interest. We must also decrease the loan by the $250 repayment. Tap into cell C2 and enter 250 for the repayment. Tap into cell A2 enter the formula =A1+B1-$C$2 The $ symbols in the cell references mean that the references will NOT be altered as we copy and paste our formulas to other cells in the spreadsheet (called an absolute reference). Tap into cell B1 and then tap again and drag (when cell B1 shows a white border) the cell down to B2. Tap into cell A2 and immediately drag right into cell B2 so that both cells are highlighted. Use Edit, Undo to go back a step if you make a mistake.
Tap back into cell A2 and immediately drag down into cell A3.
Tap back into cell A3 and immediately drag down into cell A4. Note: In the fourth month the starting balance in cell A4 is $3392.5 and the interest added at the end of the month in cell B4 is $42.406.
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Repeat the drag operation one line at a time until the balance in column A reduces to 0 or less.
Tap on the column A heading and drag across into the column B heading to select both columns. Tap Edit, Number Format, Fix2, OK.
Increase the width of column A by dragging the AB border to the right.
Because the balance showing in cell A19 is negative, the student has paid $9.24 too much on their final (18th) repayment. So their final repayment only needs to be $250 - $9.24 = $ 240.76. The total interest can be found by summing the monthly interest figures from B1 to B18. Tap into cell B21 and start a formula with =. Tap Action, List-Calculation, sum Complete the formula with B1:B18) and tap s.
This spreadsheet can easily be adapted for various Loan Amounts (cell A1) Interest Rates (cell C1) Repayment amounts (cell C2)
Shown at right is the scenario for a $3000 loan at 12%pa compounded monthly with repayments of $400. The loan has been repaid in 8 months, final repayment $400 - $65.70 = $334.30 and total interest $134.30.
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544 Annuities
An annuity is a stream of equal cash payments, equally spaced in time.
Suppose a student knows that in one years time, they will require $5000 per year to fund their 4 year university course fees (ie 4 equal cash payments at yearly intervals). How much should they invest today in a bank account offering 8% pa interest compounded annually to enable them to draw $5000 at the start of the next four years? Start a new spreadsheet. 4 $5000 = $20,000 seems a reasonable estimate for the investment. Enter 20000 into cell A1. One year later, we must increase the investment by a factor of 1.08 (to add 8% interest) and then withdraw the $5000 cash payment. Tap into cell B1 and enter 1.08. Into cell B2 enter 5000. Next tap into cell A2 and enter the formula =A1$B$1-$B$2 The $ symbols in the cell references mean that the references will NOT be altered as we copy and paste our formulas to other cells in the spreadsheet (called an absolute reference).
Tap back into cell A2 and then tap again and drag (when cell A2 shows a white border) the cell down to A3. Repeat the drag operation one line at a time until you reach cell A5. Increase the width of column A by dragging the AB border to the right. Tap on the column A heading, tap Edit, Number Format, Fix2, OK. Cell A5 shows that after 4 payments of $5000, $4679.22 remains in the account. Our initial estimate of $20000 to invest was too large, because of the interest added during the life of the investment. Tap into cell A1 and enter a revised estimate of $16000. The spreadsheet updates itself, but $16000 is too small as now we have a shortfall of $762.74. Tap into A1 and adjust until cell A5 shows a final balance of exactly 0. 204
Modify your spreadsheet for the situation where a student required $7000 per year for a 3 year course and the investment attracted 6% pa.
This trial and improvement technique is OK, but lets look at a way to go straight to the required investment by working backwards.
Tap into cell A7 and enter 0, the required final balance.
To reverse 1.06 then -7000, we must +7000 then 1.06. Tap into cell A8 and enter the formula =(A7+$B$2)/$B$1. Tap back into cell A8 and then tap again and drag (when cell A8 shows a white border) the cell down to A9. Repeat the drag operation one line at a time until you reach cell A10.
Now we can check our solution to the original problem. $16560.63 is required.
Note: There is no such thing as a standard annuity, so always carefully check the frequency of payments, whether payments are made at the start or end of the compounding period and so on, modifying your spreadsheet to reflect these differences.
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545 Smoothing Time Series

Start in Spreadsheet. Tap File, New. Enter the time series data shown.
Graph the data to determine the type of moving average. Select columns A and B. Tap Graph, Scatter. Tap View, Lines. A four-point centred moving average looks appropriate. Resize the data window.
Select cells A3 to A12 and tap Edit, Copy.* Tap into cell C3 and tap Edit, Paste.* Tap into cell D3 and enter the 4-point moving average formula. Tap on
to check.
Resize the data window.
* Classpad will only graph adjacent columns of data, so we need to copy these time values for later use in order to graph columns C v D.
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Select cells D3 to D12. Tap Edit, Fill Range and tap OK.
Select columns C and D. Tap Graph, Scatter. Tap Calc, Linear Reg to obtain the regression line. Note the coefficients for later use or tap within the spreadsheet.
and store the coefficients
Return to the data window.
Tap into cell E3 and enter the formula =B3-D3 to calculate the residual. Select cells E3 to E12. Tap Edit, Fill Range and tap OK.
The residuals may be required when making a prediction.
Tap Main. The calculation to predict the data value for t = 16 is shown.
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550 Dice Simulation

Open the Spreadsheet application and start a new sheet (File, New). We will use the rand() function to generate 120 random numbers between 1 and 6 in cells A1 to A120 and then use a histogram to count how many of each number was thrown. Tap into cell A1. Tap Edit, Fill Range.
Edit the Fill Range settings as shown. Formula =rand(1,6) Range A1:A120
Tap OK.
Random integers between 1 and 6 are created in cells A1 to A120.
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Tap on the A heading of column A to select the entire column. Tap Graph, Histogram.
A histogram is drawn. Tap onto any column to see the frequency for that score displayed at the bottom of the screen.
To throw the 120 dice again, tap back into cell A1. Tap File, Recalculate. Another set of integers is created and the graph updates itself.
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630 File Management

Open the eActivity application. We will create a new eActivity and save it with the name temp.
Tap File, New. Tap File, Save. Enter the name temp and tap Save.
Tap the
icon.
Tap File, Create Folder. Enter the folder name new and tap OK.
The Classpad shown here has two folders (main and new) with one eActivity called temp saved in the main folder.
Tick the box to the left of the file temp. Tap File, Rename and rename the temp file to old. Tap OK. The file temp has been renamed to old.
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Tap File, Move. In the box that opens, select the new folder and tap OK. The file old has been moved to the new folder.
Tick the box to the left of the file old. Tap File, Lock. A padlock appears next to the file old, indicating that Classpad will prevent this file from being overwritten.
Tap File, Unlock. The file old has been unlocked.
Tap File, Delete. The Confirm Delete box opens. Tap OK. The file old has been deleted from the new folder.
Tick the box to the left of the folder new. Tap File, Delete. The Confirm Delete box opens. Tap OK. The folder new has been deleted. Tap Cancel to close the eActivity file management window.
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631 Add Strip Help
When inserting and using strips in an eActivity, Strip Help can be a useful addition. The example at right shows a NumSolve strip in the bottom window. The top window contains the Strip Help, typically some hints on what to do in the lower window.
Now to re-create the above NumSolve Strip with Strip Help:
Start a new eActivity using File, New.
Tap Insert, Strip, Numsolve.
Enter the simple interest formula.
Tap into the Solve Strip in the top window. Tap Insert, Add Strip Help.
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The Strip Help window is created in the top half of the screen. Tap .
Enter suitable text using the abc Tab.
One complete, close the Keyboard, Strip Help and the Solve Strip.
Re-open the Solve Strip by tapping on .
Both the Solve Strip and Help Strip open simultaneously.
To remove Strip Help from a strip, tap into the strip. Tap Insert, Remove Strip Help.
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632 Cascade Style eActivity

Many math problems have multiple steps in their solution. When these steps are always the same, an eActivity can be programmed to quickly solve such problems. In this example, Herons method to find the area of a triangle when three side lengths are known is used. a+b+c . The first step is to find the semi-perimeter s = 2 Then the area is given by A = s ( s a)( s b)( s c) .
Start a new eActivity and open the keyboard on the abc tab. Enter the first line shown and tap EXE.
Tap the
icon to change from text to math mode.
Tap the mth tab, complete the next line and tap EXE. This line stores the numbers 3, 4 and 5 into the variables a, b and c, where these are the side lengths of the required triangle.
Tap the
icon to change back to text mode.
Enter Semi-perimeter, s and tap EXE. Tap the
icon to change to math mode.
Enter the expression shown and tap EXE.
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Repeat the previous steps to calculate the area. Take care to use the
icon to set up each line for either text or math.
Tap File, Save As. Enter a suitable name and tap Save.
Return to the top of the eActivity and change the three side lengths. In the example shown we have chosen 6, 8 and 13. Tap EXE while still on this line. The semi-perimeter and area are both re-calculated.
Try some other values that might represent the side lengths of a triangle.
After tapping EXE at the top of an eActivity, Classpad cascades down the screen, updating intermediate math results and ignoring text lines.
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633 eActivity Tips

Open the eActivity application and tap File, New. When a new eActivity is created, the settings at the bottom of the screen [Alg, Standard, Real, Deg] for example, reflect the current settings in Main.
Pay attention to whether you have a text or calculation row. Tap
or
to toggle between modes.
The top screen at right is a text row - notice the cursor
and icon
The lower screen is a calculation row - the cursor is now
and icon
Insert strips in one of two ways: Tap Insert, Strip, ... or Tap the drop down arrow next to
and tap the required icon.
(NumSolve is highlighted in the screen shown)
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To delete unwanted lines or strips, place the cursor on the required line or strip and tap Edit, Delete Line.
To add strip help text boxes, tap onto the strip. Then tap Insert, Add Strip Help. Enter tips and so on in the text box. Open the strip help by tapping onto
Remove strip help boxes in the same way.
menus have plenty of tools to help you create and The abc variables with subscripts, etc. Tap
to see more...
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641 Ambiguous Case of the Sine Rule

This help sheet uses an eActivity to show examples of ways to deal with the ambiguous case of the sine rule when solving obtuse triangles. In this case the problem is to find the size of angle B when angle C is 55, AB = 6cm and AC = 7cm. For an introduction to eActivities, please work though sheet 601 Storing Formulae in eActivities first. Start a new eActivity and save it with a suitable filename. Insert a Geometry strip and draw a triangle with the constraints above.
The previous screen shows that angle B is close to 73. Now select just the corner B, drag it towards corner C and release. Measuring the angle B now gives 107. Try dragging B to other places. Hint: Use Edit, Undo if strange things happen! Close the Geometry window and save your updated eActivity.
Now insert a NumSolve strip. Use the keyboard to enter the sine rule Set the values for a, A and b. Enter 45 as an acute approximation for the solution to B. Check the radio button next to B and tap Solve. B = 73.
a b . = sin A sin B
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Now enter 135 as an obtuse approximation for the solution to B. Check the radio button next to B and tap Solve. B = 107.
Close the NumSolve window and save your updated eActivity.
Now insert a Main strip. Use the keyboard to enter the equation
6 7 and then select it. = sin 55 sin x
Tap Interactive, Equation/Inequality, solve and tap the Solve numerically button. Modify the Upper and Lower values to 0 and 90 (the bounds for acute angles) and then tap OK. A warning appears. Tap OK. x = 73.
Repeat, this time using the Lower and Upper as the bounds for obtuse angles, 90 to 180. x = 107.
Close the Main window and save your updated eActivity.
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Author Date CPM OS Romaine Saunders 17 June 2008 03.03.3000
741 Angle in a Semi-Circle
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap File, tap New, tap OK.
Draw a circle by tapping the Geometry window.
U and then tapping in two different places in
Tap View, tap Zoom to Fit. Draw a chord using the line segment tool, starting at B and roughly passing through centre A by choosing on the circumference. Tap
y, tap on B and then tap again
u to see the measurement toolbar.
Select the circle centre A and the line segment BC by tapping once on each of them.
Tap , tap , tap and hence become a diameter.
to make BC pass through the point A
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Tap
w. y
and draw two line segments, BD and CD, such that D is Tap another point on the circumference. Tap
G.
. Measure the size of BDC by tapping once on BD and once on Tap CD. The angle size of BDC will be displayed in the measurement box. Tap on the angle size of BDC displayed in the measurement box and drag it into the Geometry window. Name this angle BDC by tapping keyboard to type BDC=. Press EXE. Hide the keyboard. Tap in space. Observe the size of BDC as point D moves around the circle: Tap D, tap D a second time and drag it a small distance around the circumference. Repeat. Now tap in space. Tap B, tap B a second time and drag it a small distance around the circumference. Repeat. If desired, tap File, tap Save and name the file.
u and using the 0 tab on the
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742 Angles in the Alternate Segment
Tap
m. G.
Tap
Tap View, tap Zoom to Fit.
Draw a tangent to the circle by tapping the bottom left of circumference.
K and then tap any point on
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. Draw CDB, whose vertices lie on the circle and C is the Tap point where the line is tangential to the circle. DBC is the angle subtended in the alternate segment to DCE.
Use Tap Tap
[ G. u.
to create E, a point on the tangent line.
Display the size of DCE by tapping CD and CE. Tap on the size of DCE and drag it into the Geometry window. and using the Name this angle DCE by tapping keyboard to type DCE, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Display the size of CBD by tapping BC and CD. Tap on the size of CBD and drag it into the Geometry window. Name this angle CBD by tapping and using the keyboard to type CBD, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Hide the keyboard. Observe the size of angles DCE and CBD when points B and D respectively move on the circle by: Tap B. Tap B a second time and drag it around the circumference such that DCE and CBD remain in alternate segments. Tap in space. Tap D. Tap D a second time and drag it around the circumference such that DCE and CBD remain in alternate segments. Tap File, tap Save and name the file.
0 tab on the
0 tab on the
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743 Angles in the Same Segment
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap . Draw CBD and CED, both of which are subtended in the same segment by arc CD. Tap Tap
G. u.
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Display the size of CBD by tapping BC and BD. Tap on the size of CBD and drag it into the Geometry window. and using the Name this angle CBD by tapping keyboard to type CBD, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Display the size of CED by tapping CE and ED. Tap on the size of CED and drag it into the Geometry window. Name this angle CED by tapping and using the keyboard to type CED, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Hide the keyboard. Observe the size of angles CBD and CED when points B, C and D respectively move on the circle by: Tap B. Tap B a second time and drag it around the circumference such that CBD and CED both remain in the same segment. Tap in space. Tap C. Tap C a second time and drag it around the circumference such that CBD and CED both remain in the same segment. Tap in space. Tap D. Tap D a second time and drag it around the circumference such that CBD and CED both remain in the same segment. Tap File, tap Save and name the file.
0 tab on the
0 tab on the
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744 Cyclic Quadrilaterals
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap . Draw (cyclic) quadrilateral BCDE such that vertices B, C, D and E are all points on the circle.
Tap Tap
G. u.
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Display the size of CBE by tapping BC and BE. Tap on the size of CBE and drag it into the Geometry window. and using the Name this angle CBE by tapping keyboard to type CBE, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Display the size of CDE by tapping DC and DE. Tap on the size of CDE and drag it into the Geometry window. Name this angle CDE by tapping and using the keyboard to type CDE, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space.
0 tab on the
0 tab on the
In a similar manner, display the size of BCD and BED.
Observe the size of these two pairs of opposite angles in the cyclic quadrilateral BCDE, as the vertices B, C, D and E are moved around the circle.
Tap File, tap Save and name the file.
You may wish to enhance this activity using expressions. How to do this for cyclic quadrilaterals is described in the advanced section of this site. 227
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745 Lengths of Tangents
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap
to create point C lying outside the circle.
Tap circle. Tap Tap
y. Draw line segments CB and CD where D is a point on the G. p.
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Tap CB and tap the circle. If No is displayed, tap the tick, now a tangent to the circle at B. Tap in space.
R CB is
Tap CD and tap the circle. If No is displayed, tap the tick, now a tangent to the circle at D. Tap in space.
R CD is
Display the length of CB by tapping CB and dragging it length into the Geometry window. Name this length CB by tapping
u and using the
0 tab on the keyboard to type CB, press =.

Tap in space.
Press EXE.
Display the length of CD by tapping CD and dragging it length into the Geometry window. Name this length CD by tapping
u and using the
0 tab on the keyboard to type CD, press =.

Tap in space.
Press EXE.
Hide the keyboard. Observe the lengths of CB and CD as the location of point C is changed by: Tap C. Tap C a second time and drag it to a new location outside the circle.
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746 Tangents and Radii
Tap Tap
m. G.
Draw a tangent to the circle by tapping the circle.
K and then tap any point on
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Tap
y. Draw the radius AC. [ G. u.

to create D, a point on the tangent line.
Use Tap Tap
Display the size of ACD by tapping AC and CD. Tap on the size of ACD and drag it into the Geometry window. and using the Name this angle ACD by tapping keyboard to type ACD, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Hide the keyboard.
0 tab on the
Observe the size of angle ACD when point C moves on the circle: Tap C. Tap back onto C and drag to another position on the circumference.
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747 The Central Angle
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap . Draw radii AC and AD; draw line segments BC and BD such that CBD is subtended at the circumference by arc CD in the same segment as CAD. Tap Tap
G. u.
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Display the size of CBD by tapping BC and BD. Tap on the size of CBD and drag it into the Geometry window. and using the Name this angle CBD by tapping keyboard to type CBD, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Display the size of CAD by tapping AC and AD. Tap on the size of CAD and drag it into the Geometry window. Name this angle CAD by tapping and using the 0 tab on the keyboard to type CAD, press =. Press EXE. Tap in space. Hide the keyboard. Observe the size of angles CAD and CBD when points B, C and D respectively move on the circle by: Tap B. Tap B a second time and drag it around the circumference such that CAD and CBD both remain in the same segment. Tap in space. Tap C. Tap C a second time and drag it around the circumference such that CAD and CBD both remain in the same segment. Tap in space. Tap D. Tap D a second time and drag it around the circumference such that CAD and CBD both remain in the same segment. Tap File, tap Save and name the file. You may wish to enhance this activity using expressions. An example of how to do this is described in the advanced section of this site in the cyclic quadrilaterals activity.
0 tab on the
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755 Coordinate Geometry: Enclosed Area

Find the area of the triangle enclosed by the line 3x + 2y - 7 = 0 and the axes.
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap
w, tap twice in the Geometry window to draw a line, AB.
Tap twice in the Geometry window to draw a line, CD. Tap twice in the Geometry window to draw a line, EF.
Tap
G.
Tap
u. R R E. Tap in space. E. Tap in space.
Tap line AB. Tap in the measurement box and then type x=0. Tap or press
Tap line CD. Tap in the measurement box and then type y=0. Tap or press
R or press E. The equation of the line is now 3x + 2y - 7 = 0.

This will appear as y = -1.5x + 3.5.
Tap line EF. Tap in the measurement box and then type 3x+2y-7=0. Tap
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Tap in space. Tap
w. 7 7
to locate point G, the point of Tap lines AB and EF. Tap intersection of these two lines. Tap in space. Tap lines CD and EF. Tap to locate point H, the point of intersection of these two lines. Tap in space. Tap lines AB and CD. Tap to locate point I, the point of intersection of these two lines. Tap in space.
Tap
u.
Tap points G, H and I. The area enclosed by the line and the axes appears in the measurement box.
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756 Coordinate Geometry: Perpendicular Line
Find the equation of the line through the point A(2,-1) perpendicular to the line 5x 2y + 6 = 0.
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap Tap
[, tap in the Geometry window to draw a point, A. w, tap twice in the Geometry window to draw a line, BC. G.
Tap
Tap A, tap the line then tap to draw the line through the point A and perpendicular to the line BC.
Tap in space.
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Tap
u. R or press
Tap point A. Tap in the measurement box and then type [2,-1]. Tap
E. The coordinates of A are now (2,-1).

Tap in space. Tap the line BC. Tap in the measurement box and then type 5x2y+6=0. Tap
R or
press . The equation of the line is now 5x 2y + 6 = 0. This will appear as y = 2.5x + 3.
Tap in space.
Tap the line passing through A(2,-1) to view its equation in the measurement box.
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757 Geometry Modifying Labels

By default Classpad will label points, lines and other objects using the letters A, B, C, . in alphabetical order. It is a simple matter to change these to letters of your choice. In this example a triangle labelled ABC is modified to PQR.
Draw a triangle in the Geometry application, tap onto the top vertex B and select the annotate tool from the left-hand end of the measurement toolbar.
This selects B. Now use the abc tab from the keyboard to label the vertex as P and tap EXE.
Repeat for the other vertices.
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760 Transformation Of Objects

Start in Geometry. Reflect the triangle with corners at A(1, 1) B(4, 1) C(4, 3) in y = x . Set up the application with axes and integer grid. Tap on the line segment tool. Draw sides AB, BC and CA.
Tap on the infinite line tool. Tap on (-3, 3) then (3, -3) to draw the line y = x .
Tap on the select tool. Tap on each side of the triangle in turn to select all sides.
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Tap Draw, Construct, Reflection.
Tap onto the reflection axis DE.
The triangle is reflected.
In general, create the shape to be transformed and the required mirror lines, centres of rotation, etc. Then select all sides of the object. Next, use the construct menu and follow the prompts at the bottom of the screen and in the setting windows that open.
Note that all reflection lines, points of rotation, centres of dilation and so on must be points that the user has created in the drawing. Existing points and lines such as the x- and y-axes cannot be used. To use the origin, add a point at the origin. To use an axis, add a line on top of the axis.
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840 Compound Interest in Sequence

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Example: Find the interest accrued in the tenth year on an amount of $500 invested at a rate of 5%, with interest compounded annually. We will use the recursive formula Tn +1 = Tn 1.05, T0 = 500 to solve this problem. Enter the formula as shown.
Tap
Tap Resize. An third column is added to the table headed Dfrn (the difference of consecutive terms). The second column shows the total value of the investment after n years. The third column shows the interest accrued during year n. The solution to the problem is $38.78.
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841 Reducible Interest in Sequence

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK.
Suppose a student wishes to purchase a car priced at $4000. The student has no savings but due to a part-time job can afford to repay $250 every month. A bank offers the student a loan of $4000 at a monthly interest rate of 1.25% compounded monthly. How many complete months will it take the student to repay the loan and how much interest will be paid in total? We will use the recursive formula Tn +1 = Tn 1.0125 250, T0 = 4000 to solve this problem. Enter the formula as shown.
Without interest, the loan will take 4000 250 = 16 months to repay, so we will need to allow for a few more, say 20, iterations of the formula. Tap
Use Start and End to set the first term as 0 and last term as 20 and then tap OK. Tap
Scroll to the bottom of the table. The loan is repaid after 18 repayments.
We will now need to carry out a few manual calculations. Tap
to open the Sequence RUN window.
As the figure in the 18th row and 2nd column is -9.24, we can deduce that the final payment was $9.24 too much - it should have been $240.76. The total repaid was 18 payments of $250 less $9.24, which comes to $4490.76. The total interest paid is $490.76 - the total repaid less $4000, the amount of the original loan.
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It is also possible to determine the amount of interest paid in any particular month - say the 12th month. Close the RUN window using
Tap
Tap Resize. An third column has been added to the table headed Dfrn (the difference of consecutive terms).
Note the difference of $229.28 for the 12th month.
Without interest, the loan should reduce each month by the regular repayment of $250. The reduction of only $229.28 is due to the interest added. Tap
to again open the Sequence RUN window.
The interest for the 12th month was $20.72.
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940 Verify Tool In Main

The Verify tool in Main is very useful when there is a need to check steps manually during the simplification of an expression. Example 1 Show that
45 = 5 3 .
Start in Main, tap Edit, Clear All and then choose the Verify application as shown at right.
Enter the LHS
45 into the top line and tap EXE. 5 9 and tap EXE.
On the second line enter
The expressions are equivalent and so success is confirmed.
When a mistake is made, an error message is displayed.
Now complete the simplification.
When finished tap Edit, Clear All to start another simplification.
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Example 2 A circle is given by x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 4 y = 11 Find the radius and centre of the circle. Verify will only work with expressions, not equations, and so our first step is to re-arrange the equation into an expression equal to zero and enter this into verify.
Now collect the x and y terms together.
Complete the square on the x and y terms.
Tidy up the result, possibly using some copy and paste to save on typing.
One more line for completeness.
Our circle has centre at (-1, 2) and radius 4.
Note that all steps can be saved for future recall using the File, Save command. An alternative is to create an eActivity in which students can insert Verify strips and so create a whole collection of examples saved as one eActivity.
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Advanced
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070 Define cis()

Working with complex numbers in the trigonometric form of r (cos( ) + i sin( )) can be simplified by defining the shorthand notation cis( ) as a user defined function. In Main, tap Interactive, Define. Enter the function name as cis using the abc tab. Set the variable to . Enter the expression as cos( ) + i sin( ) , using and i from the menu shown at right.
We can check the function has been set up correctly as shown.
An example calculation is shown. Tapping Action, simplify, EXE often encourages Classpad to do better.
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To change an existing complex number into trigonometric form, tap Action, Complex, compToTrig, EXE.
The result is the same as if we had entered
2 cis 3 3
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071 Define Function With Many Variables

User defined functions can have more than one parameter - simply separate each variable by a comma. In this example well create a function P ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 .
(eg magnitude of vector, etc.)

Start in Main. Tap Action, Command, Define.
Now use the abc tab to complete the definition as shown and tap EXE.
Test out the function to check all is well.
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To edit a user defined function with multiple variables or to simply check the function, from the Menu tap on Program. Tap Edit, Open File.
Set the Type to Function.
Leave the Folder as main.
Choose the required function from the Name list.
Tap OK.
The function is displayed. The function name (P), variables (x, y) and the function are all displayed.
After making any required changes, use Edit, Save File.
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073 Complex Number Basics

Check that basic settings shown at the bottom of the screen are Standard Cplx Rad
Use the 2D tab to enter the complex number 1 + 3i and tap EXE.
The magnitude can be calculated using the
template.
Other useful tools can be found in the Action, Complex menu.
Tap Action, Complex, arg to find the argument.
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Try some of the other functions in the Complex menu such as the conjugate, real part and imaginary part.
Notice that Classpad does not automatically expand a power of a complex number.
We can use cExpand to simplify a power.
As your work more with complex numbers you may want to convert them into trigonometric or exponential (polar) forms, again using the Action, Complex menu. These forms usually make the magnitude and argument of a complex number very obvious.
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Polar To Rectangular Coordinate 074 Conversions

Start in Main and check settings at bottom of screen.
1. Convert a polar coordinate of 2 , into rectangular form. 4

Open the keyboard, tap on the mth tab and then CALC. Tap
once, tap
and enter the magnitude of
2.
Tap OPTN, tap
and enter the argument of / 4 .
Select the entire entry.
Tap Interactive, Vector, toRect. The toRect box opens. Tap OK.
The rectangular (Cartesian) form is returned.
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2. Convert a rectangular coordinate of (1, 1) into polar form. Open the keyboard, tap on the mth tab and then CALC. Tap
once.
Enter the coordinates and select the entire entry.
Tap Interactive, Vector, toPol. The toPol box opens. Tap OK.
The polar form is returned.
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080 Normal Probability Calculations

We will calculate normal probabilities in the Main application. Note that the technique shown here is only possible using OS v3.04 and later. Assume we are working with a normal population of weights with mean 65kg and standard deviation of 12kg. What is the P (60 x 75) ?
Tap Interactive, Distribution, normCDF. Enter the four required values as shown and then tap OK.
The probability is just under 0.46. If you prefer the Action menu, the order of variables can be seen from the expression that Classpad returns: normCDF(Lower, Upper, SD, Mean)
What is the P ( x 60) ? Repeat the previous steps. When entering the upper value use positive infinity the symbol from the mth tab.
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The probability is just over 0.66.
Check that you agree with the result shown for the P ( x 75) . Hint: Enter - for the lower value.
Normal probabilities can also be calculated in the Stats application and also using the normCDF function in a solve strip within an eActivity. These are explained in other help sheets. Please refer to the menu.
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081 Inverse Normal Probability Calculations

We will calculate normal probabilities in the Main application. Assume we are working with a normal population of weights with mean 65kg and standard deviation of 12kg. What is w so that P ( x w) = 0.25 ?
Tap Interactive, Inv. Distribution, invNormCDF. Adjust the tail setting to Right. Enter the three required values as shown and then OK.
The required weight is close to 73.1kg.
What is w so that 90% of weights lie within w kg of the mean? Repeat the previous steps, only this time the tail setting is Center.
The result of 45.26 is the lower weight.
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Hence w = 65 45.26 = 19.74 kg.

The upper weight is 65 + 19.74 = 84.74 kg.
Inverse normal probabilities can be calculated in the Stats application and also using the normCDF function in a solve strip within an eActivity. These are explained in other help sheets. Please refer to the menu.
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Random Sample From Normal 082 Distribution

Assume we are modelling a normal distribution of exam scores with a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 12. Start in Main and check the settings at the bottom of the screen. Open the keyboard and tap on the cat tab. Navigate to the functions starting with R, highlight randNorm and tap INPUT. Enter the population standard deviation of 12 and mean of 60. Tap EXE. A single random sample is generated from the distribution.
Copy the previous entry to a new line and add a third parameter the number of samples required, such as 20. Tap EXE. 20 random samples are generated from the distribution and returned in a list.
Store the list of 20 numbers into a variable called s1 for analysis. Use the mth and abc tabs.
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Tap Action, List-Calculation, mean. Add s1 and tap EXE. In the same way, calculate the standard deviation of the sample.
Tap back onto the second line and tap EXE to draw another random sample of 20.
The sample can also be analysed in the Statistics application. In Stats, tap Edit, Clear All. Tap onto list1 and use the abc tab on the keyboard to enter s1. Tap EXE. The sample appears (in fractional form) with s1 as the list heading.
Remember when calculating One-Variable statistics or graphing to set the XList to main/s1.
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083 Binomial Distribution Calculations

We will calculate binomial probabilities in the Main application. Assume we have an event that will be repeated 8 times with a probability of success of 0.3. What is the P ( x = 5) ?
Tap Interactive, Distribution, binomialPDF.
Enter the three required values as shown and then tap OK.
The probability of 5 successes in the 8 trials is about 0.047.
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What is the P (1 x 3) ? Tap Interactive, Distribution, binomialCDF.
Enter the four required values as shown and then tap OK.
The probability of at least 1 and no more than 3 successes in the 8 trials is about 0.748.
Binomial probabilities can also be calculated in the Stats application. The method is explained in another help sheet. Please refer to the menu.
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Random Sample From Binomial 085 Distribution

Assume we are modelling a binomial distribution with n = 24 and p =
Start in Main and check the settings at the bottom of the screen. Open the keyboard and tap on the cat tab. Navigate to the functions starting with R, highlight randBin and tap INPUT. Enter the number of trials and probability of success. Tap EXE. A single random sample is generated from the distribution.
1 . 6
Copy the previous entry to a new line and add a third parameter the number of samples required, such as 20. Tap EXE. 20 random samples are generated from the distribution and returned in a list.
Store the list of 20 numbers into a variable called s1 for analysis. Use the mth and abc tabs.
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Tap Action, List-Calculation, mean. Add s1 and tap EXE. In the same way, calculate the standard deviation of the sample.
Tap back onto the second line and tap EXE to draw another random sample of 20.
The sample can also be analysed in the Statistics application. In Stats, tap Edit, Clear All. Tap onto list1 and use the abc tab on the keyboard to enter s1. Tap EXE. The sample appears with s1 as the list heading.
Remember when calculating One-Variable statistics or graphing to set the XList to main/s1.
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170 Volume Of Revolution

Start in Main. Find the volume of revolution when 1 + x is rotated about the x-axis between 1 x 4 .
Enter the function and tap EXE.
Next set up and evaluate the volume integral in Main.
Exact and approximate values have been evaluated.
Now open a graph window. Select the function and drag into the graph window, adjusting the scale using Zoom where necessary.
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Tap Analysis, G-Solve,
Press the 1 key. A window opens. Complete the entries for the Lower and Upper limits for the volume of revolution and tap OK.
The volume is displayed graphically and a value is returned in the information bar at the bottom of the screen.
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171 Implicit Differentiation

Start in Main. Find the gradient of x 2 + xy y 2 = 1 at the point (1, 0). Enter the implicit function and tap EXE.
Select the function. Tap Interactive, Calculate, impDiff.
The impDiff box opens. Check the settings are correct and tap OK.
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An equation for the derivative is displayed.
Copy the right-hand side of the equation onto a new line. Tap onto the mth tab, tap OPTN and add the values for x and y. The value of the derivative at this point is calculated.
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172 Inverse Of A Function

Start in Main. Find the inverse of y = x + 4 + 1 .
Enter the function.
Tap the mth tab, CALC, solv and EXE. By default Classpad solves the equation on the previous line for x.
Tap Action, Assistant, invert. Tap ans, x, y. Classpad swaps the variables x and y and we have an inverse function.
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Its often worth asking Classpad to simplify any result. Tap Action, Transformation, simplify and EXE. The inverse can also be expressed in factored form.
Open a graph window, drag in the original function and adjust the scale.
(The window shown used Zoom, Quick Initialize, Zoom, Zoom Out.)
Tap Analysis, Sketch, Inverse. The inverse is drawn. Tap Analysis, Trace and tap the up cursor key. An algebraic function is displayed at the bottom of the graph window, but Classpad has simply interchanged x and y. We still need to solve this function for y as above in order to obtain the inverse function.
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180 Vector Basics

Start in Main. Note the settings at the bottom of the screen. x We will represent a vector xi + yj in the form with Classpad. y Open the keyboard and tap on the 2D tab and then CALC. Tap
once for a 2-D vector (twice for 3-D).
Enter required components and tap EXE.
To determine the magnitude of the vector, tap Action, Vector, norm.
Enter the vector and tap EXE.
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Determine a unit vector or convert into polar form in a similar way. Note that the use of toPol returns both the magnitude and direction of the vector.
To determine the angle between two vectors or their dot-product, enter a comma between them.
To determine the Cartesian form of a vector given its magnitude and angle with the x-axis (eg 10 units at 30) use toRect. The angle must be preceded by , found in the mth tab, OPTN menu and surrounded by brackets.
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181 Vector Tips

Although templates exist for vectors in the 2D, CALC menu, it is often simpler to use the form [a, b] when entering a vector ai + b j . Start in Main. Enter [3, -4] using the square brackets from the mth menu and tap EXE.
Note ClassPad removes the comma.
All vector operations accept vectors entered this way.
Using vectors in this way uses up much less screen space and makes it easier to follow your calculations.
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Use Of dSolve In Growth And Decay 270 Problems

The number of people, y, with a certain illness can be modelled over time, dy = ky or simply y ' = ky . Originally there were 420 t, with the equation dt people with the illness. 2 weeks later this number had increased to 500.
Determine (i) k, (ii) how many people are expected to have the illness after 5 weeks and (iii) how long until 1000 people have the illness.
Start in Main and enter the equation y ' = ky . Find the prime using the mth tab, CALC.
Tap Interactive, Advanced, dSolve.
Tap Include condition. Enter the data and tap OK.
A solution is returned.
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Open NumSolve in the bottom half of the screen. Drag the solution into the equation entry area. Tap EXE.
Enter the values y = 500 when t = 2 and solve for k.
Change t = 5 and solve for y.
Change y = 1000 and solve for t.
Close NumSolve and tap Edit, Clear All Variables in Main. (This clears the values assigned to the variables y, k and t in NumSolve.)
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Use dSolve With Simple Harmonic 271 Equations

Start in Main. With a second order differential equation such as x '' = 9 x , Classpad reminds us that a trig solution is appropriate. Enter the equation (using the mth tab and CALC) and tap EXE.
Select a copy of the equation. Tap Interactive, Advanced, dSolve. Set the variables and tap OK.
Classpad returns constants as const(1), const(2) and so on.
Scroll to the right to see the complete solution.
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Replacing const(1), const(2) with a, b, etc is often a good idea.
If some conditions are known, such as when t =
12
, x = 0 and when
, x = 4 then these can be used with the simultaneous solver to 4 determine the values of the constants a and b.
t=
To keep the function manageable, define it as f (t ) .
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370 Polar Graphing

Start in Graph and Table. Tap into the bottom window. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap into the top window. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap Type, r=Type.
1. Graph r = 2 . Enter a 2 and tap EXE.

Tap
Tap Analysis, Trace. Tap the left and right cursor keys. Note how the angle is incrementing in steps of 3.
Tap
The View Window opens. Scroll to the bottom of the list of settings. The last three settings adjust the minimum, maximum and step of the angle for the graph. Tap Cancel.
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Tap Analysis, G-Solve. Note that with polar functions, Classpad does not offer many of these tools.
Tap Analysis, Sketch. Classpad still offers most of the sketch functions such as adding a tangent or a normal.
2. Graph r =
200
Open the keyboard and tap on the mth tab. Enter the function. Close the keyboard. Tap
Tap
Scroll to the bottom of the list of settings and adjust the angle maximum to 1080 and the step to 10. Tap OK. Tap Resize.
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371 Parametric Graphing

Start in Graph and Table. Tap into the bottom window. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap into the top window. Tap Edit, Clear All. Tap Type, ParamType.
Graph x =
t2 t ,y = . 100 10
Open the keyboard. Enter the x-part and tap EXE. Enter the y-part and tap EXE. Tap
Tap Analysis, Trace. Tap the left and right cursor keys. Note how the parameter t is incrementing in steps of 3, starting from 0.
Tap
Scroll to the bottom of the list of settings and adjust the t minimum, maximum and step as shown. Tap OK.
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The graph is re-drawn with the new settings.
Tap Analysis, G-Solve. Note that with parametric functions, most tools are disabled.
Tap Analysis, Sketch. Most of the sketch functions are still available.
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372 Table of Binomial Probabilities

Start in Graph and Table. We will create a table of probabilities for X ~ B (10, 0.3) .
Activate the keyboard. Tap cat, B and scroll down to select binomialPDf(. Tap INPUT.
The required syntax is binomialPDf( x, n, p ) where x is the required number of successes, n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success. Complete the expression binomialPDf( x, 10, 0.3) and tap EXE.
Tap
to open the Table Input window.
For n = 10 we need to set Start to 0, End to 10 and Step as 1. Tap OK.
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Tap
Tap Resize.
To view a graphical representation of the values, tap
Tap
The eleven probabilities are plotted and scaled to fit the window.
Tap onto any number in the y1 column. Tap
and then Table to List.
The Store Data window opens. Type in a suitable name for the list and tap OK. The list may then be opened later in Main, Statistics or Spreadsheet.
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470 Normal Probability Calculations

We will calculate normal probabilities in the Statistics application. Assume we are working with a normal population of weights with mean 65kg and standard deviation of 12kg. What is the P (60 x 75) ?
Tap Calc, Distribution and then choose Normal CD from the lower drop down menu. Tap
Enter the four required values as shown and then tap
The probability is just under 0.46. The standard scores corresponding to the lower and upper values of 60 and 75 are also displayed as -0.417 and 0.833 respectively.
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Tap on the graph
icon in the top left corner of the screen.
The black area represents the calculated normal probability.
Now close all windows and return to the lists.
What is P ( x 75) ? Repeat the previous steps. When entering the lower value use negative infinity the symbol from the mth tab.
The resulting area and probability of 0.798 are shown.
Normal probabilities can be calculated in the Main application and also using the normCDF function in a solve strip within an eActivity. These are explained in other help sheets. Please refer to the menu.
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Inverse Normal Probability 471 Calculations

We will calculate normal probabilities in the Statistics application. Assume we are working with a normal population of weights with mean 65kg and standard deviation of 12kg. What is w so that P ( x w) = 0.25 ?
Tap Calc, Inv. Distribution. The type of calculation is already set to Inverse Normal CD. Tap
Adjust the tail setting to Right. Enter the three required values as shown and then
The required weight is close to 73.1kg.
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Tap on the graph
The black area represents the calculated inverse normal probability.
What is w so that 90% of weights lie within w kg of the mean? Repeat the previous steps, only this time the tail setting is Center.
The calculated lower and upper weights are shown. Hence w = 65 45.26 = 84.74 65 = 19.74 kg.
Inverse normal probabilities can be calculated in the Main application and also using the normCDF function in a solve strip within an eActivity. These are explained in other help sheets. Please refer to the menu.
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472 Confidence Interval From List Data

Start in Statistics.
The six samples shown in list1 were taken from a population with a known standard deviation of 2.3. Determine the 95% confidence interval for the population mean based on this sample. Tap Edit, Clear All. Enter the data into list1.
Tap Calc, Interval. In the next window tap the Help box.
The display should be as shown - the sample mean will be calculated from the data in a list. Tap Next.
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Enter the 95% confidence level as a decimal. Enter the known population standard deviation of 2.3. Check the list and frequency settings to match your data. Tap Next.
The lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval are displayed, together with the sample mean and standard deviation.
Tap
to close the Interval tool or back to modify the interval parameters.
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Confidence Interval From Summary 473 Data

Start in Statistics. A sample of 68 items with mean of 263 was taken from a population with a known standard deviation of 2.56. Determine the 99% confidence interval for the population mean based on this sample. Tap Edit, Clear All.
Tap Calc, Interval.
Tap the Help box. Tap on Variable. The CI will be calculated from supplied variables. Tap Next.
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Enter the 99% confidence level as a decimal. Enter the known population standard deviation of 2.56. Enter the same mean of 263. Enter the sample size of 68. Tap Next.
The lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval are displayed, together with the sample mean and size.
Tap
to close the Interval tool or back to modify the interval parameters.
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474 Binomial Distribution Calculations

We will calculate binomial probabilities in the Statistics application. Assume we have an event that will be repeated 8 times with a probability of success of 0.3. What is the P ( x = 5) ?
Tap Calc, Distribution and then choose Binomial PD from the lower drop down menu. Tap
Enter the three required values as shown and then tap
The probability of 5 successes in the 8 trials is about 0.047.
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Tap on the graph
The selected column on the histogram represents the calculated binomial probability. Tap the right cursor key to view other binomial probabilities for this situation.
Now close all windows and return to the lists.
What is the P (1 x 3) ? Tap Calc, Distribution and then choose Binomial CD from the lower drop down menu. Tap
Enter the four required values as shown and then tap
The probability of at least 1 and no more than 3 successes in the 8 trials is about 0.748.
icon in the top left corner of the screen to view the Tap on the graph cumulative binomial distribution for these parameters.
Binomial probabilities can also be calculated in the Main application. The method is explained in another help sheet. Please refer to the menu.
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475 Graph Binomial Distribution

Start in the Statistics application. Assume that we have an event that is repeated 10 times with a constant probability of success of 0.65. We will start as if a binomial probability calculation is required, such as find the P ( x = 5) .
Tap Calc, Distribution and then choose Binomial PD from the lower drop down menu. Tap
Enter the three required values as shown and then tap
Note that x can be any value between 0 and the Numtrial value.
The next screen shows that the probability of 5 successes in the 10 trials is about 0.15. Tap on the graph
The selected column on the histogram represents the calculated binomial probability.
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Tap Resize. Tap the right cursor key. The cursor jumps to the column associated with P( x = 0) .
Now tap the right or left cursor keys to view other binomial probabilities for this situation. The most likely number of successes is 7, with p = 0.252 .
Close the graph window by tapping
in the top right corner.
Finally tap Resize to return to the lists.
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670 Trapped Areas

Start in eActivity. This eActivity contains a Main strip which can easily be re-used to solve most trapped area problems. Example: Find area trapped between y = x + 1 and y = x 3 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 .
Tap Insert, Strip, Main and then Resize. Define the first function as f(x) and the second as g(x).
Next solve f ( x) = g ( x) to find the point(s) of intersection of the two functions.
upper
Lastly find
lower
f ( x) g ( x) dx .
Using the absolute value function avoids having to split up the integral and also to determine whether f-g or g-f is required.
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Opening a graph window and drawing f(x) and g(x) allows a visual check that the answer is sensible.
Close the strip, enter a suitable title for it and save the eActivity.
To use the strip for another problem, firstly modify f(x) and tap EXE. Next, modify g(x) and tap EXE. Each time, the display is updated. Modify the upper and lower bounds of the integral using the values from the solve result and tap EXE.
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671 Differentiation From First Principles

Start in eActivity. This eActivity contains a Main strip which can easily be re-used to solve most derivatives from first principles. Example: Differentiate x 2 + 3 x + 4 from first principles.
Tap Insert, Strip, Main and then Resize. Define the function as f(x).
Next set up the first principles expression and tap EXE.
Classpad has not fully simplified the result. Tap Action, Transformation, simplify. Tap EXE.
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Finally set up the limit of this expression as h 0 .
To use the strip for another problem, simply modify the definition of f(x) and tap EXE. The display is completely updated and you can see the basic steps in finding the derivative from first principles.
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Average Rate Of Change Of 672 Function

Start in eActivity. This eActivity contains a Main strip which can easily be re-used to calculate the average rate of change for most functions. Example: Determine the average rate of change of x 2
changes from 2.5 to 3. Tap Insert, Strip, Main and then Resize. Define the function as f(x). 1 when x x
Open the keyboard and tap on the mth tab. Next store the start and end values for the variable as shown.
Now create the average rate of change expression and tap EXE.
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To use the strip for another problem, simply modify the definition of f(x), the start and end values and tap EXE. The display is completely updated and you can see the basic steps in calculating the average rate of change.
You could choose to add approx at the end of the expression to automatically calculate a decimal approximation to the exact value. Tap Action, Transformation, approx and then EXE.
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675 Normal Probabilities Using Solve

Start in eActivity. This eActivity contains a NumSolve strip which can be used to calculate any of the parameters involved in a normal probability question. Tap Insert, Strip, NumSolve. Enter the equation shown. Working with the normCDF function in this way allows the user to solve for any of the 5 variables involved. Note that a sensible first approximation will often be necessary to find a solution in this way.
Example 1. If X ~ N (60,10) determine P ( X > 73) .
Enter the required parameters and select the button next to P.
Tap solve.
Example 2. If X ~ N (60,10) and P (a < X < 65) = 0.4 , find a.
Enter the required parameters and select the button next to L.
Tap solve.
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Example 3. If X ~ N (m,15) and P ( X < 60) = 0.6 , find m.
Enter the required parameters. Select the button next to M and enter an approximate estimate of M = 50 .
Tap solve.
An optional step is to add strip help. Close the NumSolve strip and tap Insert, AddStrip Help. Some suggested text is shown at right.
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676 Vectors Closest Approach 1

Start in eActivity and tap File, New. This eActivity contains a Main strip which can easily be re-used to solve closest approach problem using the dot product approach. Example: A body A is at 2i + 5 j and moving with velocity 3i j . A second body B is at i + j and moving with velocity 2i + j . Determine the time when A and B are closest, their minimum distance apart and the position vectors of A and B at this instant.
Tap Insert, Strip, Main and then Resize. Enter the position and velocity vectors as shown, storing in Ra, Va, etc.
Next, create relative position and velocity vectors for A relative to B and store in R and V.
Closest approach will occur at the time when the dot product of the relative velocity vector V and the relative position vector tV+R is zero. Enter the dot product and then solve the resulting expression equal to zero.
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Store the resulting time into the variable t1 for future use.
The distance apart of A and B is the magnitude of their relative positions given by tV+R at the time of closest approach.
Finally, the positions of A and B at the time of closest approach are calculated.
To use the strip for another problem, simply modify the initial position and velocity vectors, position the cursor on the VERY TOP LINE* and tap EXE.
The display is completely updated and you can see the basic calculations in finding the closest approach of A and B.
In the example shown with only Ra and Va modified as shown, note that A and B actually collide since their distance apart at time t1 is 0.
* Note that this is important so that all stored variables are correctly updated.
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677 Vectors Closest Approach 2

Start in eActivity and tap File, New. This eActivity contains a Main strip which can easily be re-used to solve closest approach problem using a calculus/optimisation approach. Example: A body A is at 2i + 5 j and moving with velocity 3i j . A second body B is at i + j and moving with velocity 2i + j . Determine the time when A and B are closest, their minimum distance apart and the position vectors of A and B at this instant.
Tap Insert, Strip, Main and then Resize. Enter the position and velocity vectors as shown, storing in Ra, Va, etc.
Next, create a position vector for A relative to B ta any time t and store in the variable R.
Then determine an expression for the magnitude of this vector answer.
Differentiate the square* of the expression for the magnitude with respect to time and solve this derivative equal to 0.
* Since the magnitude of the relative position vector is always likely to be a root, differentiating the square of the expression neatens up subsequent steps, especially in the case when A and B collide.
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Store the resulting time into the variable t1 for future use.
The distance apart of A and B is the magnitude of their relative position vector given by R at the time of closest approach.
Finally, the positions of A and B at the time of closest approach are calculated.
To use the strip for another problem, simply modify the initial position and velocity vectors, position the cursor on the VERY TOP LINE* and tap EXE.
The display is completely updated and you can see the basic calculations in finding the closest approach of A and B.
In the example shown with only Ra and Va modified as shown, note that A and B actually collide since their distance apart at time t1 is 0.
* Note that this is important so that all stored variables are correctly updated.
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680 Geometry Link

Start in eActivity. Tap Insert, Geometry Link. Enter y = x 2 . Tap Insert, Strip, Geometry. Add axes and integer grid in the Geometry window.
Tap into the eActivity window and select y = x 2 . Tap back onto the selection, drag into Geometry window and release.
Tap onto the curve in the Geometry window and drag to different locations. The equation in the Geometry Link automatically updates to reflect these changes.
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Tap into the eActivity window, modify y = x 2 and tap EXE. The curve in the Geometry window automatically re-draws itself to reflect these changes.
Most Geometry objects can be linked in this way.
Tap into the eActivity window and add another Geometry Link. In the Geometry window, choose the point tool and add a point at (-1, 1). Tap on the select tool. Tap onto the point just drawn to select it, then tap and drag it into the Geometry link in the eActivity window.
Here are three Geometry links to two points and the equation of the line drawn through them. Changing the coordinates of either or both of the points automatically updates the equation of the line, even with the Geometry window closed.
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770 Apply Matrix Transformation

Start in Main. 1 0 Transform the triangle A(2, 1) B(4, 0) C(4, 2) with the matrix . 0 1 Open a Geometry window from Main, add axes and integer grid. Select the line segment tool and draw the three sides of the triangle. Tap on the select tool. Select each of the three sides of the triangle.
Tap onto one of the selected sides and drag the shape into the cursor box in Main. Release the pointer. The vertices are arranged in a matrix.
Open the keyboard. Tap on the 2D tab, CALC and insert a 2 2 blank matrix in front of the vertices. Enter the transformation matrix coefficients. Tap EXE.
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Close the keyboard. Tap on the matrix result to select it.
Drag the selected matrix back into the middle of the Geometry window and release the pointer. The image is drawn - in this case a reflection in the y-axis.
Note that in Geometry alone, matrix transformations can be applied to a selected object using the Draw, Construct, General Transform tool.
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771 Find Transformation Matrix

Start in Main. Determine the matrix representing a clockwise 90 rotation about the origin. Open a Geometry window from Main, add axes and integer grid. Select the point tool and add a point at A(0, 0) and at B( 2, 1). Tap on the select tool.
Tap on B to select it. Tap Draw, Construct, Rotation.
Tap on the rotation centre, A. The Rotation box opens. Enter -90 and tap OK. The image is plotted at B'(1, -2).
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Tap onto B' so that now both image and object are selected.
Tap back onto B and drag the points into the cursor box in Main. Release the pointer. The matrix transformation is displayed.
Even though no translation was applied, by default Classpad still adds a 0 translation of after the matrix product. 0
Tap EXE to see the mapping.

x y
y x
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Author Date CPM OS Charlie Watson 27 June 2008 03.03.3000
780 Animation Basics
Tap
G.
Tap File, tap New, tap OK. To create an animation a single point and a single path must both be selected. The path must consist of one of A line segment A circle An arc of a circle An ellipse A function
Draw a circle. Add a tangent line to the circle. Add the slope measurement to the workspace.
Select the circle and C, the point of tangency.
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Tap Edit, tap Animate, tap Add Animation. Tap Edit, tap Animate, tap Go (once).
To stop the animation at any stage: Tap Edit, tap Animate, tap Stop.
To view the Animation User Interface: Tap View, tap Animation UI. This displays some useful animation tools. To close the Animation UI, tap View, tap Animation UI again.
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781 Angle in a Semi-Circle (2)
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap View, tap Zoom to Fit. Draw a chord using the line segment tool, starting at B and roughly passing through centre A by choosing on the circumference. Tap
y, tap on B and then tap again
u to see the measurement toolbar.
Select the circle centre A and the line segment BC by tapping once on each of them.
Tap , tap , tap and hence become a diameter.
to make BC pass through the point A
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Tap
w. y
and draw two line segments, BD and CD, such that D is Tap another point on the circumference. Tap
G.
. Measure the size of BDC by tapping once on BD and once on Tap CD. The angle size of BDC will be displayed in the measurement box. Tap on the angle size of BDC displayed in the measurement box and drag it into the Geometry window. Name this angle BDC by tapping keyboard to type BDC=. Press EXE. Hide the keyboard. Tap in space. Observe the size of BDC as point D moves around the circle: Tap E, tap the circle. Tap Edit, tap Animate, tap Add Animation. Tap Edit, tap Animate, tap Go (once). If desired, tap File, tap Save and name the file.
u and using the 0 tab on the
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784 Cyclic Quadrilaterals (2)
Tap Tap
m. G.
Tap . Draw (cyclic) quadrilateral BCDE such that vertices B, C, D and E are all points on the circle.
Tap Tap
G. u.
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Display the size of B by tapping BC and BE. Tap on
Q to add this measurement onto the Geometry window.
Edit this annotation using the abc keyboard to B: Tap in space. Repeat for D. Tap in space.
Tap Draw. Tap Expression. Numbers will appear beside all the on screen measurements. Tap on b, press +, tap onc. Press EXE. The sum of the two angles now appears on the screen. Tap
n, tap u and edit this annotation to B+D=.
Tap in space. Observe the sum of these two pairs of opposite angles in the cyclic quadrilateral BCDE, as the vertices B, C, D and E are moved around the circle.
In a similar manner, display the size of C and E and the sum of these two angles. Observe their sum as the vertices B, C, D and E are moved around the circle.
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880 Explicit from recursive formula

Open the Sequence application. Tap Edit, Clear All, OK. Example: Find the general (explicit) formula for the sequence given by
Tn +1 = 2Tn +2, T1 = 3
Tap Type and choose the 2nd type. Enter the recursive formula as shown and then tap
The first few terms are 3, 8, 18, 38, 78, ...
Tap back into the top editor window. Tap
to open the Sequence RUN window.
Tap Calc, rSolve.
Now use the shown.
and
menus to create the recursive formula as
Tap EXE. The explicit formula for the sequence is returned.
Note that the rSolve command is also available in the Main application.
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980 Enable and Set Shift Keys

In System it is possible to enable the (-) key as a shift-key. This can be a great time saver when entering common expressions. Start in System. Tap System. Tap Shift Keys.
The Shift Key Assign window opens. Tick the check-box next to
In this example we'll set the following keys: = key to return solve( 3 key to return x to return Define f(x)=
An example listing of other shift keys can be found on the help sheet page at www.charliewatson.com/classpad
Use the key dropdown box to select =. Tap into the text box to the right of Set. Press the Keyboard button to open the keyboard. From the mth, CALC menu tap solv. Tap
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Use the key dropdown box to select 3. Tap into the text box to the right of Set. Tap
Tap
Repeat for x. Use the abc keyboard to complete the expression Define f(x)= Tap
Tap OK.
Return to the Main application. Now (-) has been set as the shift key and it no longer returns a negative sign. When it is pressed, a small arrow appears in the bottom right corner of the screen.
Example 1. Define f ( x) = x2 2 x 3 . Press and release (-). Press and release x. Complete the expression.
Example 2. Solve the equation x 2 = 100 for x . Press and release (-). Press and release 3. Complete the rest of the equation and tap EXE. Press and release (-). Press and release =. Tap EXE and the equation is solved.
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981 Ending Screens

What is an Ending Screen? It's the picture that briefly flashes onto the screen when you turn your hand held ClassPad off. The default image is shown at right. If you create a 2-colour (ie black and white) image of width 160 and height 240 pixels, then this image can be set as your personalised Ending Screen. Two ways of making screens are explained in another Help Series article. A selection of pictures can also be downloaded from www.charliewatson.com/classpad.
This article explains how to set an existing picture on your hand held as the ending screen.
From the Menu, start the System application. Tap System, Ending Screen.
The Ending Screen window opens.
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Use the drop down menu to choose the required picture.
You can tap View to preview the picture.
Tap Set to confirm your choice.
Press the ON/OFF key to turn off your Classpad and test your picture.
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982 Create An Ending Screen

Method 1 - Using a hand held Classpad. You will need to download and install an Add-In application called 'Bitmap Editor' onto your handheld. The software and instructions to install Add-Ins from your computer to your handheld is on the disc that came with your Classpad. The screen at right shows the 'Picture' Add-In, which is pre-installed on the Classpad Manager software. On the handheld, the text is shown as 'BitmapEditor'.
Open the software and tap File, New. Set Width to 160 and Height to 240 and then tap OK.
Use the drawing tools to create your picture. Then use File, Save to save your image. (Filename must be no more than 8 characters, no spaces, etc).
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Method 2 - Using Classpad Manager software. Use a graphics program such as Paint or Photoshop to create a 2-colour (ie black and white) image of width 160 and height 240 pixels. Start Classpad Manager and open the Picture application. Tap File, New. Set Width to 160 and Height to 240 and then tap OK.
Go back to your graphics program and take a copy of the image you just created. Return to Classpad Manager. Right-click on the screen and choose the 'Paste Special' option.
A copy of your image is pasted into the Picture application. Use File, Save to save your image. (Filename must be no more than 8 characters, no spaces, etc). Now plug in your hand held Classpad to your computer using a USB cable and use the Exchange Window to transfer the image into your hand held. You may want to read the Classpad Manager Manual for instructions on the transfer process.
A selection of pictures can also be downloaded from www.charliewatson.com/classpad.
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983 Use The Library For Global Access

When variables, functions, programs and so on are created outside of an eActivity, they all reside in a memory area called Other Data. By default, these variables, functions, programs are not available from within an eActivity. Moving variables, etc, into the Library folder on Classpad makes them also available from within an eActivity. We'll create a function tri (n) =
n2 + n in main to demonstrate. 2
tri returns the nth triangle number, eg tri(5) = 15 .
Now start a new eActivity, change to a calculation line and enter tri(5) . The function is not recognised and so tri(5) is returned.
Open the variable manager.
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Open the main folder and select the tri function.
Tap Edit, Move
Select the library folder. Tap OK. Close all variable manager windows.
Back in the eActivity, tap onto the top line and tap EXE. This time the function is recognised and evaluated.
Moving your user defined functions, programs and so on into the library folder allows global access to them.
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984 Example Small Programs

Here are some examples of small programs to add further functionality to your ClassPad. These mini-programs can be created on your hand held or downloaded from the internet and sent to your handheld using the USB cable and free software that came with your Classpad. Placing these mini-programs into the Other Data/Library folder on your Classpad allows access to them not only from Main and the Program application but also from within any eActivity. Note: In most cases, Classpad must be running OS 3.03 or later. An example download site is the Classpad Library section of www.charliewatson.com/classpad
Factors of n. fact creates a list of all the factors from 1 to n of any positive integer n. In Main enter fact(n), where n is the number you want the factors of and they are returned in a list. This list is stored as the variable flist and can be retrieved at any time by typing flist.
nth row of Pascal's triangle. pas creates a list of all the coefficients in the nth row of Pascal's triangle. In Main, enter pas(n), where n is the row you want and the coefficients are returned in a list. This list is stored as the variable plist and can be retrieved at any time by typing plist.
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Is n prime? prim checks to see whether any number n is prime. In Main enter prim(n), where n is the number you want to check. Note: Classpad must be running OS 3.03 or later. OS 3.04 introduced the new IsPrime function, which returns TRUE or FALSE.
Scientific Notation. sci takes any number and returns it in scientific notation (standard form). In Main enter sci(number).
Turning point. tpt takes a quadratic expression in any form and returns it in turning point (completed square) form. In Main enter tpt(expression), where expression is the quadratic you want to find the turning point of.
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985 Create A Small Program

Open the Program application.
We'll create a short program to list the values of nC0 to nCn and call it nc. Tap Edit, New File. Enter a short name for the program, eg nc. Tap OK.
We'll run the program in Main by typing nc(n) . Enter n as a parameter in the box shown, so that Classpad expects a single parameter and assigns it to the variable n.
It is good practice to add comments. Precede a comment - in this case the version and date of writing - by an apostrophe as shown in the first line. Blank lines are ignored - useful for making the program easy to follow. The second line tells Classpad to keep the variables p, i and n 'local' - they are only visible to the program. The third line clears the text box that we can use to display results.
The fourth line of code creates an empty list which is stored as the variable p. The next three lines of code use a For... Next loop to augment the values nCr(0)... nCr(n) to the list p. The following three lines print a text message and then the values of n and p to the text box. The last line returns list p to the Main screen.* Tap Edit, Save File.
* This line of code will produce an error in any Classpad running an OS older than 3.03.
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Open the Main application to test our program. Enter nc(5) and tap EXE. The six coefficients are returned in a list in the Main (top) window. The three print statements appear in the lower text box. Tap Resize to close the text box.
Return to the program editor and re-open the nc program. For distribution, you may want to compress the program, which stops users from changing and possibly corrupting your code. Tap Edit, Compress. Enter a Backup File name, such as ncb and tap OK. Classpad now compresses and saves the original nc file, and at the same time saves a copy of the original editable code as ncb.
The difference between the two files can be seen in the Variable Manger. The compressed file, nc, takes up 160 bytes of memory and is an EXE type of file. The copy of the original file, ncb, takes up 296 bytes of memory and is a PRGM type of file.
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A companion set of movies to accompany this series can be viewed from the ClassPad Help Series site at www.classpad.com.au

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Casio Classpad Help Series

Version 7 March 2011

130 132 134

136 138 140

442 Residuals And Residual Plots

541 Simple Interest

841 Reducible Interest

940 Verify Tool In Main

200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214

288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302

984 Example Small Programs 985 Create A Small Program

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

Touch the centre of each cross as directed.

Adjust the screen contrast, tap Set.

Set the language you desire, tap Set.

Select QWERTY as the keyboard format, tap Set.

Select the preferred font, tap Set.

Tap Tap Edit Tap Clear All Variables Tap OK

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

002 Setting Up 2 Main

From the menu beneath the screen, tap

on the top right hand side of the screen.

From the menu beneath the screen, tap

You should now be ready to start using ClassPad.

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

005 Exploring The Keyboard

At the far right of the second row (after x, y, z and t) is backspace

Tap on TRIG. sin, cos and tan can be found here.

Tap on OPTN. Inequalities can be found here.

Single letter upper-case variables are different to lower-case variables.

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

006 Basic Editing in Main

Tap Edit, Clear All and confirm with OK.

Tap Edit, Clear All Variables and confirm with OK.

Correct errors by overtyping Type in 27 36 and tap EXE.

Select the in the line just typed by dragging across it.

Tap and then tap EXE.

Copy and Paste Tap on the earlier answer of to select it.

to copy this fraction.

Tap into the empty cursor box and tap

Type 20 after the fraction and tap EXE.

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

007 Simple Calculations in Main

and closing bracket

mth use power of one-third for cube root.

between numerator and denominator.

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

010 Numeric Calculations

NOTE: Decimal should now be displayed beneath the screen.

and use the template to enter the expression.

Either press or tap EXE.

243 45 and use the template to enter the expression.

Either press or tap EXE.

Press or tap EXE.

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

011 Simplifying & Expanding

To simplify x + x Enter x + x Press or tap EXE. To simplify x + x + y Enter

Press or tap EXE.

Press or tap EXE.

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

Classpad Help Series sponsored by Casio Education Australia

013 Simplifying Alg. Fractions

30a 3b 4 c 2 15a 2bc5