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Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions, Vol.

29, October1996, pp 506-513

Behaviour of bond between concrete and steel in a large post-yelding field


Gaetano Manfredi and Marisa Pecce
Dipartimento di Analisi e Progettazione Strutturale, Facolta di Ingegneria, Universith di Napoli FedericoII, p.le Tecchio, 80125 Napoli, Italia

A B S T R A C T
The bond-slip relationship between concrete and steel is very important in evaluating the non-linear behaviour of reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, the problem is analysed for reinforced concrete elements in tension. Two different analytical approaches are applied in order to estimate their performances. This research underlines the importance of bond-slip modeling in a steel post-yielding field by comparison among three well-known, different bond-slip relationships. Moreover, the results of simple experimental tests on reinforced concrete tensile elements are shown to assess the reliability of previously proposed models in the elastic range and to confirm that an appropriate model for the post-yielding range of behaviour is necessary.

R I~ S U M

I5

La relation d' adh&ence entre l' acier et le b&on est tr~s importante clans l'analyse du comportement non lin&ire des structures en b~ton armL Dans cet article, on dtudie le probl~me pour des dldments de b~ton armd en traction. Deux m&hodes analytiques diff&entes sont utilis&s pour &aluer leurs performances. Cette recherche souligne l'importance de la moddlisation de l'adh&ence en pr&ence &fortes d~rmations plastiques de l'acier, en comparant trois relations ana[ytiques bien connues. Les r&ultats d'un simple essai exp&imental sur des dldments en b&on armd en traction permettent d'&aluer l'efficacitd des modules d'adh&ence prdsent& auparavant, qui semblent efficaces clans le domaine dlastique, et de confirmer la ndcessitd d'dtablir un module approprid pour ce qui conceme les ddformations plastiques de l'acier.

SYMBOLS
A c = area of concrete A s = area of steel E = steel modulus of elasticity F = force in springs ofbidimensional model c. = confined ds = diameter of the bar fc = cylindrical concrete strength ni = initial notch spacing nf = final notch spacing s = slip sm= average slip u =displacement in springs ofbidimcnsional model u c = displacement in concrete u s = displacement in steel x = abscissa xo = abscissa with zero slip Ac = crack spacing ~c = concrete strain es = steel strain es,m = average steel strain oc = concrete stress Os = steel stress ~11 = longitudinal concrete stress "~b = bond stress "~b,m= average bond stress
0025-5432/96 9 RILEM 506

1. INTRODUCTION
Bond between concrete and steel is a main topic in concrete structures. It has been widely analysed both experimentally and theoretically; in fact, the definition of a reliable theoretical bond-slip ('r relationship influences the concrete structure's behaviour, especially in the non-linear field. The investigation of this bond influence can be carried out, both theoretically and experimentally, by an appropriate analysis of tensile r.c. elements with different dimensions and load conditions. This analysis allows evaluating the effect of bond performance on b e a m - c o l u m n joints, portions of beams between two cracks and connection zones between column and foundation. In particular, an r.c. element loaded at one or two ends by forces with the same directions (pull-out tests), i.e. compression on one side and tension on the other, simulates the behaviour of a beam-column node with continuous reinforcement, when the beams linked in the node are stressed by opposite bending moments. If the forces at the end of the r.c. element are both of tension (direct tensile tests), this symmetric element represents the central tensile part of a simple supported beam in bending; in this case, the yielding and then failure of steel happen without the pull-out of the bar.

Manfredi,Pecce
In this latter case, the post-yielding steel-concrete bond largely influences plastic rotations of the r.c. beams; therefore, it is clearly important to define the most suitable bond model for both post-yielding and up to failure of the steel in order to introduce it into reliable theoretical procedures for the calculation of plastic rotations [1-3]. Recently, many experimental tests have been carried out to define steel-concrete bond. Some researchers have analysed the problem in the dastic range, either by estimating the strain distribution along the steel bar [4-6] or by measuring this distribution [7]; others have begun to study the post-yielding distribution of strains with pull-out or direct tensile tests [8-10]. Tests on post-yielding bond behaviour near cracks have been carried out as well [11]. An overall view of the experimental tests mentioned above highlights the increasing interest in the post-yielding behaviour of bond, especially for direct tensile elements. However, these types of tests are very difficult for evaluating strain distribution along the steel bar due to the following problems : introduction of strain-gauges can cause a modification of the steel-concrete interface behaviour, thus the number of strain-gauges might not suffice or the specimen arrangement may be too sophisticated [7, 8]; measure of post-yielding strain requires the appropriate transducers, which are very difficult to introduce at the steel-concrete interface; and - alternative methods are very expensive. This last problem is amplified near cracks, where high slip, due to large debonding phenomena, has to be measured; moreover, strains in this part of the element are very important because they represent a large contribution to the total slip. In this paper, a theoretical analysis is developed in two steps: firstly, a comparison between a monodimensional and a bidimensional model is conducted to evaluate the advantages of a more refined approach; and secondly, a c o m p a r i s o n is developed using three well-known bond-slip relationships to evaluate their reliability within different fields of structural behaviour, such as elastic fields, post-yielding and, particularly, the steel-collapse condition. This investigation demonstrates the necessity of a better modelling of bond in the large post-yielding field; in fact, the choice of the bond model greatly influences the evaluation of structural deformability at the ultimate state, and the formerly-proposed models provide very scattered results. Furthermore, some experimental tests [12] have been carried out using a procedure capable of analysing the post-yielding behaviour of bond in tensile r.c. elements. The experimental method is very simple and allows obtaining an accurate and reliable distribution of the plastic strain along the bar at the steel's failure, without any influence of measuring instruments on bond behaviour. The specimens are made with preformed cracks to exclude the influence of cracking. The load condition is in tension at the end of the specimen. The experimental results enable evaluating the reliability of formerly-proposed models in the elastic range and
5 0 7

confirm that an appropriate model for the post-yielding range of behaviour is necessary [13]. These results highlight some interesting topics, but their application to structural analysis also requires the evaluation of the influence of reinforcement detailing (stirrups, bar diameter, etc.).

2. ANALYTICAL MODELS
The behaviour of a specimen can be theoretically analysed using a monodimensional or a bidimensional approach ; the first one is characterised by a low computational charge, but is less accurate, while the second is more refined, but requires complicated constitutive laws and implies a heaW computational cost. The main topics concerning the two approaches are summarised in the following. Then, in order to develop some assessments of the reliability of models and bond-slip laws, two concrete elements are theoretically analysed. These prisms have a cross section of 150 x 150 m m 2, two different lengths (100 and 150 mm, respectively) and are reinforced by a steel bar with a diameter equal to 14 mm.

2.1 Monodimensional approach


The monodimensional approach is based on the Bernoulli hypothesis and results in a system of integerdifferential equations described in the following. The slip s in a cross section can be defined as the difference between the displacement of steel Us and the displacement of concrete Uc [14]:

s(x) = Us(X)- Uc(X)

(1)

where x is the longitudinal abscissa along the bar. The solution to the problem at the steel-concrete interface can be obtained by the expression of the equilibrium conditions along the longitudinal direction x, either for the whole section or only for the steel in a step of the element; finally, the congruence of steel and concrete has to be imposed:

N=Os(X)As+(~c(X)Ac,"

dx

d~
(2)

ds(x) - ~ , ( x ) - ~ ( x ) dx

Moreover, the constitutive relationships of steel, concrete in tension and bond-slip have to be introduced. In the following analysis, for concrete in tension a linear elastic relationship is assumed, and for steel in tension, an experimental stress-strain relationship is considered. For the steel-concrete bond, three different laws are introduced: the formulation by Eligehausen et al. [14, 3] with two different variation laws from the crack distance and the formulation by Okamura et al. [9]. The bond action, as mentioned previously, also depends on the distance from the crack, since the confinement effect of concrete decreases near the cracks; for this reason, the Eligehausen model is variable along the

Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions,Vol,29, October1996

bar. In the parametric analysis, two hypotheses on the confinement level are assumed considering the concrete confined (Fig. 1) and unconfined in the central zone between two cracks. In this figure, the three-dimensional graph shows the value of bond stress % on the vertical axis versus the slip value s and the distance from crack x, nondimensional with respect to the bar diameter ds, on the horizontal axis. The most "degraded" constitutive law corresponds to the cracked section. A steel-concrete bond relationship of this type is also suggested by CEB [15]. The bond degradation near the cracks is introduced into the formulation by Okamura et al. [9] with the dependence of the bond strength % on the steel elongation Es (Fig. 2). The analytical expression of the Okamura law is:

0.730o(1+,s)) 3
fc 1 + G' 105 (3) where S is the non-dimensional slip (S = 1000 . (s/ds)) andre the cylindric concrete strength in compression.

2.2 Bidimensional approach


The bidimensional approach is based on the finite element method. In this case, concrete between two cracks is subdivided into a mesh of rectangular Lagrangian plane elements with four nodes; the steel bar

Fig. 3 - Longitudinal stress (511 o f concrete : a) Steel stress 325 MPa; b) Steel stress at failure.

.,--" 0.3 1.0 3.0 10.0


0.0

S [n~"n ]
Fig. 1 - Confined Eligehausen bond-slip relationship.

0.5

'

e,0x,0y
3

'

I
s
~ 10 -3 5.0 x 10 -3

0.4

0.3

0,2 8 ~ 1.0 x I0
-2

0.1 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 O.Og

g~2,0x 10. 2 F"774"0 X 10 " 0.1 0.12

s/ds
Fig. 2 - Okamura bond-slip relationship.

is subdivided into monodimensional elements connected with the nodes of the concrete elements by non-linear springs. A local relation in the nodes of steel and concrete is assumed in terms of force and displacement (Fu). This procedure has also been used by other authors with different interface elements [16, 17]. The analysis, shown in the following, has been carried out using the finite-element code ABAQUS. In the calculation, the experimental constitutive relationship is used for steel, and an isotropic linear elastic relation is assumed for concrete in tension; this simplification is suitable because cracks are preformed in testing and further cracks do not form. The above mentioned F-u relation, between spring force and displacement, represents the bond-slip relation; in particular, the bond model ofEligehausen et al. [14] is assumed in the following analysis. The bidimensional model provides the bond-slip distribution along the bar; moreover, longitudinal strains and stresses in steel as well as longitudinal and transverse strains and stresses in concrete are obtained. Therefore, this approach allows analysing the longitudinal stress of concrete ~lt as displayed in Fig. 3, where these stresses are shown in the case of element length equal to 100 mm; in

508

Manfredi, Pecce

8tx

i''Q..".~..
....,,...~

6b,.
9

""..

I -.o=,-..,o-,
"'-. ..........
-.~ ............
"'2'2' ........

monodlmenslonal~ EIIg. u.c.monodlrnenslonall [ ......


B i g . C.

IJ

-~
2

O.

EIIgehausen c,
Ellgehause_n,u.c.

a)

L
0

"-"-<2
20 40

....

!
60

O,
0.1

Okamura
0.2 2 6 10 14
s t e e l s t r a i n ~ s (10 -2)

distance from
monodimensional models

crack (ram)

Fig. 4 - C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n bidimensional and

0,8

p-.,--..,.

,,

a) the case of a steel stress before yielding is considered, and in b) the condition of steel failure is drawn. It can be observed that before yielding, the stress in concrete extends as far as 2.5 times the diameter of the bar, confirming the value suggested by CEB [15] for the definition of the "effective area" of concrete in tension in evaluating crack spacing. After yielding, this area reduces and at failure it is at about 1.2 diameters, because the slip increases and the bond strength decreases. In Fig. 4, a comparison between bidimensional and monodimensional models is shown in terms of slip, for the case of element length equal to 150 mm. The results are practically coincident: the monodimensional model is efficient in the determination of strains, stresses and slip along the bar, using the assumption of Bernoulli's hypothesis, because the deformation of concrete in tension has a very small influence on the steel deformation; however, the bidimensional model allows evaluating the behaviour of concrete in tension and clearing out the area around the bar where concrete is more heavily-loaded. A careful evaluation of this "effective area" is important in the study of cracking in r.c. elements, while it is clear that in a problem with prefixed crack spacing, the monodimensional approach is very reliable for defining the deformability of the steel-concrete system. Therefore, all of the following analyses are carried out by the monodimensional approach.

0.6 0.4 0.2

0.1

0.2

10

14

s t e e l s t r a i n ~ s(lO "2)

Fig. 5 - Steel strain - n o n d i m e n s i o n a l slip relationship : (a) C r a c k spacing 100 m m , (b) C r a c k spacing 150 m m .

2.3 Comparison among bond-slip models


The behaviour of the tensile elements, as previously described, has been studied in order to analyse the influence of the bond model on the r.c. behaviour. In Fig. 5 (a) and (b) the ratio ~-: -

s(0)

ences result for strain values greater than about 3%, which corresponds to the end of the plateau in the steel constitutive relationship, the difference is obviously increasing with element length. This result is probably due to the model development procedures: the two Eligehausen et al. models have been developed using the external slip values of pull-out tests with the steel practically in the elastic range, and the Okamura model was obtained using the results of a large number of pull-out and direct tensile tests (also with measurements along the bar), with elastic and yielded steel without very large strains (i.e., es < 3-4%). For this reason, the reliability of these three models in the elastic field is high; the Okamura law seems more suitable in describing the distribution of post-yielding strains along the steel bar with no large strain, but in the large postyielding field, the three models still have to be tested. The pertinent issues of Fig. 5 show that the models are really more uncertain in the field where the available experimental tests are very limited; moreover, the large influence of this deformation range on the ductile behaviour ofr.c, structures underlines the importance of research being conducted in this field.

(4)

between the slip of the embedded bar at end section s(O) and of the naked one 8s(O).kc/2 is drawn as a function of steel strain at end sections Es(0). It is interesting to observe that the three models provide practically the same results in the elastic range. While the largest differ-

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
As a consequence of these theoretical remarks, an experimental program has been developed to investigate the bond behaviour in tensile r.c. elements with steel in

509

Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol. 29, October 1996

0.5
0.4

"~ 0.3 ~0.2 0.1

measured values corrected values with "low pass b filter

Y
I

50 Fig. 6 - Specimen dimensions and details.

100

150

200

250

300

350

abscissa (ram)

Fig. 7 - Typical strain distribution along the specimen after failure.

the post-yielding field. The simple, but reliable, procedure used in this study is able to analyse this range of behaviour. The specimens are concrete prisms with an embedded steel bar. The geometrical characteristics are equal to those of the elements previously examined analytically. Therefore, the concrete element has a cross section of 150 x 150 mm2 and is 600 lnm long; furthermore, cracks are preformed by means of transverse steel sheets. The steel bar length is 1000 mm; the bar is reinforced at the ends by two yokes attached with resin, to avoid steel failure in the loaded zones of the specimen; around the yokes, stirrups are used (Fig.6). Two different crack distances are considered (kc = 100 and 150 mm); moreover, in the case ofAc = 100 mm, the bar is positioned either at the centre or at 30 mm from one of the faces of the concrete element. For each of the three types of specimens, 3 elements are tested. The specimens are made with concrete of an average cylindrical resistance equal to 31 MPa in compression and 3.2 MPa in tension, as obtained by indirect testing. The steel is a BTS 500 type characterised by the following average parameters: yielding stressfy = 540 MPa, stress at failurefu = 625 MPa, uniform strata eu = 13.7%, diameter ds = 14 mm. The load was applied using a universal testing machine; the load was transmitted by rigid end fittings to the yokes of the steel bar. In order to measure the steel strains after failure, accurate notches have been made on the naked steel bar at a fixed distance; these notches have been carved by a precise cutter every 5 mm. The position of these notches after failure allows defining the permanent strain; the measurement of this final position has been carried out by an optical reader with a precision of 0.001 millimetres. Furthermore, crack width was measured during the test for different load steps.

~ 0.08
~0.06 0.04 0.02

I ~f
~ Ac=lOOrara

o L~c=lOO ram (not centered bar)


Ac =150 ram
I I b [ I I I

10

20

40

50

60

70

80

distance from crack (mm)

Fig. 8 - Average strain distribution in steel bar.

In fact, during the test the crack width is measured at subsequent steps of loading up to steel yielding ; these values represent the slip in the cracked section. Another experimental output is the residual strain distribution 8 in the steel after failure ; it can be evaluated as follows:
=

nf -n i
ni

(5)

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Experimental measurements can be summarised into two types: the cracks opening during the loading application, and the strain distribution along the bar at steel failure.

where ni is the distance between two notches before the loading (5 mm) and nf the distance measured after the steel rupture by an optical reader. By this method, it is possible to carry out a reliable and accurate distribution ores along the bar in the failure condition that corresponds to the rupture of steel (Fig. 7). It is worth noting that in the rupture section, the steel strain is greater than the eu of the naked bar, due to the necking phenomena. In the following analysis, all results refer to the part of the specimen where the necking is absent in order to ignore its influence on bond. The average values of strains between cracks are calculated considering the 3 equal specimens and the elements between cracks of the same specimen where failure did not occur; these results are presented in Fig. 8. These values of strains can be considered as not being influenced by necking; moreover, the elastic strain of the steel, which is lost after failure of the bar, and the tensile

510

Manfredi, Pecce

strain of concrete cannot be considered because these values are negligible compared with the plastic strain at failure. These results can therefore be taken as the strains at the ultimate condition. The experimental results in terms of strains allow evaluating slip s(x) and bond stress %(x) along the bar using the following expressions:

80

Qmm

i~ ~

~so

,(x)= s(X)aX;b(x)= 4<- ' <(x) dx


0

0.
(6)
2O

/........... //"
0.1 0.2 0.3

naked bar

I
0.4

while neglecting the concrete deformation.

00

crack opening (ram)

Table I - Experimental average values


Crocks spacing ram 100 100 150 Bar position centred eccentric centred

Fig. 9 - C r a c k opening in the elastic range : C r a c k spacing 150 m m .

em
(%) 10.90 [C.O.V.=0.181 11.16

sliPcrack
(mm) 5.45 5.58 6.20

sm
(mm) 2.10 2.44 2.12

"rb,m
(MPa) 0.51
0.14 ~: ,. ""~

0.65 2.25

[C.O.V.= 0.041
8.27 [C.O.V. = 0.241

.S

o
006
oo4

..........., , % 2 2

. . . . -..

In Table 1, the main experimental results at steel collapse are summarised. The values refer to the average of three specimens in the sections without necking; the results show low values of C.O.V. The slip in the precracked section obviously increases with the crack spacing, while the average strain 8m and the average slip Sm between cracks decrease because the stiffening effect of bond increases with the embedded length as shown by the average bond stress %,m. The effect of the bar position is negligible, as presented in Table 1 and in Fig. 8; in fact, the global behaviour is not dependent on the transverse position of reinforcement because the cover depth is sufficient to avoid splitting.

20

40

60

distance from crack (ram)


Fig. 10 - Steel strain distribution : Crack spacing 150 m m .

[
[ "%~
Elli~hausen 9

"'-,
5. THEORETICAL - EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION
A theoretical-experimental comparison is developed, using a monodimensional approach, with reference to the three well-known bond-slip relationships described above. With respect to the elastic range of steel in Fig. 9, the crack opening, which is an average value of the 3 equal specimens, is plotted as a function of load in the case of crack spacing equal to 150 mm for the centred bar; in the same figure, the theoretical values are also reported, including the behaviour of the naked steel bar. It can be observed that all three models, practically equivalent, provide results in good agreement with the experimental ones. Therefore, the high reliability of bond-slip models in the elastic range is confirmed as previously discussed.
511

----=--

40

60

distance from crack (mm)


Fig. 11 - Slip distribution: Crack spacing 150 m m .

Concerning the post-yielding field, the evaluation of the specimen's deformation at the failure of steel is very dependent on the bond model as demonstrated in Figs. 10, 11 and 12. In these figures, the experimental values of strain 8s, slip s and bond stress %, for both the tested crack spacing distances, are shown together with the theoretical values obtained using the 3 previously-described

Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol. 29, October 1996

10
ex/~'/m~mta/ ,g Ellgehausen c.

,Q

0--2
. . . . _,/L,-,----7 --

the conditions of equilibrium and compatibility. In addition, the results are highly dependent on debonding near cracks, which is a local phenomenon and, therefore, very difficult to model.

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


The theoretical analyses and the experimental tests display the following results about bond-slip behaviour in post-yielding tensile elements : 9 The monodimensional approach is very reliable in the determination of strains, stresses and slip along the bar in a problem with prefixed crack spacing. The bidimensional model allows carefully evaluating the behaviour of concrete in tension and defining the "effective area" around the bar where the concrete is more heavilyloaded, which is an important topic in the study of cracking in r.c. elements. 9 In the theoretical analysis on r.c. prisms, the three examined bond-slip models provide practically the same results in the elastic range, while large differences result for steel in the post-yielding field. This remark underlines the importance of researching this field, where the models are distinctly more uncertain and the available experimental tests are very limited. 9 The simple and cheaper experimental method, used in this test, is reliable in obtaining an accurate distribution of the plastic strain along the bar at failure, without any influence of the measurement instruments on bond behaviour. 9 In the elastic range, the experimental values of crack width are well-fitted using all bond-slip relationships, without considerable differences. 9 For the tested specimens, the bar position has a negligible influence on the deformation ofr.c, elements; in fact, the global behaviour is poor depending on the transverse position of the reinforcement, if the ratio between the bar diameter and the cover depth is sufficient to avoid the splitting. With reference to the reliability of bond-slip relationships at steel failure, it is possible to observe that: 9 The confined Eligehausen model provides better overall results apart from specimen dimension, although it is not able to fit the steel strain distribution very well: this aspect probably depends on the characteristics of experimental data, i.e. external slip on the specimens used in obtaining the analytical formulation. 9 The unconfined Eligehausen model is globally not stiff enough, while the Okamura model seems too stiff, although it is more capable of fitting steel strain distribution due to its direct functioning Of Ss; this model underestimates the degradation of bond for large slips near cracks, and this characteristic probably depends on the range of experimental strain used in the development of the formulation. In conclusion, direct experimental tensile tests are necessary in order to evaluate the reliability of existing

20

40

60

distance from crack (mm)


Fig. 12 - B o n d stress distribution: Crack spacing 150 m m .

bond-slip models. The strain is the average value measured on the bar for the 3 specimens, while s and % are calculated from equation (6). In Fig. 10, the 8 shape displays that near cracks there is a small variation of strains but not a perfect debonding; moreover, along the whole bar, the yielding strain is exceeded. The Eligehausen-type models show a perfect debonding zone near the crack, and therefore the experimental strain distribution is not well-fitted. On the con.trary, the Okamura model does not present the debonding zone but globally is too stiff. In Fig. 11, better agreement among the different models has been obtained when comparing slips. The confined Eligehausen model provides good results for the crack spacing distances of 100 and 150 mm. In fact, the error in the fitting of slip in the cracked section is about 3% and 2%, respectively. The unconfined Eligehausen model is quite flexible, and the error is about 7% and 30%, respectively, and quickly increases with the dimension of the specimen due to the overestimated debonding near the crack. The Okamura model is too stiff and the error is about 20% and 7%, respectively, and decreases with crack spacing. The results in terms of slip are obviously related to the results in terms of%, whereas these are not generally satisfactory. Experimental and analytical % values are shown in Fig. 12; the Okamura model yields poor results, while the Eligehausen-type models are able to fit shapes of the experimental bond stress, although the assessment of values is not good. In conclusion, for all the models, the best agreements with experimental results are in terms of slip values and shapes along the bar; this parameter is the most stable because it has been obtained as an integration of strain; therefore, it depends on an average value of the strain 8s(X). Moreover, it is important to observe that whichever bond-slip model is assumed, the values of strains, stresses and bond tensions along the bar in the post-yielding range are very sensitive to the steel constitutive relationship and to the &bonding model. In fact, in the large post-yielding field, a small variation in steel stress induces a large variation in steel strain, which greatly influences 512

Manfredi, Pecce

analytical formulations in the post-yielding field, which is very critical to the assessment of ductility capacity of reinforced concrete elements; moreover, simple and cheaper tests, such as those described in this paper, are also very useful.

REFERENCES
[1] Cosenza, E., Greco, C. and Manfredi G., 'Theoretical evaluation of inelastic rotations and displacements in the reinforced concrete monodimensional elements', (in Italian), Ani dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lintel, S.IX, 2, 3 (1991) 249-258. [2] Eligehausen, R. and Langer, P., 'Rotation capacity of plastic hinges and allowable degree of moment redistribution', CEB, Bulletin d'Information No. 175, March 1987. [3] Langer, P, "Verdrehfahigkeit plastizierter Tragwerksbereiche im Stahlbetonbau", Institut fur Werkstoffe im Banwesen der Universit/it Stuttgart, 1987. [4] Eligehausen, R., Popov, E.P. and Bertero, V.V., 'Local bond stress-slip relationship of&formed bars under generalized excitations', Report No. UCB/EERC 83-23, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California, 1983. [5] Hawkins, N.L., Lin, I. and Jeang, F.L., 'Local bond strength of concrete for cyclic reversed loadings', 'Bond in Concrete', Proceedings of the International Conference on Bond in Concrete, (Applied Science Elsevier, London, 1982) pp. 151-161. [6] Hawkins, N.L., Lin, I. and Ueda, N.M., 'Anchorage of reinforcing bars for seismic forces', ACIJournal 84 (5) (Sept.-Oct. 1987) 407-418. [7] Lahnert, B., Houde, J. and Gerstle, K.H., 'Direct measurement of slip between steel and concrete', ACt Journal 83 (6) (Nov.-Dec. 1986) 974-982.

[8] Rokugo, K. and Konayagi, W., 'Role of compressive fracture energy of concrete on the failure behaviour of reinforced concrete beams', in 'Application of Fracture Mechanics to Reinforced Concrete', A. Carpinteri, Ed. (Elsevier Applied Science, Oct. 1990) pp.437-464 [9] Shima, H., Chou, L.L. and Okamura, H., 'Bond-slip relationships of deformed bars', 'Bond in Concrete', Proceedings of the International Conference on Bond in Concrete, Riga, Latvia, Oct. 1992, pp.11/38-47. [I0] Shima, H., Chou, L.L. and Okamura, H., 'Micro and macro model for bond in reinforced concrete', Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo 39 (2) (1987) 133-194. [1 i] Hayashi, S. and Kokusho, S., 'Bond behaviour in the neighbourhood of the crack, Finite Element analysis of reinforced concrete structures', Proceedings of ASCE Conference, C. Meyer and H. Okamura, Eds, Tokyo, May 1985, pp.364-373. [12] Cosenza, E., Greco, C. and Pecce, M., 'Theoretical-experimental analysis of steel-concrete bond at collapse', (in Italian), Giornate AICAP 91, Proceedings V.1, Spoleto, Italy, 16-18 May 1991, pp.117-128. [13] Manffedi, G. and Pecce, M., 'Behaviour of bond between concrete and steel in large post-yielding field', Report presented at meeting of CEB Task Group 2.2, Tel Aviv, April 5, 1994. [14] Ciampi, V., Eligehausen, R., Popov, E.P.and Bertero, V.V., 'Analytical model for concrete anchorage of reinforcing bars under generalized excitation', Report No. UCB/EERC 82-23, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California, 1982. [15] CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, Bulletin d'Information n. 213/214, May 1993. [161 Keuser, M. and Melhorn, G., 'Finite element models for bond problems', ASCE.Joumal of Structural Engineering 113 (10) (Oct. 1987) 2160-2173. [17] Pdva, P. and, Plizzari, G., 'Modelling steel-concrete interaction using rebar elements in nonlinear finite element analysis', 'Bond in Concrete', Proceedings of the International Conference on Bond in Concrete, Riga, Latvia, Oct. 1992, pp.12/44-53.

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