AEMC5

5 Series Solutions of Linear Equations
Exercises 5.1
1. lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
= lim
n
2
n+1
x
n+1
/(n + 1)
2
n
x
n
/n
= lim
n
2n
n + 1
|x| = 2|x|
The series is absolutely convergent for 2|x| < 1 or |x| < 1/2. At x = 1/2, the series
n=1
(1)
n
n
converges by
the alternating series test. At x = 1/2, the series
n=1
1
n
is the harmonic series which diverges. Thus, the given
series converges on [1/2, 1/2).
2. lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
= lim
n
100
n+1
(x + 7)
n+1
/(n + 1)!
100
n
(x + 7)
n
/n!
= lim
n
100
n + 1
|x + 7| = 0
The series is absolutely convergent on (, ).
3. lim
k
a
k+1
a
k
= lim
k
(x 5)
k+1
/10
k+1
(x 5)
k
/10
k
= lim
k
1
10
|x 5| =
1
10
|x 5|
The series is absolutely convergent for
1
10
|x 5| < 1, |x 5| < 10, or on (5, 15). At x = 5, the series
k=1
(1)
k
(10)
k
10
k
=
k=1
1 diverges by the k-th term test. At x = 15, the series
k=1
(1)
k
10
k
10
k
=
k=1
(1)
k
diverges by the k-th term test. Thus, the series converges on (5, 15).
4. lim
k
a
k+1
a
k
= lim
k
(k + 1)!(x 1)
k+1
k!(x 1)
k
= lim
k
(k + 1)|x 1| = , x = 1
The radius of convergence is 0 and the series converges only for x = 1.
5. sinxcos x =
_
x
x
3
6
+
x
5
120

x
7
5040
+
__
1
x
2
2
+
x
4
24

x
6
720
+
_
= x
2x
3
3
+
2x
5
15

4x
7
315
+
6. e
x
cos x =
_
1 x +
x
2
2

x
3
6
+
x
4
24

__
1
x
2
2
+
x
4
24

_
= 1 x +
x
3
3

x
4
6
+
7.
1
cos x
=
1
1
x
2
2
+
x
4
4!

x
6
6!
+
= 1 +
x
2
2
+
5x
4
4!
+
61x
6
6!
+
Since cos(/2) = cos(/2) = 0, the series converges on (/2, /2).
8.
1 x
2 + x
=
1
2

3
4
x +
3
8
x
2
3
16
x
3
+
Since the function is undened at x = 2, the series converges on (2, 2).
212
Exercises 5.1
9.
n=1
2nc
n
x
n1
+
n=0
6c
n
x
n+1
= 2 1 c
1
x
0
+
n=2
2nc
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
+
n=0
6c
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
= 2c
1
+
k=1
2(k + 1)c
k+1
x
k
+
k=1
6c
k1
x
k
= 2c
1
+
k=1
[2(k + 1)c
k+1
+ 6c
k1
]x
k
10.
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n
+ 2
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
+ 3
n=1
nc
n
x
n
= 2 2 1c
2
x
0
+ 2 3 2c
3
x
+ 3 1 c
1
x
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+2
n=4
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+3
n=2
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
= 4c
2
+ (12c
3
+ (12c
3
+ 3c
1
)x +
n=2
k(k 1)c
k
x
k
+ 2
n=2
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+ 3
n=2
kc
k
x
k
= 4c
2
+ (3c
1
+ 12c
3
)x +
n=2
_
[k(k 1) + 3k]c
k
+ 2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
_
x
k
= 4c
2
+ (3c
1
+ 12c
3
)x +
n=2
_
k(k + 2)c
k
+ 2(k + 1)(k + 2)c
k+2
x
k
11. y
n=1
(1)
n+1
x
n1
, y
n=2
(1)
n+1
(n 1)x
n2
(x + 1)y
+ y
= (x + 1)
n=2
(1)
n+1
(n 1)x
n2
+
n=1
(1)
n+1
x
n1
=
n=2
(1)
n+1
(n 1)x
n1
+
n=2
(1)
n+1
(n 1)x
n2
+
n=1
(1)
n+1
x
n1
= x
0
+ x
0
+
n=2
(1)
n+1
(n 1)x
n1
. .
k=n1
+
n=3
(1)
n+1
(n 1)x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=2
(1)
n+1
x
n1
. .
k=n1
=
k=1
(1)
k+2
kx
k
+
k=1
(1)
k+3
(k + 1)x
k
+
k=1
(1)
k+2
x
k
=
k=1
_
(1)
k+2
k (1)
k+2
k (1)
k+2
+ (1)
k+2
x
k
= 0
12. y
n=1
(1)
n
2n
2
2n
(n!)
2
x
2n1
, y
n=1
(1)
n
2n(2n 1)
2
2n
(n!)
2
x
2n2
xy
+ y
+ xy =
n=1
(1)
n
2n(2n 1)
2
2n
(n!)
2
x
2n1
. .
k=n
+
n=1
(1)
n
2n
2
2n
(n!)
2
x
2n1
. .
k=n
+
n=0
(1)
n
2
2n
(n!)
2
x
2n+1
. .
k=n+1
213
Exercises 5.1
=
k=1
_
(1)
k
2k(2k 1)
2
2k
(k!)
2
+
(1)
k
2k
2
2k
(k!)
2
+
(1)
k1
2
2k2
[(k 1)!]
2
_
x
2k1
=
k=1
_
(1)
k
(2k)
2
2
2k
(k!)
2

(1)
k
2
2k2
[(k 1)!]
2
_
x
2k1
=
k=1
(1)
k
_
(2k)
2
2
2
k
2
2
2k
(k!)
2
_
x
2k1
= 0
13. Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
x
n
into the dierential equation we have
y
xy =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=0
c
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
c
k1
x
k
= 2c
2
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
c
k1
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
c
2
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
c
k1
= 0
and
c
k+2
=
1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k1
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
3
=
1
6
c
4
= c
5
= 0
c
6
=
1
180
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
3
= 0
c
4
=
1
12
c
5
= c
6
= 0
c
7
=
1
504
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
y
1
= 1 +
1
6
x
3
+
1
180
x
6
+ and y
2
= x +
1
12
x
4
+
1
504
x
7
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ x
2
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=0
c
n
x
n+2
. .
k=n+2
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=2
c
k2
x
k
= 2c
2
+ 6c
3
x +
k=2
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ c
k2
]x
k
= 0.
214
Exercises 5.1
Thus
c
2
= c
3
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ c
k2
= 0
and
c
k+2
=
1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k2
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
4
=
1
12
c
5
= c
6
= c
7
= 0
c
8
=
1
672
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
4
= 0
c
5
=
1
20
c
6
= c
7
= c
8
= 0
c
9
=
1
1440
y
1
= 1
1
12
x
4
+
1
672
x
8
and y
2
= x
1
20
x
5
+
1
1440
x
9
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
2xy
+ y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
2
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(2k 1)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(2k 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
c
k+2
=
2k 1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
215
Exercises 5.1
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
8
c
6
=
7
336
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
1
6
c
5
=
1
24
c
7
=
1
112
y
1
= 1
1
2
x
2
1
8
x
4
7
336
x
6
and y
2
= x +
1
6
x
3
+
1
24
x
5
+
1
112
x
7
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
xy
+ 2y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+ 2
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+ 2
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ 2c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k 2)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ 2c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k 2)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
= c
0
c
k+2
=
k 2
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
= 1
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
= 0
c
6
= c
8
= c
10
= = 0.
216
Exercises 5.1
For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
1
6
c
5
=
1
120
y
1
= 1 x
2
and y
2
= x
1
6
x
3
1
120
x
5
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ x
2
y
+ xy =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=2
(k 1)c
k1
x
k
+
k=1
c
k1
x
k
= 2c
2
+ (6c
3
+ c
0
)x +
k=2
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ kc
k1
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
c
2
= 06c
3
+ c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ kc
k1
= 0
and
c
3
=
1
6
c
0
c
k+2
=
k
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k1
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
3
=
1
6
c
4
= c
5
= 0
c
6
=
1
45
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
3
= 0
c
4
=
1
6
c
5
= c
6
= 0
c
7
=
5
252
y
1
= 1
1
6
x
3
+
1
45
x
6
and y
2
= x
1
6
x
4
+
5
232
x
7
.
217
Exercises 5.1

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ 2xy
+ 2y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+ 2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+ 2
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+ 2
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+ 2
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ 2c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ 2(k + 1)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ 2c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ 2(k + 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
= c
0
c
k+2
=
2
k + 2
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
= 1
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
2
c
6
=
1
6
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
2
3
c
5
=
4
15
c
7
=
8
105
y
1
= 1 x
2
+
1
2
x
4
1
6
x
6
+ and y
2
= x
2
3
x
3
+
4
15
x
5
8
105
x
7
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x 1)y
+ y
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
=
k=1
(k + 1)kc
k+1
x
k
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=0
(k + 1)c
k+1
x
k
= 2c
2
+ c
1
+
k=1
[(k + 1)kc
k+1
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 1)c
k+1
]x
k
= 0.
218
Exercises 5.1
Thus
2c
2
+ c
1
= 0
(k + 1)
2
c
k+1
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
1
c
k+2
=
k + 1
k + 2
c
k+1
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd c
2
= c
3
= c
4
= = 0. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
3
, c
4
=
1
4
,
y
1
= 1 and y
2
= x +
1
2
x
2
+
1
3
x
3
+
1
4
x
4
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x + 2)y
+ xy
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
+
n=2
2n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=1
(k + 1)kc
k+1
x
k
+
k=0
2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=1
kc
k
x
k
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 4c
2
c
0
+
k=1
_
(k + 1)kc
k+1
+ 2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k 1)c
k
x
k
= 0.
Thus
4c
2
c
0
= 0
(k + 1)kc
k+1
+ 2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k 1)c
k
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
and
c
2
=
1
4
c
0
c
k+2
=
(k + 1)kc
k+1
+ (k 1)c
k
2(k + 2)(k + 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
1
= 0, c
2
=
1
4
, c
3
=
1
24
, c
4
= 0, c
5
=
1
480
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= 0
c
3
= 0
c
4
= c
5
= c
6
= = 0.
Thus, two solutions are
y
1
= c
0
_
1 +
1
4
x
2
1
24
x
3
+
1
480
x
5
+
_
and y
2
= c
1
x.
219
Exercises 5.1

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
(x + 1)y
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=1
nc
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
kc
k
x
k
k=0
(k + 1)c
k+1
x
k
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
c
1
c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k + 1)c
k+1
(k + 1)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
c
1
c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k 1)(c
k+1
+ c
k
) = 0
and
c
2
=
c
1
+ c
0
2
c
k+2
=
c
k+1
+ c
k
k + 2
c
k
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
=
1
6
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
2
, c
4
=
1
4
y
1
= 1 +
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x
3
+
1
6
x
4
+ and y
2
= x +
1
2
x
2
+
1
2
x
3
+
1
4
x
4
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
_
x
2
+ 1
_
y
6y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
6
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=2
k(k 1)c
k
x
k
+
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
6
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
6c
0
+ (6c
3
6c
1
)x +
k=2
__
k
2
k 6
_
c
k
+ (k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
6c
0
= 0
6c
3
6c
1
= 0
(k 3)(k + 2)c
k
+ (k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
= 0
220
Exercises 5.1
and
c
2
= 3c
0
c
3
= c
1
c
k+2
=
k 3
k + 1
c
k
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
= 3
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
= 1
c
6
=
1
5
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
= 1
c
5
= c
7
= c
9
= = 0.
y
1
= 1 + 3x
2
+ x
4
1
5
x
6
+ and y
2
= x + x
3
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
_
x
2
+ 2
_
y
+ 3xy
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+ 2
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+ 3
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=2
k(k 1)c
k
x
k
+ 2
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+ 3
k=1
kc
k
x
k
k=0
c
k
x
k
= (4c
2
c
0
) + (12c
3
+ 2c
1
)x +
k=2
_
2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+
_
k
2
+ 2k 1
_
c
k
x
k
= 0.
Thus
4c
2
c
0
= 0
12c
3
+ 2c
1
= 0
2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+
_
k
2
+ 2k 1
_
c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
4
c
0
c
3
=
1
6
c
1
c
k+2
=
k
2
+ 2k 1
2(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
221
Exercises 5.1
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
4
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
7
96
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
1
6
c
5
=
7
120
y
1
= 1 +
1
4
x
2
7
96
x
4
+ and y
2
= x
1
6
x
3
+
7
120
x
5
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
_
x
2
1
_
y
+ xy
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=2
k(k 1)c
k
x
k
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=1
kc
k
x
k
k=0
c
k
x
k
= (2c
2
c
0
) 6c
3
x +
k=2
_
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+
_
k
2
1
_
c
k
x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
c
0
= 0
6c
3
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k 1)(k + 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
c
3
= 0
c
k+2
=
k 1
k + 2
c
k
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
8
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0.
222
Exercises 5.1
y
1
= 1
1
2
x
2
1
8
x
4
and y
2
= x.

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x 1)y
xy
+ y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=1
(k + 1)kc
k+1
x
k
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 1)kc
k+1
(k 1)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k 1)kc
k+1
(k 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
c
k+2
=
kc
k+1
k + 2

(k 1)c
k
(k + 2)(k + 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
= 0
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain c
2
= c
3
= c
4
= = 0. Thus,
y = C
1
_
1 +
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
and
y
= C
1
_
x +
1
2
x
2
+
_
+ C
2
.
The initial conditions imply C
1
= 2 and C
2
= 6, so
y = 2
_
1 +
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x
3
+
_
+ 6x = 8x 2e
x
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x+1)y
(2 x)y
+ y
=
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
+
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
2
n=1
nc
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=1
(k + 1)kc
k+1
x
k
+
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
2
k=0
(k + 1)c
k+1
x
k
+
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
2c
1
+ c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k + 1)c
k+1
+ (k + 1)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
223
Exercises 5.1
Thus
2c
2
2c
1
+ c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k + 1)c
k+1
+ (k + 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
= c
1
1
2
c
0
c
k+2
=
1
k + 2
c
k+1
1
k + 2
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
=
1
12
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= 1, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
1
4
and so on. Thus,
y = C
1
_
1
1
2
x
2
1
6
x
3
+
1
12
x
4
+
_
+ C
2
_
x + x
2
1
4
x
4
+
_
and
y
= C
1
_
x
1
2
x
2
+
1
3
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
_
1 + 2x x
3
+
_
.
1
= 2 and C
2
= 1, so
y = 2
_
1
1
2
x
2
1
6
x
3
+
1
12
x
4
+
_
_
x + x
2
1
4
x
4
+
_
= 2 x 2x
2
1
3
x
3
+
5
12
x
4
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
2xy
+ 8y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+ 8
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
2
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+ 8
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ 8c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (8 2k)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ 8c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (8 2k)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
= 4c
0
c
k+2
=
2k 8
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
224
Exercises 5.1
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
= 4
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
4
3
c
6
= c
8
= c
10
= = 0.
For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
= 1
c
5
=
1
10
and so on. Thus,
y = C
1
_
1 4x
2
+
4
3
x
4
_
+ C
2
_
x x
3
+
1
10
x
5
+
_
and
y
= C
1
_
8x +
16
3
x
3
_
+ C
2
_
1 3x
2
+
1
2
x
4
+
_
.
1
= 3 and C
2
= 0, so
y = 3
_
1 4x
2
+
4
3
x
4
_
= 3 12x
2
+ 4x
4
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x
2
+ 1)y
+ 2xy
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
2nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=2
k(k 1)c
k
x
k
+
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=1
2kc
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ (6c
3
+ 2c
1
)x +
k=2
_
k(k + 1)c
k
+ (k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
= 0
6c
3
+ 2c
1
= 0
k(k + 1)c
k
+ (k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
= 0
and
c
2
= 0
c
3
=
1
3
c
1
c
k+2
=
k
k + 2
c
k
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
225
Exercises 5.1
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd c
3
= c
4
= c
5
= = 0. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
3
=
1
3
c
4
= c
6
= c
8
= = 0
c
5
=
1
5
c
7
=
1
7
and so on. Thus
y = c
0
+ c
1
_
x
1
3
x
3
+
1
5
x
5
1
7
x
7
+
_
and
y
= c
1
_
1 x
2
+ x
4
x
6
+
_
.
The initial conditions imply c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1, so
y = x
1
3
x
3
+
1
5
x
5
1
7
x
7
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ (sinx)y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
+
_
x
1
6
x
3
+
1
120
x
5

_
_
c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+
_
=
_
2c
2
+ 6c
3
x + 12c
4
x
2
+ 20c
5
x
3
+
+
_
c
0
x + c
1
x
2
+
_
c
2
1
6
c
0
_
x
3
+
_
= 2c
2
+ (6c
3
+ c
0
)x + (12c
4
+ c
1
)x
2
+
_
20c
5
+ c
2
1
6
c
0
_
x
3
+ = 0.
Thus
2c
2
= 0
6c
3
+ c
0
= 0
12c
4
+ c
1
= 0
20c
5
+ c
2
1
6
c
0
= 0
c
2
= 0 and
c
3
=
1
6
c
0
c
4
=
1
12
c
1
c
5
=
1
20
c
2
+
1
120
c
0
.
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
= 0, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
= 0, c
5
=
1
120
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= 0, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
1
12
, c
5
= 0
226
Exercises 5.1
y
1
= 1
1
6
x
3
+
1
120
x
5
+ and y
2
= x
1
12
x
4
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ e
x
y
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
+
_
1 + x +
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x
3
+
_
_
c
1
+ 2c
2
x + 3c
3
x
2
+ 4c
4
x
3
+
_
n=0
c
n
x
n
=
_
2c
2
+ 6c
3
x + 12c
4
x
2
+ 20c
5
x
3
+
+
_
c
1
+ (2c
2
+ c
1
)x +
_
3c
3
+ 2c
2
+
1
2
c
1
_
x
2
+
_
[c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ ]
= (2c
2
+ c
1
c
0
) + (6c
3
+ 2c
2
)x +
_
12c
4
+ 3c
3
+ c
2
+
1
2
c
1
_
x
2
+ = 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ c
1
c
0
= 0
6c
3
+ 2c
2
= 0
12c
4
+ 3c
3
+ c
2
+
1
2
c
1
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
1
2
c
1
c
3
=
1
3
c
2
c
4
=
1
4
c
3
+
1
12
c
2
1
24
c
1
.
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
= 0
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
=
1
24
y
1
= 1 +
1
2
x
2
1
6
x
3
+ and y
2
= x
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x
3
1
24
x
4
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
into the rst dierential equation leads to
y
xy =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=0
c
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
c
k1
x
k
= 2c
2
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
c
k1
]x
k
= 1.
227
Exercises 5.1
Thus
2c
2
= 1
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
c
k1
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
k+2
=
c
k1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Let c
0
and c
1
be arbitrary and iterate to nd
c
2
=
1
2
c
3
=
1
6
c
0
c
4
=
1
12
c
1
c
5
=
1
20
c
2
=
1
40
and so on. The solution is
y = c
0
+ c
1
x +
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
c
0
x
3
+
1
12
c
1
x
4
+
1
40
c
5
+
= c
0
_
1 +
1
6
x
3
+
_
+ c
1
_
x +
1
12
x
4
+
_
+
1
2
x
2
+
1
40
x
5
+ .
Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
x
n
into the second dierential equation leads to
y
4xy
4y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=1
4nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=0
4c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
4kc
k
x
k
k=0
4c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
4c
0
+
k=1
_
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
4(k + 1)c
k
x
k
= e
x
= 1 +
k=1
1
k!
x
k
.
Thus
2c
2
4c
0
= 1
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
4(k + 1)c
k
=
1
k!
and
c
2
=
1
2
+ 2c
0
c
k+2
=
1
(k + 2)!
+
4
k + 2
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
228
Exercises 5.1
Let c
0
and c
1
be arbitrary and iterate to nd
c
2
=
1
2
+ 2c
0
c
3
=
1
3!
+
4
3
c
1
=
1
3!
+
4
3
c
1
c
4
=
1
4!
+
4
4
c
2
=
1
4!
+
1
2
+ 2c
0
=
13
4!
+ 2c
0
c
5
=
1
5!
+
4
5
c
3
=
1
5!
+
4
5 3!
+
16
15
c
1
=
17
5!
+
16
15
c
1
c
6
=
1
6!
+
4
6
c
4
=
1
6!
+
4 13
6 4!
+
8
6
c
0
=
261
6!
+
4
3
c
0
c
7
=
1
7!
+
4
7
c
5
=
1
7!
+
4 17
7 5!
+
64
105
c
1
=
409
7!
+
64
105
c
1
and so on. The solution is
y = c
0
+ c
1
x +
_
1
2
+ 2c
0
_
x
2
+
_
1
3!
+
4
3
c
1
_
x
3
_
13
4!
+ 2c
0
_
x
4
+
_
17
5!
+
16
15
c
1
_
x
5
+
_
261
6!
+
4
3
c
0
_
x
6
+
_
409
7!
+
64
105
c
1
_
x
7
+
= c
0
_
1 + 2x
2
+ 2x
4
+
4
3
x
6
+
_
+ c
1
_
x +
4
3
x
3
+
16
15
x
5
+
64
105
x
7
+
_
+
1
2
x
2
+
1
3!
x
3
+
13
4!
x
4
+
17
5!
x
5
+
261
6!
x
6
+
409
7!
x
7
+ .
32. We identify P(x) = 0 and Q(x) = sinx/x. The Taylor series representation for sinx/x is 1x
2
/3! +x
4
/5! ,
for |x| < . Thus, Q(x) is analytic at x = 0 and x = 0 is an ordinary point of the dierential equation.
33. (a) Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ xy
+ y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= (2c
2
+ c
0
) +
k=1
_
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 1)c
k
x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
c
k+2
=
1
k + 2
c
k
.
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
229
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=2
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=4
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=6
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=8
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=10
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=2
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=4
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=6
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=8
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
N=10
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y1
-4 -2 2 4
x
-4
-2
2
4
y2
Exercises 5.1
c
2
=
1
2
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
4
_
1
2
_
=
1
2
2
2
c
6
=
1
6
_
1
2
2
2
_
=
1
2
3
3!
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
1
3
=
2
3!
c
5
=
1
5
_
1
3
_
=
1
5 3
=
4 2
5!
c
7
=
1
7
_
4 2
5!
_
=
6 4 2
7!
y
1
=
k=0
(1)
k
2
k
k!
x
2k
and y
2
=
k=0
(1)
k
2
k
k!
(2k + 1)!
x
2k+1
.
(b) For y
1
, S
3
= S
2
and S
5
= S
4
, so we plot S
2
, S
4
, S
6
, S
8
, and S
10
.
For y
2
, S
3
= S
4
and S
5
= S
6
, so we plot S
2
, S
4
, S
6
, S
8
, and S
10
.
(c) The graphs of y
1
and y
2
obtained from a numerical
solver are shown. We see that the partial sum repre-
sentations indicate the even and odd natures of the so-
lution, but dont really give a very accurate represen-
tation of the true solution. Increasing N to about 20
gives a much more accurate representation on [4, 4].
230
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
x
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
y
Exercises 5.1
34. (a) We have
y
+ (cos x)y = 2c
2
+ 6c
3
x + 12c
4
x
2
+ 20c
5
x
3
+ 30c
6
x
4
+ 42c
7
x
5
+
_
1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!

x
6
6!
+
_
(c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
+ c
5
x
5
+ )
= (2c
2
+ c
0
) + (6c
3
+ c
1
)x +
_
12c
4
+ c
2
1
2
c
0
_
x
2
+
_
20c
5
+ c
3
1
2
c
1
_
x
3
+
_
30c
6
+ c
4
+
1
24
c
0
1
2
c
2
_
x
4
+
_
42c
7
+ c
5
+
1
24
c
1
1
2
c
3
_
x
5
+ .
Then
30c
6
+ c
4
+
1
24
c
0
1
2
c
2
= 0 and 42c
7
+ c
5
+
1
24
c
1
1
2
c
3
= 0,
which gives c
6
= c
0
/80 and c
7
= 19c
1
/5040. Thus
y
1
(x) = 1
1
2
x
2
+
1
12
x
4
1
80
x
6
+
and
y
2
(x) = x
1
6
x
3
+
1
30
x
5
19
5040
x
7
+ .
(b) From part (a) the general solution of the dierential equation is y = c
1
y
1
+c
2
y
2
. Then y(0) = c
1
+c
2
0 = c
1
and y
(0) = c
1
0 + c
2
= c
2
, so the solution of the initial-value problem is
y = y
1
+ y
2
= 1 + x
1
2
x
2
1
6
x
3
+
1
12
x
4
+
1
30
x
5
1
80
x
6
19
5040
x
7
+ .
(c)
(d)
231
Exercises 5.1
35. From e
x
=

k=0
x
k
/k! we see that e
x
2
/2
=

k=0
(x
2
/2)
k
/k! =

k=0
(1)
k
x
2k
/2
k
k! . From (5) of Section
3.2 we have
y
2
= y
1
_
e
_
x dx
y
2
1
dx = e
x
2
/2
_
e
x
2
/2
(e
x
2
/2
)
2
dx = e
x
2
/2
_
e
x
2
/2
e
x
2
dx = e
x
2
/2
_
e
x
2
/2
dx
=
k=0
(1)
k
2
k
k!
x
2k
_

k=0
1
2
k
k!
x
2k
dx =
_

k=0
(1)
k
2
k
k!
x
2k
__

k=0
_
1
2
k
k!
x
2k
dx
_
=
_

k=0
(1)
k
2
k
k!
x
2k
__

k=0
1
(2k + 1)2
k
k!
x
2k+1
_
=
_
1
1
2
x
2
+
1
2
2
2
x
4
1
2
3
3!
x
6
+
__
x +
1
3 2
x
3
+
1
5 2
2
2
x
5
+
1
7 2
3
3!
x
7
+
_
= x
2
3!
x
3
+
4 2
5!
x
5
6 4 2
7!
x
7
+ =
k=0
(1)
k
2
k
k!
(2k + 1)!
x
2k+1
.
36. If x > 0 and y > 0, then y
= xy < 0 and the graph of a solution curve is concave down. Thus, whatever
portion of a solution curve lies in the rst quadrant is concave down. When x > 0 and y < 0, y
= xy > 0,
so whatever portion of a solution curve lies in the fourth quadrant is concave up.
Exercises 5.2
1. Irregular singular point: x = 0
2. Regular singular points: x = 0, 3
3. Irregular singular point: x = 3; regular singular point: x = 3
5. Regular singular points: x = 0, 2i
7. Regular singular points: x = 3, 2
8. Regular singular points: x = 0, i
9. Irregular singular point: x = 0; regular singular points: x = 2, 5
10. Irregular singular point: x = 1; regular singular points: x = 0, 3
11. Writing the dierential equation in the form
y
+
5
x 1
y
+
x
x + 1
y = 0
we see that x
0
= 1 and x
0
= 1 are regular singular points. For x
0
= 1 the dierential equation can be put in
the form
(x 1)
2
y
+ 5(x 1)y
+
x(x 1)
2
x + 1
y = 0.
In this case p(x) = 5 and q(x) = x(x1)
2
/(x+1). For x
0
= 1 the dierential equation can be put in the form
(x + 1)
2
y
+ 5(x + 1)
x + 1
x 1
y
+ x(x + 1)y = 0.
In this case p(x) = (x + 1)/(x 1) and q(x) = x(x + 1).
232
Exercises 5.2
y
+
x + 3
x
y
+ 7xy = 0
we see that x
0
= 0 is a regular singular point. Multiplying by x
2
, the dierential equation can be put in the
form
x
2
y
+ x(x + 3)y
+ 7x
3
y = 0.
We identify p(x) = x + 3 and q(x) = 7x
3
.
13. We identify P(x) = 5/3x + 1 and Q(x) = 1/3x
2
, so that p(x) = xP(x) =
5
3
+ x and q(x) = x
2
Q(x) =
1
3
.
Then a
0
=
5
3
, b
0
=
1
3
, and the indicial equation is
r(r 1) +
5
3
r
1
3
= r
2
+
2
3
r
1
3
=
1
3
(3r
2
+ 2r 1) =
1
3
(3r 1)(r + 1) = 0.
The indicial roots are
1
3
and 1. Since these do not dier by an integer we expect to nd two series solutions
using the method of Frobenius.
14. We identify P(x) = 1/x and Q(x) = 10/x, so that p(x) = xP(x) = 1 and q(x) = x
2
Q(x) = 10x. Then a
0
= 1,
b
0
= 0, and the indicial equation is
r(r 1) + r = r
2
= 0.
The indicial roots are 0 and 0. Since these are equal, we expect the method of Frobenius to yield a single series
solution.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2xy
+ 2y =
_
2r
2
3r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
[2(k + r 1)(k + r)c
k
(k + r)c
k
+ 2c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
2r
2
3r = r(2r 3) = 0
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r 3)c
k
+ 2c
k1
= 0.
The indicial roots are r = 0 and r = 3/2. For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
2c
k1
k(2k 3)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
= 2c
0
, c
2
= 2c
0
, c
3
=
4
9
c
0
.
For r = 3/2 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
2c
k1
(2k + 3)k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
2
5
c
0
, c
2
=
2
35
c
0
, c
3
=
4
945
c
0
.
The general solution on (0, ) is
y = C
1
_
1 + 2x 2x
2
+
4
9
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
3/2
_
1
2
5
x +
2
35
x
2
4
945
x
3
+
_
.
233
Exercises 5.2

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
2xy
+ 5y
+ xy =
_
2r
2
+ 3r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
_
2r
2
+ 7r + 5
_
c
1
x
r
+
k=2
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 5(k + r)c
k
+ c
k2
]x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
2r
2
+ 3r = r(2r + 3) = 0,
_
2r
2
+ 7r + 5
_
c
1
= 0,
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r + 3)c
k
+ c
k2
= 0.
The indicial roots are r = 3/2 and r = 0, so c
1
= 0 . For r = 3/2 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
(2k 3)k
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
1
40
c
0
.
For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
k(2k + 3)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
14
c
0
, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
1
616
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
3/2
_
1
1
2
x
2
+
1
40
x
4
+
_
+ C
2
_
1
1
14
x
2
+
1
616
x
4
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
4xy
+
1
2
y
+ y =
_
4r
2
7
2
r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
_
4(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+
1
2
(k + r)c
k
+ c
k1
_
x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
4r
2
7
2
r = r
_
4r
7
2
_
= 0
and
1
2
(k + r)(8k + 8r 7)c
k
+ c
k1
= 0.
c
k
=
2c
k1
k(8k 7)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
= 2c
0
, c
2
=
2
9
c
0
, c
3
=
4
459
c
0
.
234
Exercises 5.2
c
k
=
2c
k1
(8k + 7)k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
2
15
c
0
, c
2
=
2
345
c
0
, c
3
=
4
32,085
c
0
.
y = C
1
_
1 2x +
2
9
x
2
4
459
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
7/8
_
1
2
15
x +
2
345
x
2
4
32,085
x
3
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
2x
2
y
xy
+
_
x
2
+ 1
_
y =
_
2r
2
3r + 1
_
c
0
x
r
+
_
2r
2
+ r
_
c
1
x
r+1
+
k=2
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
(k + r)c
k
+ c
k
+ c
k2
]x
k+r
= 0,
which implies
2r
2
3r + 1 = (2r 1)(r 1) = 0,
_
2r
2
+ r
_
c
1
= 0,
and
[(k + r)(2k + 2r 3) + 1]c
k
+ c
k2
= 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1/2 and r = 1, so c
1
= 0. For r = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
k(2k 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
6
c
0
, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
1
168
c
0
.
For r = 1 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
k(2k + 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
10
c
0
, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
1
360
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
1/2
_
1
1
6
x
2
+
1
168
x
4
+
_
+ C
2
x
_
1
1
10
x
2
+
1
360
x
4
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
3xy
+ (2 x)y
y =
_
3r
2
r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
[3(k + r 1)(k + r)c
k
+ 2(k + r)c
k
(k + r)c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0,
235
Exercises 5.2
which implies
3r
2
r = r(3r 1) = 0
and
(k + r)(3k + 3r 1)c
k
(k + r)c
k1
= 0.
c
k
=
c
k1
(3k 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
1
2
c
0
, c
2
=
1
10
c
0
, c
3
=
1
80
c
0
.
c
k
=
c
k1
3k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
1
3
c
0
, c
2
=
1
18
c
0
, c
3
=
1
162
c
0
.
y = C
1
_
1 +
1
2
x +
1
10
x
2
+
1
80
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
1/3
_
1 +
1
3
x +
1
18
x
2
+
1
162
x
3
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
x
2
y
_
x
2
9
_
y =
_
r
2
r +
2
9
_
c
0
x
r
+
k=1
_
(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+
2
9
c
k
c
k1
_
x
k+r
= 0,
which implies
r
2
r +
2
9
=
_
r
2
3
__
r
1
3
_
= 0
and
_
(k + r)(k + r 1) +
2
9
_
c
k
c
k1
= 0.
The indicial roots are r = 2/3 and r = 1/3. For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
3c
k1
3k
2
+ k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
3
4
c
0
, c
2
=
9
56
c
0
, c
3
=
9
560
c
0
.
c
k
=
3c
k1
3k
2
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
3
2
c
0
, c
2
=
9
20
c
0
, c
3
=
9
160
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
2/3
_
1 +
3
4
x +
9
56
x
2
+
9
560
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
1/3
_
1 +
3
2
x +
9
20
x
2
+
9
160
x
3
+
_
.
236
Exercises 5.2

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
2xy
(3 + 2x)y
+ y =
_
2r
2
5r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
3(k + r)c
k
2(k + r 1)c
k1
+ c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
2r
2
5r = r(2r 5) = 0
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r 5)c
k
(2k + 2r 3)c
k1
= 0.
c
k
=
(2k 3)c
k1
k(2k 5)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
1
3
c
0
, c
2
=
1
6
c
0
, c
3
=
1
6
c
0
.
c
k
=
2(k + 1)c
k1
k(2k + 5)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
4
7
c
0
, c
2
=
4
21
c
0
, c
3
=
32
693
c
0
.
y = C
1
_
1 +
1
3
x
1
6
x
2
1
6
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
5/2
_
1 +
4
7
x +
4
21
x
2
+
32
693
x
3
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
x
2
y
+ xy
+
_
x
2
4
9
_
y =
_
r
2
4
9
_
c
0
x
r
+
_
r
2
+ 2r +
5
9
_
c
1
x
r+1
+
k=2
_
(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r)c
k
4
9
c
k
+ c
k2
_
x
k+r
= 0,
which implies
r
2
4
9
=
_
r +
2
3
__
r
2
3
_
= 0,
_
r
2
+ 2r +
5
9
_
c
1
= 0,
and
_
(k + r)
2
4
9
_
c
k
+ c
k2
= 0.
The indicial roots are r = 2/3 and r = 2/3, so c
1
= 0. For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
9c
k2
3k(3k 4)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
237
Exercises 5.2
and
c
2
=
3
4
c
0
, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
9
128
c
0
.
c
k
=
9c
k2
3k(3k + 4)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
3
20
c
0
, c
3
= 0, c
4
=
9
1,280
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
2/3
_
1
3
4
x
2
+
9
128
x
4
+
_
+ C
2
x
2/3
_
1
3
20
x
2
+
9
1,280
x
4
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
9x
2
y
+ 9x
2
y
+ 2y =
_
9r
2
9r + 2
_
c
0
x
r
+
k=1
[9(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 2c
k
+ 9(k + r 1)c
k1
]x
k+r
= 0,
which implies
9r
2
9r + 2 = (3r 1)(3r 2) = 0
and
[9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2]c
k
+ 9(k + r 1)c
k1
= 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1/3 and r = 2/3. For r = 1/3 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
(3k 2)c
k1
k(3k 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
1
2
c
0
, c
2
=
1
5
c
0
, c
3
=
7
120
c
0
.
c
k
=
(3k 1)c
k1
k(3k + 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
1
2
c
0
, c
2
=
5
28
c
0
, c
3
=
1
21
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
1/3
_
1
1
2
x +
1
5
x
2
7
120
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
2/3
_
1
1
2
x +
5
28
x
2
1
21
x
3
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
2x
2
y
+ 3xy
+ (2x 1)y =
_
2r
2
+ r 1
_
c
0
x
r
+
k=1
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 3(k + r)c
k
c
k
+ 2c
k1
]x
k+r
= 0,
238
Exercises 5.2
which implies
2r
2
+ r 1 = (2r 1)(r + 1) = 0
and
[(k + r)(2k + 2r + 1) 1]c
k
+ 2c
k1
= 0.
c
k
=
2c
k1
k(2k 3)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
= 2c
0
, c
2
= 2c
0
, c
3
=
4
9
c
0
.
c
k
=
2c
k1
k(2k + 3)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and
c
1
=
2
5
c
0
, c
2
=
2
35
c
0
, c
3
=
4
945
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
1
_
1 + 2x 2x
2
+
4
9
x
3
+
_
+ C
2
x
1/2
_
1
2
5
x +
2
35
x
2
4
945
x
3
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
xy
+ 2y
xy =
_
r
2
+ r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
_
r
2
+ 3r + 2
_
c
1
x
r
+
k=2
[(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 2(k + r)c
k
c
k2
]x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
r
2
+ r = r(r + 1) = 0,
_
r
2
+ 3r + 2
_
c
1
= 0,
and
(k + r)(k + r + 1)c
k
c
k2
= 0.
The indicial roots are r
1
= 0 and r
2
= 1, so c
1
= 0. For r
1
= 0 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
k(k + 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
3!
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
5!
c
0
c
2n
=
1
(2n + 1)!
c
0
.
239
Exercises 5.2
For r
2
c
k
=
c
k2
k(k 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
2!
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
4!
c
0
c
2n
=
1
(2n)!
c
0
.
y = C
1
n=0
1
(2n + 1)!
x
2n
+ C
2
x
1
n=0
1
(2n)!
x
2n
=
1
x
_
C
1
n=0
1
(2n + 1)!
x
2n+1
+ C
2
n=0
1
(2n)!
x
2n
_
=
1
x
[C
1
sinhx + C
2
cosh x].

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
x
2
y
+ xy
+
_
x
2
1
4
_
y =
_
r
2
1
4
_
c
0
x
r
+
_
r
2
+ 2r +
3
4
_
c
1
x
r+1
+
k=2
_
(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r)c
k
1
4
c
k
+ c
k2
_
x
k+r
= 0,
which implies
r
2
1
4
=
_
r
1
2
__
r +
1
2
_
= 0,
_
r
2
+ 2r +
3
4
_
c
1
= 0,
and
_
(k + r)
2
1
4
_
c
k
+ c
k2
= 0.
1
= 1/2 and r
2
= 1/2, so c
1
= 0. For r
1
= 1/2 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
k(k + 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
3!
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
5!
c
0
c
2n
=
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!
c
0
.
240
Exercises 5.2
For r
2
= 1/2 the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k2
k(k 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
2!
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
4!
c
0
c
2n
=
(1)
n
(2n)!
c
0
.
y = C
1
x
1/2
n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!
x
2n
+ C
2
x
1/2
n=0
(1)
n
(2n)!
x
2n
= C
1
x
1/2
n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!
x
2n+1
+ C
2
x
1/2
n=0
(1)
n
(2n)!
x
2n
= x
1/2
[C
1
sinx + C
2
cos x].

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
xy
xy
+ y =
_
r
2
r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=0
[(k + r + 1)(k + r)c
k+1
(k + r)c
k
+ c
k
]x
k+r
= 0
which implies
r
2
r = r(r 1) = 0
and
(k + r + 1)(k + r)c
k+1
(k + r 1)c
k
= 0.
1
= 1 and r
2
= 0. For r
1
c
k+1
=
kc
k
(k + 2)(k + 1)
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
and one solution is y
1
= c
0
x. A second solution is
y
2
= x
_
e
_
dx
x
2
dx = x
_
e
x
x
2
dx = x
_
1
x
2
_
1 + x +
1
2
x
2
+
1
3!
x
3
+
_
dx
= x
_ _
1
x
2
+
1
x
+
1
2
+
1
3!
x +
1
4!
x
2
+
_
dx = x
_
1
x
+ lnx +
1
2
x +
1
12
x
2
+
1
72
x
3
+
_
= xlnx 1 +
1
2
x
2
+
1
12
x
3
+
1
72
x
4
+ .
y = C
1
x + C
2
y
2
(x).
241
Exercises 5.2

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
y
+
3
x
y
2y =
_
r
2
+ 2r
_
c
0
x
r2
+
_
r
2
+ 4r + 3
_
c
1
x
r1
+
k=2
[(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 3(k + r)c
k
2c
k2
]x
k+r2
= 0,
which implies
r
2
+ 2r = r(r + 2) = 0
_
r
2
+ 4r + 3
_
c
1
= 0
(k + r)(k + r + 2)c
k
2c
k2
= 0.
1
= 0 and r
2
= 2, so c
1
= 0. For r
1
c
k
=
2c
k2
k(k + 2)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
1
4
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
48
c
0
c
6
=
1
1,152
c
0
.
The result is
y
1
= c
0
_
1 +
1
4
x
2
+
1
48
x
4
+
1
1,152
c
6
+
_
.
A second solution is
y
2
= y
1
_
e
_
(3/x)dx
y
2
1
dx = y
1
_
dx
x
3
_
1 +
1
4
x
2
+
1
48
x
4
+
_
2
= y
1
_
dx
x
3
_
1 +
1
2
x
2
+
5
48
x
4
+
7
576
x
6
+
_ = y
1
_
1
x
3
_
1
1
2
x
2
+
7
48
x
4
+
19
576
x
6
+
_
= y
1
_ _
1
x
3

1
2x
+
7
48
x
19
576
x
3
+
_
= y
1
_
1
2x
2

1
2
lnx +
7
96
x
2
19
2,304
x
4
+
_
=
1
2
y
1
lnx + y
_
1
2x
2
+
7
96
x
2
19
2,304
x
4
+
_
.
y = C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x).

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
xy
+ (1 x)y
y = r
2
c
0
x
r1
+
k=0
[(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r)c
k
(k + r)c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies r
2
= 0 and
(k + r)
2
c
k
(k + r)c
k1
= 0.
242
Exercises 5.2
1
= r
2
= 0 and the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k1
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
One solution is
y
1
= c
0
_
1 + x +
1
2
x
2
+
1
3!
x
3
+
_
= c
0
e
x
.
y
2
= y
1
_
e
_
(1/x1)dx
e
2x
dx = e
x
_
e
x
/x
e
2x
dx = e
x
_
1
x
e
x
dx
= e
x
_
1
x
_
1 x +
1
2
x
2
1
3!
x
3
+
_
dx = e
x
_ _
1
x
1 +
1
2
x
1
3!
x
2
+
_
dx
= e
x
_
lnx x +
1
2 2
x
2
1
3 3!
x
3
+
_
= e
x
lnx e
x
n=1
(1)
n+1
n n!
x
n
.
y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
x
_
lnx
n=1
(1)
n+1
n n!
x
n
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
xy
+ y
+ y = r
2
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
[(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r)c
k
+ c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0
which implies r
2
= 0 and
(k + r)
2
c
k
+ c
k1
= 0.
1
= r
2
= 0 and the recurrence relation is
c
k
=
c
k1
k
2
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
One solution is
y
1
= c
0
_
1 x +
1
2
2
x
2
1
(3!)
2
x
3
+
1
(4!)
2
x
4

_
= c
0
n=0
(1)
n
(n!)
2
x
n
.
y
2
= y
1
_
e
_
(1/x)dx
y
2
1
dx = y
1
_
dx
x
_
1 x +
1
4
x
2
1
36
x
3
+
_
2
= y
1
_
dx
x
_
1 2x +
3
2
x
2
5
9
x
3
+
35
288
x
4

_
= y
1
_
1
x
_
1 + 2x +
5
2
x
2
+
23
9
x
3
+
677
288
x
4
+
_
dx
= y
1
_ _
1
x
+ 2 +
5
2
x +
23
9
x
2
+
677
288
x
3
+
_
dx
= y
1
_
lnx + 2x +
5
4
x
2
+
23
27
x
3
+
677
1,152
x
4
+
_
= y
1
lnx + y
1
_
2x +
5
4
x
2
+
23
27
x
3
+
677
1,152
x
4
+
_
.
243
Exercises 5.2
y = C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x).

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
xy
+ (x 6)y
3y = (r
2
7r)c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
_
(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r 1)c
k1
6(k + r)c
k
3c
k1
x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
r
2
7r = r(r 7) = 0
and
(k + r)(k + r 7)c
k
+ (k + r 4)c
k1
= 0.
1
= 7 and r
2
= 0. For r
1
(k + 7)kc
k
+ (k + 3)c
k1
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
or
c
k
=
k + 3
k + 7
c
k1
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Taking c
0
= 0 we obtain
c
1
=
1
2
c
0
c
2
=
5
18
c
0
c
3
=
1
6
c
0
,
and so on. Thus, the indicial root r
1
= 7 yields a single solution. Now, for r
2
k(k 7)c
k
+ (k 4)c
k1
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Then
6c
1
3c
0
= 0
10c
2
2c
1
= 0
12c
3
c
2
= 0
12c
4
+ 0c
3
= 0 = c
4
= 0
10c
5
+ c
4
= 0 = c
5
= 0
6c
6
+ 2c
5
= 0 = c
6
= 0
0c
7
+ 3c
6
= 0 = c
7
is arbitrary
and
c
k
=
k 4
k(k 7)
c
k1
, k = 8, 9, 10, . . . .
Taking c
0
= 0 and c
7
= 0 we obtain
c
1
=
1
2
c
0
c
2
=
1
10
c
0
c
3
=
1
120
c
0
c
4
= c
5
= c
6
= = 0.
244
Exercises 5.2
Taking c
0
= 0 and c
7
= 0 we obtain
c
1
= c
2
= c
3
= c
4
= c
5
= c
6
= 0
c
8
=
1
2
c
7
c
9
=
5
36
c
7
c
10
=
1
36
c
7
.
In this case we obtain the two solutions
y
1
= 1
1
2
x +
1
10
x
2
1
120
x
3
and y
2
= x
7
1
2
x
8
+
5
36
x
9
1
36
x
10
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
x(x 1)y
+ 3y
2y
=
_
4r r
2
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
[(k + r 1)(k + r 12)c
k1
(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 3(k + r)c
k
2c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
4r r
2
= r(4 r) = 0
and
(k + r)(k + r 4)c
k
+ [(k + r 1)(k + r 2) 2]c
k1
= 0.
1
= 4 and r
2
= 0. For r
1
(k + 4)kc
k
+ [(k + 3)(k + 2) 2]c
k1
= 0
or
c
k
= (k + 1)c
k1
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Taking c
0
= 0 we obtain
c
1
= 2c
0
c
2
= 3!c
0
c
3
= 4!c
0
,
and so on. Thus, the indicial root r
1
= 4 yields a single solution. For r
2
k(k 4)c
k
+ k(k 3)c
k1
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
or
(k 4)c
k
+ (k 3)c
k1
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Then
3c
1
2c
0
= 0
2c
2
c
1
= 0
c
3
+ 0c
2
= 0 c
3
= 0
0c
4
+ c
3
= 0 c
4
is arbitrary
245
Exercises 5.2
and
c
k
=
(k 3)c
k1
c 4
, k = 5, 6, 7, . . . .
Taking c
0
= 0 and c
4
= 0 we obtain
c
1
=
2
3
c
0
c
2
=
1
3
c
0
c
3
= c
4
= c
5
= = 0.
Taking c
0
= 0 and c
4
= 0 we obtain
c
1
= c
2
= c
3
= 0
c
5
= 2c
4
c
6
= 3c
4
c
7
= 4c
4
.
y
1
= 1 +
2
3
x +
1
3
x
2
and y
2
= x
4
+ 2x
5
+ 3x
6
+ 4x
7
+ .
33. (a) From t = 1/x we have dt/dx = 1/x
2
= t
2
. Then
dy
dx
=
dy
dt
dt
dx
= t
2
dy
dt
and
d
2
y
dx
2
=
d
dx
_
dy
dx
_
=
d
dx
_
t
2
dy
dt
_
= t
2
d
2
y
dt
2
dt
dx

dy
dt
_
2t
dt
dx
_
= t
4
d
2
y
dt
2
+ 2t
3
dy
dt
.
Now
x
4
d
2
y
dx
2
+ y =
1
t
4
_
t
4
d
2
y
dt
2
+ 2t
3
dy
dt
_
+ y =
d
2
y
dt
2
+
2
t
dy
dt
+ y = 0
becomes
t
d
2
y
dt
2
+ 2
dy
dt
+ ty = 0.
(b) Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
t
n+r
t
d
2
y
dt
2
+ 2
dy
dt
+ ty = (r
2
+ r)c
0
t
r1
+ (r
2
+ 3r + 2)c
1
t
r
+
k=2
[(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ 2(k + r)c
k
+ c
k2
]t
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
r
2
+ r = r(r + 1) = 0,
_
r
2
+ 3r + 2
_
c
1
= 0,
and
(k + r)(k + r + 1)c
k
+ c
k2
= 0.
1
= 0 and r
2
= 1, so c
1
= 0. For r
1
c
k
=
c
k2
k(k + 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
246
Exercises 5.2
and
c
2
=
3!
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=

2
5!
c
0
c
2n
= (1)
n

n
(2n + 1)!
c
0
.
For r
2
c
k
=
c
k2
k(k 1)
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
2!
c
0
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=

2
4!
c
0
c
2n
= (1)
n

n
(2n)!
c
0
.
y(t) = C
1
n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!
(
t)
2n
+ C
2
t
1
n=0
(1)
n
(2n)!
(
t)
2n
=
1
t
_
C
1
n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!
(
t)
2n+1
+ C
2
n=0
(1)
n
(2n)!
(
t)
2n
_
=
1
t
[C
1
sin
t + C
2
cos
t ].
(c) Using t = 1/x, the solution of the original equation is
y(x)C
1
xsin
x
+ C
2
xcos
x
.
34. (a) From the boundary conditions y(a) = 0, y(b) = 0 we nd
C
1
sin
a
+ C
2
cos
a
= 0
C
1
sin
b
+ C
2
cos
b
= 0.
Since this is a homogeneous system of linear equations, it will have nontrivial solutions if
sin
a
cos
a
sin
b
cos
= sin
a
cos
b
cos
a
sin
b
= sin
_
b
_
= sin
_
b a
ab
_
= 0.
This will be the case if
_
b a
ab
_
= n or

=
nab
b a
=
nab
L
, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
247
x
y
5
1
2
Exercises 5.2
or, if
n
=
n
2
2
a
2
b
2
L
2
=
P
n
b
4
EI
.
The critical loads are then P
n
= n
2
2
(a/b)
2
EI
0
/L
2
. Using C
2
= C
1
sin(
/a)/ cos(
/a) we have
y = C
1
x
_
sin
x

sin(
/a)
cos(
/a)
cos
x
_
= C
3
x
_
sin
x
cos
a
cos
x
sin
a
_
= C
3
xsin
_
1
x

1
a
_
,
and
y
n
(x) = C
3
xsin
nab
L
_
1
x

1
a
_
= C
4
xsin
nab
L
_
1
a
x
_
.
(b) When n = 1, b = 11, and a = 1, we have, for C
4
= 1,
y
1
(x) = xsin1.1
_
1
1
x
_
.
Exercises 5.3
1. Since
2
= 1/9 the general solution is y = c
1
J
1/3
(x) + c
2
J
1/3
(x).
2. Since
2
= 1 the general solution is y = c
1
J
1
(x) + c
2
Y
1
(x).
3. Since
2
1
J
5/2
(x) + c
2
J
5/2
(x).
4. Since
2
1
J
1/4
(x) + c
2
J
1/4
(x).
5. Since
2
1
J
0
(x) + c
2
Y
0
(x).
6. Since
2
1
J
2
(x) + c
2
Y
2
(x).
7. Since
2
1
J
2
(3x) + c
2
Y
2
(3x).
8. Since
2
1
J
1/2
(6x) + c
2
J
1/2
(6x).
9. If y = x
1/2
v(x) then
y
= x
1/2
v
(x)
1
2
x
3/2
v(x),
y
= x
1/2
v
(x) x
3/2
v
(x) +
3
4
x
5/2
v(x),
and
x
2
y
+ 2xy
+
2
x
2
y = x
3/2
v
+ x
1/2
v
+
_
2
x
3/2
1
4
x
1/2
_
v.
Multiplying by x
1/2
we obtain
x
2
v
+ xv
+
_
2
x
2
1
4
_
v = 0,
248
Exercises 5.3
whose solution is v = c
1
J
1/2
(x) + c
2
J
1/2
(x). Then y = c
1
x
1/2
J
1/2
(x) + c
2
x
1/2
J
1/2
(x).
10. From y = x
n
J
n
(x) we nd
y
= x
n
J
n
+ nx
n1
J
n
and y
= x
n
J
n
+ 2nx
n1
J
n
+ n(n 1)x
n2
J
n
.
Substituting into the dierential equation, we have
x
n+1
J
n
+ 2nx
n
J
n
+ n(n 1)x
n1
J
n
+ (1 2n)(x
n
J
n
+ nx
n1
J
n
) + x
n+1
J
n
= x
n+1
J
n
+ (2n + 1 2n)x
n
J
n
+ (n
2
n + n 2n
2
)x
n1
J
n
+ x
n+1
J
n
= x
n+1
[x
2
J
n
+ xJ
n
n
2
J
n
+ x
2
J
n
]
= x
n+1
[x
2
J
n
+ xJ
n
+ (x
2
n
2
)J
n
]
= x
n1
0 (since J
n
is a solution of Bessels equation)
= 0.
Therefore, x
n
J
n
is a solution of the original equation.
11. From y = x
n
J
n
we nd
y
= x
n
J
n
nx
n1
J
n
and y
= x
n
J
n
2nx
n1
J
n
+ n(n + 1)x
n2
J
n
.
xy
+ (1 + 2n)y
+ xy = x
n1
_
x
2
J
n
+ xJ
n
+
_
x
2
n
2
_
J
n
= x
n1
0 (since J
n
= 0.
Therefore, x
n
J
n
is a solution of the original equation.
12. From y =
xJ
(x) we nd
y
xJ
(x) +
1
2
x
1/2
J
(x)
and
y
=
2
xJ
(x) + x
1/2
J
(x)
1
4
x
3/2
J
(x).
x
2
y
+
_
2
x
2
2
+
1
4
_
y =
x
_
2
x
2
J
(x) + xJ
(x) +
_
2
x
2
2
_
J
(x)
x 0 (since J
n
= 0.
Therefore,

xJ
(x) is a solution of the original equation.

13. From Problem 10 with n = 1/2 we nd y = x
1/2
J
1/2
(x). From Problem 11 with n = 1/2 we nd y =
x
1/2
J
1/2
(x).
14. From Problem 10 with n = 1 we nd y = xJ
1
(x). From Problem 11 with n = 1 we nd y = xJ
1
(x) = xJ
1
(x).
15. From Problem 10 with n = 1 we nd y = x
1
J
1
(x). From Problem 11 with n = 1 we nd y = x
1
J
1
(x) =
x
1
J
1
(x).
16. From Problem 12 with = 2 and = 0 we nd y =
xJ
0
(2x).
17. From Problem 12 with = 1 and = 3/2 we nd y =
xJ
3/2
(x) and y =
xJ
3/2
(x).
249
Exercises 5.3
18. From Problem 10 with n = 3 we nd y = x
3
J
3
(x). From Problem 11 with n = 3 we nd y = x
3
J
3
(x) =
x
3
J
3
(x).
19. (a) The recurrence relation follows from
J
(x) + xJ
1
(x) =
n=0
(1)
n
n!(1 + + n)
_
x
2
_
2n+
+ x
n=0
(1)
n
n!( + n)
_
x
2
_
2n+1
=
n=0
(1)
n
n!(1 + + n)
_
x
2
_
2n+
+
n=0
(1)
n
( + n)
n!(1 + + n)
2
_
x
2
__
x
2
_
2n+1
=
n=0
(1)
n
(2n + )
n!(1 + + n)
_
x
2
_
2n+
= xJ
(x).
(b) The formula in part (a) is a linear rst-order dierential equation in J
(x). An integrating factor for this

equation is x
, so
d
dx
[x
(x)] = x
J
1
(x).
20. Subtracting the formula in part (a) of Problem 19 from the formula in Example 4 we obtain
0 = 2J
(x) xJ
+1
(x) xJ
1
(x) or 2J
(x) = xJ
+1
(x) + xJ
1
(x).
21. Letting = 1 in (15) we have
xJ
0
(x) =
d
dx
[xJ
1
(x)] so
_
x
0
rJ
0
(r) dr = rJ
1
(r)
r=x
r=0
= xJ
1
(x).
22. From (14) we obtain J
0
(x) = J
1
(x), and from (15) we obtain J
0
(x) = J
1
(x). Thus J
0
(x) = J
1
(x) = J
1
(x).
23. Since
_
1
1
2
+ n
_
=
(2n 1)!
(n 1)!2
2n1
we obtain
J
1/2
(x) =
n=0
(1)
n
2
1/2
x
1/2
2n(2n 1)!
x
2n
=
_
2
x
cos x.
24. (a) By Problem 20, with = 1/2, we obtain J
1/2
(x) = xJ
3/2
(x) + xJ
1/2
(x) so that
J
3/2
(x) =
_
2
x
_
sinx
x
cos x
_
;
with = 1/2 we obtain J
1/2
(x) = xJ
1/2
(x) + xJ
3/2
(x) so that
J
3/2
(x) =
_
2
x
_
cos x
x
+ sinx
_
;
and with = 3/2 we obtain 3J
3/2
(x) = xJ
5/2
(x) + xJ
1/2
(x) so that
J
5/2
(x) =
_
2
x
_
3 sinx
x
2

3 cos x
x
sinx
_
.
250
5 10 15 20
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
y
5 10 15 20
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
y
5 10 15 20
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
y
5 10 15 20
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
y
5 10 15 20
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
y
Exercises 5.3
= 1/2 = 1/2 = 3/2
= 3/2 = 5/2
25. Rolles theorem states that for a dierentiable function f(x), for which f(a) = f(b) = 0, there exists a number
c between a and b such that f
(c) = 0. From Problem 20 with = 0 we have J
0
(x) = J
1
(x). Thus, if a and b
are successive zeros of J
0
(x), then there exists a c between a and b for which J
1
(x) = J
0
(x) = 0.
26. Since
_
b
a
f(x) dx

_
b
a
|f(x)| dx, we have
|J
n
(x)|
1
_

0
| cos(xsint nt)| dt
1
_

0
1 dt = 1.
27. Letting
s =
2
_
k
m
e
t/2
,
we have
dx
dt
=
dx
ds
ds
dt
=
dx
dt
_
2
_
k
m
_
2
_
e
t/2
_
=
dx
ds
_
_
k
m
e
t/2
_
and
d
2
x
dt
2
=
d
dt
_
dx
dt
_
=
dx
ds
_
2
_
k
m
e
t/2
_
+
d
dt
_
dx
ds
_
_
_
k
m
e
t/2
_
=
dx
ds
_
2
_
k
m
e
t/2
_
+
d
2
x
ds
2
ds
dt
_
_
k
m
e
t/2
_
=
dx
ds
_
2
_
k
m
e
t/2
_
+
d
2
x
ds
2
_
k
m
e
t
_
.
Then
m
d
2
x
dt
2
+ ke
t
x = ke
t
d
2
x
ds
2
+
m
2
_
k
m
e
t/2
dx
dt
+ ke
t
x = 0.
Multiplying by 2
2
/
2
m we have
2
2
2
k
m
e
t
d
2
x
ds
2
+
2
_
k
m
e
t/2
dx
dt
+
2
2
k
m
e
t
x = 0
or, since s = (2/)
_
k/me
t/2
,
s
2
d
2
x
ds
2
+ s
dx
ds
+ s
2
x = 0.
28. (a) We identify m = 4, k = 1, and = 0.1. Then
x(t) = c
1
J
0
(10e
0.05t
) + c
2
Y
0
(10e
0.05t
)
and
x
(t) = 0.5c
1
J
0
(10e
0.05t
) 0.5c
2
Y
0
(10e
0.05t
).
251
t
x
50 100 150 200
5
5
10
Exercises 5.3
Now x(0) = 1 and x
(0) = 1/2 imply

c
1
J
0
(10) + c
2
Y
0
(10) = 1
c
1
J
0
(10) + c
2
Y
0
(10) = 1.
Using Cramers rule we obtain
c
1
=
Y
0
(10) Y
0
(10)
J
0
(10)Y
0
(10) J
0
(10)Y
0
(10)
and
c
2
=
J
0
(10) J
0
(10)
J
0
(10)Y
0
(10) J
0
(10)Y
0
(10)
.
Using Y
0
= Y
1
and J
0
= J
1
and Table 6.1 we nd c
1
= 4.7860 and c
2
= 3.1803. Thus
x(t) = 4.7860J
0
(10e
0.05t
) 3.1803Y
0
(10e
0.05t
).
(b)
29. Dierentiating y = x
1/2
w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
with respect to
2
3
x
3/2
we obtain
y
= x
1/2
w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
1/2
w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
and
y
= xw
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
x
1/2
+ w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
+
1
2
w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
1
4
x
3/2
w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
.
Then, after combining terms and simplifying, we have
y
+
2
xy =
_
x
3/2
w
+
3
2
w
+
_
x
3/2
1
4x
3/2
_
w
_
= 0.
Letting t =
2
3
x
3/2
or x
3/2
=
3
2
t this dierential equation becomes
3
2
t
_
t
2
w
(t) + tw
(t) +
_
t
2
1
9
_
w(t)
_
= 0, t > 0.
30. The general solution of Bessels equation is
w(t) = c
1
J
1/3
(t) + c
2
J
1/3
(t), t > 0.
Thus, the general solution of Airys equation for x > 0 is
y = x
1/2
w
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
= c
1
x
1/2
J
1/3
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
+ c
2
x
1/2
J
1/3
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
.
31. (a) Identifying =
1
2
, the general solution of x
+
1
4
tx = 0 is
x(t) = c
1
x
1/2
J
1/3
_
1
3
x
3/2
_
+ c
2
x
1/2
J
1/3
_
1
3
x
3/2
_
.
Solving the system x(0.1) = 1, x
(0.1) =
1
2
we nd c
1
= 0.809264 and c
2
= 0.782397.
252
t
x
50 100 150 200
1
1
Exercises 5.3
(b)
32. (a) Letting t = L x, the boundary-value problem becomes
d
2
dt
2
+
2
t = 0,
(0) = 0, (L) = 0,
where
2
= g/EI. This is Airys dierential equation, so by Problem 30 its solution is
y = c
1
t
1/2
J
1/3
_
2
3
t
3/2
_
+ c
2
t
1/2
J
1/3
_
2
3
t
3/2
_
= c
1
1
(t) + c
2
2
(t).
(b) Looking at the series forms of
1
and
2
we see that
1
(0) = 0, while
2
(0) = 0. Thus, the boundary
condition
(0) = 0 implies c
1
= 0, and so
(t) = c
2
t J
1/3
_
2
3
t
3/2
_
.
From (L) = 0 we have
c
2
LJ
1/3
_
2
3
L
3/2
_
= 0,
so either c
2
= 0, in which case (t) = 0, or J
1/3
(
2
3
L
3/2
) = 0. The column will just start to bend when
L is the length corresponding to the smallest positive zero of J
1/3
. Using Mathematica, the rst positive
root of J
1/3
(x) is x
1
1.86635. Thus
2
3
L
3/2
= 1.86635 implies
L =
_
3(1.86635)
2
_
2/3
=
_
9EI
4g
(1.86635)
2
_
1/3
=
_
9(2.6 10
7
)(0.05)
4
/4
4(0.28)(0.05)
2
(1.86635)
2
_
1/3
76.9 in.
33. Setting y =
xJ
1
(2
x) and dierentiating we obtain

y
xJ
1
(2
x)
2
2
x
+
1
2
x
J
1
(2
x) = J
1
(2
x) +
1
2
x
J
1
(2
x)
and
y
= J
1
(2
x)
2
2
x
+
1
2
x
J
1
(2
x)
2
2
x

1
4x
3/2
J
1
(2
x)
=
1
x
J
1
(2
x) +
1
2x
J
1
(2
x)
1
4x
3/2
J
1
(2
x).
Substituting into the dierential equation and letting t = 2
x we have
xy
+ y =
xJ
1
(2
x) +
1
2
J
1
(2
x)
1
4
x
J
1
(2
x) +
xJ
1
(2
x)
=
1
x
_
xJ
1
(2
x) +
x
2
J
1
(2
x) +
_
x
1
4
_
J
1
(2
x)
_
=
2
t
_
t
2
4
J
1
(t) +
t
4
J
1
(t) +
_
t
2
4

1
4
_
J
1
(t)
_
=
1
2t
[ t
2
J
1
(t) + tJ
1
(t) + (t
2
1)J
1
(t)].
253
x
y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.1
0.2
0.3
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P5
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P6
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P7
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P1
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P2
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P3
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
P4
Exercises 5.3
Since J
1
(t) is a solution of t
2
y
+ty
+(t
2
1)y = 0, we see that the last expression above is 0 and y =
xJ
1
(2
x)
is a solution of xy
+ y = 0.
34. (a) Writing the dierential equation in the form xy
+ (PL/M)y = 0, we identify = PL/M. From

Problem 33 the solution of this dierential equation is
y = c
1
xJ
1
_
2
_
PLx/M
_
+ c
2
xY
1
_
2
_
PLx/M
_
.
Now J
1
(0) = 0, so y(0) = 0 implies c
2
= 0 and
y = c
1
xJ
1
_
2
_
PLx/M
_
.
(b) From y(L) = 0 we have y = J
1
(2L
PM ) = 0. The rst positive zero of J

1
is 3.8317 so, solving 2L
_
P
1
/M =
3.8317, we nd P
1
= 3.6705M/L
2
. Therefore,
y
1
(x) = c
1
xJ
1
_
2
_
3.6705x
L
_
= c
1
xJ
1
_
3.8317
L
x
_
.
(c) For c
1
= 1 and L = 1 the graph of y
1
=
xJ
1
(3.8317
x) is shown.
35. (a) Using the expressions for the two linearly independent power series solutions, y
1
(x) and y
2
(x), given in the
text we obtain
P
6
(x) =
1
16
_
231x
6
315x
4
+ 105x
2
5
_
and
P
7
(x) =
1
16
_
429x
7
693x
5
+ 315x
3
35x
_
.
(b) P
6
(x) satises
_
1 x
2
_
y
2xy
+ 42y = 0 and P
7
(x) satises
_
1 x
2
_
y
2xy
+ 56y = 0.
36. (a)
254
Exercises 5.3
(b) Zeros of Legendre polynomials
P
1
(x) : 0
P
2
(x) : 0.57735
P
3
(x) : 0, 0.77460
P
4
(x) : 0.33998, 0.86115
P
5
(x) : 0, 0.53847, 0.90618
P
6
(x) : 0.23862, 0.66121, 0.93247
P
7
(x) : 0, 0.40585, 0.74153 , 0.94911
P
10
(x) : 0.14887, 0.43340, 0.67941, 0.86506, 0.097391
The zeros of any Legendre polynomial are in the interval (1, 1) and are symmetric with respect to 0.
37. The recurrence relation can be written
P
k+1
(x) =
2k + 1
k + 1
xP
k
(x)
k
k + 1
P
k1
(x), k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
k = 1: P
2
(x) =
3
2
x
2
1
2
k = 2: P
3
(x) =
5
3
x
_
3
2
x
2
1
2
_
2
3
x =
5
2
x
3
3
2
x
k = 3: P
4
(x) =
7
4
x
_
5
2
x
3
3
2
x
_
3
4
_
3
2
x
2
1
2
_
=
35
8
x
4
30
8
x
2
+
3
8
k = 4: P
5
(x) =
9
5
x
_
35
8
x
4
30
8
x
2
+
3
8
_
4
5
_
5
2
x
3
3
2
x
_
=
63
8
x
5
35
4
x
3
+
15
8
x
k = 5: P
6
(x) =
11
6
x
_
63
8
x
5
35
4
x
3
+
15
8
x
_
5
6
_
35
8
x
4
30
8
x
2
+
3
8
_
=
231
16
x
6
315
16
x
4
+
105
16
x
2
5
16
k = 6: P
7
(x) =
13
7
x
_
231
16
x
6
315
16
x
4
+
105
16
x
2
5
16
_
5
6
_
63
8
x
5
35
4
x
3
+
15
8
x
_
=
429
16
x
7
693
16
x
5
+
315
16
x
3
35
16
x
38. If x = cos then
dy
d
= sin
dy
dx
,
d
2
y
d
2
= sin
2
d
2
y
dx
2
cos
dy
dx
,
and
sin
d
2
y
d
2
+ cos
dy
d
+ n(n + 1)(sin)y = sin
_
_
1 cos
2
_
d
2
y
dx
2
2 cos
dy
dx
+ n(n + 1)y
_
= 0.
That is,
_
1 x
2
_
d
2
y
dx
2
2x
dy
dx
+ n(n + 1)y = 0.
255
Chapter 5 Review Exercises
1. The interval of convergence is centered at 4. Since the series converges at 2, it converges at least on the interval
[2, 10). Since it diverges at 13, it converges at most on the interval [5, 13). Thus at 10 it might converge; at
7 it does converge; at 7 it does not converge: and at 11 it might converge.
2. We have
f(x) =
sinx
cos x
=
x
x
3
6
+
x
5
120

1
x
2
2
+
x
4
24

= x +
x
3
3
+
2x
5
15
+ .
3. Solving x
2
2x + 10 = 0 we obtain x = 1
11 , which are singular points. Thus, the minimum radius of

convergence is |1
11 | =
11 1.
4. Setting 1 sinx = 0 we see the singular points closest to 0 are 3/2 and /2. Thus, the minimum radius of
convergence is /2.
5. The dierential equation (x
3
x
2
)y
+y
+y = 0 has a regular singular point at x = 1 and an irregular singular

point at x = 1.
6. The dierential equation (x 1)(x + 3)y
+ y = 0 has regular singular points at x = 1 and x = 3.

7. Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
into the dierential equation we obtain
2xy
+ y
+ y =
_
2r
2
r
_
c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r)c
k
+ c
k1
]x
k+r1
= 0
which implies
2r
2
r = r(2r 1) = 0
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r 1)c
k
+ c
k1
= 0.
c
k
=
c
k1
k(2k 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
so
c
1
= c
0
, c
2
=
1
6
c
0
, c
3
=
1
90
c
0
.
c
k
=
c
k1
k(2k + 1)
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
so
c
1
=
1
3
c
0
, c
2
=
1
30
c
0
, c
3
=
1
630
c
0
.
Two linearly independent solutions are
y
1
= C
1
_
1 x +
1
6
x
2
1
90
x
3
+
_
and
y
2
= C
2
x
1/2
_
1
1
3
x +
1
30
x
2
1
630
x
3
+
_
.
256
8. Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
xy
y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
k=1
kc
k
x
k
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k + 1)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
(k + 1)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
c
k+2
=
1
k + 2
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
8
c
6
=
1
48
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
1
3
c
5
=
1
15
c
7
=
1
105
y
1
= 1 +
1
2
x
2
+
1
8
x
4
+
1
48
x
6
+
and
y
2
= x +
1
3
x
3
+
1
15
x
5
+
1
105
x
7
+ .
9. Substituting y =

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x 1)y
+ 3y = (2c
2
+ 3c
0
) +
k=3
(k 1)(k 2)c
k1
k(k 1)c
k
+ 3c
k2
]x
k2
= 0
which implies c
2
= 3c
0
/2 and
c
k
=
(k 1)(k 2)c
k1
+ 3c
k2
k(k 1)
, k = 3, 4, 5, . . . .
257
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
3
2
, c
3
=
1
2
, c
4
=
5
8
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= 0, c
3
=
1
2
, c
4
=
1
4
y
1
= C
1
_
1 +
3
2
x
2
+
1
2
x
3
+
5
8
x
4
+
_
and
y
2
= C
2
_
x +
1
2
x
3
+
1
4
x
4
+
_
.

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
x
2
y
+ xy = 2c
2
+ (6c
3
+ c
0
)x +
k=1
[(k + 3)(k + 2)c
k+3
(k 1)c
k
]x
k+1
= 0
which implies c
2
= 0, c
3
= c
0
/6, and
c
k+3
=
k 1
(k + 3)(k + 2)
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
3
=
1
6
c
4
= c
7
= c
10
= = 0
c
5
= c
8
= c
11
= = 0
c
6
=
1
90
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
3
= c
6
= c
9
= = 0
c
4
= c
7
= c
10
= = 0
c
5
= c
8
= c
11
= = 0
y
1
= c
0
_
1
1
6
x
3
1
90
x
6

_
and y
2
= c
1
x.

n=0
c
n
x
n+r
xy
+ (x 6)y
3y = (r
2
7r)c
0
x
r1
+
k=1
_
(k + r)(k + r 1)c
k
+ (k + r 1)c
k1
6(k + r)c
k
3c
k1
x
k+r1
= 0,
which implies
r
2
7r = r(r 7) = 0
and
(k + r)(k + r 7)c
k
+ (k + r 4)c
k1
= 0.
258
1
= 7 and r
2
= 0. For r
2
k(k 7)c
k
+ (k 4)c
k1
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Then
6c
1
3c
0
= 0
10c
2
2c
1
= 0
12c
3
c
2
= 0
12c
4
+ 0c
3
= 0 = c
4
= 0
10c
5
+ c
4
= 0 = c
5
= 0
6c
6
+ 2c
5
= 0 = c
6
= 0
0c
7
+ 3c
6
= 0 = c
7
is arbitrary
and
c
k
=
k 4
k(k 7)
c
k1
k = 8, 9, 10, . . . .
Taking c
0
= 0 and c
7
= 0 we obtain
c
1
=
1
2
c
0
c
2
=
1
10
c
0
c
3
=
1
120
c
0
c
4
= c
5
= c
6
= = 0.
Taking c
0
= 0 and c
7
= 0 we obtain
c
1
= c
2
= c
3
= c
4
= c
5
= c
6
= 0
c
8
=
1
2
c
7
c
9
=
5
36
c
7
c
10
=
1
36
c
7
.
y
1
= 1
1
2
x +
1
10
x
2
1
120
x
3
and y
2
= x
7
1
2
x
8
+
5
36
x
9
1
36
x
10
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
(cos x)y
+ y =
_
1
1
2
x
2
+
1
24
x
4
1
720
x
6
+
_
(2c
2
+ 6c
3
x + 12c
4
x
2
+ 20c
5
x
3
+ 30c
6
x
4
+ )
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
=
_
2c
2
+ 6c
3
x + (12c
4
c
2
)x
2
+ (20c
5
3c
3
)x
3
+
_
30c
6
6c
4
+
1
12
c
2
_
x
4
+
_
+ [c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
+ ]
= (c
0
+ 2c
2
) + (c
1
+ 6c
3
)x + 12c
4
x
2
+ (20c
5
2c
3
)x
3
+
_
30c
6
5c
4
+
1
12
c
2
_
x
4
+
= 0.
259
Thus
c
0
+ 2c
2
= 0
c
1
+ 6c
3
= 0
12c
4
= 0
20c
5
2c
3
= 0
30c
6
5c
4
+
1
12
c
2
= 0
and
c
2
=
1
2
c
0
c
3
=
1
6
c
1
c
4
= 0
c
5
=
1
10
c
3
c
6
=
1
6
c
4
1
360
c
2
.
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
1
2
, c
3
= 0, c
4
= 0, c
5
= 0, c
6
=
1
720
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we nd
c
2
= 0, c
3
=
1
6
, c
4
= 0, c
5
=
1
60
, c
6
= 0
y
1
= 1
1
2
x
2
+
1
720
x
6
+ and y
2
= x
1
6
x
3
1
60
x
5
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ xy
+ 2y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n
. .
k=n
+ 2
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=1
kc
k
x
k
+ 2
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 2c
2
+ 2c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 2)c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
2c
2
+ 2c
0
= 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 2)c
k
= 0
and
c
2
= c
0
c
k+2
=
1
k + 1
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
260
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
= 1
c
3
= c
5
= c
7
= = 0
c
4
=
1
3
c
6
=
1
15
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= c
4
= c
6
= = 0
c
3
=
1
2
c
5
=
1
8
c
7
=
1
48
and so on. Thus, the general solution is
y = c
0
_
1 x
2
+
1
3
x
4
1
15
x
6
+
_
+ c
1
_
x
1
2
x
3
+
1
8
x
5
1
48
x
7
+
_
and
y
= c
0
_
2x +
4
3
x
3
2
5
x
5
+
_
+ c
1
_
1
3
2
x
2
+
5
8
x
4
7
48
x
6
+
_
.
Setting y(0) = 3 and y
(0) = 2 we nd c
0
= 3 and c
1
= 2. Therefore, the solution of the initial-value problem
is
y = 3 2x 3x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
1
4
x
5
1
5
x
6
+
1
24
x
7
+ .

n=0
c
n
x
n
(x + 2)y
+ 3y =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n1
. .
k=n1
+ 2
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+ 3
n=0
c
n
x
n
. .
k=n
=
k=1
(k + 1)kc
k+1
x
k
+ 2
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+ 3
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 4c
2
+ 3c
0
+
k=1
[(k + 1)kc
k+1
+ 2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ 3c
k
]x
k
= 0.
Thus
4c
2
+ 3c
0
= 0
(k + 1)kc
k+1
+ 2(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ 3c
k
= 0
and
c
2
=
3
4
c
0
c
k+2
=
k
2(k + 2)
c
k+1
3
2(k + 2)(k + 1)
c
k
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
261
Choosing c
0
= 1 and c
1
= 0 we nd
c
2
=
3
4
c
3
=
1
8
c
4
=
1
16
c
5
=
9
320
and so on. For c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1 we obtain
c
2
= 0
c
3
=
1
4
c
4
=
1
16
c
5
= 0
and so on. Thus, the general solution is
y = c
0
_
1
3
4
x
2
+
1
8
x
3
+
1
16
x
4
9
320
x
5
+
_
+ c
1
_
x
1
4
x
3
+
1
16
x
4
+
_
and
y
= c
0
_
3
2
x +
3
8
x
2
+
1
4
x
3
9
64
x
4
+
_
+ c
1
_
1
3
4
x
2
+
1
4
x
3
+
_
.
Setting y(0) = 0 and y
(0) = 1 we nd c
0
= 0 and c
1
= 1. Therefore, the solution of the initial-value problem is
y = x
1
4
x
3
+
1
16
x
4
+ .
y
+
_
1 cos x
x
_
y
+ xy = 0,
and noting that
1 cos x
x
=
x
2

x
3
24
+
x
5
720

is analytic at x = 0, we conclude that x = 0 is an ordinary point of the dierential equation.
y
+
_
x
e
x
1 x
_
y = 0
and noting that
x
e
x
1 x
=
2
x

2
3
+
x
18
+
x
2
270

we see that x = 0 is a singular point of the dierential equation. Since
x
2
_
x
e
x
1 x
_
= 2x
2x
2
3
+
x
3
18
+
x
4
270
,
we conclude that x = 0 is a regular singular point.
262

n=0
c
n
x
n
y
+ x
2
y
+ 2xy =
n=2
n(n 1)c
n
x
n2
. .
k=n2
+
n=1
nc
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
+ 2
n=0
c
n
x
n+1
. .
k=n+1
=
k=0
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
x
k
+
k=2
(k 1)c
k1
x
k
+ 2
k=1
c
k1
x
k
= 2c
2
+ (6c
3
+ 2c
0
)x +
k=2
[(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 1)c
k1
]x
k
= 5 2x + 10x
3
.
Thus
2c
2
= 5
6c
3
+ 2c
0
= 2
12c
4
+ 3c
1
= 0
20c
5
+ 4c
2
= 10
(k + 2)(k + 1)c
k+2
+ (k + 1)c
k1
= 0, k = 4, 5, 6, . . . ,
and
c
2
=
5
2
c
3
=
1
3
c
0
1
3
c
4
=
1
4
c
1
c
5
=
1
2

1
5
c
2
=
1
2

1
5
_
5
2
_
= 0
c
k+2
=
1
k + 2
c
k1
.
Using the recurrence relation, we nd
c
6
=
1
6
c
3
=
1
3 6
(c
0
+ 1) =
1
3
2
2!
c
0
+
1
3
2
2!
c
7
=
1
7
c
4
=
1
4 7
c
1
c
8
= c
11
= c
14
= = 0
c
9
=
1
9
c
6
=
1
3
3
3!
c
0
1
3
3
3!
c
10
=
1
10
c
7
=
1
4 7 10
c
1
c
12
=
1
12
c
9
=
1
3
4
4!
c
0
+
1
3
4
4!
c
13
=
1
13
c
0
=
1
4 7 10 13
c
1
263
and so on. Thus
y = c
0
_
1
1
3
x
3
+
1
3
2
2!
x
6
1
3
3
3!
x
9
+
1
3
4
4!
x
12

_
+ c
1
_
x
1
4
x
4
+
1
4 7
x
7
1
4 7 10
x
10
+
1
4 7 10 13
x
13

_
+
_
5
2
x
2
1
3
x
3
+
1
3
2
2!
x
6
1
3
3
3!
x
9
+
1
3
4
4!
x
12

_
.
18. (a) From y =
1
u
du
dx
we obtain
dy
dx
=
1
u
d
2
u
dx
2
+
1
u
2
_
du
dx
_
2
.
Then dy/dx = x
2
+ y
2
becomes
1
u
d
2
u
dx
2
+
1
u
2
_
du
dx
_
2
= x
2
+
1
u
2
_
du
dx
_
2
,
so
d
2
u
dx
2
+ x
2
u = 0.
(b) If u = x
1/2
w(
1
2
x
2
) then
u
= x
3/2
w
_
1
2
x
2
_
+
1
2
x
1/2
w
_
1
2
x
2
_
and
u
= x
5/2
w
_
1
2
x
2
_
+ 2x
1/2
w
_
1
2
x
2
_
1
4
x
3/2
w
_
1
2
x
2
_
,
so
u
+ x
2
u = x
1/2
_
x
2
w
_
1
2
x
2
_
+ 2w
_
1
2
x
2
_
+
_
x
2
1
4
x
2
_
w
_
1
2
x
2
__
= 0.
Letting t =
1
2
x
2
we have
2t
_
2tw
(t) + 2w
(t) +
_
2t
1
4 2t
_
w(t)
_
= 0
or
t
2
w
(t) + tw
(t) +
_
t
2
1
16
_
w(t) = 0.
This is Bessels equation with = 1/4, so
w(t) = c
1
J
1/4
(t) + c
2
J
1/4
(t).
(c) We have
y =
1
u
du
dx
=
1
x
1/2
w(t)
d
dx
x
1/2
w(t)
=
1
x
1/2
w
_
x
1/2
dw
dt
dt
dx
+
1
2
x
1/2
w
_
=
1
x
1/2
w
_
x
3/2
dw
dt
+
1
2x
1/2
w
_
=
1
2xw
_
2x
2
dw
dt
+ w
_
=
1
2xw
_
4t
dw
dt
+ w
_
.
264
Now
4t
dw
dt
+ w = 4t
d
dt
[c
1
J
1/4
(t) + c
2
J
1/4
(t)] + c
1
J
1/4
(t) + c
2
J
1/4
(t)
= 4t
_
c
1
_
J
3/4
(t)
1
4t
J
1/4
(t)
_
+ c
2
_
1
4t
J
1/4
(t) J
3/4
(t)
__
+ c
1
J
1/4
(t) + c
2
J
1/4
(t)
= 4c
1
tJ
3/4
(t) 4c
2
tJ
3/4
(t)
= 2c
1
x
2
J
3/4
_
1
2
x
2
_
2c
2
x
2
J
3/4
_
1
2
x
2
_
,
so
y =
2c
1
x
2
J
3/4
(
1
2
x
2
) 2c
2
x
2
J
3/4
(
1
2
x
2
)
2x[c
1
J
1/4
(
1
2
x
2
) + c
2
J
1/4
(
1
2
x
2
)]
= x
c
1
J
3/4
(
1
2
x
2
) + c
2
J
3/4
(
1
2
x
2
)
c
1
J
1/4
(
1
2
x
2
) + c
2
J
1/4
(
1
2
x
2
)
.
Letting c = c
1
/c
2
we have
y = x
J
3/4
(
1
2
x
2
) cJ
3/4
(
1
2
x
2
)
cJ
1/4
(
1
2
x
2
) + J
1/4
(
1
2
x
2
)
.
19. Let
y
2
=
1
2
x[ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)] 1
so that
y
2
=
1
2
x
_
1
1 + x
+
1
1 x
_
+
1
2
[ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)]
and
y
2
=
1
2
x
_
1
(1 + x)
2
+
1
(1 x)
2
_
+
1
2
_
1
1 + x
+
1
1 x
_
+
1
2
_
1
1 + x
+
1
1 x
_
=
1
2
x
_
1
(1 + x)
2
+
1
(1 x)
2
_
+
1
1 + x
+
1
1 x
.
Then
(1 x)(1 + x)y
2
2xy
2
+ 2y
2
= 0.
20. n = 0: P
0
(x) = 1
n = 1: P
1
(x) =
1
2
d
dx
(x
2
1) = x
n = 2: P
2
(x) =
1
8
d
2
dx
2
(x
2
1)
2
=
1
8
d
2
dx
2
(x
4
2x
2
+ 1) =
1
8
(12x
2
4) =
3
2
x
2
1
2
n = 3: P
3
(x) =
1
48
d
3
dx
3
(x
2
1)
3
=
1
48
d
3
dx
3
(x
6
3x
4
+ 3x
2
3) =
1
48
(120x
3
72x) =
5
2
x
3
3
2
x
265

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5 Series Solutions of Linear Equations

(x) is a solution of the original equation.

(x). An integrating factor for this

(c) = 0. From Problem 20 with = 0 we have J

(0) = 1/2 imply

x) and dierentiating we obtain

+ (PL/M)y = 0, we identify = PL/M. From

PM ) = 0. The rst positive zero of J

11 , which are singular points. Thus, the minimum radius of

+y = 0 has a regular singular point at x = 1 and an irregular singular

+ y = 0 has regular singular points at x = 1 and x = 3.

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