10 Systems of Linear Differential Equations

Exercises 10.1
1. Let X =
_
x
y
_
. Then
X

=
_
3 5
4 8
_
X.
2. Let X =
_
x
y
_
. Then
X

=
_
4 7
5 0
_
X.
3. Let X =
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
_. Then
X

=
_
_
_
3 4 9
6 1 0
10 4 3
_
_
_X.
4. Let X =
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
_. Then
X

=
_
_
_
1 1 0
1 0 2
1 0 1
_
_
_X.
5. Let X =
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
_. Then
X

=
_
_
_
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 1 1
_
_
_X+
_
_
_
0
3t
2
t
2
_
_
_+
_
_
_
t
0
t
_
_
_+
_
_
_
1
0
2
_
_
_.
6. Let X =
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
_. Then
X

=
_
_
_
3 4 0
5 0 9
0 1 6
_
_
_X+
_
_
_
e
t
sin2t
4e
t
cos 2t
e
t
_
_
_
7.
dx
dt
= 4x + 2y + e
t
;
dy
dt
= x + 3y e
t
8.
dx
dt
= 7x + 5y 9z 8e
2t
;
dy
dt
= 4x + y + z + 2e
5t
;
dz
dt
= 2y + 3z + e
5t
3e
2t
487
Exercises 10.1
9.
dx
dt
= x y + 2z + e
t
3t;
dy
dt
= 3x 4y + z + 2e
t
+ t;
dz
dt
= 2x + 5y + 6z + 2e
t
t
10.
dx
dt
= 3x 7y + 4 sint + (t 4)e
4t
;
dy
dt
= x + y + 8 sint + (2t + 1)e
4t
11. Since
X

=
_
5
10
_
e
5t
and
_
3 4
4 7
_
X =
_
5
10
_
e
5t
we see that
X

=
_
3 4
4 7
_
X.
12. Since
X

=
_
5 cos t 5 sint
2 cos t 4 sint
_
e
t
and
_
2 5
2 4
_
X =
_
5 cos t 5 sint
2 cos t 4 sint
_
e
t
we see that
X

=
_
2 5
2 4
_
X.
13. Since
X

=
_
3/2
3
_
e
3t/2
and
_
1 1/4
1 1
_
X =
_
3/2
3
_
e
3t/2
we see that
X

=
_
1 1/4
1 1
_
X.
14. Since
X

=
_
5
1
_
e
t
+
_
4
4
_
te
t
and
_
2 1
1 0
_
X =
_
5
1
_
e
t
+
_
4
4
_
te
t
we see that
X

=
_
2 1
1 0
_
X.
15. Since
X

=
_
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
_ and
_
_
_
1 2 1
6 1 0
1 2 1
_
_
_X =
_
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
_
we see that
X

=
_
_
_
1 2 1
6 1 0
1 2 1
_
_
_X.
16. Since
X

=
_
_
_
cos t
1
2
sint
1
2
cos t
cos t sint
_
_
_ and
_
_
_
1 0 1
1 1 0
2 0 1
_
_
_X =
_
_
_
cos t
1
2
sint
1
2
cos t
cos t sint
_
_
_
we see that
X

=
_
_
_
1 0 1
1 1 0
2 0 1
_
_
_X.
17. Yes, since W(X
1
, X
2
) = 2e
8t
= 0 and X
1
and X
2
are linearly independent on < t < .
18. Yes, since W(X
1
, X
2
) = 8e
2t
= 0 and X
1
and X
2
are linearly independent on < t < .
488
Exercises 10.1
19. No, since W(X
1
, X
2
, X
3
) = 0 and X
1
, X
2
, and X
3
are linearly dependent on < t < .
20. Yes, since W(X
1
, X
2
, X
3
) = 84e
t
= 0 and X
1
, X
2
, and X
3
are linearly independent on
< t < .
21. Since
X

p
=
_
2
1
_
and
_
1 4
3 2
_
X
p
+
_
2
4
_
t +
_
7
18
_
=
_
2
1
_
we see that
X

p
=
_
1 4
3 2
_
X
p
+
_
2
4
_
t +
_
7
18
_
.
22. Since
X

p
=
_
0
0
_
and
_
2 1
1 1
_
X
p
+
_
5
2
_
=
_
0
0
_
we see that
X

p
=
_
2 1
1 1
_
X
p
+
_
5
2
_
.
23. Since
X

p
=
_
2
0
_
e
t
+
_
1
1
_
te
t
and
_
2 1
3 4
_
X
p

_
1
7
_
e
t
=
_
2
0
_
e
t
+
_
1
1
_
te
t
we see that
X

p
=
_
2 1
3 4
_
X
p

_
1
7
_
e
t
.
24. Since
X

p
=
_
_
_
3 cos 3t
0
3 sin3t
_
_
_ and
_
_
_
1 2 3
4 2 0
6 1 0
_
_
_X
p
+
_
_
_
1
4
3
_
_
_sin3t =
_
_
_
3 cos 3t
0
3 sin3t
_
_
_
we see that
X

p
=
_
_
_
1 2 3
4 2 0
6 1 0
_
_
_X
p
+
_
_
_
1
4
3
_
_
_sin3t.
25. Let
X
1
=
_
_
_
6
1
5
_
_
_e
t
, X
2
=
_
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
_e
2t
, X
3
=
_
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
_e
3t
, and A =
_
_
_
0 6 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
_
_
_.
Then
X

1
=
_
_
_
6
1
5
_
_
_e
t
= AX
1
,
X

2
=
_
_
_
6
2
2
_
_
_e
2t
= AX
2
,
X

3
=
_
_
_
6
3
3
_
_
_e
3t
= AX
3
,
and W(X
1
, X
2
, X
3
) = 20 = 0 so that X
1
, X
2
, and X
3
form a fundamental set for X

= AX on < t < .
489
Exercises 10.1
26. Let
X
1
=
_
1
1

2
_
e

2 t
,
X
2
=
_
1
1 +

2
_
e

2 t
,
X
p
=
_
1
0
_
t
2
+
_
2
4
_
t +
_
1
0
_
,
and
A =
_
1 1
1 1
_
.
Then
X

1
=
_

2
2

2
_
e

2 t
= AX
1
,
X

2
=
_

2
2

2
_
e

2 t
= AX
2
,
X

p
=
_
2
0
_
t +
_
2
4
_
= AX
p
+
_
1
1
_
t
2
+
_
4
6
_
t +
_
1
5
_
,
and W(X
1
, X
2
) = 2

2 = 0 so that X
p
is a particular solution and X
1
and X
2
form a fundamental set on
< t < .
Exercises 10.2
1. The system is
X

=
_
1 2
4 3
_
X
and det(AI) = ( 5)( + 1) = 0. For
1
= 5 we obtain
_
4 2 0
4 2 0
_
=
_
1 1/2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
1
2
_
.
For
2
= 1 we obtain
_
2 2 0
4 4 0
_
=
_
1 1 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
1
1
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
1
2
_
e
5t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
t
.
2. The system is
X

=
_
2 2
1 3
_
X
and det(AI) = ( 1)( 4) = 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
_
1 2 0
1 2 0
_
=
_
1 2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
2
1
_
.
For
2
= 4 we obtain
_
2 2 0
1 1 0
_
=
_
1 1 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
1
1
_
.
490
Exercises 10.2
Then
X = c
1
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
4t
.
3. The system is
X

=
_
4 2
5/2 2
_
X
and det(AI) = ( 1)( + 3) = 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
_
5 2 0
5/2 1 0
_
=
_
5 2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
2
5
_
.
For
2
= 3 we obtain
_
1 2 0
5/2 5 0
_
=
_
1 2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
2
1
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
2
5
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
3t
.
4. The system is
X

=
_
5/2 2
3/4 2
_
X
and det(AI) = ( + 1)(2 + 7) = 0. For
1
= 7/2 we obtain
_
1 2 0
3/4 3/2 0
_
=
_
1 2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
2
1
_
.
For
2
= 1 we obtain
_
3/2 2 0
3/4 1 0
_
=
_
3 4 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
4
3
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
2
1
_
e
7t/2
+ c
2
_
4
3
_
e
t
.
5. The system is
X

=
_
10 5
8 12
_
X
and det(AI) = ( 8)( + 10) = 0. For
1
= 8 we obtain
_
2 5 0
8 20 0
_
=
_
1 5/2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
5
2
_
.
For
2
= 10 we obtain
_
20 5 0
8 2 0
_
=
_
1 1/4 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
1
4
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
5
2
_
e
8t
+ c
2
_
1
4
_
e
10t
.
6. The system is
X

=
_
6 2
3 1
_
X
491
Exercises 10.2
and det(AI) = ( + 5) = 0. For
1
= 0 we obtain
_
6 2 0
3 1 0
_
=
_
1 1/3 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
1
3
_
.
For
2
= 5 we obtain
_
1 2 0
3 6 0
_
=
_
1 2 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
2
1
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
1
3
_
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
5t
.
7. The system is
X

=
_
_
_
1 1 1
0 2 0
0 1 1
_
_
_X
and det(AI) = ( 1)(2 )( + 1) = 0. For
1
= 1,
2
= 2, and
3
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
2
3
1
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
1
0
2
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
2
3
1
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
3
_
_
_
1
0
2
_
_
_e
t
.
8. The system is
X

=
_
_
_
2 7 0
5 10 4
0 5 2
_
_
_X
and det(AI) = (2 )( 5)( 7) = 0. For
1
= 2,
2
= 5, and
3
= 7 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
4
0
5
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
7
3
5
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
7
5
5
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
4
0
5
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_
_
_
7
3
5
_
_
_e
5t
+ c
3
_
_
_
7
5
5
_
_
_e
7t
.
9. We have det(AI) = ( + 1)( 3)( + 2) = 0. For
1
= 1,
2
= 3, and
3
= 2 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
1
4
3
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
1
1
3
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
1
4
3
_
_
_e
3t
+ c
3
_
_
_
1
1
3
_
_
_e
2t
.
492
Exercises 10.2
10. We have det(AI) = ( 1)( 2) = 0. For
1
= 0,
2
= 1, and
3
= 2 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_e
t
+ c
3
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
2t
.
11. We have det(AI) = ( + 1)( + 1/2)( + 3/2) = 0. For
1
= 1,
2
= 1/2, and
3
= 3/2 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
4
0
1
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
12
6
5
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
4
2
1
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
4
0
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
12
6
5
_
_
_e
t/2
+ c
3
_
_
_
4
2
1
_
_
_e
3t/2
.
12. We have det(AI) = ( 3)( + 5)(6 ) = 0. For
1
= 3,
2
= 5, and
3
= 6 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
2
2
11
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_e
3t
+ c
2
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_e
5t
+ c
3
_
_
_
2
2
11
_
_
_e
6t
.
13. We have det(AI) = ( + 1/2)( 1/2) = 0. For
1
= 1/2 and
2
= 1/2 we obtain
K
1
=
_
0
1
_
and K
2
=
_
1
1
_
,
so that
X = c
1
_
0
1
_
e
t/2
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
t/2
.
If
X(0) =
_
3
5
_
then c
1
= 2 and c
2
= 3.
14. We have det(AI) = (2 )( 3)( + 1) = 0. For
1
= 2,
2
= 3, and
3
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
5
3
2
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_,
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
5
3
2
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_e
3t
+ c
3
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_e
t
.
493
Exercises 10.2
If
X(0) =
_
_
_
1
3
0
_
_
_
then c
1
= 1, c
2
= 5/2, and c
3
= 1/2.
15. X = c
1
_
_
_
0.382175
0.851161
0.359815
_
_
_e
8.58979t
+ c
2
_
_
_
0.405188
0.676043
0.615458
_
_
_e
2.25684t
+ c
3
_
_
_
0.923562
0.132174
0.35995
_
_
_e
0.0466321t
16. X = c
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0.0312209
0.949058
0.239535
0.195825
0.0508861
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
5.05452t
+ c
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0.280232
0.836611
0.275304
0.176045
0.338775
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
4.09561t
+ c
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0.262219
0.162664
0.826218
0.346439
0.31957
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2.92362t
+c
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0.313235
0.64181
0.31754
0.173787
0.599108
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2.02882t
+ c
5
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0.301294
0.466599
0.222136
0.0534311
0.799567
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
0.155338t
17. (a)
(b) Letting c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we get x = 5e
8t
, y = 2e
8t
. Eliminating the parameter we nd y =
2
5
x, x > 0.
When c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we nd y =
2
5
x, x < 0. Letting c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 1 we get x = e
10t
, y = 4e
10t
.
Eliminating the parameter we nd y = 4x, x > 0. Letting c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 1 we nd y = 4x, x < 0.
(c) The eigenvectors K
1
= (5, 2) and K
2
= (1, 4) are shown in the gure in part (a).
18. (a) Letting c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we get x = 2e
t
, y = e
t
. Eliminating
the parameter we nd y =
1
2
x, x < 0. When c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0
we nd y =
1
2
x, x > 0. Letting c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 1 we get x = e
4t
,
y = e
4t
. Eliminating the parameter we nd y = x, x > 0. When
c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 1 we nd y = x, x < 0.
494
Exercises 10.2
Letting c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we get x = 2e
7t/2
, y = e
7t/2
. Eliminating the parameter we nd y =
1
2
x, x < 0.
When c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we nd y =
1
2
x, x > 0. Letting c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 1 we get x = 4e
t
, y = 3e
t
.
Eliminating the parameter we nd y =
3
4
x, x > 0. When c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 1 we nd y =
3
4
x, x < 0.
19. We have det(AI) =
2
= 0. For
1
= 0 we obtain
K =
_
1
3
_
.
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
1
2
_
so that
X = c
1
_
1
3
_
+ c
2
__
1
3
_
t +
_
1
2
__
.
20. We have det(AI) = ( + 1)
2
= 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K =
_
1
1
_
.
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
0
1/5
_
so that
X = c
1
_
1
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
te
t
+
_
0
1/5
_
e
t
_
.
21. We have det(AI) = ( 2)
2
= 0. For
1
= 2 we obtain
K =
_
1
1
_
.
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
1/3
0
_
so that
X = c
1
_
1
1
_
e
2t
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
te
2t
+
_
1/3
0
_
e
2t
_
.
22. We have det(AI) = ( 6)
2
= 0. For
1
= 6 we obtain
K =
_
3
2
_
.
495
Exercises 10.2
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
1/2
0
_
so that
X = c
1
_
3
2
_
e
6t
+ c
2
__
3
2
_
te
6t
+
_
1/2
0
_
e
6t
_
.
23. We have det(AI) = (1 )( 2)
2
= 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_.
For
2
= 2 we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_ and K
3
=
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
3
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_e
2t
.
24. We have det(AI) = ( 8)( + 1)
2
= 0. For
1
= 8 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
2
1
2
_
_
_.
For
2
= 1 we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_ and K
3
=
_
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
_.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
2
1
2
_
_
_e
8t
+ c
2
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
3
_
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
_e
t
.
25. We have det(AI) = (5 )
2
= 0. For
1
= 0 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
4
5
2
_
_
_.
For
2
= 5 we obtain
K =
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_.
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
_
_
5/2
1/2
0
_
_
_
496
Exercises 10.2
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
4
5
2
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_e
5t
+ c
3
_

_
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_te
5t
+
_
_
_
5/2
1/2
0
_
_
_e
5t
_

_.
26. We have det(AI) = (1 )( 2)
2
= 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_.
For
2
= 2 we obtain
K =
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_.
A solution of (A
2
I)P = K is
P =
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
3
_

_
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_te
2t
+
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_e
2t
_

_.
27. We have det(AI) = ( 1)
3
= 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K =
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_.
Solutions of (A
1
I)P = K and (A
1
I)Q = P are
P =
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_ and Q =
_
_
_
1/2
0
0
_
_
_
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_+ c
2
_

_
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_te
t
+
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_e
t
_

_ + c
3
_

_
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_
t
2
2
e
t
+
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_te
t
+
_
_
_
1/2
0
0
_
_
_e
t
_

_.
28. We have det(AI) = ( 4)
3
= 0. For
1
= 4 we obtain
K =
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_.
Solutions of (A
1
I)P = K and (A
1
I)Q = P are
P =
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_ and Q =
_
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_
497
Exercises 10.2
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_e
4t
+ c
2
_

_
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_te
4t
+
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_e
4t
_

_ + c
3
_

_
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_
t
2
2
e
4t
+
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_te
4t
+
_
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_e
4t
_

_.
29. We have det(AI) = ( 4)
2
= 0. For
1
= 4 we obtain
K =
_
2
1
_
.
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
1
1
_
so that
X = c
1
_
2
1
_
e
4t
+ c
2
__
2
1
_
te
4t
+
_
1
1
_
e
4t
_
.
If
X(0) =
_
1
6
_
then c
1
= 7 and c
2
= 13.
30. We have det(AI) = ( + 1)( 1)
2
= 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_.
For
2
= 1 we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_ and K
3
=
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_
so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
3
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_e
t
.
If
X(0) =
_
_
_
1
2
5
_
_
_
then c
1
= 2, c
2
= 3, and c
3
= 2.
31. In this case det(A I) = (2 )
5
, and
1
= 2 is an eigenvalue of multiplicity 5. Linearly independent
eigenvectors are
K
1
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, K
2
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, and K
3
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
498
Exercises 10.2
32. Letting c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we get x = e
t
, y = e
t
. Eliminating the
parameter we nd y = x, x > 0. When c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we nd
y = x, x < 0.
Letting c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we get x = e
2t
, y = e
2t
. Eliminating the parameter we nd y = x, x > 0. When
c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 0 we nd y = x, x < 0.
In Problems 33-46 the form of the answer will vary according to the choice of eigenvector. For example, in
Problem 33, if K
1
is chosen to be
_
1
2 i
_
the solution has the form
X = c
1
_
cos t
2 cos t + sint
_
e
4t
+ c
2
_
sint
2 sint cos t
_
e
4t
.
33. We have det(AI) =
2
8 + 17 = 0. For
1
= 4 + i we obtain
K
1
=
_
2 + i
5
_
so that
X
1
=
_
2 + i
5
_
e
(4+i)t
=
_
2 cos t sint
5 cos t
_
e
4t
+ i
_
cos t + 2 sint
5 sint
_
e
4t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
2 cos t sint
5 cos t
_
e
4t
+ c
2
_
2 sint + cos t
5 sint
_
e
4t
.
499
Exercises 10.2
34. We have det(AI) =
2
+ 1 = 0. For
1
= i we obtain
K
1
=
_
1 i
2
_
so that
X
1
=
_
1 i
2
_
e
it
=
_
sint cos t
2 cos t
_
+ i
_
cos t sint
2 sint
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
sint cos t
2 cos t
_
+ c
2
_
cos t sint
2 sint
_
.
35. We have det(AI) =
2
8 + 17 = 0. For
1
= 4 + i we obtain
K
1
=
_
1 i
2
_
so that
X
1
=
_
1 i
2
_
e
(4+i)t
=
_
sint cos t
2 cos t
_
e
4t
+ i
_
sint cos t
2 sint
_
e
4t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
sint cos t
2 cos t
_
e
4t
+ c
2
_
sint cos t
2 sint
_
e
4t
.
36. We have det(AI) =
2
10 + 34 = 0. For
1
= 5 + 3i we obtain
K
1
=
_
1 3i
2
_
so that
X
1
=
_
1 3i
2
_
e
(5+3i)t
=
_
cos 3t + 3 sin3t
2 cos 3t
_
e
5t
+ i
_
sin3t 3 cos 3t
2 cos 3t
_
e
5t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
cos 3t + 3 sin3t
2 cos 3t
_
e
5t
+ c
2
_
sin3t 3 cos 3t
2 cos 3t
_
e
5t
.
37. We have det(AI) =
2
+ 9 = 0. For
1
= 3i we obtain
K
1
=
_
4 + 3i
5
_
so that
X
1
=
_
4 + 3i
5
_
e
3it
=
_
4 cos 3t 3 sin3t
5 cos 3t
_
+ i
_
4 sin3t + 3 cos 3t
5 sin3t
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
4 cos 3t 3 sin3t
5 cos 3t
_
+ c
2
_
4 sin3t + 3 cos 3t
5 sin3t
_
.
38. We have det(AI) =
2
+ 2 + 5 = 0. For
1
= 1 + 2i we obtain
K
1
=
_
2 + 2i
1
_
so that
X
1
=
_
2 + 2i
1
_
e
(1+2i)t
= ( 2 cos 2t 2 sin2t cos 2t ) e
t
+ i
_
2 cos 2t + 2 sin2t
sin2t
_
e
t
.
500
Exercises 10.2
Then
X = c
1
_
2 cos 2t 2 sin2t
cos 2t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2 cos 2t + 2 sin2t
sin2t
_
e
t
.
39. We have det(AI) =
_

2
+ 1
_
= 0. For
1
= 0 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_.
For
2
= i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
i
i
1
_
_
_
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
i
i
1
_
_
_e
it
=
_
_
_
sint
sint
cos t
_
_
_+ i
_
_
_
cos t
cos t
sint
_
_
_.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
sint
sint
cos t
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
cos t
cos t
sint
_
_
_.
40. We have det(AI) = ( + 3)(
2
2 + 5) = 0. For
1
= 3 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_.
For
2
= 1 + 2i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
2 i
3i
2
_
_
_
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
2 cos 2t + sin2t
3 sin2t
2 cos 2t
_
_
_e
t
+ i
_
_
_
cos 2t 2 sin2t
3 cos 2t
2 sin2t
_
_
_e
t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_e
3t
+ c
2
_
_
_
2 cos 2t + sin2t
3 sin2t
2 cos 2t
_
_
_e
t
+ c
3
_
_
_
cos 2t 2 sin2t
3 cos 2t
2 sin2t
_
_
_e
t
.
41. We have det(AI) = (1 )(
2
2 + 2) = 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_.
For
2
= 1 + i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
1
i
i
_
_
_
501
Exercises 10.2
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
1
i
i
_
_
_e
(1+i)t
=
_
_
_
cos t
sint
sint
_
_
_e
t
+ i
_
_
_
sint
cos t
cos t
_
_
_e
t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
cos t
sint
sint
_
_
_e
t
+ c
3
_
_
_
sint
cos t
cos t
_
_
_e
t
.
42. We have det(AI) = ( 6)(
2
8 + 20) = 0. For
1
= 6 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_.
For
2
= 4 + 2i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
i
0
2
_
_
_
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
i
0
2
_
_
_e
(4+2i)t
=
_
_
_
sin2t
0
2 cos 2t
_
_
_e
4t
+ i
_
_
_
cos 2t
0
2 sin2t
_
_
_e
4t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_e
6t
+ c
2
_
_
_
sin2t
0
2 cos 2t
_
_
_e
4t
+ c
3
_
_
_
cos 2t
0
2 sin2t
_
_
_e
4t
.
43. We have det(AI) = (2 )(
2
+ 4 + 13) = 0. For
1
= 2 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
28
5
25
_
_
_.
For
2
= 2 + 3i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
4 + 3i
5
0
_
_
_
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
4 + 3i
5
0
_
_
_e
(2+3i)t
=
_
_
_
4 cos 3t 3 sin3t
5 cos 3t
0
_
_
_e
2t
+ i
_
_
_
4 sin3t + 3 cos 3t
5 sin3t
0
_
_
_e
2t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
28
5
25
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_
_
_
4 cos 3t 3 sin3t
5 cos 3t
0
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
3
_
_
_
4 sin3t + 3 cos 3t
5 sin3t
0
_
_
_e
2t
.
502
Exercises 10.2
44. We have det(AI) = ( + 2)(
2
+ 4) = 0. For
1
= 2 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_.
For
2
= 2i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
2 2i
1
1
_
_
_
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
2 2i
1
1
_
_
_e
2it
=
_
_
_
2 cos 2t + 2 sin2t
cos 2t
cos 2t
_
_
_+ i
_
_
_
2 cos 2t 2 sin2t
sin2t
sin2t
_
_
_.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_
_
_
2 cos 2t + 2 sin2t
cos 2t
cos 2t
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
2 cos 2t 2 sin2t
sin2t
sin2t
_
_
_.
45. We have det(AI) = (1 )(
2
+ 25) = 0. For
1
= 1 we obtain
K
1
=
_
_
_
25
7
6
_
_
_.
For
2
= 5i we obtain
K
2
=
_
_
_
1 + 5i
1
1
_
_
_
so that
X
2
=
_
_
_
1 + 5i
1
1
_
_
_e
5it
=
_
_
_
cos 5t 5 sin5t
cos 5t
cos 5t
_
_
_+ i
_
_
_
sin5t + 5 cos 5t
sin5t
sin5t
_
_
_.
Then
X = c
1
_
_
_
25
7
6
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
cos 5t 5 sin5t
cos 5t
cos 5t
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
sin5t + 5 cos 5t
sin5t
sin5t
_
_
_.
If
X(0) =
_
_
_
4
6
7
_
_
_
then c
1
= c
2
= 1 and c
3
= 6.
46. We have det(AI) =
2
10 + 29 = 0. For
1
= 5 + 2i we obtain
K
1
=
_
1
1 2i
_
so that
X
1
=
_
1
1 2i
_
e
(5+2i)t
=
_
cos 2t
cos 2t + 2 sin2t
_
e
5t
+ i
_
sin2t
sin2t 2 cos 2t
_
e
5t
.
503
Exercises 10.2
and
X = c
1
_
cos 2t
cos 2t + 2 sin2t
_
e
5t
+ c
3
_
sin2t
sin2t 2 cos 2t
_
e
5t
.
If
X(0) =
_
2
8
_
then c
1
= 2 and c
2
= 5.
47.
48. (a) From det(AI) = ( 2) = 0 we get
1
= 0 and
2
= 2. For
1
= 0 we obtain
_
1 1 0
1 1 0
_
=
_
1 1 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
1
=
_
1
1
_
.
For
2
= 2 we obtain
_
1 1 0
1 1 0
_
=
_
1 1 0
0 0 0
_
so that K
2
=
_
1
1
_
.
Then
X = c
1
_
1
1
_
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
2t
.
The line y = x is not a trajectory of the system.
Trajectories are x = c
1
+ c
2
e
2t
, y = c
1
+ c
2
e
2t
or
y = x + 2c
1
. This is a family of lines perpendicular
to the line y = x. All of the constant solutions
of the system do, however, lie on the line y = x.
(b) From det(AI) =
2
= 0 we get
1
= 0 and
K =
_
1
1
_
.
A solution of (A
1
I)P = K is
P =
_
1
0
_
so that
X = c
1
_
1
1
_
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
t +
_
1
0
__
.
504
Exercises 10.2
All trajectories are parallel to y = x, but
y = x is not a trajectory. There are constant
solutions of the system, however, that do lie
on the line y = x.
49. The system of dierential equations is
x

1
= 2x
1
+ x
2
x

2
= 2x
2
x

3
= 2x
3
x

4
= 2x
4
+ x
5
x

5
= 2x
5
.
We see immediately that x
2
= c
2
e
2t
, x
3
= c
3
e
2t
, and x
5
= c
5
e
2t
. Then
x

1
= 2x
1
+ c
2
e
2t
= x
1
= c
2
te
2t
+ c
1
e
2t
and
x

4
= 2x
4
+ c
5
e
2t
= x
4
= c
5
te
2t
+ c
4
e
2t
.
The general solution of the system is
X =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
c
2
te
2t
+ c
1
e
2t
c
2
e
2t
c
3
e
2t
c
5
te
2t
+ c
4
e
2t
c
5
e
2t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
= c
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
te
2t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
_

_
+ c
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
+ c
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
+ c
5
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
te
2t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
_

_
505
Exercises 10.2
= c
1
K
1
e
2t
+ c
2
_

_
K
1
te
2t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
_

_
+ c
3
K
2
e
2t
+ c
4
K
3
e
2t
+ c
5
_

_
K
3
te
2t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
_

_
.
There are three solutions of the form X = Ke
2t
, where K is an eigenvector, and two solutions of the form
X = Kte
2t
+Pe
2t
. See (12) in the text. From (13) and (14) in the text
(A2I)K
1
= 0
and
(A2I)K
2
= K
1
.
This implies
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
p
1
p
2
p
3
p
4
p
5
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
so p
2
= 1 and p
5
= 0, while p
1
, p
3
, and p
4
are arbitrary. Choosing p
1
= p
3
= p
4
= 0 we have
P =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
Therefore a solution is
X =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
te
2t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
.
Repeating for K
3
we nd
P =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
506
Exercises 10.2
so another solution is
X =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
te
2t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
.
50. From x = 2 cos 2t 2 sin2t, y = cos 2t we nd x + 2y = 2 sin2t. Then
(x + 2y)
2
= 4 sin
2
2t = 4(1 cos
2
2t) = 4 4 cos
2
2t = 4 4y
2
and
x
2
+ 4xy + 4y
2
= 4 4y
2
or x
2
+ 4xy + 8y
2
= 4.
This is a rotated conic section and, from the discriminant b
2
4ac = 16 32 < 0, we see that the curve is an
ellipse.
51. Suppose the eigenvalues are i, > 0. In Problem 36 the eigenvalues are 5 3i, in Problem 37 they are
3i, and in Problem 38 they are 1 2i. From Problem 47 we deduce that the phase portrait will consist of a
family of closed curves when = 0 and spirals when = 0. The origin will be a repellor when > 0, and an
attractor when < 0.
52. (a) The given system can be written as
x

1
=
k
1
+ k
2
m
1
x
1
+
k
2
m
1
x
2
, x

2
=
k
2
m
1
x
1

k
2
m
1
x
2
.
In terms of matrices this is X

= AX where
X =
_
x
1
x
2
_
and A =
_

k
1
+ k
2
m
1
k
2
m
1
k
2
m
1

k
2
m
1
_

_.
(b) If X = Ke
t
then X

=
2
Ke
t
and AX = AKe
t
so that X

= AX becomes
2
Ke
t
= AKe
t
or
(A
2
I)K = 0. Now let
2
= .
(c) When m
1
= 1, m
2
= 1, k
1
= 3, and k
2
= 2 we obtain
_
5 2
2 2
_
. The eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors of A are
1
= 1,
2
= 6, K
1
=
_
1
2
_
, K
2
=
_
2
1
_
. Since
1
= i,
2
= i,
3
=

6 i, and

4
=

6 i a solution is
X = c
1
_
1
2
_
e
it
+ c
2
_
1
2
_
e
it
+ c
3
_
2
1
_
e

6 it
+ c
4
_
2
1
_
e

6 it
.
Using e
it
= cos t + i sint and e

6 it
= cos

6 t + i sin

6 t the preceding solution can be rewritten as

X = b
1
_
1
2
_
cos t + b
2
_
1
2
_
sint + b
3
_
2
1
_
cos

6 t + b
4
_
2
1
_
sin

6 t
where b
1
, b
2
, b
3
, and b
4
are constants.
507
Exercises 10.3
Exercises 10.3
1.
1
= 7,
2
= 4, K
1
=
_
3
1
_
, K
2
=
_
2
3
_
, P =
_
3 2
1 3
_
;
X = PY =
_
3 2
1 3
_ _
c
1
e
7t
c
2
e
4t
_
=
_
3c
1
e
7t
2c
2
e
4t
c
1
e
7t
+ 3c
2
e
4t
_
= c
1
_
3
1
_
e
7t
+ c
2
_
2
3
_
e
4t
2.
1
= 0,
2
= 1, K
1
=
_
1
1
_
, K
2
=
_
1
1
_
, P =
_
1 1
1 1
_
;
X = PY =
_
1 1
1 1
_ _
c
1
c
2
e
t
_
=
_
c
1
+ c
2
e
t
c
1
+ c
2
e
t
_
= c
1
_
1
1
_
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
t
3.
1
=
1
2
,
2
=
3
2
, K
1
=
_
1
2
_
, K
2
=
_
1
2
_
, P =
_
1 1
2 2
_
;
X = PY =
_
1 1
2 2
_ _
c
1
e
t/2
c
2
e
3t/2
_
=
_
c
1
e
t/2
+ c
2
e
3t/2
2c
1
e
t/2
+ 2c
2
e
3t/2
_
= c
1
_
1
2
_
e
t/2
+ c
2
_
1
2
_
e
3t/2
4.
1
=

2 ,
2
=

2 , K
1
=
_
1
1 +

2
_
, K
2
=
_
1
1

2
_
, P =
_
1 1
1 +

2 1

2
_
;
X = PY =
_
1 1
1 +

2 1

2
_ _
c
1
e

2 t
c
2
e

2 t
_
=
_
c
1
e

2 t
c
2
e

2 t
(1 +

2 )c
1
e

2 t
+ (1

2 )c
2
e

2 t
_
= c
1
_
1
1 +

2
_
e

2 t
+ c
2
_
1
1

2
_
e

2 t
5.
1
= 4,
2
= 2,
3
= 6, K
1
=
_

_
1
1
0
_

_, K
2
=
_

_
1
1
1
_

_, K
3
=
_

_
0
0
1
_

_, P =
_

_
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 1 1
_

_;
X = PY =
_

_
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 1 1
_

_
_

_
c
1
e
4t
c
2
e
2t
c
3
e
6t
_

_ =
_

_
c
1
e
4t
+ c
2
e
2t
c
1
e
4t
+ c
2
e
2t
c
2
e
2t
+ c
3
e
6t
_

_ = c
1
_

_
1
1
0
_

_e
4t
+ c
2
_

_
1
1
0
_

_e
2t
+ c
3
_

_
0
0
1
_

_e
6t
6.
1
= 1,
2
= 1,
3
= 4, K
1
=
_

_
1
0
1
_

_, K
2
=
_

_
1
2
1
_

_, K
3
=
_

_
1
1
1
_

_, P =
_

_
1 1 1
0 2 1
1 1 1
_

_;
X = PY =
_

_
1 1 1
0 2 1
1 1 1
_

_
_

_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
t
c
3
e
4t
_

_ =
_

_
c
1
+ c
2
e
t
+ c
3
e
4t
2c
2
e
t
+ c
3
e
4t
c
1
e
t
+ c
2
e
t
+ c
3
e
4t
_

_ = c
1
_

_
1
0
1
_

_e
t
+ c
2
_

_
1
2
1
_

_e
t
+ c
3
_

_
1
1
1
_

_e
4t
7.
1
= 1,
2
= 2,
3
= 2, K
1
=
_

_
1
1
1
_

_, K
2
=
_

_
1
1
0
_

_, K
3
=
_

_
1
0
1
_

_, P =
_

_
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_

_;
X = PY =
_

_
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_

_
_

_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
c
3
e
2t
_

_ =
_

_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
c
3
e
2t
c
1
e
t
+ c
2
e
2t
c
1
e
t
+ c
3
e
2t
_

_ = c
1
_

_
1
1
1
_

_e
t
+ c
2
_

_
1
1
0
_

_e
2t
+ c
3
_

_
1
0
1
_

_e
2t
508
Exercises 10.4
8.
1
= 0,
2
= 0,
3
= 0,
4
= 4, K
1
=
_

_
1
1
0
0
_

_
, K
2
=
_

_
1
0
1
0
_

_
, K
3
=
_

_
1
0
0
1
_

_
, K
4
=
_

_
1
1
1
1
_

_
,
P =
_

_
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
_

_
;
X = PY =
_

_
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
_

_
_

_
c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
e
4t
_

_
=
_

_
c
1
c
2
c
3
+ c
4
e
4t
c
1
+ c
4
e
4t
c
2
+ c
4
e
4t
c
3
+ c
4
e
4t
_

_
= c
1
_

_
1
1
0
0
_

_
+ c
2
_

_
1
0
1
0
_

_
+ c
3
_

_
1
0
0
1
_

_
+ c
4
_

_
1
1
1
1
_

_
e
4t
9.
1
= 1,
2
= 2,
3
= 3, K
1
=
_

_
1
1
1
_

_, K
2
=
_

_
2
2
3
_

_, K
3
=
_

_
3
4
5
_

_, P =
_

_
1 2 3
1 2 4
1 3 5
_

_;
X = PY =
_

_
1 2 3
1 2 4
1 3 5
_

_
_

_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
c
3
e
3t
_

_ =
_

_
c
1
e
t
+ 2c
2
e
2t
+ 3c
3
e
3t
c
1
e
t
+ 2c
2
e
2t
+ 4c
3
e
3t
c
1
e
t
+ 3c
2
e
2t
+ 5c
3
e
3t
_

_ = c
1
_

_
1
1
1
_

_e
t
+ c
2
_

_
2
2
3
_

_e
2t
+ c
3
_

_
3
4
5
_

_e
3t
10.
1
= 0,
2
= 2

2 ,
3
= 2

2 , K
1
=
_

_
1
0
1
_

_, K
2
=
_

_
1

2
1
_

_, K
3
=
_

_
1

2
1
_

_, P =
_

_
1 1 1
0

2

2
1 1 1
_

_;
X = PY =
_

_
1 1 1
0

2

2
1 1 1
_

_
_

_
c
1
c
2
e
2

2 t
c
3
e
2

2 t
_

_ =
_

_
c
1
+ c
2
e
2

2 t
+ c
3
e
2

2 t

2 c
2
e
2

2 t
+

2 c
3
e
2

2 t
c
1
+ c
2
e
2

2 t
+ c
3
e
2

2 t
_

_
= c
1
_

_
1
0
1
_

_ + c
2
_

_
1

2
1
_

_e
2

2 t
+ c
3
_

_
1

2
1
_

_e
2

2 t
Exercises 10.4
1. From
X

=
_
3 3
2 2
_
X+
_
4
1
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
1
1
_
+ c
2
_
3
2
_
e
t
.
Then =
_
1 3e
t
1 2e
t
_
and
1
=
_
2 3
e
t
e
t
_
509
Exercises 10.4
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
11
5e
t
_
dt =
_
11t
5e
t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
11
11
_
t +
_
15
10
_
.
2. From
X

=
_
2 1
3 2
_
X+
_
0
4
_
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
1
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
3
_
e
t
.
Then =
_
e
t
e
t
e
t
3e
t
_
and
1
=
_
3
2
e
t

1
2
e
t

1
2
e
t 1
2
e
t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2te
t
2te
t
_
dt =
_
2te
t
+ 2e
t
2te
t
2e
t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
4
8
_
t +
_
0
4
_
.
3. From
X

=
_
3 5
3/4 1
_
X+
_
1
1
_
e
t/2
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
10
3
_
e
3t/2
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
t/2
.
Then =
_
10e
3t/2
2e
t/2
3e
3t/2
e
t/2
_
and
1
=
_
1
4
e
3t/2

1
2
e
3t/2

3
4
e
t/2 5
2
e
t/2
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
3
4
e
t

13
4
_
dt =
_

3
4
e
t

13
4
t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
13/2
13/4
_
te
t/2
+
_
15/2
9/4
_
e
t/2
.
4. From
X

=
_
2 1
4 2
_
X+
_
sin2t
2 cos 2t
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
sin2t
2 cos 2t
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
cos 2t
2 sin2t
_
e
2t
.
Then =
_
e
2t
sin2t e
2t
cos 2t
2e
2t
cos 2t 2e
2t
sin2t
_
and
1
=
_

1
2
e
2t
sin2t
1
4
e
2t
cos 2t
1
2
e
2t
cos 2t
1
4
e
2t
sin2t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
1
2
cos 4t
1
2
sin4t
_
dt =
_
1
8
sin4t

1
8
cos 4t
_
510
Exercises 10.4
and X
p
= U =
_

1
8
sin2t cos 4t
1
8
cos 2t cos 4t
1
4
cos 2t sin4t
1
4
sin2t cos 4t
_
e
2t
.
5. From
X

=
_
0 2
1 3
_
X+
_
1
1
_
e
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
2t
.
Then =
_
2e
t
e
2t
e
t
e
2t
_
and
1
=
_
e
t
e
t
e
2t
2e
2t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2
3e
t
_
dt =
_
2t
3e
t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
4
2
_
te
t
+
_
3
3
_
e
t
.
6. From
X

=
_
0 2
1 3
_
X+
_
2
e
3t
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
2t
.
Then =
_
2e
t
e
2t
e
t
e
2t
_
and
1
=
_
e
t
e
t
e
2t
2e
2t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2e
t
e
4t
2e
2t
+ 2e
5t
_
dt =
_
2e
t
+
1
4
e
4t
e
2t

2
5
e
5t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
1
10
e
3t
3

3
20
e
3t
1
_
.
7. From
X

=
_
1 8
1 1
_
X+
_
12
12
_
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
4
1
_
e
3t
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
3t
.
Then =
_
4e
3t
2e
3t
e
3t
e
3t
_
and
1
=
_
1
6
e
3t 1
3
e
3t

1
6
e
3t 2
3
e
3t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
6te
3t
6te
3t
_
dt =
_
2te
3t

2
3
e
3t
2te
3t

2
3
e
3t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
12
0
_
t +
_
4/3
4/3
_
.
511
Exercises 10.4
8. From
X

=
_
1 8
1 1
_
X+
_
e
t
te
t
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
4
1
_
e
3t
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
3t
.
Then =
_
4e
3t
2e
3t
e
3t
e
3t
_
and
1
=
_
1
6
e
3t 1
3
e
3t

1
6
e
3t 2
3
e
3t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_
_
1
6
e
4t
+
1
3
te
2t

1
6
e
2t
+
2
3
te
4t
_
dt =
_

1
24
e
4t

1
6
te
2t

1
12
e
2t

1
12
e
2t
+
1
6
te
4t

1
24
e
4t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
te
t

1
4
e
t

1
8
e
t

1
8
e
t
_
.
9. From
X

=
_
3 2
2 1
_
X+
_
2
1
_
e
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
1
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
te
t
+
_
0
1/2
_
e
t
_
.
Then =
_
e
t
te
t
e
t 1
2
e
t
te
t
_
and
1
=
_
e
t
2te
t
2te
t
2e
t
2e
t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2e
2t
6te
2t
6e
2t
_
dt =
_
1
2
e
2t
+ 3te
2t
3e
2t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
1/2
2
_
e
t
.
10. From
X

=
_
3 2
2 1
_
X+
_
1
1
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
1
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
te
t
+
_
0
1/2
_
e
t
_
.
Then =
_
e
t
te
t
e
t 1
2
e
t
te
t
_
and
1
=
_
e
t
2te
t
2te
t
2e
t
2e
t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
e
t
4te
t
2e
t
_
dt =
_
3e
t
+ 4te
t
2e
t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
3
5
_
.
11. From
X

=
_
0 1
1 0
_
X+
_
sec t
0
_
512
Exercises 10.4
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
cos t
sint
_
+ c
2
_
sint
cos t
_
.
Then =
_
cos t sint
sint cos t
_
and
1
=
_
cos t sint
sint cos t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
1
tant
_
dt =
_
t
ln| sec t|
_
and X
p
= U =
_
t cos t + sint ln| sec t|
t sint cos t ln| sec t|
_
.
12. From
X

=
_
1 1
1 1
_
X+
_
3
3
_
e
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
sint
cos t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
cos t
sint
_
e
t
.
Then =
_
sint cos t
cos t sint
_
e
t
and
1
=
_
sint cos t
cos t sint
_
e
t
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
3 sint + 3 cos t
3 cos t + 3 sint
_
dt =
_
3 cos t + 3 sint
3 sint 3 cos t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
3
3
_
e
t
.
13. From
X

=
_
1 1
1 1
_
X+
_
cos t
sint
_
e
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
sint
cos t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
cos t
sint
_
e
t
.
Then =
_
sint cos t
cos t sint
_
e
t
and
1
=
_
sint cos t
cos t sint
_
e
t
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
0
1
_
dt =
_
0
t
_
and X
p
= U =
_
cos t
sint
_
te
t
.
14. From
X

=
_
2 2
8 6
_
X+
_
1
3
_
1
t
e
2t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
1
2
_
e
2t
+ c
2
__
1
2
_
te
2t
+
_
1/2
1/2
_
e
2t
_
.
Then =
_
1 2t + 1
2 4t + 1
_
e
2t
and
1
=
_
(4t + 1) 2t + 1
2 1
_
e
2t
513
Exercises 10.4
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2t + 2 lnt
lnt
_
dt
and X
p
= U =
_
2t + lnt 2t lnt
4t + 3 lnt 4t lnt
_
e
2t
.
15. From
X

=
_
0 1
1 0
_
X+
_
0
sec t tant
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
cos t
sint
_
+ c
2
_
sint
cos t
_
.
Then =
_
cos t sint
sint cos t
_
t and
1
=
_
cos t sint
sint cos t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
tan
2
t
tant
_
dt =
_
t tant
ln| sec t|
_
and X
p
= U =
_
cos t
sint
_
t +
_
sint
sint tant
_
+
_
sint
cos t
_
ln| sec t|.
16. From
X

=
_
0 1
1 0
_
X+
_
1
cot t
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
cos t
sint
_
+ c
2
_
sint
cos t
_
.
Then =
_
cos t sint
sint cos t
_
and
1
=
_
cos t sint
sint cos t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
0
csc t
_
dt =
_
0
ln| csc t cot t|
_
and X
p
= U =
_
sint ln| csc t cot t|
cos t ln| csc t cot t|
_
.
17. From
X

=
_
1 2
1/2 1
_
X+
_
csc t
sec t
_
e
t
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
2 sint
cos t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2 cos t
sint
_
e
t
.
Then =
_
2 sint 2 cos t
cos t sint
_
e
t
and
1
=
_
1
2
sint cos t
1
2
cos t sint
_
e
t
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
3
2
1
2
cos t tant
_
dt =
_
3
2
t
1
2
ln| sint| ln| sec t|
_
and X
p
= U =
_
3 sint
3
2
cos t
_
te
t
+
_
cos t

1
2
sint
_
ln| sint| +
_
2 cos t
sint
_
ln| sec t|.
514
Exercises 10.4
18. From
X

=
_
1 2
1 1
_
X+
_
tant
1
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
cos t sint
cos t
_
+ c
2
_
cos t + sint
sint
_
.
Then =
_
cos t sint cos t + sint
cos t sint
_
and
1
=
_
sint cos t + sint
cos t sint cos t
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2 cos t + sint sec t
2 sint cos t
_
dt =
_
2 sint cos t ln| sec t + tant|
2 cos t sint
_
and X
p
= U =
_
3 sint cos t cos
2
t 2 sin
2
t + (sint cos t) ln| sec t + tant|
sin
2
t cos
2
t cos t(ln| sec t + tant|)
_
.
19. From
X

=
_
_
_
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 3
_
_
_X+
_
_
_
e
t
e
2t
te
3t
_
_
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
3
_
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_e
3t
.
Then =
_
_
_
1 e
2t
0
1 e
2t
0
0 0 e
3t
_
_
_ and
1
=
_
_
_
1
2

1
2
0
1
2
e
2t 1
2
e
2t
0
0 0 e
3t
_
_
_
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_
_
_
_
1
2
e
t

1
2
e
2t
1
2
e
t
+
1
2
t
_
_
_dt =
_
_
_
1
2
e
t

1
4
e
2t

1
2
e
t
+
1
2
t
1
2
t
2
_
_
_
and X
p
= U =
_
_
_

1
4
e
2t
+
1
2
te
2t
e
t
+
1
4
e
2t
+
1
2
te
2t
1
2
t
2
e
3t
_
_
_.
20. From
X

=
_
_
_
3 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
_
_
_X+
_
_
_
0
t
2e
t
_
_
_
we obtain X
c
= c
1
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_e
t
+ c
2
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
3
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
2t
.
Then =
_
_
_
e
t
e
2t
e
2t
e
t
e
2t
0
e
t
0 e
2t
_
_
_ and
1
=
_
_
_
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
2t
0 e
2t
e
2t
e
2t
0
_
_
_
515
Exercises 10.4
so that U =
_

1
Fdt =
_
_
_
_
te
t
+ 2
2e
t
te
2t
_
_
_dt =
_
_
_
te
t
e
t
+ 2t
2e
t
1
2
te
2t
+
1
4
e
2t
_
_
_
and X
p
= U =
_
_
_
1/2
1
1/2
_
_
_t +
_
_
_
3/4
1
3/4
_
_
_+
_
_
_
2
2
0
_
_
_e
t
+
_
_
_
2
2
2
_
_
_te
t
.
21. From
X

=
_
3 1
1 3
_
X+
_
4e
2t
4e
4t
_
we obtain =
_
e
4t
e
2t
e
4t
e
2t
_
,
1
=
_

1
2
e
4t 1
2
e
4t
1
2
e
2t 1
2
e
2t
_
,
X =
1
(0)X(0) +
_
t
0

1
Fds =
_
0
1
_
+
_
e
2t
+ 2t 1
e
2t
+ 2t 1
_
and
=
_
2
2
_
te
2t
+
_
1
1
_
e
2t
+
_
2
2
_
te
4t
+
_
2
0
_
e
4t
.
22. From
X

=
_
1 1
1 1
_
X+
_
1/t
1/t
_
we obtain =
_
1 1 + t
1 t
_
,
1
=
_
t 1 + t
1 1
_
,
and
X =
1
(1)X(1) +
_
t
1

1
Fds =
_
4
3
_
+
_
lnt
0
_
=
_
3
3
_
t
_
1
4
_
+
_
1
1
_
lnt.
23.
1
= 1,
2
= 2, K
1
=
_
1
3
_
, K
2
=
_
2
7
_
, P =
_
1 2
3 7
_
, P
1
=
_
7 2
3 1
_
, P
1
F =
_
34
14
_
;
Y

=
_
1 0
0 2
_
Y +
_
34
14
_
y
1
= 34 + c
1
e
t
, y
2
= 7 + c
2
e
2t
X = PY =
_
1 2
3 7
_ _
34 + c
1
e
t
7 + c
2
e
2t
_
=
_
20 + c
1
e
t
+ 2c
2
e
2t
53 + 3c
1
e
t
+ 7c
2
e
2t
_
= c
1
_
1
3
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2
7
_
e
2t
+
_
20
53
_
24.
1
= 1,
2
= 4, K
1
=
_
3
2
_
, K
2
=
_
1
1
_
, P =
_
3 1
2 1
_
, P
1
=
1
5
_
1 1
2 3
_
, P
1
F =
_
0
e
t
_
;
Y

=
_
1 0
0 4
_
Y +
_
0
e
t
_
y
1
= c
1
e
t
, y
2
=
1
3
e
t
+ c
2
e
4t
X = PY =
_
3 1
2 1
_ _
c
1
e
t

1
3
e
t
+ c
2
e
4t
_
=
_

1
3
e
t
+ 3c
1
e
t
+ c
2
e
4t

1
3
e
t
2c
1
e
t
+ c
2
e
4t
_
= c
1
_
3
2
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
4t

1
3
_
1
1
_
e
t
516
Exercises 10.4
25.
1
= 0,
2
= 10, K
1
=
_
1
1
_
, K
2
=
_
1
1
_
, P =
_
1 1
1 1
_
, P
1
=
1
2
_
1 1
1 1
_
, P
1
F =
_
t 4
t + 4
_
;
Y

=
_
0 0
0 10
_
Y +
_
t 4
t + 4
_
y
1
=
1
2
t
2
4t + c
1
, y
2
=
1
10
t
41
100
+ c
2
e
10t
X = PY =
_
1 1
1 1
_
_
1
2
t
2
4t + c
1

1
10
t
41
100
+ c
2
e
10t
_
=
_
1
2
t
2

41
10
t
41
100
+ c
1
+ c
2
e
10t

1
2
t
2
+
39
10
t
41
100
c
1
+ c
2
e
10t
_
= c
1
_
1
1
_
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
10t
+
1
2
_
1
1
_
t
2
+
1
10
_
41
39
_
t
41
100
_
1
1
_
26.
1
= 1,
2
= 1, K
1
=
_
1
1
_
, K
2
=
_
1
1
_
, P =
_
1 1
1 1
_
, P
1
=
1
2
_
1 1
1 1
_
, P
1
F =
_
2 4e
2t
2 + 4e
2t
_
;
Y

=
_
1 0
0 1
_
Y +
_
2 4e
2t
2 + 4e
2t
_
y
1
= 2 + 4e
2t
+ c
1
e
t
, y
2
= 2
4
3
e
2t
+ c
2
e
t
X = PY =
_
1 1
1 1
_ _
2 + 4e
2t
+ c
1
e
t
2
4
3
e
2t
+ c
2
e
t
_
=
_
8
3
e
2t
+ c
1
e
t
+ c
2
e
t
4
16
3
e
2t
c
1
e
t
+ c
2
e
t
_
= c
1
_
1
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
t
+
8
3
_
1
2
_
e
2t
+
_
0
4
_
27. Let I =
_
i
1
i
2
_
so that
I

=
_
11 3
3 3
_
I +
_
100 sint
0
_
and X
c
= c
1
_
1
3
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
3
1
_
e
12t
.
Then =
_
e
2t
3e
12t
3e
2t
e
12t
_
,
1
=
_
1
10
e
2t 3
10
e
2t
3
10
e
12t

1
10
e
12t
_
,
U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
10e
2t
sint
30e
12t
sint
_
dt =
_
2e
2t
(2 sint cos t)
6
29
e
12t
(12 sint cos t)
_
,
and I
p
= U =
_
332
29
sint
76
29
cos t
276
29
sint
168
29
cos t
_
so that I = c
1
_
1
3
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
3
1
_
e
12t
+I
p
.
If I(0) =
_
0
0
_
then c
1
= 2 and c
2
=
6
29
.
28. For the system
d
dt
_
i
1
q
_
=
_

20
3

50
3
1
3

5
3
_
_
i
1
q
_
+
_
2
0
_
517
Exercises 10.4
we nd
1
= 5,
2
=
10
3
, K
1
=
_
10
1
_
, K
2
=
_
5
1
_
, X
p
=
_
1
5
1
25
_
and so
X =
_
i
1
q
_
= c
1
_
10
1
_
e
5t
+ c
2
_
5
1
_
e
10t/3
+
1
25
_
5
1
_
.
29. Let I =
_
i
2
i
3
_
so that
I

=
_
2 2
2 5
_
I +
_
60
60
_
and X
c
= c
1
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
2
_
e
6t
.
If X
p
=
_
a
1
b
1
_
then X
p
=
_
30
0
_
so that X = c
1
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
1
2
_
e
6t
+
_
30
0
_
. For I(0) =
_
0
0
_
we nd c
1
= 12 and c
2
= 6. Thus
i
1
(t) = i
2
(t) + i
3
(t) = 12e
t
18e
6t
+ 30.
30. (a) The eigenvalues are 0, 1, 3, and 4, with corresponding eigenvectors
_
_
_
_
_
6
4
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
2
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
3
1
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
, and
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
.
(b) =
_
_
_
_
_
6 2e
t
3e
3t
e
4t
4 e
t
e
3t
e
4t
1 0 2e
3t
0
2 0 e
3t
0
_
_
_
_
_
,
1
=
_
_
_
_
_
0 0
1
3
2
3
1
3
e
t 1
3
e
t
2e
t 8
3
e
t
0 0
2
3
e
3t

1
3
e
3t

1
3
e
4t 2
3
e
4t
0
1
3
e
4t
_
_
_
_
_
(c)
1
(t)F(t) =
_
_
_
_
_
2
3

1
3
e
2t
1
3
e
2t
+
8
3
e
t
2e
t
+
1
3
t

1
3
e
3t
+
2
3
e
t
2
3
e
5t
+
1
3
e
4t

1
3
te
3t
_
_
_
_
_
,
_

1
(t)F(t)dt =
_
_
_
_
_

1
6
e
2t
+
2
3
t

1
6
e
2t

8
3
e
t
2e
t
+
1
6
t
2
1
9
e
3t

2
3
e
t

2
15
e
5t

1
12
e
4t
+
1
27
e
3t
+
1
9
te
3t
_
_
_
_
_
,
(t)
_

1
(t)F(t)dt =
_
_
_
_
_
5e
2t

1
5
e
t

1
27
e
t

1
9
te
t
+
1
3
t
2
e
t
4t
59
12
2e
2t

3
10
e
t
+
1
27
e
t
+
1
9
te
t
+
1
6
t
2
e
t

8
3
t
95
36

3
2
e
2t
+
2
3
t +
2
9
e
2t
+
4
3
t
1
9
_
_
_
_
_
,
(t)C =
_
_
_
_
_
6c
1
+ 2c
2
e
t
+ 3c
3
e
3t
c
4
e
4t
4c
1
+ c
2
e
t
+ c
3
e
3t
+ c
4
e
4t
c
1
+ 2c
3
e
3t
2c
1
+ c
3
e
3t
_
_
_
_
_
,
518
Exercises 10.5
(t)C+(t)
_

1
(t)F(t)dt
=
_
_
_
_
_
6c
1
+ 2c
2
e
t
+ 3c
3
e
3t
c
4
e
4t
4c
1
+ c
2
e
t
+ c
3
e
3t
+ c
4
e
4t
c
1
+ 2c
3
e
3t
2c
1
+ c
3
e
3t
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
_
5e
2t

1
5
e
t

1
27
e
t

1
9
te
t
+
1
3
t
2
e
t
4t
59
12
2e
2t

3
10
e
t
+
1
27
e
t
+
1
9
te
t
+
1
6
t
2
e
t

8
3
t
95
36

3
2
e
2t
+
2
3
t +
2
9
e
2t
+
4
3
t
1
9
_
_
_
_
_
(d) X(t) = c
1
_
_
_
_
_
6
4
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
+ c
2
_
_
_
_
_
2
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
+ c
3
_
_
_
_
_
3
1
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
+ c
4
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
_
5e
2t

1
5
e
t

1
27
e
t

1
9
te
t
+
1
3
t
2
e
t
4t
59
12
2e
2t

3
10
e
t
+
1
27
e
t
+
1
9
te
t
+
1
6
t
2
e
t

8
3
t
95
36

3
2
e
2t
+
2
3
t +
2
9
e
2t
+
4
3
t
1
9
_
_
_
_
_
Exercises 10.5
1. For A =
_
1 0
0 2
_
we have
A
2
=
_
1 0
0 2
__
1 0
0 2
_
=
_
1 0
0 4
_
,
A
3
= AA
2
=
_
1 0
0 2
__
1 0
0 4
_
=
_
1 0
0 8
_
,
A
4
= AA
3
=
_
1 0
0 2
__
1 0
0 8
_
=
_
1 0
0 16
_
,
and so on. In general
A
k
=
_
1 0
0 2
k
_
for k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Thus
e
At
= I +
A
1!
t +
A
2
2!
t
2
+
A
3
3!
t
3
+
=
_
1 0
0 1
_
+
1
1!
_
1 0
0 2
_
t +
1
2!
_
1 0
0 4
_
t
2
+
1
3!
_
1 0
0 8
_
t
3
+
=
_
_
_
1 + t +
t
2
2!
+
t
3
3!
+ 0
0 1 + t +
(2t)
2
2!
+
(2t)
3
3!
+
_
_
_ =
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
_
and
e
At
=
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
_
.
519
Exercises 10.5
2. For A =
_
0 1
1 0
_
we have
A
2
=
_
0 1
1 0
__
0 1
1 0
_
=
_
1 0
0 1
_
= I
A
3
= AA
2
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
I =
_
0 1
1 0
_
= A
A
4
= (A
2
)
2
= I
A
5
= AA
4
= AI = A
and so on. In general
A
k
=
_
A, k = 1, 3, 5, . . .
I, k = 2, 4, 6, . . .
.
Thus
e
At
= I +
A
1!
t +
A
2
2!
t
2
+
A
3
3!
t
3
+
= I +At +
1
2!
It
2
+
1
3!
At
3
+
= I
_
1 +
1
2!
t
2
+
1
4!
t
4
+
_
+A
_
t +
1
3!
t
3
+
1
5!
t
5
+
_
= I cosh t +Asinht =
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
_
and
e
At
=
_
cosh(t) sinh(t)
sinh(t) cosh(t)
_
=
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
_
.
3. For
A =
_
_
_
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
_
_
_
we have
A
2
=
_
_
_
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
_.
Thus, A
3
= A
4
= A
5
= = 0 and
e
At
= I +At =
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
_+
_
_
_
t t t
t t t
2t 2t 2t
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
t + 1 t t
t t + 1 t
2t 2t 2t + 1
_
_
_.
4. For
A =
_
_
_
0 0 0
3 0 0
5 1 0
_
_
_
we have
520
Exercises 10.5
A
2
=
_
_
_
0 0 0
3 0 0
5 1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0 0
3 0 0
5 1 0
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 0 0
_
_
_
A
3
= AA
2
=
_
_
_
0 0 0
3 0 0
5 1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 0 0
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
_.
Thus, A
4
= A
5
= A
6
= = 0 and
e
At
= I +At +
1
2
A
2
t
2
=
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
_+
_
_
_
0 0 0
3t 0 0
5t t 0
_
_
_+
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
3
2
t
2
0 0
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
1 0 0
3t 1 0
3
2
t
2
+ 5t t 1
_
_
_.
5. Using the result of Problem 1
X =
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
e
t
0
_
+ c
2
_
0
e
t
_
.
6. Using the result of Problem 2
X =
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
cosh t
sinht
_
+ c
2
_
sinht
cosh t
_
.
7. Using the result of Problem 3
X =
_
_
_
t + 1 t t
t t + 1 t
2t 2t 2t + 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
c
1
c
2
c
3
_
_
_ = c
1
_
_
_
t + 1
t
2t
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
t
t + 1
2t
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
t
t
2t + 1
_
_
_.
8. Using the result of Problem 4
X =
_
_
_
1 0 0
3t 1 0
3
2
t
2
+ 5t t 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
c
1
c
2
c
3
_
_
_ = c
1
_
_
_
1
3t
3
2
t
2
+ 5t
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
0
1
t
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_.
9. To solve
X

=
_
1 0
0 2
_
X+
_
3
1
_
we identify t
0
= 0, F(s) =
_
3
1
_
, and use the results of Problem 1 and equation (6) in the text.
X(t) = e
At
C+ e
At
_
t
t0
e
As
F(s) ds
=
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
c
1
c
2
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
t
0
_
e
s
0
0 e
2s
__
3
1
_
ds
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
t
0
_
3e
s
e
2s
_
ds
521
Exercises 10.5
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
3e
s
1
2
e
2s
_

t
0
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
3e
t
3
1
2
e
2t

1
2
_
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
3 3e
t
1
2

1
2
e
2t
_
= c
3
_
1
0
_
e
t
+ c
4
_
0
1
_
e
2t
+
_
3
1
2
_
.
10. To solve
X

=
_
1 0
0 2
_
X+
_
t
e
4t
_
we identify t
0
= 0, F(s) =
_
t
e
4t
_
, and use the results of Problem 1 and equation (6) in the text.
X(t) = e
At
C+ e
At
_
t
t0
e
As
F(s) ds
=
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
c
1
c
2
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
t
0
_
e
s
0
0 e
2s
__
s
e
4s
_
ds
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
t
0
_
se
s
e
2s
_
ds
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
se
s
e
s
1
2
e
2s
_

t
0
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
e
t
0
0 e
2t
__
te
t
e
t
+ 1
1
2
e
2t

1
2
_
=
_
c
1
e
t
c
2
e
2t
_
+
_
t 1 + e
t
1
2
e
4t

1
2
e
2t
_
= c
3
_
1
0
_
e
t
+ c
4
_
0
1
_
e
2t
+
_
t 1
1
2
e
4t
_
.
11. To solve
X

=
_
0 1
1 0
_
X+
_
1
1
_
we identify t
0
= 0, F(s) =
_
1
1
_
, and use the results of Problem 2 and equation (6) in the text.
X(t) = e
At
C+ e
At
_
t
t0
e
As
F(s) ds
=
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
c
1
c
2
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
t
0
_
cosh s sinhs
sinhs cosh s
__
1
1
_
ds
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
t
0
_
cosh s sinhs
sinhs cosh s
_
ds
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
sinhs cosh s
cosh s + sinhs
_

t
0
522
Exercises 10.5
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
sinht cosh t
cosh t + sinht
_
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
sinh
2
t cosh
2
t
sinh
2
t cosh
2
t
_
= c
1
_
cosh t
sinht
_
+ c
2
_
sinht
cosh t
_

_
1
1
_
.
12. To solve
X

=
_
0 1
1 0
_
X+
_
cosh t
sinht
_
we identify t
0
= 0, F(s) =
_
cosh t
sinht
_
, and use the results of Problem 2 and equation (6) in the text.
X(t) = e
At
C+ e
At
_
t
t0
e
As
F(s) ds
=
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
c
1
c
2
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
t
0
_
cosh s sinhs
sinhs cosh s
__
cosh s
sinhs
_
ds
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
t
0
_
1
0
_
ds
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
s
0
_

t
0
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
cosh t sinht
sinht cosh t
__
t
0
_
=
_
c
1
cosh t + c
2
sinht
c
1
sinht + c
2
cosh t
_
+
_
t cosh t
t sinht
_
= c
1
_
cosh t
sinht
_
+ c
2
_
sinht
cosh t
_
+ t
_
cosh t
sinht
_
.
13. We have
X(0) = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_+ c
2
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
c
1
c
2
c
3
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
1
4
6
_
_
_.
Thus, the solution of the initial-value problem is
X =
_
_
_
t + 1
t
2t
_
_
_4
_
_
_
t
t + 1
2t
_
_
_+ 6
_
_
_
t
t
2t + 1
_
_
_.
14. We have
X(0) = c
3
_
1
0
_
+ c
4
_
0
1
_
+
_
3
1
2
_
=
_
c
3
3
c
4
+
1
2
_
=
_
4
3
_
.
Thus, c
3
= 7 and c
4
=
5
2
, so
X = 7
_
1
0
_
e
t
+
5
2
_
0
1
_
e
2t
+
_
3
1
2
_
.
15. From sI A =
_
s 4 3
4 s + 4
_
we nd
(sI A)
1
=
_
_
_
3/2
s 2

1/2
s + 2
3/4
s 2

3/4
s + 2
1
s 2
+
1
s + 2
1/2
s 2
+
3/2
s + 2
_
_
_
523
Exercises 10.5
and
e
At
=
_
3
2
e
2t

1
2
e
2t 3
4
e
2t

3
4
e
2t
e
2t
+ e
2t

1
2
e
2t
+
3
2
e
2t
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
3
2
e
2t

1
2
e
2t 3
4
e
2t

3
4
e
2t
e
2t
+ e
2t

1
2
e
2t
+
3
2
e
2t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
3/2
1
_
e
2t
+ c
1
_
1/2
1
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
3/4
1/2
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
3/4
3/2
_
e
2t
=
_
1
2
c
1
+
1
4
c
2
_
_
3
2
_
e
2t
+
_

1
2
c
1

3
4
c
2
_
_
1
2
_
e
2t
= c
3
_
3
2
_
e
2t
+ c
4
_
1
2
_
e
2t
.
16. From sI A =
_
s 4 2
1 s 1
_
we nd
(sI A)
1
=
_
_
_
2
s 3

1
s 2

2
s 3
+
2
s 2
1
s 3

1
s 2
1
s 3
+
2
s 2
_
_
_
and
e
At
=
_
2e
3t
e
2t
2e
3t
+ 2e
2t
e
3t
e
2t
e
3t
+ 2e
2t
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
2e
3t
e
2t
2e
3t
+ 2e
2t
e
3t
e
2t
e
3t
+ 2e
2t
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
2
1
_
e
3t
+ c
1
_
1
1
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
3t
+ c
2
_
2
2
_
e
2t
= (c
1
c
2
)
_
2
1
_
e
3t
+ (c
1
+ 2c
2
)
_
1
1
_
e
2t
= c
3
_
2
1
_
e
3t
+ c
4
_
1
1
_
e
2t
.
17. From sI A =
_
s 5 9
1 s + 1
_
we nd
(sI A)
1
=
_
_
_
1
s 2
+
3
(s 2)
2

9
(s 2)
2
1
(s 2)
2
1
s 2

3
(s 2)
2
_
_
_
and
e
At
=
_
e
2t
+ 3te
2t
9te
2t
te
2t
e
2t
3te
2t
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
524
Exercises 10.5
X = e
At
C =
_
e
2t
+ 3te
2t
9te
2t
te
2t
e
2t
3te
2t
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
1
0
_
e
2t
+ c
1
_
3
1
_
te
2t
+ c
2
_
0
1
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
9
3
_
te
2t
= c
1
_
1 + 3t
t
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
9t
1 3t
_
e
2t
.
18. From sI A =
_
s 1
2 s + 2
_
we nd
(sI A)
1
=
_
_
_
s + 1 + 1
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
1
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
2
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
s + 1 + 1
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
_
_
_
and
e
At
=
_
e
t
cos t + e
t
sint e
t
sint
2e
t
sint e
t
cos t e
t
sint
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
e
t
cos t + e
t
sint e
t
sint
2e
t
sint e
t
cos t e
t
sint
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
1
0
_
e
t
cos t + c
1
_
1
2
_
e
t
sint + c
2
_
0
1
_
e
t
cos t + c
2
_
1
1
_
e
t
sint
= c
1
_
cos t + sint
2 sint
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
sint
cos t sint
_
e
t
.
19. The eigenvalues are
1
= 1 and
2
= 6. This leads to the system
e
t
= b
0
+ b
1
e
6t
= b
0
+ 6b
1
,
which has the solution b
0
=
6
5
e
t

1
5
e
6t
and b
1
=
1
5
e
t
+
1
5
e
6t
. Then
e
At
= b
0
I + b
1
A =
_
4
5
e
t
+
1
5
e
6t 2
5
e
t

2
5
e
6t
2
5
e
t

2
5
e
6t 1
5
e
t
+
4
5
e
6t
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
4
5
e
t
+
1
5
e
6t 2
5
e
t

2
5
e
6t
2
5
e
t

2
5
e
6t 1
5
e
t
+
4
5
e
6t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
4/5
2/5
_
e
t
+ c
1
_
1/5
2/5
_
e
6t
+ c
2
_
2/5
1/5
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2/5
4/5
_
e
6t
=
_
2
5
c
1
+
1
5
c
2
_
_
2
1
_
e
t
+
_
1
5
c
1

2
5
c
2
_
_
1
2
_
e
6t
= c
3
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
4
_
1
2
_
e
6t
.
525
Exercises 10.5
20. The eigenvalues are
1
= 2 and
2
= 3. This leads to the system
e
2t
= b
0
+ 2b
1
e
3t
= b
0
+ 3b
1
,
which has the solution b
0
= 3e
2t
2e
3t
and b
1
= e
2t
+ e
3t
. Then
e
At
= b
0
I + b
1
A =
_
2e
2t
e
3t
2e
2t
+ 2e
3t
e
2t
e
3t
e
2t
+ 2e
3t
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
2e
2t
e
3t
2e
2t
+ 2e
3t
e
2t
e
3t
e
2t
+ 2e
3t
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
2
1
_
e
2t
+ c
1
_
1
1
_
e
3t
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
2
2
_
e
3t
= (c
1
c
2
)
_
2
1
_
e
2t
+ (c
1
+ 2c
2
)
_
1
1
_
e
3t
= c
3
_
2
1
_
e
2t
+ c
4
_
1
1
_
e
3t
.
21. The eigenvalues are
1
= 1 and
2
= 3. This leads to the system
e
t
= b
0
b
1
e
3t
= b
0
+ 3b
1
,
which has the solution b
0
=
3
4
e
t
+
1
4
e
3t
and b
1
=
1
4
e
t
+
1
4
e
3t
. Then
e
At
= b
0
I + b
1
A =
_
e
3t
2e
t
+ 2e
3t
0 e
t
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
e
3t
2e
t
+ 2e
3t
0 e
t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
1
0
_
e
3t
+ c
2
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2
0
_
e
3t
= c
2
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ (c
1
+ 2c
2
)
_
1
0
_
e
3t
= c
3
_
2
1
_
e
t
+ c
4
_
1
0
_
e
3t
.
22. The eigenvalues are
1
=
1
4
and
2
=
1
2
. This leads to the system
e
t/4
= b
0
+
1
4
b
1
e
t/2
= b
0
+
1
2
b
1
,
526
Exercises 10.5
which has the solution b
0
= 2e
t/4
+ e
t/2
and b
1
= 4e
t/4
+ 4e
t/2
. Then
e
At
= b
0
I + b
1
A =
_
2e
t/4
+ 3e
t/2
6e
t/4
6e
t/2
e
t/4
+ e
t/2
3e
t/4
2e
t/2
_
.
The general solution of the system is then
X = e
At
C =
_
2e
t/4
+ 3e
t/2
6e
t/4
6e
t/2
e
t/4
+ e
t/2
3e
t/4
2e
t/2
__
c
1
c
2
_
= c
1
_
2
1
_
e
t/4
+ c
1
_
3
1
_
e
t/2
+ c
2
_
6
3
_
e
t/4
+ c
2
_
6
2
_
e
t/2
= (c
1
+ 3c
2
)
_
2
1
_
e
t/4
+ (c
1
2c
2
)
_
3
1
_
e
t/2
= c
3
_
2
1
_
e
t/4
+ c
4
_
3
1
_
e
t/2
.
23. From equation (2) in the text we have e
Dt
= I + tD+
t
2
2!
D
2
+
t
3
3!
D
3
+ so that
Pe
Dt
P
1
= PP
1
+ t(PDP
1
) +
t
2
2!
(PD
2
P
1
) +
t
3
3!
(PD
3
P
1
) + .
But PP
1
+I, PDP
1
= A and PD
n
P
1
= A
n
(see Problem 37, Exercises 8.12). Thus,
Pe
Dt
P
1
= I + tA+
t
2
2!
A
2
+
t
3
3!
A
3
+ = e
At
.
24. From equation (2) in the text
e
Dt
=
_

_
1 0 0
0 1 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 1
_

_
+
_

1
0 0
0
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0
n
_

_
+
1
2!
t
2
_

2
1
0 0
0
2
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0
2
n
_

_
+
1
3!
t
3
_

3
1
0 0
0
3
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0
3
n
_

_
+
=
_

_
1 +
1
t +
1
2!
(
1
t)
2
+ 0 0
0 1 +
2
t +
1
2!
(
2
t)
2
+ 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 1 +
n
t +
1
2!
(
n
t)
2
+
_

_
=
_

_
e
1t
0 0
0 e
2t
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 e
nt
_

_
527
Exercises 10.5
25. From Problems 23 and 24 and equation (1) in the text
X = e
At
C = Pe
Dt
P
1
C =
_
e
3t
e
5t
e
3t
3e
5t
_ _
e
3t
0
0 e
5t
_
_
3
2
e
3t

1
2
e
3t

1
2
e
5t 1
2
e
5t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
=
_
3
2
e
3t

1
2
e
5t

1
2
e
3t
+
1
2
e
5t
3
2
e
3t

3
2
e
5t

1
2
e
3t
+
3
2
e
5t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
.
26. From Problems 23 and 24 and equation (1) in the text
X = e
At
C = Pe
Dt
P
1
C =
_
e
t
e
3t
e
t
e
3t
_ _
e
t
0
0 e
3t
_
_

1
2
e
t 1
2
e
t
1
2
e
3t 1
2
e
3t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
=
_
1
2
e
t
+
1
2
e
9t

1
2
e
t
+
1
2
e
3t

1
2
e
t
+
1
2
e
9t 1
2
e
t
+
1
2
e
3t
_
_
c
1
c
2
_
.
27. (a) The following commands can be used in Mathematica:
A={{4, 2},{3, 3}};
c={c1, c2};
m=MatrixExp[A t];
sol=Expand[m.c]
Collect[sol, {c1, c2}] // MatrixForm
The output gives
x(t) = c
1
_
2
5
e
t
+
3
5
e
6t
_
+ c
2
_

2
5
e
t
+
2
5
e
6t
_
y(t) = c
1
_

3
5
e
t
+
3
5
e
6t
_
+ c
2
_
3
5
e
t
+
2
5
e
6t
_
.
The eigenvalues are 1 and 6 with corresponding eigenvectors
_
2
3
_
and
_
1
1
_
,
so the solution of the system is
X(t) = b
1
_
2
3
_
e
t
+ b
2
_
1
1
_
e
6t
or
x(t) = 2b
1
e
t
+ b
2
e
6t
y(t) = 3b
1
e
t
+ b
2
e
6t
.
If we replace b
1
with
1
5
c
1
+
1
5
c
2
and b
2
with
3
5
c
1
+
2
5
c
2
, we obtain the solution found using the matrix
exponential.
(b) x(t) = c
1
e
2t
cos t (c
1
+ c
2
)e
2t
sint
y(t) = c
2
e
2t
cos t + (2c
1
+ c
2
)e
2t
sint
28. x(t) = c
1
(3e
2t
2e
t
) + c
3
(6e
2t
+ 6e
t
)
y(t) = c
2
(4e
2t
3e
t
) + c
4
(4e
2t
4e
t
)
z(t) = c
1
(e
2t
e
t
) + c
3
(2e
2t
+ 3e
t
)
w(t) = c
2
(3e
2t
+ 3e
t
) + c
4
(3e
2t
+ 4e
t
)
528
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
1. If X = k
_
4
5
_
, then X

= 0 and
k
_
1 4
2 1
__
4
5
_

_
8
1
_
= k
_
24
3
_

_
8
1
_
=
_
0
0
_
.
We see that k =
1
3
.
2. Solving for c
1
and c
2
we nd c
1
=
3
4
and c
2
=
1
4
.
3. Since
_
_
_
4 6 6
1 3 2
1 4 3
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
12
4
4
_
_
_ = 4
_
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
_,
we see that = 4 is an eigenvalue with eigenvector K
3
. The corresponding solution is X = K
3
e
4t
.
4. The other eigenvalue is
2
= 1 2i with corresponding eigenvector K
2
=
_
1
i
_
. The general solution is
X(t) = c
1
_
cos 2t
sin2t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
sin2t
cos 2t
_
e
t
.
5. We have det(AI) = ( 1)
2
= 0 and K =
_
1
1
_
. A solution to (AI)P = K is P =
_
0
1
_
so that
X = c
1
_
1
1
_
e
t
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
te
t
+
_
0
1
_
e
t
_
.
6. We have det(AI) = ( + 6)( + 2) = 0 so that
X = c
1
_
1
1
_
e
6t
+ c
2
_
1
1
_
e
2t
.
7. We have det(AI) =
2
2 + 5 = 0. For = 1 + 2i we obtain K
1
=
_
1
i
_
and
X
1
=
_
1
i
_
e
(1+2i)t
=
_
cos 2t
sin2t
_
e
t
+ i
_
sin2t
cos 2t
_
e
t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
cos 2t
sin2t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
sin2t
cos 2t
_
e
t
.
8. We have det(AI) =
2
2 + 2 = 0. For = 1 + i we obtain K
1
=
_
3 i
2
_
and
X
1
=
_
3 i
2
_
e
(1+i)t
=
_
3 cos t + sint
2 cos t
_
e
t
+ i
_
cos t + 3 sint
2 sint
_
e
t
.
Then
X = c
1
_
3 cos t + sint
2 cos t
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
cos t + 3 sint
2 sint
_
e
t
.
529
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
9. We have det(AI) = ( 2)( 4)( + 3) = 0 so that
X = c
1
_
_
_
2
3
1
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_e
4t
+ c
3
_
_
_
7
12
16
_
_
_e
3t
.
10. We have det(AI) = (s+2)(s
2
2s+3) = 0. The eigenvalues are
1
= 2,
2
= 1+

2i, and
2
= 1

2i,
with eigenvectors
K
1
=
_
_
_
7
5
4
_
_
_, K
2
=
_
_
_
1

2i/2
1
_
_
_, and K
3
=
_
_
_
1

2i/2
1
_
_
_.
Thus
X = c
1
_
_
_
7
5
4
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_

_
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_cos

2t
_
_
_
0

2/2
0
_
_
_sin

2t
_

_e
t
+ c
3
_

_
_
_
_
0

2/2
0
_
_
_cos

2t +
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_sin

2t
_

_e
t
= c
1
_
_
_
7
5
4
_
_
_e
2t
+ c
2
_
_
_
cos

2t

2 sin

2t/2
cos

2t
_
_
_e
t
+ c
3
_
_
_
sin

2t

2 cos

2t/2
sin

2t
_
_
_e
t
.
11. We have
X
c
= c
1
_
1
0
_
e
2t
+ c
2
_
4
1
_
e
4t
.
Then
=
_
e
2t
4e
4t
0 e
4t
_
,
1
=
_
e
2t
4e
2t
0 e
4t
_
,
and
U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
2e
2t
64te
2t
16te
4t
_
dt =
_
15e
2t
+ 32te
2t
e
4t
4te
4t
_
,
so that
X
p
= U =
_
11 + 16t
1 4t
_
.
12. We have
X
c
= c
1
_
2 cos t
sint
_
e
t
+ c
2
_
2 sint
cos t
_
e
t
.
Then
=
_
2 cos t 2 sint
sint cos t
_
e
t
,
1
=
_
1
2
cos t sint
1
2
sint cos t
_
e
t
,
and
U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
cos t sec t
sint
_
dt =
_
sint ln| sec t + tant|
cos t
_
,
530
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
so that
X
p
= U =
_
2 cos t ln| sec t + tant|
1 + sint ln| sec t + tant|
_
13. We have
X
c
= c
1
_
cos t + sint
2 cos t
_
+ c
2
_
sint cos t
2 sint
_
.
Then
=
_
cos t + sint sint cos t
2 cos t 2 sint
_
,
1
=
_
sint
1
2
cos t
1
2
sint
cos t
1
2
cos t +
1
2
sint
_
,
and
U =
_

1
Fdt =
_
_
1
2
sint
1
2
cos t +
1
2
csc t

1
2
sint
1
2
cos t +
1
2
csc t
_
dt
=
_

1
2
cos t
1
2
sint +
1
2
ln| csc t cot t|
1
2
cos t
1
2
sint +
1
2
ln| csc t cot t|
_
,
so that
X
p
= U =
_
1
1
_
+
_
sint
sint + cos t
_
ln| csc t cot t|.
14. We have
X
c
= c
1
_
1
1
_
e
2t
+ c
2
__
1
1
_
te
2t
+
_
1
0
_
e
2t
_
.
Then
=
_
e
2t
te
2t
+ e
2t
e
2t
te
2t
_
,
1
=
_
te
2t
te
2t
e
2t
e
2t
e
2t
_
,
and
U =
_

1
Fdt =
_ _
t 1
1
_
dt =
_
1
2
t
2
t
t
_
,
so that
X
p
= U =
_
1/2
1/2
_
t
2
e
2t
+
_
2
1
_
te
2t
.
15. (a) Letting
K =
_
_
_
k
1
k
2
k
3
_
_
_
we note that (A2I)K = 0 implies that 3k
1
+3k
2
+3k
3
= 0, so k
1
= (k
2
+k
3
). Choosing k
2
= 0, k
3
= 1
and then k
2
= 1, k
3
= 0 we get
K
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_ and K
2
=
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_,
respectively. Thus,
X
1
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_e
2t
and X
2
=
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_e
2t
531
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
are two solutions.
(b) From det(AI) =
2
(3 ) = 0 we see that
1
= 3, and 0 is an eigenvalue of multiplicity two. Letting
K =
_
_
_
k
1
k
2
k
3
_
_
_,
as in part (a), we note that (A 0I)K = AK = 0 implies that k
1
+ k
2
+ k
3
= 0, so k
1
= (k
2
+ k
3
).
Choosing k
2
= 0, k
3
= 1, and then k
2
= 1, k
3
= 0 we get
K
2
=
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_ and K
3
=
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_,
respectively. Since the eigenvector corresponding to
1
= 3 is
K
1
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_,
the general solution of the system is
X = c
1
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_e
3t
+ c
2
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_+ c
3
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_.
16. For X =
_
c
1
c
2
_
e
t
we have X

= X = IX.
532