Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 0 km / h 7 0 km / h R o ad Ty re E n gin e 1 00 km /h
Speed
January 29, 2008 3
N o ise L e v el [d B ( A )]
86 84 82 80 78 76 74 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
S p e e d [k m / h ]
January 29, 2008 4
Decrease noise production (texture). Decrease noise reflection (porosity). Increase noise absorption (porosity). Layer thickness influences which frequencies are going to be absorbed.
Influence of texture
Noise level [dB(A)] in relation to texture and absorption coefficient
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71 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 absorption coefficient [%]
Reducing variability
Reduction of maintenance costs of 20% (costs for traffic management measures are appr. 40% of total costs!). Reduction of 10% in delay hours due to maintenance work. Maintenance is done from 21.00 h 5.00 h.
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25
location 1, v=4 23 location 2, v=6 location 3, v=8 location 4, v=4 location 5, v=6 void content [%] 21 location 6, v=8 location 7, v=4 location 8, v=6 location 9, v=8 19 upper limit lower limit
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15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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4,5
4,3
sample from truck at departure from plant bitumen content [%] 4,1 sample from truck on arrival at site sample from screed
3,9
3,7
3,5 1 2 3 4 5 location 6 7 8 9
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Contractual issues
Contractors have to guarantee quality for a period of 7 years. In spite of all good intentions, projects are still mainly awarded based on lowest price. Contractors know precisely what they need to do to obtain good quality but this adds to the price. - aggregate selection, - bitumen content, - drainage prevention, - type of mixer, etc.
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What is raveling
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What is raveling
black rock
January 29, 2008
naked stone
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Raveling is restricted to top part of PAC. Raveled cores come out in one piece. It looks like there is degradation/desintegration of the mortar.
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Definition of mortar
Bitumen. Filler (fines) < 63 m includes 25% hydrated lime. Fine sand fraction (< 425 m).
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LOT contract
Develop in one year a model that allows to predict damage initiation and progression in PAC. Tool should be user friendly to contractors. Verification and validation of model is required.
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Tyres
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Wheel load study: determine contact pressure distribution under rolling wheel at 80 km/h (Goodyear super single in TyreView)
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Mathematical tool
Develop a meso mechanical model that allows ravelling to be predicted for Two Layer Porous Asphalt Concrete (TLPAC)
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Fatigue life, N
100000
10000
1000 0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Dissipated Energy
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Mortar sample
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High E*!!
1000000
W = d
Fatigue life, N
100000
0oC
10000
10oC
1000 0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Dissipated Energy
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Sample preparation
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Examples
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Consequences
No LINTRACK (too slow, too little damage). No MMLS (load not realistic enough, too little damage). No Mange de Fatigue (no control over moisture and temperature, too foar away). Circular track of STUVA in Cologne, Germany was finally selected.
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V 01
V 05
V 16
V 12
V 03 V 02 V 15 V 10 V 13
V 08
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Speed 10 km/h 100 km/h. Room temperature between -30 oC till + 60 oC. Wheel load between 5 till 65 kN. Selected conditions: - asphalt temperature 10 oC, - speed 80 km/h, - wheel load 50 kN, - super single Goodyear 425/R65 at 850 kPa pressure.
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30 mm top layer. 45 mm bottom layer. 2 types of aggregate for top layer. 2 void/bitumen contents for top layer. SBS modified bitumen for top layer. Composition bottom layer decided by contractor.
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Materials tested
Type 1 Type of aggregate in top layer Aggregate size top layer Bitumen content top layer Void content top layer Type of bitumen in top and bottom layer Type of aggregate In bottom layer Aggregate size bottom layer Void content bottom layer Bitumen content lower layer
January 29, 2008
Type 2 Greywacke from Lisertal-Germany 4/8 mm 5.2 % 27.4 % Cariphalt XS, SBS modified
Type 3 Bestone from Bremager-Norway 4/8 mm 6.6 % 21.6 % Cariphalt XS, SBS modified
Type 4 Bestone from Bremager-Norway 4/8 mm 5.4 % 25.0 % Cariphalt XS, SBS modified
Greywacke from Lisertal-Germany 4/8 mm 6.3 % 24.9 % Cariphalt XS, SBS modified
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90 m long 3.2 m wide pavement was built. 4 subsections of 22.5 m long. Subgrade was sand. 300 mm thick granular subbase of crushed concrete and masonry (0/40 mm aggregate size). 40 mm sand cement layer + 20 mm sand cement layer for smoothness. Maximum height difference was 3 mm.
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Measurement program
Laser texture measurements after 0, 100, 400, 1 E3, 4 E3, 1 E4, 1 E5, 2 E5, 3.5 E5, 5 E5, 7 E5 cycles. Detailed visual condition survey after 7 E5 cycles. Material tests to get necessary input for mathematical model.
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Observed damage
raveling
tire wear
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Laser measurements
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Data interpretation
example of surface profile
14 12 10 8 height [mm] 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 position 30 40
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Data interpretation
cumulative distribution of profile height
120 100 80 cumulative 60 percentage 40 20 0 0 5 10 profile height [mm] 15 20
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Data interpretation
example of surface profile
14 12 10 8 height [mm] 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 position 30 40
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Data interpretation
change in cumulative distribution due to raveling
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 profile height [mm] profile after raveling original profile cumulative percentage
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21.6 % 6.6 %
25 % 5.4 %
0.0116 0.0266 1 2
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Greywacke 24.9 % voids, 6.3 % bitumen Greywacke 27.4 % voids, 5.2 % bitumen Bestone 21.6 % voids, 6.6 % bitumen Bestone 25 % voids, 5.4 % bitumen
0.0423
32
4
0.0116 16
1
0.0266 21
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Conclusions
Advanced modelling allows useful predictions to be made. APT as performed was an excellent way to validate model predictions. Predicted performance was in good agreement with observed performance.
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