Ghanshyam Thori

India & The World

India & the World - International Organizations & International Affairs Analysis: Indias Foreign Policy o Role of Intelligence in the making of foreign policy (15 M) o Relevance of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehrus Ideas in the International Relations of today (15 Marks) o How can India accommodate her foreign policy principle of non intervention with the emerging right to intervention? (15 Marks). o NAM (2M) o Panchsheel (2M - 2007) o Panchsheel Pact (2004) o Nature of Track II diplomacy between India & Pakistan (2M) o Gujral Doctrine o NAM is relevant in Unipolar world as well. Comment. International Affairs/Places in News o Operation Silence (2M) o Hyde Act of 2006 (2M) o Trade through Nathu La Pass (2M) o Outer Space Treaty (2M) o Withdrawal of Japanese Troops from Iraq (2M) o Maastricht Treaty (2M) o Cuba & Castro o Beijing Taiwan Spat o Al Gharib Prisoners (2M) o ICJ Verdict on Israels erection of barrier on West Bank o Chechnya o Singificance of Robin Island o Guantanamo Bay o Significance of Enola Gay o Why was Bandar Seri Begawan in News recently o Why was Macau in news recently o What do you know about Siachen Dispute? India & its relationship with other countries (esp Neighbouring countries & major world powers) /Developments in Neighbouring coutries o Indias response to political crisis in Bangladesh (15 M) o Crippling the king in Nepal (15 Marks) o Terrorism Sources in Pakistan & Afghanistan (15 Marks) o Developments in Afghanistan in Post Taliban Period (15 M) o Military Rule in Myanmar (2 Marks) o Indias strategic relationship with Russia (15 M) o UN & its role in hindering/promoting relationship between India & Pakistan (15 M) 1 India & The World

Ghanshyam Thori

Ghanshyam Thori o o o o o o Indo-Israel Cooperation (2M). Indo-Israel cooperation in the field of Agriculture (2 Marks). Recent trends in Indias relation with China (15 M). Indo-US relations in Recent times (15 Marks) Indo-Srilankan relations in recent years (15 Marks) Recent Developments in India-Myanmar Relations (2 Marks)

India & The World

Indias & Global Nuclear Policies/Pacts & Defense cooperation & Energy Agreements o US Policy on Irans Nuclear Program (15 Marks) o Indo-US Military Cooperation (2 Marks) o Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (2 Marks) o Indias Nuclear Doctrine (15 Marks) o Indo-Russian Defense Cooperation (15 Marks) o Indo-Iran Gas Pipeline (15 Marks) o Indias Opposition to CTBT (15 Marks) o Necessity of indigenous cryogenic engine for India (2M) o What is deterrence? (2M) o Pinaka (2 Marks) o What is Banana war o What is a rogue state? o Detail the salient features of Project Anthareeksha (15 Marks) o Will the grand axis of India, China & Russia challenge the Unipolar supremacy of the US? o What do you mean by Unipolar World? (2M) o Highlight the main provisions of Nuclear Disarmament Treaty between US & Russia (15 M) o Outline the features of Saudi Peace Plan for West Asia Crises & access its importance. o Outine salient features of Indias Nuclear policy & explain reasons for Indias refusal to sign the CTBT (15 Marks) o What are the prospects of CTBT. (2M) o Differentiate between collective security & cooperative security. o What do the following stand for? MARV, MIRV & ICBM o Differentiate between Explosion & Implosion. o What is meant by SDI? (Strategic Defense Initiative). o Differentiate between SALT & START? (Strategic Arm Limitations Talk) (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) United Nations o Which is the latest right confirmed by the 57th session of the UN? (2M) o Explain the position of US vis a vis the League of Nations. Globalization/Environment & Economics o Define globalization & differentiate it with internationalism (15 marks) o Impact of Globalization on State system & its institutions (15 Marks) o Global Governance (2M) 2 India & The World

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Ghanshyam Thori o o o o o o

India & The World

Concept of copyleft? (2M) Repo Market (2M). China-US Textile War North South Dialogue Discuss significance of Kyoto Protocol. Why is USA not signing it? (15 Marks). There is a widespread concern about degradation of environment & the problems that go with it. Asses the International Response. o What is Global Environment Facility (GEF)? International Organizations/Summits/Reports o G-8 Summit (2M) o G-8 Summit in Russia (15 Marks) o SAARC Human Rights Report 2006 (2M) o Gender Empowerment Measure (2M) o SAARC Summit 2007 (15 Marks) o Evaluate the performance of Summit Meeting of the Arab League held in March 2001. (15 Marks) o UN Conference of Environment & Development (The Earth Summit). o Expanding role of Amnesty International (15 Marks) o Role of Amnesty International in Securing Human Rights (15 Marks) o Role of European Parliament (15 Marks) International Trade Blocs o SAFTA (2M) BIMSTEC o EAS (2M) ARF o SCO (2M) Main purpose of G-15 o G-15 (2M) Why is SAFTA being Mooted o OPEC What is meant by AU? What is GCC What is EU What is G-8 SAARC ASEAn OIC

Persons in News o Who is Hans Blix? (Headed Commission on WMD in Iraq) o Why was David Kelly in the news recently? (Weapons Inspector in Iraq) o Why was Robert Mugabe in News Recently? o Who is Xanana Gusmao. o Why was Slobadan Milosevic been in news in the recent past. o Who is Gao Jhan? o Who is Meghavati Sukarnoputri? Abbreviations in News/Abbreviations of International Organizations) o ICT4D (2M) OAPEC SPDC o BEMs (2M) UPU WIPO o IAEA (2M) ODA WCAR o IFAD Red Cross UNIDO o ECJ (2M) SAVE WTO o ICJ (2M) IAEA (Repeat) MIGA o WHO IBRD (Repeat) UNCIP 3 India & The World

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Ghanshyam Thori o WMO o IBRD o INTELSAT UNHCR UNHCR (Repeat) INTERPOL KLA

India & The World

Important Trade Blocs The Agreement on the South Asian Free Trade Area is an agreement reached at the SAFTA 12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at (UPSC 2007) Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives. Aghanistan is the latest member. geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, ASEAN which was formed in 1967 by Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines (ST-IMP). Other five members are Brunei, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam & Cambodia ASEAN plus China, Japan & South Korea. ASEAN Plus 3 East Asia Summit The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The (UPSC 2007) members of EAS are 10 members of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, New Zealand & Australia. SCO was formed in 2001. Its 6 members are China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Shanghai Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Observers are India, Pakistan, Mongolia & Cooperation Iran. Headquartered at Beijing. Organization (UPSC 2007) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries APEC established in 1989 to discuss the regional economy, cooperation, trade and investment. Important members include USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, China & Russia. Founded in 1991, Mercosur is a regional trade agreement among Brazil, Uruguay, MERCOSUR Paraguay & Argentina. Venezuela has recently applied to become full member but the decision is yet to be ratified. Headquarter is in Montevideo, Uruguay. The Andean Community is a trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Andean Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Headquarter is in Lima, Peru. Community Stands for Caribbean Community. It currently has 15 members. Important members CARICOM include Guyana, Suriname, Belize, Jamaica & Haiti. Headquarter is in Georgetown, Guyana. Ghanshyam Thori 4 India & The World

Ghanshyam Thori NAFTA

India & The World North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. Comprises of 3 members of Canada, USA & Mexico. It was formed in 1994 & the headquarters are located in Mexico City, Ottawa and Washington, D.C. It is the largest trade bloc in the world in terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members. Established in 2002, African Union is an intergovernmental organization consisting of 53 African nations. Morocco is the only country which is not a member of AU. Headquarter is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. GUAM is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Given the existence of the Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States, in Russia GUAM is sometimes seen as a way of countering the Russian influence in the area, and as part of a strategy backed by the United States. However, GUAM leaders repeatedly and officially dismiss such claims and declare their strong willingness to develop close friendly relations with Russia. Moreover, Azerbaijan, the group's main energy power, has managed to avoid any controversies with Russia in recent years. The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, adding new areas of policy to the existing European Community. The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in December 2007 and intended to be ratified by the end of 2008, is planned to amend the existing treaties to update the political and legal structure of the union. The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a European trade bloc which was established in 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either unable to, or chose not to, join the then-European Economic Community (now the European Union). Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein remain members of EFTA. The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between Non-EU countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe. GCC is a trade bloc involving the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf - viz Saudi Arabia, Oman,UAE, Qatar, Bahrain & Kuwait. A GCC common market was launched on January 1, 2008. Headquarter is in Riyadh. OIC is an international organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. It groups 57 Islamic nations & is headquartered at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Currently has 22 members. Headquarted in Cairo. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials. It was founded in 1975 in response to the Indian nuclear test of the previous year & currently has 45 members. The Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), initially known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative, is an international organization with 18 member states for regional cooperation. Headquartered in Mauritius. Trilateral forum of India, Brazil & South Africa. 5 India & The World

African Union GUAM

EU

EFTA

CEFTA GCC OIC League of Arab States NSG

IOR-ARC IBSA Ghanshyam Thori

Ghanshyam Thori BIMSTEC

India & The World Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of thirty countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and free market economy. It was formed in 1948. Currently there are 30 full members prominent among them being USA, Canada, U.K, Germany, Japan & Australia. Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) was established in 2000 at Vientiane . It comprises of six Member countries namely India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, & Vietnam. The emphasis are on four areas of cooperation, which are tourism, culture, education, and transportation linkage in order to be solid foundation for future trade and investment cooperation in the region. The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countries that have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of Pakistan,Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran and Turkey. The Group of Eight (G8), also known as Group of Seven and Russia,is an international forum for the governments of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Together, these countries represent about 65% of the Gross World Product The G8 plus the heads of government of the 5 leading emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa). The Group of 15 (G-15) was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The G15 focuses on cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. The membership of the G15 has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained unchanged. India is a member of G-15. The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries. Indias Foreign Policy & Global Factors The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence or Panchsheel are a series of agreements between the People's Republic of China and India. After the Central Chinese Government took control of Tibet, China came into increasing conflict with India. However, both nations were newly-established and interested in finding ways to avoid further conflict. Therefore in 1954 the two nations drew up the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: 1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty 2. Mutual non-aggression 3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs 6 India & The World

OECD

Mekong Ganga Cooperation

Developing 8 G-8

G8 Plus 5 G-15

G-77

Panchsheel (UPSC 2007)

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India & The World 4. Equality and mutual benefit 5. Peaceful co-existence The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in April 1955; as of 2007, it has 118 members. The Non-Aligned Movement has struggled to find relevance since the end of the Cold War. However the movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the worlds poorest nations remain exploited and marginalized, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The non-aligned movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations with Indias immediate neighbours as spelt out by Gujral, first as Indias foreign minister and later as the prime minister. Among other factors, these five principles arise from the belief that Indias stature and strength cannot be divorced from the quality of its relations with its neighbours. It, thus, recognises the supreme importance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours. These principles are: 1. With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity, but gives and accommodates what it can in good faith and trust. 2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region. 3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another. 4. All South Asian countries must respect each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. 5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. According to Gujral, these five principles, scrupulously adhered to, would achieve a fundamental recasting of South Asias regional relationships, including the difficult relationship between India and Pakistan. Further, the implementation of these principles would generate a climate of close and mutually benign cooperation in the region, where the weight and size of India is regarded positively and as an asset by these countries. NATO is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks NATO has attempted to refocus itself to new challenges and has deployed troops to Afghanistan and trainers to Iraq. 7 India & The World

NAM & Its Releveance (UPSC 2007)

Gujral Doctrine

NATO

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Ghanshyam Thori CFE

India & The World The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. The treaty proposed equal limits for the two "groups of states-parties", NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The South-South Cooperation is a broad framework for collaboration among countries of the South, in the political, economic, social, environmental and technical domains. Involving three or more developing countries, South-South cooperation takes place on bilateral, regional, sub-regional and inter-regional bases. IBSA (India Brazil South Africa) forum is an example of this kind of cooperation. Look-east policy was launched in 1992 just after the end of the cold war, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalization, it was a very strategic policy decision taken by the government in the foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and India's place in the evolving global economy". The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming a important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as the BIMSTEC and the Ganga Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS) in December, 2005. Advantages: The Look-East policy has been given a significant thrust since the beginning of this century and the results achieved are evident as mentioned in the report. Now India has entered into the phase two of this policy. The second phase in India's Look East policy has a new dimension the development of India's remote northeast. India's search for a new economic relationship with South East Asia is no longer driven by considerations of globalization, but to facilitate development of the Northeast by increasing its connectivity to the outside world. Instead of trying to isolate the Northeast from external influences, as it had done in the past, New Delhi is now recognizing the importance of opening it up for commercial linkages with South East Asia. Shortcomings: The Look East policy did not find Japan on its radar and failed to improve India's economic ties with it. Trade with Japan actually declined dramatically dropping its share to one-third of its level of 7 per cent in 1993. India has entered into a number of pacts, agreements and FTAs but its record for implementation of such accords has been poor as can be seen from the follow up of the Indo-Thai FTA and CECA with Singapore. 8 India & The World

South South Cooperation

Look East Policy

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Ghanshyam Thori

India & The World The reason for poor implementation of the pacts, agreements and FTAs * The Indian industry's doubts about its competitive efficiency. * Indian industry does not want competition at home * Indian industry scared of cheaper exports to India from these countries.

India should go ahead with proper implementation of the pacts, agreements and FTAs without bothering about the aforementioned factors. The Indian industry will ensure that India will always gain from these arrangements. Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in1972. The agreement Shimla followed from the war between the two nations in the previous year that had led to Agreement (UPSC2006 2M) the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. The agreement laid down the principles that should govern their future relations. It also conceived steps to be taken for further normalization of mutual relations. Most importantly, it bound the two countries "to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations". The Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was a peace agreement between India and Tashkent Pakistan after the Indo-Pak war of 1965. The agreement was signed between Indian Declaration Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Muhammad Ayub Khan.

Track I Diplomacy

Track One & Half Diplomacy

Terms Involves direct government-to-government interaction on the official level. Typical Track I activities include traditional diplomacy, official negotiations, and the use of international organizations. The participants stand as representatives of their respective states and reflect the official positions of their governments during discussions. It is also called Fast Track diplomacy. Refers to situations when official representatives give authority to non-state actors (or official actors serving in an unofficial capacity) to participate, negotiate or facilitate on behalf of the official state actors. It also refers to non-state individuals who serve as intermediaries between official and non-official actors in difficult conflict situations. It is generally used to prepare key stakeholders before and during the official negotiation process by building consensus and support for agreements, both between parties in conflict and within their prospective constituencies. 9 India & The World

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Ghanshyam Thori Track II Diplomacy

India & The World Generally involves informal interaction with influential unofficial actors from civil society, business or religious communities, and local leaders and politicians who are considered to be experts in the area or issue being discussed. It generally seeks to supplement Track I diplomacy by working with middle and lower levels of society and often involves non-traditional methods, such as facilitating dialogue mechanisms and meetings that include participants from both government and non-government institutions. Is essentially "people to people" diplomacy undertaken by both individuals and private groups from non-government international organizations that are dedicated to promoting specific causes, universal ideals and norms, and enacting systematic social change. This type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences, generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for people and communities who are largely marginalized from political power centers and are unable to achieve positive change without outside assistance. Involves socio-cultural, educational, environmental & scientific exchange between two states. It helps in developing closer ties among states. Effort of media of concerned states towards conflict resolution & development of better understanding of each others viewpoint. Series of international meetings of scientists to discuss problems of nuclear weapons and world security. The first of the conferences met in July 1957 in the village of Pugwash, Nova Scotia. In 1995 the Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded jointly to the Pugwash organization and to Joseph RotblatPugwash founding member, secretarygeneral (195773), and president (198897). India is involved in the following international disputes: Bangladesh 6.5 km of the border between India and Bangladesh remains to be demarcated. Dispute with Bangladesh over South Talpatti Island / New Moore in the Bay of Bengal. Ongoing discussions with Bangladesh to exchange 162 minuscule enclaves between the two. Nepal Kalapani village (Indo-Nepal Border) of India is claimed by Nepal and Nawalparasi district of Nepal is claimed by India. Maldives Dispute over Minicoy Island with Maldives. Pakistan The unresolved Kashmir dispute, involving Siachen Glacier and other areas with Pakistan. Dispute over Sir Creek and the maritime boundary between the two. People's Republic of China

Track III Diplomacy

Track IV Diplomacy Track V Diplomacy Pugwash Conferences

Indias Border Dispute

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Ghanshyam Thori India claims Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. China claims Arunachal Pradesh, a state in north-east India.

India & The World

Abbreviations of International Organizations/Abbr in News (Question 9 2 Marker) Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is an ICT4D increasingly popular, general term referring to the application of Information and (UPSC 2007) Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the field of socio-economic development. It is being implemented in many countries. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization IAEA that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for (UPSC 2007) military purposes. Though established independently of the United Nations under its own international treaty (the IAEA Statute), the IAEA reports to both the General Assembly and the Security Council. Headquarted in Vienna, Austria. Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and BIMSTEC Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a (UPSC 2007) group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. European Court of Justice is the highest court in the European Union (EU). It has ECJ the ultimate say on matters of EU law in order to ensure equal application across (UPSC -2007) the various European Union member states. Big Emerging Markets. These "Big Emerging Markets" (BEMs) are: Mexico, BEMs (UPSC 2007) Argentina, Brazil, the Chinese Economic Area(2), India, Indonesia, South Korea, Poland, Turkey, and South Africa. Missile Technology Control Regime MTCR Economic and Social Council ECOSOC European Free Trade Association EFTA International Maritime Satellite Organization INMARSAT International Organization for Standardization ISO World Food Council WFC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. OAPEC (UPSC) Kosovo Liberation Army KLA (UPSC) United Nations Commission for India & Pakistan UNCIP (UPSC) Official Development Assistance. The term applies to aid from the members of ODA (UPSC) Development Assistance Committee of the OECD to developing countries. European Organization for Nuclear Research. Located near Geneva. CERN International Committee of the Red Cross. Headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland. ICRC League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies LORCS Organization of Islamic Conferences OIC Southern African Customs Union SACU Important United Nations Organizations 1. United Nations Organization New York 2. Economic Commission of Europe Geneva 3. Economic & Social Commission of Asia Bangkok 4. Economic Commission of Latin America Santiago, Chile 11 Ghanshyam Thori India & The World

Ghanshyam Thori 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. Economic Commission for Africa Economic Commission for Western Asia UNESCO Universal Postal Union (UPU) WHO World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Trade Organization (WTO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) International Labour Organization (ILO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) IBRD or World Bank International Development Association International Finance Corporation (IFC) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). UNICEF United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) United Nations Institute for Training & Research (UNITAR) United Nations Relief & Work for Palestine Refugees in the Near East United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations Drugs Control Program (UNDCP) United Nations Interregional Crime & Justice Research Institute United Nations Fund for International Parterships UN-HABITAT ( United Nations Human Settlement Programme) United Nations International School (UNIS) World Food Programme (WFP) World Tourism Organization (WTO) UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) 12

India & The World Addis Ababa Baghdad, Iraq Paris Berne, Switzerland Geneva Geneva Geneva Geneva Geneva Geneva Vienna Rome Rome London Vienna Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Montreal, Canada New York Geneva Geneva New York Gaza City & Amman New York New York New York Nairobi New York The Hague Vienna Turin, Italy New York Nairobi New York Rome Madrid, Spain Rome Geneva Geneva Vienna, Austria India & The World

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Ghanshyam Thori 48. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS - (UNAIDS) 49. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) - (UNCHS Habitat 50. International Organizations Amnesty International Asian Development Bank Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) BENELUX Economic Union Central Treaty Organization (Earlier known as Baghdad Pact) European Economic Community European Union European Free Trade Association European Space Research Organization International Committee of the Red Cross International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) African Union ( 53 member countries) OPEC South East Asia Treaty Organization G-8 (US, UK, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, Italy & Russia) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical & Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thai. SAARC APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Forum) 21 members Gulf Cooperation Council Organization of Islamic Conferences League of Arab States G-77 (Presiding Country Jamaica 2005 & South Africa 2006) G-24 Andean Community Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela) CARICOM (Carribean Community & Common Market) South African Development Community Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation Shanghai Cooperation Organization Bank for International Settlements 13

India & The World Geneva, Switzerland Nairobi, Kenya

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

London Manila Jakarta Brussels Ankara Brussels Brussels Geneva Paris Switzerland Lyons (France) Brussels Ottawa, Mexico, Washington DC Paris Addis Ababa Vienna Bangkok Not Applicable Minsk (Belarus) NA Kathmandu Singapore Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Jedah, Saudi Arabia Cairo New York Washington DC Lima, Peru Montevideo, Uruguay Georgetown, Guyana Gaborone, Botswana Mauritius Beijing Basel, Switzerland India & The World

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Ghanshyam Thori 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Transparency International International Rice Research Institute International Cricket Club Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet (CHOGM) International Union for Conservation of Nature Survival International (reporting un-contacted tribes) Medicine Sans Frontiers Reporters Sans Frontiers

India & The World Berlin Manila Dubai London Switzerland London Paris, France France

Various Protocols Objective Convention Year Stockholm 1972 Persistent Organic Pollutants Convention Vienna 1985 Ozone Layer. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is a multilateral environmental agreement. It was agreed upon in Vienna in 1985 and Convention entered into force in 1987. It acts as a framework for the international efforts to protect the ozone layer. However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs, the main chemical agents causing ozone depletion. These are laid out in the accompanying Montreal Protocol. Montreal 1987 Ozone Depleting Substances. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international Protocol treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature in 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation with Kofi Annan quoted as saying it is "Perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date...". At present, 191 nations have become party to the Montreal Protocol. Those 5 that are not as of September 2007 are Andorra, Iraq, San Marino, Timor-Leste and Vatican City. Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of the most important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either leveled off or decreased. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are released, but their rate of increase has slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, the concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because for many uses CFCs (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) were substituted with HCFCs. Unfortunately, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a Ghanshyam Thori 14 India & The World

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India & The World complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs. Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful as greenhouse gases, the mere substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use could increase the danger that human activity will change the climate.

Basel 1989 Convention

Rio Summit Or Earth Summit

1992

Trans boundary movement of Hazardous Wastes. It is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Rio Summit, Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The issues addressed included: systematic scrutiny of patterns of production particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smog the growing scarcity of water An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol. The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents: 1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 2. Agenda 21 3. Convention on Biological Diversity 4. Forest Principles 5. Framework Convention on Climate Change 1. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations "Conference on Environment and Development" (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world. 2. Agenda 21 is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable

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India & The World development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment. The number 21 refers to the 21st century. 3. The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is an international treaty that was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The Convention has three main goals: 1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); 2. sustainable use of its components; and 3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. 4. Forest Principles: It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for forestry. At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increased foreign aid in order to pay for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise. 5. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The treaty is aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The treaty as originally framed set no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual nations and contained no enforcement provisions; it is therefore considered legally non-binding. Rather, the treaty included provisions for updates (called "protocols") that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself.

Kyoto Protocol

1997

The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change. It was adopted in 1997 and it entered into force in 2005. As of June 2008, 182 parties have ratified the protocol. One hundred and thirty-seven (137) developing countries have ratified the protocol, including Brazil, China and India, but have no obligation beyond monitoring and reporting emissions. Australia's new government formed by the Australian Labor Party after the November 2007 election fully supports the protocol and Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the instrument of ratification immediately after assuming office on 3 December 2007, just before the meeting of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. USA & Kazakhstan have not ratified this protocol. The objective is to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with 16 India & The World

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India & The World the climate system." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted an average global rise in temperature of 1.4 to 5.8C between 1990 and 2100. Governments are separated into two general categories: developed countries, referred to as Annex I countries (who have accepted greenhouse gas emission reduction obligations and must submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory), and developing countries, referred to as Non-Annex I countries (who have no greenhouse gas emission reduction obligations but may participate in the Clean Development Mechanism). The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developing countries where costs are lower than in industrialized countries. However, critics argue that by allowing "business as usual" projects some emission reductions under the CDM are false or exaggerated Prior Informed Consent procedure for certain hazardous material Bio Safety The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the Convention, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits. It will for example let countries ban imports of a genetically modified organism if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered commodities such as corn or cotton.

Rotterdam 1998 Convention Cartagena 2000 Protocol

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India & The World

1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

Other Treaties A major step towards non-proliferation of nuclear weapons came with the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. Only four nations are not signatories: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India and Pakistan both possess and have openly tested nuclear bombs. Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea ratified the treaty, violated it, and later withdrew. Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from, inter alia, possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, were committed to the goal of total nuclear disarmament. Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology. The main reason India cites for not signing the NPT and for possessing nuclear weapons is that China is one of the "nuclear haves. India is one of the few countries to have a no first use policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes. The treaty was opened for signature in 1996. India and Pakistan, though not nuclear weapons states as defined by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign; neither did the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). 18 India & The World

CTBT

1996

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Ghanshyam Thori

India & The World Obligations 1. Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control. 2. Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon tests explosion or any other nuclear explosion.

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