Probability Overview

In this section we will cover: Expressing probabilities GMAT Probability Rule #1 GMAT Probability Rule #2 GMAT Probability Rule #3 GMAT Probability Rule #4

Probability
You may encounter questions on the GMAT that ask the probability of an event occuring. For instance:

Sara rolls two fair, six-sided dice. What is the probability she will roll two 6s? Roland flip two fair coins. What is the probability that neither of the coins will land on tails? A bag contains six blue marbles and six red marbles. If Teresa randomly chooses a marble from the bag, what is the probability that the marble is blue?

All of these problems are probability problems. Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring.

Expressing Probability
The probability of an event occurring is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. A probability of 0 means the event can never happen. A probability of 1 means the event is certain to happen. You may see probability express on the GMAT in terms of a percent, a decimal, or a fraction. For instance, the probability of a fair coin landing on tails can be expressed as

Fraction 1/2 Decimal .5 Percent 50

Sometimes you may see notation similar to that below: P(A) = 1/2 This means that the probability of an event A is 1/2.

Probability Rules
There are four probability rules you need to memorize in order to master GMAT probability questions: 1. The probability of an event A occurring is the number of outcomes that result in A divided by the total number of possible outcomes. 2. The probability of an event occurring plus the probability of the event not occurring equals 1. 3. The probability of event A AND event B occurring is the probability of event A times the probability of event B given that event A has already occurred. 4. The probability of event A OR event B occurring is the probability of event A occurring plus the probability of event B occurring minus the probability of both events occurring. The probability of an event A occurring is the number of outcomes that result in A divided by the total number of possible outcomes. Example: Raphael tosses a fair coin. What is the probability the coin will come up heads? Probability of heads = [heads]/[heads, tails] Probability of heads = 1/2 Example: Tom rolls a fair die. What is the probability that the die will roll an even number? Probability of even number = [2, 4, 6]/[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Probability of even number = 3/6 Probability of even number =

Rule #2
The probability of an event occurring plus the probability of the event not occurring equals 1. In other words, we can say with 100% certainty that an event will either occur or not occur. For instance, the probability of a fair, sixsided die rolling a 4 is 1/6. The probability of the die not landing on 4 is (1 - 1/6) or 5/6. 1/6 + 5/6 = 1. This concept can be very helpful on the GMAT. Sometimes it is easier to determine the probability of an event not occurring than determining the probability of an event occurring. Once your know the probability of an event not occurring, you can subtract the probability from 1 to find the probability of an event occurring.

Rule #3
The probability of event A AND event B occurring is the probability of event A times the probability of event B given that event A has already occurred. Example: Joseph rolls two fair, six-sided die. What is the probability that both die will roll a 6? Probability Probability Probability Probability of of of of 1st die coming up 6: 1/6 2nd die coming up 6: 1/6 both die coming up 6: (1/6) * (1/6) both die coming up 6: 1/36

Example: A bag contains three blue marbles and three red marbles. If two marbles are drawn randomly from the bag, what is the probability that they are both blue? This problem is a dependent probability. Two events are said to be dependent events if the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other event. The probability of drawing the second marble depends on the outcome of the first marble. If the first marble is red, there is no possibility of drawing two blue marbles. Thus, the probability of drawing a second blue marble is calculated after the first blue marble has been drawn.

Probability of drawing blue on first draw: 3/6 If a blue is drawn on the first draw, there are three red marbles and two blue marbles remaining in the bag. Probability of drawing blue on second draw (given that first was blue): 2/5 Probability of drawing two blue: (3/6) * (2/5) Probability of drawing two blue: 6/30 Probability of drawing two blue: 1/5

Rule #4
The probability of event A OR event B occurring is the probability of event A occurring plus the probability of event B occurring minus the probability of both events occurring. Example: Charles rolls a fair, six-sided die. What is the probability of Charles rolling a 2 or a 4? Probability Probability Probability Probability Probability of of of of of 2: 1/6 4: 1/6 a 2 or 4: 1/6 + 1/6 a 2 or 4: 2/6 a 2 or 4: 1/3

In the previous problem, the events were mutually exclusive. Mutually exclusive means that the events cannot occur together. There is no way to roll a 2 and a 4 at the same time. The events in the following problem are NOT mutually exclusive. Example: Of the 100 students at a certain school, 30 students are taking a chemistry class, 40 students are taking a physics class, and 20 students are taking both a physics and a chemistry class. If a student is chosen at random from the school, what is the probability that he or she is taking a physics or a chemistry class? Probability Probability Probability Probability of of of of selecting a selecting a selecting a a selecting student taking a chemistry course: 30/100 student taking a physics class: 40/100 student taking both classes: 20/100 a student taking chemistry OR a student

taking physics: 30/100 + 40/100 - 20/100 = 50/100 or 1/2 There are 9 beads in a bag. 3 beads are red, 3 beads are blue, and 3 beads are black. If two beads are chosen at random, what is the probability that they are both blue? A. 1/81 B. 1/12 C. 2/9 D. 1/3 E. 1/4 A letter is randomly selected from the word Mississippi. What is the probability that the letter will be an s? A. 1/11 B. 3/10 C. 4/11 D. 1/4 E. 1/3 A certain deck of cards contains 2 blue cards, 2 red cards, 2 yellow cards, and 2 green cards. If two cards are randomly drawn from the deck, what is the probability that they will both are not blue? A. 15/28 B. 1/4 C. 9/16 D. 1/32 E. 1/16 A fair coin is tossed, and a fair six-sided die is

rolled. What is the probability that the coin come up heads and the die will come up 1 or 2? A. 1/2 B. 1/4 C. 1/6 D. 1/12 E. 1/3

A bag of 10 marbles contains 3 red marbles and 7 blue marbles. If two marbles are selected at random, what is the probability that at least one marble is blue? A. 21/50 B. 3/13 C. 47/50 D. 14/15 E. 1/5 A fair, six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability that the number will be odd? A. 1/4 B. 1/2 C. 1/3 D. 1/6 E. 1/5 A letter is randomly select from the word studious. What is the probability that the letter be a U? A. 1/8 B. 1/4

C. 1/3 D. 1/2 E. 3/8 A bag contains 2 red beads, 2 blue beads, and 2 green beads. Sara randomly draws a bead from the bag, and then Victor randomly draws a bead from the bag. What is the probability that Sara will draw a red marble and Victor will draw a blue marble? A. 2/13 B. 1/5 C. 1/3 D. 1/10 E. 2/15 If two fair, six-sided dice are rolled, what is the probability that the sum of the numbers will be 5? A. 1/6 B. 1/4 C. 1/36 D. 1/18 E. 1/9 If four fair coins are tossed, what is the probability of all four coming up heads? A. 1/4 B. 1/6 C. 1/8 D. 1/16 E. 1/32

The probability that a certain event will occur is 5/9. What is the probability that the event will NOT occur? A. 5/9 B. 4/9 C. 2/9 D. 1/4 E. 1/2 A certain bag contains red, blue, yellow, and green marbles. If a marble is randomly drawn from the bag, the probability of drawing a blue marble is .2, the probability of drawing a red marble is .3, and the probability of drawing a yellow marble is .1. What is the probability of drawing a green marble? A. .5 B. .6 C. .2 D. .4 E. .3 A bag contains 3 red marbles, 3 blue marbles, and 3 green marbles. If a marble is randomly drawn from the bag and a fair, six-sided die is tossed, what is the probability of obtaining a red marble and a 6? A. 1/15 B. 1/6 C. 1/3 D. 1/4 E. 1/18

A fair, six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of obtaining a 3 or an odd number? A. 1/6 B. 1/5 C. 1/4 D. 2/3 E. 1/2 At a certain business school, 400 students are members of the sailing club, the wine club, or both. If 200 students are members of the wine club and 50 students are members of both clubs, what is the probability that a student chosen at random is a member of the sailing club? A. 1/2 B. 5/8 C. 1/4 D. 3/8 E. 3/5 A bag contains six marbles: two red, two blue, and two green. If two marbles are drawn at random, what is the probability that they are the same color? A. 1/3 B. 1/2 C. 1/8 D. 1/4 E. 1/5 There are five students in a study group: two finance majors and three accounting majors. If

two students are chosen at random, what is the probability that they are both accounting students? A. 3/10 B. 2/5 C. 1/5 D. 3/5 E. 4/5 Seven beads are in a bag: three blue, two red, and two green. If three beads are randomly drawn from the bag, what is the probability that they are not all blue? A. 5/7 B. 23/24 C. 6/7 D. 34/35 E. 8/13 A bag has six red marbles and six blue marbles. If two marbles are drawn randomly from the bag, what is the probability that they will both be red? A. 1/2 B. 11/12 C. 5/12 D. 5/22 E. 1/3 Webdynpro Java( admin and development ) 1.Introduction to SAP product strategy netweaver Architecture

Enterprise Portal Architecture, WAS architecture Transition from desktop to desktop Iviews, pages, roles, workset, users, groups Customizing portal Connection to SAPR/3, SAP BW, SAP CRM Connection to ORACLE,Yahoo, google services. Various Iviews SAP URL Iview, SAP Transaction Iview SAP BSP Iview, SAP BW Report Iview SAP Webdynpro Iview, Webservice Iview JDBC stored procedure Iview, Portal Activity report Iview Single-Sign On, SAP logon tickets Portal Personalization Portal Internationalization Transporting/Import/Export EPA Files Portal development kit SAP R/3 Fundamentals, SAP BW Fundamentals Remote function module/RFC/BAPI Transaction codes, internal tables WAS Java Admin Tools Config Tool Visual J2ee Admin Tool SDM GUI, System Analyzer Security-user management (users, groups) System Landscape SLD configuration JCO destinations NWDI configuration DTR Tracks CMS Runtime Systems CBS - Ready-to use Libraries SLD Information of Systems ESS/MSS business packages Introduction of ESS/MSS Configuration of ESS/MSS Customization of ESS/MSS dcs Installation of Portal Pre-Install, Install, Post-Install Visual Composer Setup

Knowledge management and collaboration Business objectives of KM KM platform: architecture overview, real time collaboration

Repositories, ACL, Trex components, crawler Permissions Versioning in KM, Publishing documents KM Iviews: KM document Iview, subscription, Approval KM navigation Iview KM quickpoll admin Iview KM quickpoll Iview KM XML forms builder Iview KM UPLOAD Iview KM discussions Iview KMC asynchronous collaboration Versioning, permissions, lifetime in KM Collaboration launch pad, Creating WEB Folder and using them in KM Repository Creating and maintaining collaboration rooms Email integration Example based TAXONAMY Query based TAXONAMY

Webdynpro Java (development):

Webdynpro introduction, NWDS MVC architecture\ Webdynpro user interface elements Table, image, DDBI, DDBK, itemlistbox, progress indicator etc File upload, file download Value selectors SVS, EVS, OVS Validations (Range, length, datatype) Local dictionary, simple type, structures, java native types Component object model Business graphics Adobe Interactive forms Microsoft office integration Data binding, table binding, structure binding. Context mapping, model binding, views, view sets Various controllers Error handling, message editor, messages Webdynpro internationlization Debugging techniques in webdynpro Models, developing custom BAPIs/RFCs Using calculated attributes, supply functions Types of models

Adaptive RFC model Webservice model Java bean model Creating webdynpro application as Iview SLD config, JCO destinations Popup, external, confirmation diaglog windows Webdynpro security programming Application and URL parameters Webdynpro service and Helper classes Dynamic programming Fine tuning and performance issues Reuse concepts of development components Reading data and values from properties files. VISUAL COMPOSER Visual composer setup VC architecture Forms, tables, image manager Value helps Formulas Visual composer internationalization Data intensive operations Searching, sorting, filtering, aggregates Entry lists: Static, dynamic Data services: BAPIs/RFCs Webservices BI queries BASIS WDA and WDJ BASICS Webdynpro Java( a WDA and WDJ BASICS Webdynpro Java( admin and development ) 1.Introduction to SAP product strategy netweaver Architecture Enterprise Portal Architecture, WAS architecture Transition from desktop to desktop Iviews, pages, roles, workset, users, groups Customizing portal Connection to SAPR/3, SAP BW, SAP CRM Connection to ORACLE,Yahoo, google services.

Various Iviews SAP URL Iview, SAP Transaction Iview SAP BSP Iview, SAP BW Report Iview SAP Webdynpro Iview, Webservice Iview JDBC stored procedure Iview, Portal Activity report Iview Single-Sign On, SAP logon tickets Portal Personalization Portal Internationalization Transporting/Import/Export EPA Files Portal development kit SAP R/3 Fundamentals, SAP BW Fundamentals Remote function module/RFC/BAPI Transaction codes, internal tables WAS Java Admin Tools Config Tool Visual J2ee Admin Tool SDM GUI, System Analyzer Security-user management (users, groups) System Landscape SLD configuration JCO destinations NWDI configuration DTR Tracks CMS Runtime Systems CBS - Ready-to use Libraries SLD Information of Systems ESS/MSS business packages Introduction of ESS/MSS Configuration of ESS/MSS Customization of ESS/MSS dcs Installation of Portal Pre-Install, Install, Post-Install Visual Composer Setup

Knowledge management and collaboration Business objectives of KM KM platform: architecture overview, real time collaboration Repositories, ACL, Trex components, crawler Permissions Versioning in KM, Publishing documents KM Iviews: KM document Iview, subscription, Approval KM navigation Iview

KM quickpoll admin Iview KM quickpoll Iview KM XML forms builder Iview KM UPLOAD Iview KM discussions Iview KMC asynchronous collaboration Versioning, permissions, lifetime in KM Collaboration launch pad, Creating WEB Folder and using them in KM Repository Creating and maintaining collaboration rooms Email integration Example based TAXONAMY Query based TAXONAMY

Webdynpro Java (development):

Webdynpro introduction, NWDS MVC architecture\ Webdynpro user interface elements Table, image, DDBI, DDBK, itemlistbox, progress indicator etc File upload, file download Value selectors SVS, EVS, OVS Validations (Range, length, datatype) Local dictionary, simple type, structures, java native types Component object model Business graphics Adobe Interactive forms Microsoft office integration Data binding, table binding, structure binding. Context mapping, model binding, views, view sets Various controllers Error handling, message editor, messages Webdynpro internationlization Debugging techniques in webdynpro Models, developing custom BAPIs/RFCs Using calculated attributes, supply functions Types of models Adaptive RFC model Webservice model Java bean model Creating webdynpro application as Iview SLD config, JCO destinations Popup, external, confirmation diaglog windows

Webdynpro security programming Application and URL parameters Webdynpro service and Helper classes Dynamic programming Fine tuning and performance issues Reuse concepts of development components Reading data and values from properties files. VISUAL COMPOSER Visual composer setup VC architecture Forms, tables, image manager Value helps Formulas Visual composer internationalization Data intensive operations Searching, sorting, filtering, aggregates Entry lists: Static, dynamic Data services: BAPIs/RFCs Webservices BI queries

Web Dynpro for ABAP | webdynpro samples and tutorial

WebDynpro for ABAP (WD4A, WDA) is the SAP standard UI ( user interface) technology for developing Web applications in the ABAP language. It consists of a runtime environment and a graphical development environment with special Web Dynpro tools that are integrated in the ABAP Workbench (SE80).

Web Dynpro offers the following advantages for application developers:

The use of declarative and graphical tools significantly reduces the implementation effort Web Dynpro supports a structured design process Strict separation between layout and business data Reuse and better maintainability by using components The layout and navigation is easily changed using the Web Dynpro tools

 Stateful applications are supported that is, if the page is changed and the required data remains intact so that you can access it at any time throughout the entire application context. Note that stateless applications are not possible. Automatic data transport using data binding Automatic input check User interface accessibility is supported Full integration in the reliable ABAP development environment

dmin and development ) 1.Introduction to SAP product strategy netweaver Architecture Enterprise Portal Architecture, WAS architecture Transition from desktop to desktop Iviews, pages, roles, workset, users, groups Customizing portal Connection to SAPR/3, SAP BW, SAP CRM Connection to ORACLE,Yahoo, google services. Various Iviews SAP URL Iview, SAP Transaction Iview SAP BSP Iview, SAP BW Report Iview SAP Webdynpro Iview, Webservice Iview JDBC stored procedure Iview, Portal Activity report Iview Single-Sign On, SAP logon tickets Portal Personalization Portal Internationalization Transporting/Import/Export EPA Files Portal development kit SAP R/3 Fundamentals, SAP BW Fundamentals Remote function module/RFC/BAPI Transaction codes, internal tables WAS Java Admin Tools Config Tool Visual J2ee Admin Tool SDM GUI, System Analyzer Security-user management (users, groups) System Landscape SLD configuration JCO destinations NWDI configuration DTR Tracks

CMS Runtime Systems CBS - Ready-to use Libraries SLD Information of Systems ESS/MSS business packages Introduction of ESS/MSS Configuration of ESS/MSS Customization of ESS/MSS dcs Installation of Portal Pre-Install, Install, Post-Install Visual Composer Setup

Knowledge management and collaboration Business objectives of KM KM platform: architecture overview, real time collaboration Repositories, ACL, Trex components, crawler Permissions Versioning in KM, Publishing documents KM Iviews: KM document Iview, subscription, Approval KM navigation Iview KM quickpoll admin Iview KM quickpoll Iview KM XML forms builder Iview KM UPLOAD Iview KM discussions Iview KMC asynchronous collaboration Versioning, permissions, lifetime in KM Collaboration launch pad, Creating WEB Folder and using them in KM Repository Creating and maintaining collaboration rooms Email integration Example based TAXONAMY Query based TAXONAMY

Webdynpro Java (development):

Webdynpro introduction, NWDS MVC architecture\ Webdynpro user interface elements Table, image, DDBI, DDBK, itemlistbox, progress indicator etc File upload, file download

Value selectors SVS, EVS, OVS Validations (Range, length, datatype) Local dictionary, simple type, structures, java native types Component object model Business graphics Adobe Interactive forms Microsoft office integration Data binding, table binding, structure binding. Context mapping, model binding, views, view sets Various controllers Error handling, message editor, messages Webdynpro internationlization Debugging techniques in webdynpro Models, developing custom BAPIs/RFCs Using calculated attributes, supply functions Types of models Adaptive RFC model Webservice model Java bean model Creating webdynpro application as Iview SLD config, JCO destinations Popup, external, confirmation diaglog windows Webdynpro security programming Application and URL parameters Webdynpro service and Helper classes Dynamic programming Fine tuning and performance issues Reuse concepts of development components Reading data and values from properties files. VISUAL COMPOSER Visual composer setup VC architecture Forms, tables, image manager Value helps Formulas Visual composer internationalization Data intensive operations Searching, sorting, filtering, aggregates Entry lists: Static, dynamic Data services: BAPIs/RFCs Webservices

BI queries

Webdynpro Java( admin and development ) 1.Introduction to SAP product strategy netweaver Architecture Enterprise Portal Architecture, WAS architecture Transition from desktop to desktop Iviews, pages, roles, workset, users, groups Customizing portal Connection to SAPR/3, SAP BW, SAP CRM Connection to ORACLE,Yahoo, google services. Various Iviews SAP URL Iview, SAP Transaction Iview SAP BSP Iview, SAP BW Report Iview SAP Webdynpro Iview, Webservice Iview JDBC stored procedure Iview, Portal Activity report Iview Single-Sign On, SAP logon tickets Portal Personalization Portal Internationalization Transporting/Import/Export EPA Files Portal development kit SAP R/3 Fundamentals, SAP BW Fundamentals Remote function module/RFC/BAPI Transaction codes, internal tables WAS Java Admin Tools Config Tool Visual J2ee Admin Tool SDM GUI, System Analyzer Security-user management (users, groups) System Landscape SLD configuration JCO destinations NWDI configuration DTR Tracks CMS Runtime Systems CBS - Ready-to use Libraries SLD Information of Systems ESS/MSS business packages Introduction of ESS/MSS Configuration of ESS/MSS Customization of ESS/MSS dcs Installation of Portal

Pre-Install, Install, Post-Install Visual Composer Setup

Knowledge management and collaboration Business objectives of KM KM platform: architecture overview, real time collaboration Repositories, ACL, Trex components, crawler Permissions Versioning in KM, Publishing documents KM Iviews: KM document Iview, subscription, Approval KM navigation Iview KM quickpoll admin Iview KM quickpoll Iview KM XML forms builder Iview KM UPLOAD Iview KM discussions Iview KMC asynchronous collaboration Versioning, permissions, lifetime in KM Collaboration launch pad, Creating WEB Folder and using them in KM Repository Creating and maintaining collaboration rooms Email integration Example based TAXONAMY Query based TAXONAMY

Webdynpro Java (development):

Webdynpro introduction, NWDS MVC architecture\ Webdynpro user interface elements Table, image, DDBI, DDBK, itemlistbox, progress indicator etc File upload, file download Value selectors SVS, EVS, OVS Validations (Range, length, datatype) Local dictionary, simple type, structures, java native types Component object model Business graphics Adobe Interactive forms Microsoft office integration

Data binding, table binding, structure binding. Context mapping, model binding, views, view sets Various controllers Error handling, message editor, messages Webdynpro internationlization Debugging techniques in webdynpro Models, developing custom BAPIs/RFCs Using calculated attributes, supply functions Types of models Adaptive RFC model Webservice model Java bean model Creating webdynpro application as Iview SLD config, JCO destinations Popup, external, confirmation diaglog windows Webdynpro security programming Application and URL parameters Webdynpro service and Helper classes Dynamic programming Fine tuning and performance issues Reuse concepts of development components Reading data and values from properties files. VISUAL COMPOSER Visual composer setup VC architecture Forms, tables, image manager Value helps Formulas Visual composer internationalization Data intensive operations Searching, sorting, filtering, aggregates Entry lists: Static, dynamic Data services: BAPIs/RFCs Webservices BI queries

Web Dynpro for ABAP | webdynpro samples and tutorial

WebDynpro for ABAP (WD4A, WDA) is the SAP standard UI ( user interface) technology for developing Web applications in the ABAP language. It consists of a runtime environment and a graphical development environment with special Web Dynpro tools that are integrated in the ABAP Workbench (SE80).

Web Dynpro offers the following advantages for application developers:

The use of declarative and graphical tools significantly reduces the implementation effort Web Dynpro supports a structured design process Strict separation between layout and business data Reuse and better maintainability by using components The layout and navigation is easily changed using the Web Dynpro tools Stateful applications are supported that is, if the page is changed and the required data remains intact so that you can access it at any time throughout the entire application context. Note that stateless applications are not possible. Automatic data transport using data binding Automatic input check User interface accessibility is supported Full integration in the reliable ABAP development environment