INTRODUCTION TO

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
EQ1

Sequence
Plate movement

Type of faults
Wave motion

Energy release
Urban earthquake risk

Structural performance level

Evaluation approach
EQ2

8/10

Large Earthquakes

EQ4

Elastic Rebound Theory

Indian Plate

EQ6

Historical Earthquakes in the Himalaya

EQ7

Southern Asia

EQ8

EQ9

Plate Movement

4-5 m slip @1 cm/yr =4-500 years

EQ10

Indian Plate

Himalayas

Tibetan Plateau

EQ11

Indian Plate

Tibet

EQ12

Indian Plate

Tibet

EQ13

Indian Plate

Tibet

EQ14

critical stress Tibet

EQ15

2-20 m surface rupture

great earthquake

1.5 m co-seismic subsidence

Tibet

4-10 m

the longer the inactivity the bigger the 'quake

EQ16

Faults
Through the study of faults and their effects, much can be learned about the size and recurrence intervals of earthquakes. Faults also teach us about crustal movements that have produced mountains and changed continents. Stresses often continue to build until they exceed the strength of the bond in that section of crust. The rock then breaks, and an earthquake occurs, sometimes releasing massive amounts of energy. Faults vary in length from a few centimeters to hundreds of kilometers across. Displacements of one side of the fault over the other vary from fractions of a meter to many kilometers. In many cases the displacement is not confined to a single fracture but is distributed throughout a fault zone. Many faults do not rupture the surface, but when the surface is broken, the fault line is visible as a fault trace or outcrop.
EQ17

Contd

Faults
Vertical or horizontal movement may occur along a fault plane. Sometimes both vertical and horizontal movement occur simultaneously. Faults are named according to the type of movement that has occurred. The term slip is used to indicate relative displacement across the fault. When the movement along the fault plane is generally horizontal, it is a strike-slip fault. These are also called lateral faults. Offset streams are found along active strike-slip faults. A transform fault is a zone of lateral movement along which the ridges and rises have been offset and along which the displacement suddenly stops or changes form and direction. When the movement along the fault plane is predominately vertical, it is a dip-slip fault. There are subclassifications within this category.
EQ18

Contd

Faults
A normal fault occurs when the earth above the fracture moves down in respect to the earth below the fracture. A reverse fault occurs when the rocks above the fracture move up with respect to those below. A reverse fault with an angle of less than 45 degrees is called a thrust fault. Thrust faults are generally characterized by older rocks resting on younger rocks, although in some cases younger rocks may be thrust over older rocks.

EQ19

Left Lateral Fault

EQ21

Left Lateral Fault

EQ22

Left Lateral Fault

EQ23

Right Lateral Fault

EQ24

Right Lateral Fault

EQ25

Right Lateral Fault

EQ26

Normal Faulting

EQ27

Normal Fault

EQ28

Thrust Faulting

EQ29

Thrust Fault

EQ30

Wave Motion

EQ33

Wave Path

EQ35

Energy Release

EQ37

Energy Release

EQ38

ELEMENTS OF URBAN EARTHQUAKE RISK

HAZARDS

EXPOSURE

RISK

VULNERABILITY

LOCATION

EQ40

EQ41

EQ42

EQ43

EQ44

Structural Performance Levels

Joes
Great Food!

Joes
Great Food!

Serviceability

Immediate Occupancy Damage

Collapse Prevention 99%

0%
EQ46

Serviceability Level

Joes
Great Food!

Negligible structural and nonstructural damage Utilities are available Facility is available for immediate re-use Repair costs are minimal to nil

EQ47

Immediate Occupancy Level

Negligible structural damage Minor nonstructural damage Building is safe to occupy but

Joes
Great Food!

may not function

Limited interruption of operations

Repair Cost < 15%

EQ48

Immediate Occupancy

EQ49

Life-Safety

EQ50

Collapse Prevention Level

Extensive structural and non-structural damage

Extended loss of use Repair may not be practical

Repair costs >> 30%

EQ51

Collapse Prevention

EQ52

Collapsed

EQ53

EQ56

Global Response & Performance

Joes
Great Food!

Loading Severity

Great Food!

Structural Displacement D
EQ57

Evaluation Approach
Annual Probability of Exceedance

1- Select Hazard Level

10-1

4- Determine 5- Determine Drift & Component Performance Demands

Joes

10-2

Lateral Force - V

Beer! Food!

Immediate Occupancy

10-3

Collapse margin > 1.0

Life Safety margin = 1.33 to 1.5
Great Food!

10-4

Collapse Prevention margin = 1.0

10-5 0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

DLS

DCP

Spectral Acceleration at Period T

Lateral Displacement - D

2- Determine ground Motion Sa

3- Run Analysis 6- Pass or Fail Criterion evaluated on component by component basis

EQ58