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Handbook is dedicated to
PROFESSORS
DONALD J. BORROR DW1BHT M. DELONG
C. CLAYTON HOFF
and
ROBERT A. HEFNER
Agriculture
Agricultural
Research
Service
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, B.C. 20402
Abstract
Foreword
Borham, J.R., ed. 1987. Insect and Mite Pests in Pood; An Illustrated Key. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook Number 655, 767 p., illus.
The publication, presented in two volumes, is and identification of the prehensive treatise food-contaminating arthropods (insects and their relatives). It provides the of identirapid and accurate than 600 species of pests encountered throughfying out the food industry. Diagnostic keys and useful illustrations of both adult and immature stages of these pests presented. Volume 1, arranged phylogenetically, consists of part and includes keys to the major anthropod pests of stored food. Volume 2, also arranged phylogenetically, consists of parts 2 and 3. It begins with general key to arthropod classes and insects orders. Except for chapter 7 in volume and chapter 25 in volume 2, all the keys in illustrated by drawings associated with parts and 2 illustrated by addikey couplets. The keys in part tional drawings in part 3 (ch. 27). The two volumes plement each other and should be used simultaneously to to time both the couplet at the permit the drawings (vol. 1) and the plate illustrations (vol. 2). Thus, the at the time both the specific features described in the key couplet and the general habitus of the arthropod being studied.
Responsibility for assuring safe and nutritious food supplies for the American people is shared by the Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services. While prevention of problems is the ideal, much past effort has been expended upon corrective constraints against foods that should have been allowed to become defective in the first place.
In keeping with the increasing emphasis prevention, this timely publication fnsect and Mite Pests in Food: An Illustrated Key is fundamental technical document to assist scientists in achieving early detection and before-the-fact prevention, well after-the-fact correction, of certain defects in food.
KEYWORDS: arthropod, stored-food pests, food pests, food insects, moths, Lepidoptera, food industry, beetles, cockroaches, weevils, ants, silverfish, psocids, thrips, aphids, parasitic wasps, springtails, scale insects
be purchased from the Copies of this publication Superintendent of Documents. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
be purchased from the National Microfiche copies Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161
CONTEISITS
Voliime 1
Prefaci
Voliume 2
Part
18.
J.R. 81arham
Introduiction
L.V. Krtutson
Part
1.
vii
19.
G.T. Okumura
Orders of larval Endopterygota (Insecta) W.R. Enns
319
333
Mites (Acari)
R.L. Smiley
2.
20.
351
363
21.
45 22.
P. Wygodzinsky
Psocids (Psocoptera) E.L. Mockford
Thrips (Thysanoptera) G.T. Okumura and C.S. Papp
Aphids (Aphididae, Homoptera)
3.
Adult beetles (Coleoptera) J.M. Kingsolver Larval beetles (Coleoptera) D.M. Anderson
75
371
23. 95
24.
403
415
5.
M.B. Stoetzel
115 25.
6.
421
137
26. 149
7.
449
8.
Part
27.
Illustrations of mites and insects A.D. Cushman, C. Feller, and others
9.
481
175
28.
10.
Arthropod pests of the food industry; A list and taxonomic bibliography J.R. Gorham
Appendix
651
743
179
11.
Darkling beetles
Index
185
747
215
13.
223
14.
D.C. Ferguson
15.
231
D.M. Weism.an
16.
245
Flies (Diptera)
R.J. Gagne
17.
269
297
Preface
of this handbook will be able to Although most effectively without any editorial explanations, few ments concerning the organization might be helpful to and at least of passing interest to others. All aspects of this project have been designed with the in mind. Our objective to make the handbook convenient to
storage situations. These keys, from the most general to the most specific, deal with insects and mites associated with food, not with insects and mites in general.
The geographic scope of this handbook is basically worldwide, since all the major cosmopolitan pests included. However, with regard to those pests that are not politan, the various specialists have selected those geographic parameters that consistent with their knowledge of the arthropods involved. The bionomic notes given for most species inform the reader about host materials and geographic distribution.
Because of the sheer volume of the material to be included in the handbook, is being published in two volumes, each of which is intended to complement the other. Volume consists of part (ch. 1-17) and includes keys to major arthropod pests of stored food. The arrangement q^___^._^EisJs-ess.anliaUi^biilooaoatir haoie^
Volume 2 consists of part 2 (ch. 18-26) and part 3 (ch. 27, 28, appendix, and the index). Part 2 is also arranged phylogenetically, beginning with general key to arthropod classes and insect orders. Except for chapters 7 and 25, all the keys in parts and 2 have drawings associated with the key couplets. The keys in part further illustrated by additional drawings in part 3 (ch. 27). Since the couplet illustrations for part in volume and the plate illustrations in volume 2, the identifier will need to both volumes simultaneously. This permits the to at the time both the specific features described in the key couplet and the general habitus of the arthropod under consideration.
Plate is the only exception to this arrangement. Since it is the frontispiece of volume and since all the faxa illustrated therein keyed out in volume 1, the sionally will need to turn back to the frontispiece when keying out certain beetles in chapters 3, 5-7, 11, and 12. Chapter 14 refers to the frontispiece (plate 2) of volume 2.
With few exceptions, the plates arranged according to the order of appearance of each taxon in the keys of part 1. In both the couplet illustrations and in the habitus drawings of the plates, the figures that the oriented anterior aspect of the drawing points either up to the left. (In few instances, the couplet illustrations shown head-to-head tail-to-tail to facilitate comparison of structures.) In deference to the tradition of lepidopterists, the that oriented drawings of moth genitalia (ch. 14) anterior points down. The tradition of coccoidologists has also been respected in that the key to scale insects (ch. text figures rather than couplet illustrations. 25)
lustrations, the bionomic notes in the couplets, and the habitus drawings, the identifier may arrive at confident identification. If, however, after reaching this point, the still has doubt about the identity of particular specimen, he she has two options. One is to send the specimen to specialist to identify (see the appendix for
instructions).
The second option is to consult scientific literature. To help you do this provided list of taxonomic aids in chapter 28 for most of the taxa included in this handbook well for many (approximately 400) that not. This list also taxonomic index to the handbook, with the entries, including complete scientific and (if any), arranged by order and family. (Throughout the handbook, the approved by the Entomological Society of America shown in boldface type.) In addition, the scientific and listed alphabetically in the general index. Occasionally, the complete scientific (genus, species, mentioned for ilauthor) is used in the text. Such taxa lustrative purposes only, relation to stored they have food and therefore do not appear in chapter 28. The authors of these taxa given for the convenience of the reader.
keyed out in the handbook. Approximately 650 taxa The major cosmopolitan pests invariably included in their respective chapters. Accidental pests not inmost field crop pests, except for those well cluded, commonly, if inadvertently, carried into processing that
Many people involved in making this handbook possible. In addition to the authors and the illustrators, others gave support to the completion of the book. For example, the book could not have been written without the administrative support of both the Food and Drug Administration and the Agricultural Research Service. In addition, many scientists, each her field, gave expert in his advice and suggestions to help achieve high level of accuracy and utility in the preparation of the keys. In short, thanks to all of you who assisted in making Insect and Mite Pests in Food: An Illustrated Key informative and useful reference in its field.
J. Richard Gorham Food and Druo Administration
Introduction
the identification of foodcontaminating arthropods (insects and their relatives) and international in food prepared for their audience of entomologists, food inspectors, commercial
This comprehensive treatise
food processors, instructors in pest identification and pest management, pesticide applicators, and others involved in maintaining the purity of processed foods. We hope that this handbook will increase the efficiency of food inspection and will help guarantee the purity of foods imported into, exported from, and transported within the United States and other countries.
this available. We, current researchmakes tool such than the inheritors of and of research, 200 years of basic systematic work. While many difficult problems remain in the classification of pests and related species, especially at the subspeciflc level, much of the develfundamental classification that today that two-century timespan. Many classifications oped any other practical not developed with the present the products of basic research. objective in mind but
consider the most recent, expensive visit of the khapra needed of beetle to the United States-identifications that the extent of the inthe difficult-to-identify larvae taken festation could be determined and control before the pest could spread throughout the country. In the food industry, particularly, rapid and accurate identifiother insect cation, often of only fragment of thropod, must be made by persons lacking specialized training in insect/arthropod systematics. This handbook will help provide the basis for this capability, both instructional aid. reference tool and
For the first time, the combined expertise of leading specialists in the United States has been marshaled to produce comprehensive and fully detailed manual for than 600 species quick and positive identification of of pests encountered throughout the many facets of the food industry. No manual of this kind has ever been published before in the United States, although few similar works have been published in England and Canada. In adand better known arthropod dition to the beetles, moths, ahd flies, the poorly known groups such inmites, fhrips, and scale insects groups such cluded. The emphases placed diagnostic keys and useful illustrations of both adult and immature stages special features. The two volumes, prepared largely by research entomologists of the Agricultural Research Services Systematic Entomology Laboratory of the Biosystematics ahd Beneficial Insects Institute, with designed for sections prepared by other specialists, to enable frontline A prime objective practical nonspecialists to identify authoritatively large number of not only their time but also the time species. This will of systematists who otherwise would be required to identify those specimens.
The practically oriented food inspector, quarantine officer, pest control operator, and others in this field should pause to consider the nature and quality of the research that
These points particularly important when siders that pest-identification requirements change as food habits change; shipping, packaging, storage, pronew crops and cessing, and other procedures change; international pathways of foods developed; as the pests themselves change change; and in their host preferences, distribution, population characteristics, and resistance to pesticides. The strengthened provided by scientifically based identificaregulatory the critical in the future tion may become also of certain pesticides is restricted. We anticipate dealing with increased numbers of diverse kinds of organisms, well their natural enemies, such parasitic forms. We can feel confident that these two for many important questions volumes will provide need to be time, At the for years to prepared for unpredictable future needs by maintaining systematics research and service capability.
A definitive work of this nature requires diverse mix of knowledge and capability-practical knowledge of which species need to be identified and which need to be cluded; solid understanding of the identity of hot only similar forms; those species but also of closely related the ability to present this broad range of specialized detail in useful manner; and skill in scientific illustration and in organizational and editorial capability. Speaking for the authors, would like to thank the editor, J, Richard Gorham, for his leadership of this project, and to thank the primary illustrators Candetta Feller and Arthur D. Cushman, both formerly with the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, for their outstanding contributions to this
project.
Lloyd Knutson*
Director
Blosystematics and Beneficial Insects Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture
Present address: Weeds Laboratory-Europe Biocontrol American Embassy-Agriculture York 09794-0007
Part 1
MITES (ACARI)
R.L. Smiley
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute
The key presented here to selected orders, suborders, families, genera, and species of mites associated with foods is based largely A Manual of Acarology by G.W. Krantz (20) and The Mites of Stored Foods and Houses among by A.M. Hughes {18}. (References 3, 4, and 7 other important references consulted.) Several systems of subordinal nomenclature being used by acarologists. The system used in this key, along with other systems that have been proposed, is given in table 1.1,
The central objective of the key is to help the to identify those kinds of mites commonly associated with food. in Some mites, because of their potential for certain food-storage situations, phoretic parasitic insects, birds, and mammals and included here. Since bionomic information is sometimes helpful adjunct in the process of making identification, have included notations to the key couplets whatever reliable information foods, food habits, food associations, available specific behaviors, and geographic distribution.
The characters of the adult stage form the basis for most of the key couplets. The occasional references to characters of the hypopodes (formerly, hypopi) provided merely supplemental information. Zakhvatkin (28) should be consulted for keys to hypopodes. The hypopus second nymphal stage) (deutonymph only in the Astigmata and then only occasionally. differs widely in both morphology and behavior from earlier and later stages in the developmental cycle.
As arachnids, spiders, mites, and ticks have kind of abdominal segmentation that is inconspicuous apparently absent. In the subclass Araneae (spiders), the head and thorax combined in single unit, the cephalothorax, that is joined to the abdomen by slender pedicel. The subclass Acari includes the ticks (fig. 1.1) and mites (Tig. 1.2). The acarine body, in contrast to the rather distinct body regions of insects, is composed mainly of the idiosoma. The mouthparts borne the gnathosoma, anterior region that is less distinct from the idiosoma. Terminology for the subdivisions of the mite body is given here.
Region of mouth and mouthparts Region of legs and Region of legs ((( and IV
Posterior
Gnathosoma
Propodosoma
Podosoma
Metapodosoma
---Idiosoma
Hysterosoma
Opisthosoma
region
Table 1.1.
for of the higher taxa, Equivalent mainly suborders, of the subclass Acari
System
System
1|3
System 1114
System IV
System V
Order Parasititormes
Tetrastigmata
Notostigmata
Metastigmata Mesostigmata
Holothyrida Opilioacarida
Ixodida Gamasida
Holothyrina Opitioacarida
Ixodida
Holothyrina7 Opiiioacarida7
Ixodida8
Ixodides1
Mesostigmata1
Mesostigmata
Mesostigmata
Order Acariformes
Trombidiformes13 Prostigmata Actineida
Prostigmata
Prostiamata
Eriophyoidea Astigmata
Cryptostigmata
()).
Acaridida Oribatida
Astigmata
Oribatida
by
unlikely belonging they widely
Astigmata Cryptostigmata
(14);
Acarology
(20).
University (D.
key.
key;
distinguished
palpus
genital opening
scutum
festoon
Figure 1.1. Ixodid tick (Ixodida) (diagrammatic): Left, dorsal; right, ventral. (Drawing by R.L.
Smiley.)
Figure 1.2. Mesostigmatid mite, Androlaelaps casalis (Laelapidae, Mesostigmata), ventral view of female (see pi. 3, 11, and 45 for other structural details). (Drawing by R.L. Smiley.)
Mites (Acari)
KEY
Drawings by Smiley
With
to 4 pairs of lateroventral hysterosomal stigmata (1A); sensillum (propodosomal trichobothrium) absent (1 B). Order Parasitiformes---------------Without hysterosomal stigmata (1 C) (except for certain Cryptostigmata that may have absent. Order Acariformesinconspicuous stigmata); sensillum present (1D)
2 17
Order Parasitiformes
than long), with sclerotized plates shields Large leathery Acari (usually (see scutum, fig. 1.1); palpus without fined apotele (2A); hypostome with retrorse teeth (2A); spiracular (stigmal) plate (surrounds stigma) oval, rounded, III and IV behind shaped, subtriangular (fig. 1.1) and located between IV; Hallers organ (on dorsum of tarsus) present (2B); external parasites
----------------------------------ticks, Suborder Ixodida
without sclerotized Small nonleathery Acari (usually less than long), with plates shields; palpus with lined apotele (2C); hypostome without retrorse teeth and 111 between III and IV, and sometimes (2C); stigma located between surrounded by elongate peritremal shield (fig. 1.2); Hallers organ absent (2D); free living. Suborder Mesostigmata (mesostigmatid mites) parasitic
28 ixodid
tick
2D
Blatti3oc/us
keegam
Suborder Mesostigmata
3 Coxa
partially contiguous with and partially covering base of tritosternum (3A); hypostomal setae 1-111 arranged in (3A); peritreme elongate and often strongly convoluted (pi. 38); III and IV with foveae pedales (leg grooves) (pi. 3B). Uropodidae (uropodid tortoise mites)----------------The uropodids ships moldy grain ably mycophagous.
damp, prob-
warehouses; they
Coxa not contiguous with and not overlapping tritosternal base (3B); hypostomal setae 1-111 not arranged in (3C); peritreme elongate but not convoluted (3B); III and IV without foveae pedales (3B)
4 Idiosoma broadly rounded at posterior margin (pi. 3A); dorsal shield bordered, at least of platelets (festoons) (4A)-----Le/odf;^ychus krameri posteriorly, with single
cosmopolitan.
idiosoma tapered at posterior margin (p(. 3C); dorsal shield not bordered by of platelets (4B)~-----------------------Fuscuropoda marginata
Distribution: Europe,
v^-r\ ^ ^-W-H-V
^^
4A Leiodinychus
krameri
4B Fuscuropoda
marginata
Mites (Acari)
5 Corniculus forked distally (5A). Ameroseiidae (ameroseiid mites) Corniculus not forked (5B)---------"--------------
5A Kleemannia
plumosa
5B
Lasioseius
Dorsal setae
thickened midrib
Distribution: Australia, Canada, England. Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, United States. mycophagous.
6A Kleemannia
plumigera
6B Kleemannia
pfumosa
7 Tarsus without claws (7A); apotele of palpal tarsus 3-tined (7B); pi. 5. Macrochelidae (macrochelid mites)---------- house fly mite, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae
Distribution; cosmopolitan. Foods:
eggs
(Mu&ca domestica)
phorelic
(8A); dorsum covered with subequal propodosomal (podonotal) and hysterosomal (opisthonotal) shields (8A). Digamasellidae (digamasellid mites) Digamasellus
probably cosmopolitan.
habits: prob-
ably predaceous
arthropods.
Dorsal propodosoma without scleronoduli (8B); dorsal shield usually undivided (8B) and often reduced (see 11B); dorsal shield is divided, then anterior (podonotal) shield is much larger than posterior (opisthonotal) shield (see 11A)-.------
^-^ ^A tr^
/?/
\
^ ^
\^
8A Digamasellus
8B Blattisocius
dentriticus
10
Mites (Acari)
adapted
9A Liponyssoides
sanguineus
9B Dermanyssus
gallinae
9C
Blattisocius dentriticus
10 Epigynial shield rounded posteriorly (10A); anal shield subrectangular (1 OB); Chelicera scissorlike (10C), chela movable dermanyssid mites, Dermanyssidae
chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (pi. 6), this family. representative cosmopolitan species, Chicken hostschickens, pigeons, starlings, sparrows. The leave invade buildings through openings.
adapted
Epigynial shield pointed posteriorly (10D); anal shield oval in shape (10E); Chelicera not scissorlike (10F), chela fixed. Macronyssidae (macronyssid mites)---Macronyssid parasitize mammals, including domestic
adapted
11
hinds
birds
Dorsum with
shield (11B,
12
11A Liponyssoides
sanguineus
11C Ornithonyssus
sylviarum
11B Ornithonyssus
bacoti
dorsal shield equal in length to setae 12 Dorsal shield pointed posteriorly; setae shielded dorsum (see 11B); pi. 8--------tropical rat mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti
Distribution: cosmopolitan.
Dorsal shield rounded posteriorly; dorsal shield setae often much shorter than setae unshielded dorsum (see 11C)-----northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum
Distribution: Australia, Europe, Japan, Korea. Zealand, America, South Africa, Russia; temperate regions the world.
13 Epigynial shield rounded posteriorly and at least twice ventrianal shield long (13A); fig. 1.2. Laelapidae (laelapid mites)------------Anaro/ae/aps casa//s
cosmopilitan.
situations,
habits: arthropods.
Epigynial shield truncate posteriorly and about equal in length to ventrianal shield
(13B).
14
13A
Androlaelaps
^ ^epigynial
shield
13B
Blattiscx.
12
Mites (Acari)
Distribution: Europe,
ably mycophagous
Slatespredaceous.
prob-
Corniculi long, slender, convergent, and close together distally (14B). Genus
species mentioned
virtually
other mites
14A
Lasioseius
14B Blaltisocius
dentriticus
15 Peritreme long, extending forward to (15A); cheliceral fixed digit with tooth (15B); fixed and movable digits subequal in length (15B); ventrianal plate with 11 ------Blattisocius dentriticus setae (15C); pi. 9Acouplet
III (15D); cheliceral fixed digit toothless (15E); fixed Peritreme short, extending to digit much shorter than movable digit (15E); ventrianal plate with 9 setae (15F)
16
^^
15A Blattisocius
dentriticus
15D Blattisocius
keegani
15B Blattisocius
dentriticus
15E Blattisocius
keegani
15C Blattisocius
dentriticus
15F Blattisocius
keegani
13
(16A); pi.
9B----------B/aft/socms tarsalis
^
16A Blattisocius
tarsalis
16B Blattisocius
keegani
Order Acariformes
17 Stigmata absent (as in all Astigmata) present (as in if present, opening between bases of chelicerae
always difficult
Crypto-
suborder)
the Prostigmata, help the given Astigmata, Cryptosiigmata, stigmata- Asligs ctyptostigs by following: Adults always legs; pairs present (17A), hairs; empodium usually present, often very (17A) (claw small, by 17B) suckerlike pulvillus (17B); empodium seldom (17A, 17B); styletiform, usually strong, chelate, (17C); palpus with complex (17D); strong podosoma (opisthogaster) claspers plate (17E); hypopodes (pi. 17A&C, 18B, 19B. 20A, 23, 25).
Stigmata present and opening either between bases of chelicerae (17F) shoulders of propodosoma (17G). Suborder Prostigmata (prostigmatid mites)pairs
claw, present, legs; rayed (17H); empodium, padlike (17H), usually
47
present, usually
by
rayed (17H), pulvillus (if any resembling present, puvillus podium absent); chelicera usually dentate; styletiform (171), rarely strong, chelate, teeth, palpus complex; (17F) strong plale claspers metapodosoma (17J); hypopodes
14
18
Integument usually strongly sclerotized; empodium, present, clawlike, not borne pretarsus (18A); sensory setae (sensilla prodorsal trichobothria) present propodosoma (18B); genital opening longitudinal (18C) (not shaped like inverted U, Y, V) and usually flanked by 3 pairs of genital discs; genital (18C) and anal (18D) openings similar in shape and covered by trapdoorlike valves; pi. 11A
beetle mites, oribatid mites, Suborder Cryptostigmata
usually homomorphic, Only
species food-storage notably
widely
only infrequently) processed foods,
found (and
Integument weakly sclerotized, if at all; empodium clawlike (18E, 18F), often borne pretarsus; sensory setae absent from propodosoma (18G); genital opening transverse shaped like inverted U, V (18H), Y (181), and usually flanked by 2 pairs of genital discs; genital (18H, 181) and anal (18J, 18K) openings not similar
in shape. Suborder Astigmata (astigmatid mites)---------------homomorphic
heteromorphic.
19
16
18A
18E Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus
18G Tyrophagus
putrescentiae
^
18C
18H
18D Scheloribales
18J Derfnatophagoides
fannae
18K Carpoglyphus
lactis
(A-D)
(H8.J)
(I&K)
Suborder Astigmata
19 Integumental striae of dorsal hysterosoma broken by spinelike projections (19A); pi. 11B. Sarcoptidae (sarcoptid mites)------------itch mite, Sarcopfes scabiei
cosmopolitan. Food habits:
adapted
parasite
Integumental striae not broken by spinelike projections-surface may be warty (19B), smooth, granular (19C)
19B Aeroglyphus
robustus
19C Eumglyphus
maynei
20 Legs and clawlike (i.e., the whole leg functions claw) and terminating in long pretarsi (20A); tarsi and heavily sclerotized (20A); genital opening of female Inverted U (20B) and flanked by sclerotized genital apodemes; shaped like opisthosoma of male bilobed, each lobe bearing 2 long simple setae and 3 short simple setae (20C); pt. 12. Psoroptidae (scab mites) scab mite, Psomptes equi
cosmopolitan-
Legs and
neither clawlike terminating in long pretarsi; tarsi and lightly sclerotized (20D); genital opening of female not shaped like inverted U (20E); sclerotized genital apodemes present (20E) absent; if posterior end of male appears bilobed, the lobes do not each bear 2 long and 3 short simple setae (20F, 20G)
18
Mites (Acari)
21 Apodemes and
/p-iA\
Apodeme not fused with sternum and not adjoining anterior end of genital plate (21 B)
apodeme
23
apodeme
21 A Carpoglyphus
lactis
21B Aeroglyphus
robustus
2.2
Genua and tibiae to IV with sclerotized ridges (22A); epigynial shield subrectangular (22B); pi- 13A. Glycyphagidae (glycyphagid mites) (in part)
--,_--.---------,-------------brown flour
cosmopolitan. Food associations: of
flour
many
Genua and tibiae to IV without sclerotized ridges (22C); epigynial shield subtriangular (22D); pi. 13B. Carpoglyphidae (driedfruit mites) ------,---,---.---,---,--------driedfruit mite, Carpoglyphus lactis
Argentina, Europe, America: probassociations: containing ably cosmopolitan.
sugar.
W
22A Gohieria
fusca
22C Carpoglyphus
iactis
22D Carpoglyphus
tactis
19
in Food
than twice long 23 Tarsi to IV slender, and Glycyphagidae (glycyphagid mites) (in part)than twice long Tarsi to IV stout, and usually not
24 Dorsal idiosoma with conspicuous wartiike tubercles (24A); cuticle at least partially striate (24A); pi. i4-------------warty grain mite, Aeroglyphus robustus
America. fish products.
grains, grain adapted
products,
Dorsal idiosoma without wartiike tubercles (24B) (but small triangular spicules may be present); cuticle without striations (24B)-------------------
25
24B Glycyphagus
domesticus
25 Crista metopica (prodorsal sclerite) present (25A); supracoxal seta with slender branches (25B); leg without tarsal scale (25C)--------------Glycyphagus
mile, Glycyphagus domesticus (pi. 15),
representative of distributed
Crista metopica absent (25D); supracoxal seta with stout branches (25E); leg with
foods
fungi.
20
Mites (Acari)
25B
Crista metopica
25A Glycyphagus
domesticus
25 D Lepidoglyphus
destructor
25C Glycyphagus
domesticus
25 F Lepidoglyphus
destructor
26 Tarsal tip bearing large and conspicuous clawlike empodium associated with pulvillus of variable size (26A); metapodosomal venter without prominent, stronglysclerotized, ringlike structures------------------------Tarsal tip bearing minute claw surrounded by conspicuous discoid belt-shaped pulvillus (26B), and metapodosomal venter without prominent, ringlike structures (as in 42D); tip of tarsus bearing a large, clawlike empodium (26C, 26D), and metapodosomal venter with prominent, strongly-sclerotized, ringlike structures (see
27
pulvillus
26B Dermatophagoides
farinae
21
Pests in Food
27 Dorsal idiosoma patterned (27A). Acaridae (acarid mites) (in part)--Dorsal idiosoma unpatterned (27B)-------------------
28 29
27B Thyreophagus
entomophagus
28 Female with hi (apical dorsolateral seta of hysterosoma) shorter than he (humeral seta) (28A) and with anal region subcircular (28B); male without anal suckers (28C); pi. 16------------------------scaly grain mite, Susdasia nesbitti
Distribution: Africa, Europe, wheat bran,
Foods:
Female with hi long longer than he (28D) and with anal region circular (28E); male with anal suckers (28F)---------------------Suldasia pontUica
Distribution: Africa. Europe, Foods: peanuts, Oudemans.
Rico,
Synonym:
Suidasia
\
28B
28E
28A Suldasia
nesbitti
28D Suldasia
pontifica
22
Mites
(Acari)
29 Tarsal claws to IV of female bifurcate (29A); tip of tarsus III of male with 2 large spines (29B). Lardoglyphidae (lardoglyphid mites). Genus Lardoglyphus----male angelinae
30
See Olsen
key
Tarsal claws of female simple (29C); tip of tarsus III of male with simple claw (29D). Acaridae (acarid mites) (in part)--------------------
\^
y^
zacheri
^^
---.Lardoglyphus zacheri
America, States. associations: slaughterhouse byproducts wastes; moldy
Australia, Europe, Mexico,
29A Lardoglyphus
30
Seta c^
than 3 times as long 0/3 (30A); tarsi (30B) and male with bifurcate claws; hysterosiomal shield of hypopus with 10 spines (30C); pi. 17A&B
Seta c/4 subequal in length to c/s (30D); tarsi (30E) and of male with simple claws; hysterosomal shield of hypopus with 14 spines (30F); pi. 17C--- Lardoglyphus konoi
Europe, India, Japan, Kenya,
States.
fish,
23
long
(sce)(31A)-----------------------------------Inner proxima! seta absent (31B) much shorter than outer seta (31C)
32 Solenidion
than 3 times longer than genu (32A); femur of male ventral conical process (32B). Genus Acarus---------Solenidion genu less than 3 times longer than (32C); femur of male not enlarged and not bearing ventral conical process (32D)
larged, with
33
35
setal terminology
plied
Acaridae.
of tarsus recumbent, with distinct constriction proximal to terminal 33 Solenidion expansion (33A); seta d; of hypopus extending beyond base of da (33B); pi. 18 grain mite, Acarus siro
cosmopolitan. Foods: processed grains, fungi.
of tarsus not recumbent and without distinct constriction (33C); Solenidion seta d2 of hypopus not extending beyond base of 03 (33D)
34
24
Mites (Acari)
33A Acarus
sito
33C Acarus
farns
34
of tarsus with sides expanding gradually from base, then narrowing to indistinct neck before expanding into terminal head; width of widest part of head of hypopus about 2 times equal to width of stem (34A); setae sc/ and long Acarus farris hysterosomal setae (34B); pi. 19-----------Africa,
Europe,
States.
cheese; grains
w-\
field.
with sides almost parallel and with distinct egg-shaped head that is wider at of hypopus subany part of the stem (34C); setae sc/ and Acarus immobilis equal in length to hysterosomal setae (34D); pi. 20Aits widest part than
Distribution: Europe, United States. Foods: grains; cheese. Couplets 32-34 adapted
13,
34C Acarus
immobilis
^34D
/Icarus
immobilis
25
in Food
35 Seta vi
cosmopolitan. including
foods,
long
seta
36
.upracoxal seta
35A Tyrolichus
35B Tyrophagus
longior
36 Supracoxai seta (see 35B) slender, with short, stout spicules (36A); seta c/2 not passing base of 0/3 (pi. 21A)-~-------------------Tyropftagus longior
cosmopolitan.
cheese, grains,
many
Supracoxai seta stout, bulbous, with long, slender spicules (36B); seta c/s extending well beyond base of 0/3 (pi. 21 B)----mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae
cosmopolitan. high protein
fungi;
fat
nuts,
species, rice,
key
this point. Africa, Europe, New According Hughes putrescentiae having c/i d (/a
putrescentiae}.
36A Tyrophagus
longior
36B Tyrophagus
putrescentiae
26
Mites (Acari)
37
Seta
Seta
also 31 C)-
38
37A Aieurogiyphus
37B Caloglyphus
38 Setae scf, d,-ds present (38A, 38B)------Setae so, cl,, da, and ds absent.(38C, 38D, 38E)-
supracoxal seta
38E Schwiebia
38C Histlogastar
38D Thyreophagus
27
39 Tarsus with
and
(39A)-
Rhizoglyphus
associated decaying plant species, robini (pi. 22B, 23), ca//ae, widely distributed, have the literature potential taminants. References: 78,
echinopus,
They
Tarsus with
w-\
and
(39B)-
Caloglyphus
(pi. 24), virtually cosmopolitan species, feeds fungi associated Reference: damp,
(40A)
Thyreophagus entomophagus
Opisthosomal
Distribution: Europe, insects.
and
cua (40C)-present,
(40D).
28
Mites (Acari)
41
meat,
Reference:
than twice Tarsus elongate, long wide (41 B); opisthosomal shield present male (see 40D)------------------------ Histiogaster
Distribution: Europe, Hong Kong, North fish, tomatoes; also found in wine. chapter Woodring (C018)
41A Schwiebia
41B Histiogaster
42 Palpal tarsus with apical sensillae forming Y-shaped process (42A); metapodosomal venter with prominent, strongly-sclerotized, ringlike structures (42B); hypopodial stage present (pi. 25)-------------histiostomatid mites, Histiostomatidae
Some
production heinemanni (pi. 25-27)
adapted
family
associated
typical
family.
Palpal tarsus without V-shaped process (42C); metapodosomal venter without ringtike small and weakly structures (genital papillae may be present, as in 42D, but they sclerotized); hypopodiat stage absent. Pyroglyphidae (pyroglyphid mites)5, 10,
43
29
43 Seta
long sc/" (43A); vulva covered with membrane (43B); posterior margin of idiosoma of male with 3 to 6 setae (43C); anal sucker plate not surrounded by sclerotized (43C). Genus Euroglyphus Seta at least 5 times longer than sc/ (43D); vulva not covered with membrane (43E); posterior margin of idiosoma of male with 10 setae (43F); anal sucker plate surrounded by sclerotized (43F). Genus Dermatophagoides
species associated
Dermatophggoides "house
43B
43E
43F
Dermatophagoides
farinas
anal aperture (44A); with 2 pairs of setae (44B); anal plate of male pointed and located approximately equidistant between genital plate and posterior margin of opisthosoma (44C); ventral opisthosoma of male with 3 pairs of setae posterior margin (44C); pi. 28, 29 Eurogtyphus tongior
England, France, Sweden,
States
(Ohio).
granary
Genital sclerite with pair of setae (44D); with pair of setae anal aperture (44E); anal plate of male rounded and located closer to the posterior margin of
30
Mites
(Acari)
body than to the genital plate (44F); ventral opisthosoma of male with 2 pairs of setae posterior margin (44F); pf. 30, 3i-----------urog/yp/7us maynei
Distribution: Europe, Japan. Substrates: decomposing
oil;
44D
44E
45 Seminal receptacle of bursa copulatrix (see pi. 32) with daisylike sclerotized base (45A) -,----------European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Dislribution: essentially cosmopolitan. See
couplet
45A Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus
45B Dermatophagoides
microceras
31
in Food
46 Sclerotized process at apex of tarsus large and sharp (46A); bursa copulatrix heavily sclerotized (46B); pi. 32----American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae
Distribution: England, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Leone, Stales.
Sclerotized process at apex of tarsus small and blunt (46C); bursa copulatrix lightly sclerotized (46D)----Dermatophagoides microceras
Distribution: England, Spain.
(Louisiana).
Suborder Prostigmata
fig mite, Eriophyes ficus (47A) (Eriophyidae), superfamily. Eriophyoids cosmopolitan. They variously mites, gall mites, miles, mites, the they depending kind they (20).
representative
phytophagous
48
32
Mites (Acari)
48 Body wormlike
(48A)
dog follicle mite, representative of parasitize
stubby. Ne-matalycid (Nematalycidae) they have long legs. They widely distributed (20).
by
respectively.
49
(49A-C)-
49D Tydeus
33
in
Food
50 Larva with urstigma (Claparede organ) (50A); adult with crista metopica (508; also 50C)---------------------------------Trombidioidea
Although possible superfamily might form special parasitic, six-legged
parasitic
may
adapted
pests
Larva without urstigma (500); adult without crista metopica (50E)of superfamily Erythraeoidea key key point; (50C) of differ couplet. Larval erylhraeoid having tetranychids and cheyletids chelae metopica. resembling adult erythraeoids the long straight
short, curved, erythraeoid,
51
chelae.
invades buildings
Europe
(20).
50A Trombicula
microti
500 Scutacarus
baculitarsus
agaricus
50C Balaustium
putnami
SOB
trombidiid
mite
50E Cheletomorpha
iepicfopterorum
34
Mites (Acari)
(51A)-
The mite, Bryobia praetiosa (pi. 33B), the idiosoma anterior margin by lobes, Note legs bearing single fringed found in disproportionately long. Clover grasses Slates. They Europe Inherbaceous plants. They buildings they lay eggs.
52
prey
cosmopolitan. They
51B Cheyletus
eruditus
with
Tarsus with paired claws (52C); palpal claw with 2 basal teeth (52D)
52A Cheletomorpha
lepidopterorum
52C Cheyletus
malaccensis
52B Cheletomorpha
lepidopterorum
52D Cheyletus
eruditus
35
in
Food
53C Cheyletus
malaccensis
53D Cheyletus
malaccensis
54
(see couplet
comnrionly laboratory
48B),
parasites
55
54A Myobia
muscularis
54B Spinibdella
bifurcata
55 Palpus somewhat elbow-shaped, with 2 long apical setae, the longer being at least 4 times the palpal tarsus (55A)------------snout mites, Bdellidae long
Spinibdella associated
(pi. 35A)
predator
miles
grains
(Texas).
56
36
Mites (Acari)
(56A)-
(pi. 35B)
found
Rhombognattiides dulse,
Tarsal claw not pectinate or, if pectinate, then not scythe-shaped (56B)-
56A Rhombognathides
seahami
56B Tydeus
57 External peritreme present (57A); pi. 36A. Pterygosomatidae (pterygosomatid mites) cockroach mite, Pimeiiaphilus cunliffei
P. podapolipophagus These mites, formerly cockroaches. Tragardh, ectoparasites that coincides their
58
palpus
peritreme.^
57A Pimeiiaphilus
cunliffei
57B Pyemotes
tntici
37
Pests in Food
58 Sensillum (prodorsal trichobothrium) of female setaceous (58A); tarsal claw and podium either smooth pectinate; rayed hairs present (58B) ---.------,-----------,---.-.---..--..-.-...---_.tydeid mites, Tydeidae
Tydeid mites, especially (pi. 36B). occasionally there foods, they prey
Tydeus
in
uncertain; probably
Sensillum of female globular (58C); tarsal claw and pulvillus smooth, without rayed
59
58B Tydeus
59 Female with hoodlike podonotal shield covering propodosoma and gnathosoma (margin of podonotal shield striated) (59A); trochanter IV of male subtriangufar (59B)
..---...----..--..--..--..-..-..--.-.-.-.-.scutacarid mites, Scutacaridae
baculifarsus agaricus (22) (pi. 37, 38) representative family. subspecies Pennsylvania phorid Delaware. phoretic family widely
60
38
Mites (Acari)
59C Pseudopygmephorus
smileyi
(latercil view)
59B Scutacarus
baculitarsus agaricus
59D Pyemotes
tritici
60 Leg IV of female with pretarsus, claw, and pulvillus, but without apical whiplike setae forming (60A); idiosoma elongate; palpus of male reduced in size absent, elongate beak (pi. 39); gravid female with saclike hysterosoma (pi. 40A)-Leg IV of female without pretarus, claw, and pulvillus, but with apical whiplike setae (608); idiosoma oval; male palpus always present but variable in shape, sometimes elongate beak; gravid female without saclike hysterosoma (pi. 44). forming Tarsonemidae (tarsonemid mites)----------------------fungi,
grainsspecies,
which
61
62
lukoschusi, production
feed
eggs
(26).
39
wide long (61 A); trochanter IV of female triangular (61B)---------------------------pyemotid mites, Pyemotidae
mite, Pyemotes (6) parasite (Newport)] (pi, 39, 40), including Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sitophilus S/torroga oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus,
Gnathosoma of male longer than wide (61 C); trochanter IV of female quadrangular (61 D, 61 E)---------------------mushroom mites, Pygmephoridae
Pygmephorus sellnicki (pi. 41), European species United States, introduced mushrooms (25). Pseudopygmephorus smileyi (pi. 42, 43) pest Pennsylvania (77),
40
Mites (Acari)
62 Leg IV of female extending beyond margin of opisthosoma (62A); pharyngeal structure strongly sclerotized, without conspicuous glands at base (62B); femur IV of inner surface base (62C); pi. 44 male with angulation
-Tarsonemus
United States.
Leg IV of female not extending beyond margin of opisthosoma (62D); pharyngeal structure weakly sclerotized, with conspicuous glands at base (62E); femur IV of base (62F); pi. 45 male without angulation ..-...-..--..-.--..-..-...-..--.-.-.-----------.-.-.-.Tarsonemus granarius
Distribution: Canada, England, Japan.
41
References Cited
Baker, E.W., J.H. Camin, F. Cunliffe, T.A. Woolley, and C.E. Yunker. 1958. Guide the families of mites. Institute of Acarology, University of Maryland, College Park. Baker, E.W-, M.D. Delfinado, and M.J. Abbatiello. 1976. Terrestrial mites of New York, II. Mites in birds nests (Acarina). Jour. New York Ent- Soc.
84(1)48-66. Baker. E.W., T.M. Evans, D.J. Gould, W.B. Hull, and H.L.
Keegan.
1956.
Association, New York. Baker, E.W., and G.W. Wharton. 1952. An introduction to acarology. Macmillan, New York. Bronswijk, J.E.M.H. van, and R.N. Sinha. 1971. Pyroglyphid mites (Acari) and house dust allergy.
Jour. Allergy 47(1)31-52. Cross, E.A-, and J.C. Moser. 1975. A dimorphic species of Pyemores and to previously-described forms (Acarina; Tarsonemoidea). Ann. Ent. Soc. America
68(4)723-732. Evans, Q.O., and E. Browning.
1955. 8 Evans,
key
Some British mites of economic importance. British Museum (Natural History), LondonG.O., J.G. Sheals, and D. Macfarlane.
The terrestrial Acari of the British Isles. British
1961.
(Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction their external morphology and classification. Trans. Zool. Soc. London
35:139-270. 10 Fain, A. 1965.
Les acariens nidicoles detriticoles de la famille Pyroglyphidae Cunliffe (Sarcoptiformes). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 72(3-4)257-288.
11 Fain, A.
1967.
12 Grandjean, F.
1939.
La chaetotaxie des pattes chex les Acarididae. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 64(1)50-60.
73 Griffiths, D.A. 1964. A revision of the genus Acarus L., 1758 (Acaridae, Acarina), with key to species. Bull. British Mus- (Nat. Hist.) (Zool.) 11(6)415-464, pi.
Hammen, L.
1972.
der.
K.L. Deahl.
species of Description and life cycle of Histiostoma (Acari: Histiostomidae) associated with commercial mushroom production. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 80(3)317-329.
1978.
42
16 Hill, A., and K.L. Deahl. 1978. Two species, of Tarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) associated with commercial mushroom production. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Washington 80(3)330-334. 17 Hill, A., and K.L. Deahl. 1978. A species ol Pseudopygmephorus (Acari: Pygmephoridae) associated with commercial mushroom production. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 80(3)335-343.
18 Hughes, A.M.
1976.
The mites of stored food and houses. 2d ed. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Technical Bulletin 9. Her Majestys Stationery Office, London.
19 Jack,
K.M.
1961.
A re-examination of the genera Pimeliaphilus Tragardh 1905 and Hirstiella Berlese 1920 (Acari; Prostigmata). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13(4)305-314. 20 Krantz, G-W. 1978. A manual of acarology. 2d ed. O.S.U. Book Stores, Corvalis OR. 21 Manson, D.C.M. 1972. A contribution Ihe study of the genus Rhizoglyphus Claparede, 1869 (Acarina: Acaridae). Acarologia 13(4)621-650. 22 Norton, R.A., and G.S. Ide. 1974. Scutacarus baculitarsus agaricus. subsp. (Acarina: Scutacaridae) from commercial mushroom houses, with notes phoretic
behavior. Jour. Kansas Ent. 23 Oudemans, A.C.
Soc. 47(4)527-534.
1929.
8(170)28-36.
24 Smiley, R.L. 1968. A
species of genus and three Erythraeoidea (Acarina: Erythraeidae and Smarididae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington
70(1)13-21.
25 Smiley, R.L.
1978.
Taxonomic studies Pygmephows species from the Western Hemisphere, with key to females and overview of the current problems for classification (Acari: Pyemotidae and Pygmephoridae). Internatl. Jour. Acarology
4(2)125-160.
26 Smiley, R.L., and V.R. Landwehr. 1976. A species of Tarsonemus (Acarina:
tetranychoid mite Tarsonemidae), predaceous eggs. Ann. Ent- Soc. America 69(6)1065-1072.
27 Vitzthum, H.G. 1943. Acarina. In Dr. H.G. Bronns Klassen Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker und Erier, L.eipzig. See pages 751-925. 28 Zakhvatkin, A.A. 1941. Tyroglyphoidea [Acari]. In Fauna of U.S.S.R., 1. English translation by A. Ratcliffe and 6, A.M. Hughes published in 1959 by American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington DC.
Pests in Food
44
Ashley B. Gurney*
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
Frank W. Fisk
Department of Entomology
The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210
Deceased
This key to the adults ahd egg (oothecae) of the species most likely to infest food products is intended States. It will be for the in United taxa occurring primarily helpful for many other countries also because most of the species discussed here cosmopolitan nearly
than P. americana. In prevalent, sometimes subtropical climates, foreign countries with tropical other commercial board ships carrying fruit well foodstuffs, several other species often attain considerable pests, notably P. australasiae and Leucophaea stature maderae.
The basic classification of cockroaches followed here is that of McKittrick (31). Her system, which has been dorsed widely, recognizes five families: Cryptocercidae, Polyphagidae, Blattidae, Blattellidae, and Blaberidae. Some earlier classifications recognized larger number of of which still used by few writers. In families, older, traditional sense, single family, "Blattidae," inthis usage still appears in cludes all cockroaches; textbooks and general entomological literature.
The species included in this key listed here according to their family affiliation and in the order in which they appear in the following key to adult cockroaches.
The recent-and hopefully ephemeral-appearances of Btatta tateralis (6, 52), Blattelta asahinai, Ectobius sylvestris (26), and Epilampra maya in the United States have to include in this chapter illustrations of prompted selected species that might become domiciliary in the United States, either by invasion from natural habitats sometimes by importation of cockroaches that domestic in their home territories. Those species listed represented in this chapter only by illustrations here according to their family affiliation.
Blattidae: Periplaneta fuliginosa (pi. 46D); P. australasiae (pi. 47A); P. amerlcana (pi. 47B); P. brunnea (pi. 47C); Neostylopyga rhombllolia (pi. 47D); Blatta orientalis (pi. 51A&B); Eurycotis lloridana (pi. 51C&D); Blatta lateralis (pi. 48).
Blattellidae: Blattella vaga (pi. 52B); 6. germanica (pi. 52C-
Blattidae: Dempeltis erythrocephala (pi. 50A); Lemproblatta spp. (pi. 49A&B); Methana marginalis (pi. 49C&D); Petmatosilpha spp. (pi. 508); Periplaneta japonica (pi. 46A&B).
Blattellidae: Aglaopteryx gemma (pi. S4A&B); Blattella llturicollis (pi. 52A); Ectobius lapponicus (pi. S5B&C); Lupparia sp. (pi. 53A); Nyctibora noctivaga (pi. 53D&E); Shawella couloniana (pi. 53B&C).
E); Supella longipalpa (pi. 54C-E); Eclobius pallidus (pi. 55A); E. sylvestris (pi. 55D); Parcoblatta spp. (pi. 56A-C).
Polyphagidae: Keyed to family level only (pi. 56D&E).
Polyphagidae: Arenivaga spp. (pi. 56D&E). Cryptocercidae: Cryptocercus punctulatus (pi. 57A).
Blaberidae: Blaberus cranilfer (pi. 60A&B); B. discoidalis (pi. 60C); B. giganteus (pi. 60D); Pycnoscelus indicus (pi. 58).
Although any of these species may be important at times, four species the most serious pest cockroaches in the United States: Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, and Supella longipalpa. In the southern third of the United States, Periplaneta brunnea is quite
For readers wishing information aspects other than those dealt with here, the following publications from sugamong those listed at the end of the chapter mentioned in the key): Cockroaches in gested (others general, 9, 20; life history information, especially the duration of the stages of the better known species, 14, 47, 53, 54; applied aspects, 10, 11, 30; ecology, 48, S1; identification, 21, 23-25, 29, 32, 34, 38, 42 (see also chapter 28);
approved
names, 8.
46
key
(pi. 52C); wing pads (sheaths) (pi. 52D), Since nymphal morphological features,
identify
key
should taken key species; plied nymphs. Some wingless cockroaches Lamproblatta spp. importance, couplet 3) Neotropics, Arenivaga (Blattidae,
(only couplet 16) winged; Polyphagidae, (USA), Polyphaga spp. southern (males winged; Polyphagidae) Cryptocercus punctulatus (CryptocerNorth Africa, cidae, America, couplet 17) of
Drawings
by
Oothecatypes (44} {47) (42, 45) illustrated the oothecae species- Several entomologists (V.E. Adier, D.E. Weidhaas) cooperated Roth, Scott, by generously loaning egg Dr. Roth loaned of identification of egg greatly photographs species, responsibility, however, (42}. brought key. Although likely polyphagid cryptocercid offer environments, these descriptive they the egg capsules easily confused Crypbelow. well-sclerotized keyed punctulatus (1C) elongate, about long by high. has well-developed keel has about well-defined egg dentition, chambers; respiratory (one denticle) present Polyphagid respiratory keel well-sclerotized.
reproduction, respiratory
vary among
species.
by
flange (1 D),
polyphagid
1A Panchlora
nivea
1C Cryptocercus
punctulatus
1D Polyphaga
aegyptiaca
47
Adults
2 Femora
and 111 with both ventral margins (anterior and posterior) bearing numerous, similarly-arranged, strong spines (2A) ventral margin (2B)---------Femora and 111 lacking strong spines
2A Periplaneta
americana
2B Biaberus
3 Large species (pi. 47A), length 18 (including folded wings); anteroventral margin of femur always with only large, robust spines (3A); subgenital plate (terminal ventral segment) of female divided longitudinally, appearing valvular (3B); both styli male subgenital plate similar, symmetrical, elongate, and nearly straight (3C). Blattidae (blattids, blattid cockroaches)----------------Smaller species (pi. 54), usually less than 18 long, or, if longer, the anteroventral margin of femur bears large, robust spines the basal part, and small, delicate spines the distal half (3D); female subgenital plate simple, undivided male subgenital plate not symmetrical, sometimes unequal in size (3E); styli (3F, 3G). Blattellidae (blattellids, blattellid cockroaches)----------pi. Shawella couloniana, Lupparia sp,, Nyctibora noctivaga,
Zealand)
cockroaches Aglaopteryx gemma, key. (Australia, human dwellings, occasionally essentially species (7). (Iwo Pacific islands adjacent cockroach; masses) probably reported Iwo Jima (7). noctivaga (Neotropics) species
exported native territories. (Bahama Islands; found Texas) has arboreal, living Georgia [13); normally signs (27).
48
4 Front wings (tegmina), when folded (the position usually seen), extending beyond the tip of abdomen (4A)
See pi.
species
Periplaneta japonica, included key. japonica (China,
populations
Japan (7).
by
Front wings not reaching tip of abdomen (4B), sometimes very short (4C)----See pi.
blattids, Lamprobiatta marginalis, Deropeltis erythrocephala, key. LamproPelmatosilpha (Australia, Neoiropics)
may (Australia)
domiciliary
marginalis
of standing human dweilingsopportunistic invader erythrocephala (South Africa) Parhouse-invading habits (Neotropics. New spp. Pelmatosilpba shipped Zealand) many places countries tropical Latin normal
4A Blatta
lateraliscf
4B Blatta
orientaliso
4C Blatta
fateralis9
49
in Food
5 Color entirely dark, blackish-brown, sometimes shining black (5A); male supraanal ventral surface plate (terminal abdominal tergite) with thickened structures apex (5B); pi. 46D-"--------smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa
Except
Stales, California, species Asia (?); may originated quite important mainly outdoors; sometimes
together, smokybrowns
by
americana,
pheromones produced by large-sized nymphs (33). chocolate overall, adults, shining markings. nymphs
Drawings
by
pronotum front wings, yellowish markings both (5C), front wings straw-colored (pi. 48o); male supraanal sometimes plate notched (5D), ridged distant from apex (5E), neither notched ridged (5F)
50
(straw-colored), with lateral pale stripe; pronotum reddish-brown centrally, with wide margins of transparent yellow (6A); male supraanal plate with apex broadly notched (6B); pi. 48cr. Genus Blatta (in part) male, Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis
Blatta (Shelfordella) [Shelfordella tartars} found both buildings Near East, and North regions of Central Asia, Libya. Infestations Texas discovered military origin (6, 52). Although imported populations uncertain,
shipments points
Old World. temperatures 300 days (7). adults long long, fully-functional, brownish-yellow nearly wings. wings represented by flaps (as they females closely-related orientalis). Males treated dissimilar they this key (see couplet 11). drawings (6A&B, rately pi. 48) specimens kindly provided by
range of
Nymphs 30-35
species days
Drawings
by
base; Front wing chestnut-brown, with (6C) without (6D) short yellow stripe yellowish markpronotum darker color than brownish-yellow, usually with male notched transverse with supraanal plate with apex deeply ings (6C&D); (6E), ventral ridges (6F), neither notched ridged (6G)
51
base; pronotum with blackish central spot short yellow stripe and blackish margins in decided contrast to pale (7A); male supraanal plate ventral surface distant from posterior margin with thickened transverse ridges 47A--------------Australian pi. Periplaneta australasiae cockroach, (7B);
Africa; This species apparently native widely distributed, subtropical in tropical the United Slates triesusually restricted greenhouses slates; favorable nymphs yellowish spots margins
color; stripes
Drawings
general incomplete
Front wing entirely chestnut-brown; pronotum with brown markings often not in sharp contrast with pale (7C, 7D); male supraanal plate truncate (7E) deeply notched (7F) but not conspicuously ridged ventral surface
52
Cercus very long and slender (especially the apical segments of males) (8A); male deeply-notched tip, with ventral surface supraanal plate long and papery thin specialized structures (8B); pi. 47B simple, bearing
American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Africa, cosmopolitan species, probably native frequently reported cockroaches Among Periplaneta, species
ranges
north
color, though posterior
the complete
cycle ranges
years,
The nymphal stages Caged adults
long
See
2A.
Cercus stouter, the segments apex not slender (8C); male supraanal plate the ventral short, truncate feebly notched at tip, and only slightly specialized surface (8D); pi. 47C---------------brown cockroach, Periplaneta brunnea
often confused with species, cockroach, considered subtropical widespread tropical
Africa,
spots abdominal segments. of americana, usually permit separation. Unequivocal separation of species requires plate rather long-lived This C, days species. Incubation requires nymphal development, daysdays days produces about (54).
53
9 Color dark brown, with conspicuous pattern of yellowish areas (9A); both sexes small triangular pads separated from each with vestigial front wings present other by wide mesonotal space (9A); pi. 47D harlequin cockroach, Neostylopyga rbombifolia
This species, readily recognized by distinctive established pattern, has apparently Stales; intercepted occasionally along Rehn (39) Mexican its probable Asia origin spead Mexico tropical usually Nymphs longer adult, markings frequently only poorly markings.
Drawings
Color either uniformly dark with few pale marks, but lacking conspicuous pattern of yellowish (9B); front wing either normal (but not reaching tip of abdomen) (9C) vestigial (9D).--------------------------
10
9A Neostylopyga
rhombifolia
54
10 Body length 30 to 40 mm; body color dark reddish-brown to nearly black (occalaterally); front wings sionally with few yellowish in both sexes, vestigial, and present short, transverse, subrectangular pads, usually almost touching along midline (10A); segment of tarsus III shorter than segments to V combined, with pulvilli (small pads tarsal segments) of segments and (II their respective tarsal segments (10B); pi. 51C&D long large, about Florida stinkroach, Eurycotis floridana
targe, flightless cockroach, States, only
usually outdoors, buildings (79, 30, 57). adults disturbed, they often tremely vile-smelling pale dorsal nymphs usually surface; they yellow spicuous pale markings (pi. C). See
Drawings
by
Body length 15 to 27 mm; body color blackish dark chocolate-brown, either solidly colored with pale pronotal markings and lateral wing stripes; front wings of small, widely separated, triangular pads (10C); front females vestigial, present long slightly longer wings of males longer (10D); segment of tarsus III than segments to V combined, with pulvilli of segments and III small, much shorter than their respective tarsal segments (10E). Genus Blatta (in part)---
11
10C Blatta
orientalis
^=ss^E^^^
10B Eurycol/s
floridana
^f^
10E Blatta
orientalis
^
55
10D Blatta
orientalis
solid dark brown to black; front wings of females separated 11 Body color of both by distance greater than width (11 A); front wings of males overlapping and 1/2 2/3 of abdomen (11B); pi. 51A&B---oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis to ing
mainly
States, Australia, port America), though appears cities throughout (39) thought Africa likely original homeland, Russia, (36) suggested Black vicinity Caspian Seas, cockroaches, origin. spread widely through usually dwellings readily temperatures They partial leaky drains, pipes, ability withstand temporary submersion pass through traps. This responsible
relatively temperate
England
(northern Europe,
being
"waterbugs"
adults,
nymphs
black, though nymphs paler. pad (arolium) claws small, females, especially arolium Females climb Oriental proficient notably
month longer
(46). Eggs usually slightly cold). Nymphal growth months, nymphal females requiring maturity. Adults See also 9B,
(much
time
Body of female dark brown to black, with pale lateral wing stripes and scattered pronotal markings; front wings separated by distance less than width of wing (11 C); pi. 48-------------------female, Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis
See couplet 6. See also 9D.
Drawings
by
11B
B/aHa
onentaffs
56
13
genus should
germanica
passing.
(37)
species
Blattella
species
Japan,
Symploce (L.
communication).
However, lituricollis (pi. 52A), cockroach, Burma, China, Philippines, Hawaii, occasionally north Japan mostly pest, though (3, 55). outdoor species, nipponica (2), closely resembles germanica, except readily (B. germanica not). Laboratory nipponica produced offspring. Japan grassy under margins, and cultivated decayed vegetation
Drawings
by
12C Parcoblatta
pennsylvanica
57
13 Face with
male subgenitai piaie conspicuous, longitudinal black bar (-i 3A); styii elongate, nearly equal in size (13B); male supraanal plate short, broadly emarginate at apex (13C); usually found outdoors, only occasionally in buildings; pi. 52B --.---.--.-.----.---..---....---...--...-field cockroach, Blattella vaga
Although (22), (5, 12, 40, 51}, primarily outdoor-living cockroach, originated (Afghanistan, India, United States, Lanka). Arizona, California, Mexico, Texas, During especially dry weather, sometimes by nearby
decomposing vegetation,
Face pale
with indefinite brownish (13D); styli male sugenital plate short and rounded, of unequal size (13E); male supraanal plate elongate, rounded at apex (13F); usually found indoors; pi. 52C-E "German cockroach, Blattella germanica
This species, probably important pest cockroach, is spread (9, 39) medium-sized thoroughly cosmopolitan. nearly longitudinal pronotal nymphs bars fused adults; they these, immediately numphs (pi. 52C). very large posterior spot notum, large pale occupies
portions period
Nymphs
favorable (longer days usually (less
ditions
unfavorable). conditions).
13A
13C
13D
13F
58
and pale lateral margins; front wings (in 14 Pronotum with uniformly dark central bands (pi. 54D&E) (inusual folded position) with 2 transverse brownish bars than 4.5 specimens); width of pronotum usually not conspicuous unless male artificially displayed (14B); pi. 54C-E mm; styli inconspicuous (14A), brown banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa
This cockroach, formerly called S. supellectilium (18), native of Africa, widely-distributed
pest temperate Spread through subtropical
activities,
greatly
first reported 1902; probably
frequently
German cockroach;
only
infestation
German
pattern nymphs, especially pale margins pronotum separate, irregularly-transverse pale pronotum, posterior (pi- 54C). eight nymphal stages usually days, days (range days). complete
{,11).
cycle
days.
If pronotum has paler lateral margins, then its width is without 2 transverse bands (pi. 55, 56A-C); (14C)
v
14A Supe//a
longipalpa
14B Supella
longipalpa
14C Ectobius
pallidus
14D Parcobiatta
59
15 A small pale cockroach rarely than 9 long; hind wing with triangular apical at apex, bearing single stylus devoid of veins (15A); subgenital plate (15B); pi. 55A----------spotted Mediterranean cockroach, Ectobius paltidus
species,
tawny
England,
chiefly Recently,
Europe
mainly
Massachusetts
buildings Several Ectobius, species lapponicus (pi. 55B&C) widely (37). chiefly Europe, occasionally domestic sylvestris (pi. 55D), cockroach, found house York See separate key pallidus. sylvestris
(49)
Specimens almost always than 9 long; hind wing with apex veined (15C); male subgenital plate with broad apex, the 2 styli elongate and well separated (15D); pi. 56A-C------------------------ wood cockroaches, Parcoblatta
species
Parcoblatta,
(21). pattern
tural
They
often
mold, beneath ground bark, decomposing logs, plant (26). fly lights, especially spring early they likely buildings adjacent
females
flightless
houses; occasionally, specimens brought kyotensis, widespread Japan, primarily species (although buildings), recently (4). See 3D&E. 12C,
Drawing
15D Parcoblatta
15C
Parcobiatta
^r,
60
16 With anal
of hind wings (if present) folded in single flat fold when wings closed (16A, 16B); postclypeus notably thick and bulging, and often very large (16C, 16D); pi. 56D&E-----------polyphagids, polyphagid cockroaches, Polyphagidae
polyphagid species
Stales, continental nearly worldwide. polyphagids chiefly United States species Florida. importance, (Arenivaga spp.)
parts
Asia,
saussurei)
by
With anal
wings
of hind wings (if wings fully developed) folded like fan when thick (as in 16F) closed (as in 16E); postclypeus not notably large
17
16E Parcoblatta
pennsylvanica
(Blattellidae)
61
17 Wingless; integument black, strongly sclerotized; cerci concealed by surrounding terminal tergum and sternum (17A); pi. 57A --cry ptocercids, cryptocercid cockroaches, Cryptocercidae
cryptobrownish adults, the terminal nymphs protrude beyond margins Cryptocercus abdominal sclerites. species species habit Manchuria. The cockroach, punctulatus family, family logs (pi. SPA), York) (Georgia (California Washington) United Slates.
cryptocercid species
importance.
Drawings
by
Usually with wings, at least in males; cerci visible externally (as in 17B), but may be very small (17C). Blaberidae (btaberids, blaberid cockroaches)------
18
nearly uniform pale green; pi. 57B ---Cuban cockroach, Panchlora nivea
origin, type locality
tropical
pale
ships- Although the established specimens
segments
nymphs
shiny.
ISA Panchlora
nivea
18B Pycnoscelus
surinamensis
62
19 Body medium-sized, 30
or less in length; pronotum solid black with pale anterior each side pronotum with complex central pattern bordered margin (19A) by longitudinal black band (198)----------------------more; pronotum pale except for dark design in central (19C) Body large, 40
20
yellow band of variable width along lateral and anterior margins; posterior margin of pronotum forming definite obtuse angle (20A); pi. 57C&D-----------Surinam cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis
widespread, parthenogenetic species of countries probably originated Malayan established (USA). been greenhouses Europe (9). States and segments the nymph dull, the roughened body glossy species Pycnoscelus, (pi. 57C). (Burma, Hawaii, Indonesia, Malaysia) cluding See males females (41; pi, 58),
18B.
Pronotum pale, with irregular brown blotches in central area, and submarginal black band each side; posterior margin of pronotum not angulate, only somewhat broadly protruding (206); pi. 59. ------cinereous cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea
This species, evidently originally spread widely through
localities, especially
tropical Africa,
established
(75).
grain-milling
pronotal pattern
States. Food
plants
frequently infested.
lobster.
vaguely resembles
20A Pycnoscelus
surinamensis
63
21 Pronotum with sharply-defined, blackish, shieldlike central design, sometimes solidly short robust spines black, sometimes patterned (pi. 60); femur with ventral margin (21A)------------------giant cockroaches, Blaberus
with tropical large represented species (B. craniifer, pi. 60A&B, discoidalis, pi. 60C) Floridaspecies (such 8. gigameus, pi. 60D) often maintained scientific and laboratory United Slates rarely tropical importance, though they pests (9). See 2B,19C.
(43),
States by
Pronotum with brownish central design, darkened in outline only, often not sharply
defined (pi. 61); femur without spines hairs (21 B)
West
States
Caribbean Sea.
likely
1950, they
Sometimes,
(75).
21A Blaberus
218 Leucophaea
maderae
"^
than 17 22 Ootheca poorly-sclerotized, whitish light brown packet, often long, without distinct keel (22A)--------------------blaberids, Blaberidae
Embryonic development insects) (and generally eventually i.e., offspring develop mother, produced by that nutrients, deposited (oviposition) charged body
protrudes briefly and incubated
body.
special
eggs hatch;
the
typical
nymphs appear
further
type
development
type
ovoviviparous. development
cockroach,
64
species Pacific
widely distributed, especially of punctata protrudes other blaberids. the mothers body.
kind development, termed viviparous, the embryos ized by the continued nutrients from mother, phenomenon superficially mammalian fetal support system (44). egg have differentiate attempted egg btaberids. distinctions by ordinary observer, they species, regards families
Ootheca
than 17 long, with well-sclerotized, brown to black packet, not distinct keel along the dorsal margin (22B)--------------couplet descriptions Cryptocercidae. Polyphagidae
the
23
28
65
than 10 egg than 4.5 24 Ootheca short, not long, usually with keel usually prominent though small (24B), side (24A); denticles partments rounded (24C) sometimes than 10 egg compartOotheca usually than 4.5 long, usually with keel usually not prominent (24E), sometimes ments a side (24D); denticles distinct (24F)"-"--------~-----------------------------
25
26
24B Supe//a
/ongfpa/pa
24C Ectobius
24A Supe//a
longipalpa
pallicfus
24E
B/aHe//a
germanica
24F Parcoblatta
Pennsylvania,
24D Parcoblatta
25- Ootheca (25A) 2 to 3 long; ventral surface usually with distinct longitudinal concavity invagination (most conspicuous in ventral view) where the sides meet (25B); keel serrate with blunt denticles separated by unevenly-rounded depressions (25C)----------spotted Mediterranean cockroach, Ectobius pallidus
of sylvestris is similar shape, pallidus depression. However, the longitudinal grooves
distinguish
Drawings
also couplet
Ootheca (25E) at least 4 long; ventral surface without distinct concavity (25F); keel prominent, with the depressions between them evenly rounded denticles (25G)----------------- brownbanded cockroach, Supe//a longipalpa
glue of cabinets
cubation
days
surfaces,
twenty.
66
26 Ootheca of uniform color; curvature usually distinct (26A); denticles of keel distinct, usually sharply serrate (26B, 26C)---------- wood cockroaches, Parcoblatta
The egg of species differences of height (42). unusual this
proportion
length
(Saussure)
deep longitudinal
keel just
(27).
Ootheca not of uniform color, end (the that held by the ovipositor) paler keel low, wellthan the other; ootheca straight slightly curved (26D); denticles rounded (26E). Genus s/affe//a---------------------
27
26A Parcoblatta
26B Parcoblatta
pennsylvanica
26C Parcoblatta
lata
26D Blattella
germanica
26E Blattella
vaga
67
each side; length more than 7 mm; denticles 27 Usually about 20 egg compartments of keel very low and gradually curved (27A); found indoors in most countries .-..-...-.---------------German cockroach, Blattella germanica
Of domestic cockroaches that sclerotized oothecae, is the only which (during period days, depending the ootheca until, temperature) within few hours of, hatching (53). female is likely life, produce four eight egg during usually being
than 6 mm; abruptly (27B); usually found outdoors field cockroach, Blattells vaga
(or
just shortly
vaga
before) hatching (53).
27A Blattella
germanica
28 Number of denticles in keel seldom than 17 (28A); ootheca almost always less than 13 long--------------------------------Number of denticles than 17 (28B); oothecal size variable, sometimes
Drawings
28A Blatta
orientalis
28B Periplaneta
brunnea
68
29 Ootheca usually 10 to 12.5 long, usually with 14 denticles; depressions between denticles shallow (29A)------------- oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis
Ootheca 8 to 12 long, with 14 to 22 denticles; depressions between denticles shallow deep (29B)
30
-^c ;^SS5S
29A Blatta
orientalis
29B Periplaneta
americana
30 Ootheca 9 to 12 long, with 14 to 22 denticles; ootheca rounded at one end, truncated dorsally at the other (30A); depressions between denticles shallow (SOB) -----------,---------------Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis
Ootheca 8 to 9 long, usually with 16 denticles; ootheca rounded at both ends (30C); depressions between denticles deep (30D) American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Drawings
by
SOB Blatta
lateralis
300 Periplaneta
americana
69
Pests
in Food
shallow to not be 31 Spaces between denticles almost straight, with depressions clearly evident (31A)---------harlequin cockroach, Neostylopyga rhombilolia
Spaces between
32
^^^W^ ;iNN^^N^;^
31A Neostylopyga
rhombifolia
31 B Periptaneta
brunnea
32 Ootheca large, measuring 13.5 to 16 long and 6.4 to 7.5 high; keel with 18 to 24 denticles (32A)------------- Florida stinkroach, Eurycotis floridana
oviparous species produced by (see couplet 22). occurring largest Larger ovoviviparous
States,
long; keel (32B-D) with 20 to 26 denticles Australian cockroach, Periplaneta australasiae brown cockroach, Periplaneta brunnea smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta futiginosa
average differences among these
Periplaneta
There
species
contained, and
oothecal size, of, denticles, these distances practical species key. developed denticles (usually 20) separated by deep depressions. The oothecae species than generally long, See oothecae of Periplaneta
70
References Cited
Asahina, S. 1961.
A revised list of the Japanese cockroaches of sanitary importance (Insecta, Blattaria). Japanese Jour. Med. Sci. Biol. 14(3)147-156.
Taxonomic notes Japanese Blattaria, A Blattella closely allied to Blattella germanica. Japanese Jour. Sanit. Zool. 14(2)69-75.
2 Asahina, S.
1963.
3 Asahina, S. 1964.
Japanese Biattaria, il. On Taxonomic notes of Blattella Hturicollis in Japanthe Japanese Jour. Sanit. Zool. 15(2)61-67.
Asahina,
S.
Taxonomic notes Japanese Blattaria, VII. A Parcoblatta species found in Kyoto. Japanese Jour. Sanit. Zool. 27(2)115-120Buxton, G.M., and T.J. Freeman. 1968. Positive separation of Blattella vaga and Blattella
1976.
1979. Blatta fateralis found at Sharpe Army Depot. Pest Control 47(12)16, 18, 44. Cochran, D.G. 1982. Cockroaches. Biology and control.
WHO/VBC/82.856.
Common Names of Insects. Common of insects and related organisms. Entomological Society of America, College Park. 9 Cornwell, P.B. A laboratory insect and 1968. The cockroach, industrial pest. Hutchinson, London. 10 Cornwell, P.B. 1976. The cockroach, v.2. Insecticides and cockroach
8 Committee
1982.
control. Associated
Programmes, London.
11 Ebeling, W.
1975.
vaga. Jour. Econ. Ent. 34(1)121. Gornam, J.R., K-P. Conradi, and K.P. Conradi.
1971.
15 Gurney, A.B. 1953. Distribution, general bionomics, and recognition characters of two cockroaches recently established in the United States. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 103(3315)39-56.
16 Gurney, A.B.
1955.
Notes
71
17
Gurney, A.B.
1968.
The spotted Mediterranean cockroach, Ectobius paliidus (Oiivier) (Dictyoptera, Blattaria, Blattellidae), in the United States. Coop. Econ.
1970.
York.
21 Hebard, M.
1917.
The Blattidae of North America, north of the Mexican boundary. Mem. American Ent. Soc. 2:1-284, 10 pi.
22 Hebard, M.
New
Trans.
Hebard. M.
1943.
The Dermaptera and orthopterous families Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae of Texas. Trans. American Ent. Soc. 68:239-311.
Heifer, J.R.
1963.
How
their allies.
Brown, Dubuque.
25 Hincks, W.D.
Dermaptera and Orthoptera. Handb. Ident. British Insects 1(5)1-24. 26 Hoebeke, D.R., and D.A. Nickle. 1981. The forest cockroach, Ectobius sylvestris (Poda), European species newly discovered in North
1956.
America (Dictyoptera, Blattodea, Ectobiidae).
Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 83(4)592-595. Lawson, F.A. 1954. Structural features of cockroach egg capsules. IV. The ootheca of Parcoblatta uhleriana. Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 27(1)14-20. 28 Lawson, F.A.
27
1967.
Ecological and collecting eight species of Parcoblatta (Orthoptera: Blattidae) and certain other cockroaches. Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc.
40(3)267-269.
29 Mackerras, M.J. 1970. Blattodea (cockroaches), /n The insects of Australia. Melbourne University, Carlton. 30 Mallis, A. 1982. Handbook of pest control. Franzak & Foster,
Cleveland.
37 McKittrick, F.A. 1964. Evolutionary studies of cockroaches. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 389:1-197.
72
1980. On
six
5(1)105-107.
33 Piper, G.L.
domiciliary Aggregation tendency in cockroaches. Southwestern Ent. 2(2)88-93. 34 Powell, P.K., and W.H Robinson. the first-instar nymphs of 1980. Descriptions and keys five Periplaneta species (Dictyoptera: Btattidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 82(2)212-228. 35 Pratt, H.D., and C.J. Stojanovich. species 1967. Cockroaches; Key to found in the United States. In Pictorial keys arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals of public health significance. National Communicable
1977.
30 Princis, K. 1954.
37 Princis, K.
1969.
Fam.: Blattellidae. Orthopterorum Catalogus 13:713-1038. [Complete catalogue: parts 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, -14, pp. 1-1224, 1962-1971.]
38
Ragge, D.R.
1965. Grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches of the British Isles. Warne, London. 39 Rehn, J.A.G. 1945. Mans uninvited fellow traveler-the cockroach.
1953.
41 Roth, LM.
of Blattella vaga Hebard in Texas. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 55(1)39-40. The
1967.
Sexual isolation in parthenogenetic Pycnoscelus surinamensis and application of the its bisexual relatives Pycnoscelus indicus (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blaberidae: Pycnoscelinae). Ann. Ent. Soc. America
60(4)774-779.
Roth, L.M. 1968. Ootnecae of the Blattaria. Ann. Ent. Soc. America
61(1)83-111.
43 Roth, L.M.
1969.
44 Roth, L.M.
The male genitalia of Blattaria. Blaberus spp. (Blaberidae: Blaberinae). Psyche 76(3)217-250.
Evolution and taxonomic significance of reproduction in Blattaria. Ann. Rev. Ent. 15:75-96.
1970.
45 Roth, LM. 1971.
Additions to the ootnecae, uricose glands, ovarioles, and tergal glands of Blattaria. Ann. Ent. Soc. America 64(1)127-141. 46 Roth, L.M., and E.R. Willis. 1952. Tarsal structure and climbing ability of cockroaches. Jour. Expt. Zool. 119(3)483-517. 47 Roth, L.M., and E.R. Willis. 1954. The reproduction of cockroaches. Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 122(12)1-49, 12 pi.
73
1957. The medical and veterinary importance of cockroaches. Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 134(10)1-147, pi. 4Q Roth, L.M., and E.R. Willis. the biology of Ectobius pallidus 1957. Observations (Olivier) (Blattaria, Blattidae). Trans. American Ent. Soc- 83:31-37, pi. 50 Roth, L.M., and E.R. Willis. 1958. The biology of Panchlora nivea, with observations the eggs of other Blattaria. Trans. American Ent. Soc. 83:195-207, pi. 51 Roth, L.M., and E.R. Willis. 1960. The biotic associations of cockroaches. Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 141:1-470. 52 Spencer, C.B., Jr., R.D. White, and L.C. Stover.
1979.
53 Willis,
cockroach. Pest Control 47(12)14, 45. E.R., G.R. Riser, and L.M, Roth.
1958. Observations reproduction and development in cockroaches. Ann. Ent. Soc. America 51(1)53-69. 54 Wright, C.G. 1973. Life history of the brown cockroach. Jour. Georgia
55 Zimmerman,
1948.
74
John M. Kingsolver
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
and tenebrionids, and adult clerids, cryptophagids, treated in subsequent culionids, lathridiids, and ptinids chapters. The general key to the larval beetles is given in
Chapter 4.
76
Head with slender (1A, 1B) broad beak (1C, ID); if broad, with transverse carina basal margin of pronotum extending to side margins (1D)-~------Head without beak (1 E-1 H)------------"----"-------"-----interpreted
beaked
of
Drawings
1D Araecerus
fasciculatus
IE
Acanthoscefides obtectus
1F Acanthoscelides
obtectus
1G Oerinestes
1H Oermestes
77
110B-
---snout beetles
weevils, Curculionidae
Kingsolver.
d^ ^
2A Sitophilus 2B Araecerus
fascfcu/atus
3 Anterior angle of pronotum with thickened callosity, and lateral margin of pronotum with single tooth (3A); pi. 938. Cryptophagidae (cryptophagid beetles)
with
Anterior angle of pronotum without thickened callosity, and lateral margin of pronotum either without teeth with several teeth (3B, 3C)
body length variable.
3A Cryptophagus
3B Oryzaephilus
3C
Murmicliu:,
ovalis
78
4 Face of
HI flat
Face of
III
Feller
4A Carpophilus
4B dermestid
beetle
5 Lateral margin of pronotum with 6 large teeth; dorsal surface of pronotum with 3 longitudinal ridges (5A). Cucujidae (cucujid beetles) (in part)--------with Lateral pronotal margin without prominent teeth (but may be finely serrate) pronotum (5B)----------------2 teeth; ridges only
6
7
5A Oryzaephilus
5B Murmidius
ovalis
6 Length of temple (region directly behind eye) equal to diameter of eye (6A); pi. 63C--sawtoothed grain
cosmopolitan; dried fruit. See
variety of grain
products
Length of temple much less than half of vertical diameter of eye (6B); pi. 63D ..--.----.---------------merchant grain beetle, Oryzaephilus mercator
cosmopolitan;
products,
fruits,
See
6A Oryzaephilus
surinamensis
6B Oryzaephilus
mercator
79
7 Anterolateral antennal sulcus pronotum (near eye) (7A); body shape hemispherical, tortoiselike, without spots stripes (7B); pi. 64B. Cerylonidae (=Murmidiidae) (cerylonid beetles)-----"----"-------oval grain beetle, Murmidius ovafis
brown; Body cosmopolitan;
Drawing
capitate.
dry
fruits.
Pronotal sulcus absent (7C); spots and/or stripes may be present body is not tortoiselike (7D); spots and/or stripes present if body is hemispherical (see pi. 65B)
7A Murmidius
ovalis
7B Murmidlus
ovalis
7C Anthicus
floralis
7D
Dinoderus minutus
8 Body slender, antlike, with pronotum roughly ovate in dorsal view (8A); pi. 64D. Anthicidae (antlike flower beetles) necked grain beetle, Anthicus ftoralis
Body
emarginate); cosmopolitan;
brown;
grain
(not
8A Anthicus
floratis
8B Rhyzopertha
dornjnica
80
9 Body very
elytra and (9A); body pale yellow, with 10 dark brown stripes pronotum (pi. 65B). Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) (in part)
Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
gradually
(98).
foliage of
eggptant, potato,
Drawings
than 2 elytral stripes Body shape not strongly (9C); without with and pronotal spots (pi. 66B)---------------------------
10
Drawing
by
10A Crioceris
aspaagi
10B Byturus
unicolor
81
each eye (11A). 11 Front of head with medial groove and with lateral groove Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) (in part)------------------clubbed;
emarginalion
(11 A).
13
eye
Tenebrionidae,
emargination
(Anthrenus
11 A Crioceris
11 B Trogoderrna
12 Body color orange, with 12 black spots elytra; legs orange, with black knees and tarsi (pi. M)---------spotted asparagus beetle, Crioceris duodecimpunctata
Body length:
Europe,
asparagus.
Body colors reddish orange, dull red, and dark metallic blue; elytra with broad sutural stripe and 3 transverse bars (sometimes separated from sutural stripe into lateral spots) (pi. N)-----------------asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi
Body length:
Europe, United
82
14 Pronotum with
size
by
14A Cryptolestes
14B Tribolium
brevicorne
15 Median ocellus
present (15A)-
(15B)--
15A Trogoderma
variabile
15B Dermestes
83
16 Body length 8 to 10
Body length 3 to 4
17
be
Texas
the Mexico);
(eastward United States); herbarius, (Brazil, Fiji, Florida, Hawaii, (Belize, Cuba, Dalmatia, Florida. France, Germany, Mexico, Texas). species have
passing:
Kansas
potential
ricorne
elytral
elytra.
only
(2.7-3.5 mm)
(3.4-4.6 mm) (3).
leaves, spices,
products.
17A Stegobium
paniceum
17B Lasioderma
serricorne
(18A); pi.
Body length
Drawing
2.5
body elongate;
by
5-5-5 (18B)-
18A lathridiid
beetle
18B Giischrochllus
fasciatus
84
19
Pronotum with
lateral raised line each side parallel to margin (19A)-----Pronotum without lateral raised lines (i9B)---------------------
20 21
19A Mycetaea
subterranea
19B Ahasverus
advena
21 Pronotum with
small, laterally-directed lobe at each anterior jidae (cucujid beetles) (in part)
Small, depressed beetles,
long.
(21C)----
25
Drawings
by
85
moldy
others). Ahasverus
advena).
22A Ahasverus
advena
22B Cathartus
quadricoliis
23 Pronotum nearly rectangular, with side margin lacking teeth except for blunt tubercle at anterior (23A); pi. 68D squarenecked grain beetle, Cathartus quadricoliis
cosmopolitan;
Pronotum strongly narrowed posteriorly, with side margin serrate, and sharp, Silvanus planatus triangular tooth at anterior (23B); pi. 68E
densely punctate.
Nearclic;
23A Cathartus
quadricoliis
86
24 Body color in part metallic blue green (pi. 1G-I); body with erect setae; pronotum but not thin and flattened along lateral margins (24A)
North
segments. See
9C,
24A Necrobia
rufipes
24B Byturus
unicolor
25 Body flattened; elytra often short, exposing pygidium (as in 27A); antennal club posed of 3 symmetrical, closely connected segments (25A); tarsal formula 5-5-5, with segments bristly (25B); pi. 88---------------sap beetles, Nitidulidae
26
25A Carpophilus
25B Glischrochilus
fasciatus
26 Femur III greatly enlarged and bearing large tooth next to to 12 smaller teeth the ventral margin; tibia III curved, matching ventral margin of femur (26A); pi. 108B. Bruchidae (seed beetles) (in part)----groundnut bruehid, Caryedon serratus
species
also
key
Chapter
27
26B Acanthoscelides
obtectus
87
in
Food
27 Pygidium exposed beyond truncate elytra; eye emarginate at antennal insertion (27A); pi. 108C-----------------------seed beetles, Bruchidae (in part) SEE KEY, CHAPTER 12
Tarsal 5-5-5, with segment vertical (27A).
(27B);
Pygidium largely
insertion
(27C)--------------------------------variable,
segment
(27D), except
horizontal (see by Drawing
Scolytidae;
(27C)
28B).
27A Acanthosceltdes
obtectus
27B Acanthoscelides
obtectus
27C Dinoderus
minutus
27D Rhyzopertha
dominica
28 Pronotum hoodlike; head vertical, apparently suspended beneath pronotum, and often not visible in dorsal view (28A)---------------------""--
29 34
88
go
GCCta-^
29B Dinoderus
minutus
31
33
cylindricalby
30A Dinoderus
minutus
SOB Lyctus
brunneus
31 Pronotum with
of teeth (31A); pronotum in dorsal view pointed anteriorly; strong carina (31 B); pi. 70B ..-..------.---.--.----.-larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus
basal
Columbia,
Jersey, York, Missouri, (generally Southern States, USA), tropical throughout America; tropical Africa;
Drawings
by
89
32 Pronotum with pair of shallow depressions; scuteltum transversely rectangular; elytral setae straight (32A); pi. 70D--bamboo powderpost beetle, Dinoderus minutuB
Distribution: cosmopolitan;
foods, seeds,
roots,
Drawing
28A.
Pronotum without depressions; scutellum square (32B); elytral setae curved (32C); pi. 71A-------------------lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica
Distribution: cosmopolitan; foods, chiefly cereals, seeds, and
variety
stored
32A Dinoderus
minutus
32B Flhyzopertha
dominica
32C Rhyzopertha
dominica
33 Antennal club of 2 segments (33A); antennal segment shorter than club; body elongate and depressed; pi. 71 D. Lyctidae (powderpost beetles)
(33B); antennal segment longer than club; body cylindrical; pi. 72B. Scolytidae (bark beetles) coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei
Distribution: circumti-opical
coffee-growing
CD^
33A Lyctus
brunneus
33B Hypothenemus
hampei
90
(34A); pi. 72D. Trogositidae (= Ostomatidae) (trogositid beetles) (in part) -------------cadel Ie, Tenebroides mauritanicus
Distribution: cosmopolitan;
Drawings
flour, meal.
grains.
by
(34B)-----------
35
34A Tenebroides
mauritanicus
34B Pharaxonotha
kirschi
35 Median ocellus present; antenna not clubbed; legs long and slender (35A); Dermestidae (dermestid beetles) (in part)------odd beetle, Thylodrias contractus
winglessspecies Dermestidae, Chapter
by
included
key
Drawings
Median ocellus absent; antenna clubbed; legs not unusually long and slender (35B)
36
35B Pharaxonotha
kirschi
91
36 Elytron with silky hair (36A); tarsal formula 4-4-4. Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus
b efit es^
37
Elytron with, at most, short, fine, scarcely visible setae (36B); tarsal formula 5-5-5
38
36A Typ/iaea
stercorea
36B
PhQrawnotha
kirschi
37 Elytral pattern of light and dark transverse bands; elytral setae not in (37A); pi. 73A-------------------------------^((argi/s balteatus
Distribution: Australia, Central America;
Europe, Hawaii,
grain.
Elytral color uniform yellowish brown, without pattern; elytral setae in definite (37B); pi. 73C----------------hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea
cosmopolitan;
hyphae in
37A Litargus
balteatus
37B Typhaea
92
38 Elytron with longitudinal ridges (38A); anterior margin of pronotum broadly emarginate (38A); pi. 74B. Trogositidae (= Ostomatidae) (trogositid beetles) (in part) Siamese grain beetle, Lophocateres pusillus
tropicopolitan; fruit.
grain, flour, seeds,
spices, beans,
Elytron without longitudinal ridges (38B); anterior margin of pronotum somewhat rounded (38B); pi. 74D. Languriidae (languriid beetles) .--.,--.-----..--.--.-----IVIexican grain beetle, Pharaxonotha kirschi
Europe, Guatemala, Mexico,
States;
Drawings
section through
etytr,
38A Lopbocateres
pusillus
38B Pharaxonotha
kirschi
93
References Cited
Identification of stored product Cryptolestes spp. (Coleoptera: Cucujidae): A rapid technique for preparation of suitable mounts. Jour. Australian
94
Donald M. Anderson
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
KEY
Drawings
With distinct, jointed legs (1A)-Without legs (1B) with greatly reduced legs
(1C, 1D)-
2 Body depressed, fringed at sides (2A); head entirely concealed in dorsal view. Cerylonidae (=Murmidiidae) (cerylonid beetles); pi. 64A --.------.-----.--..-..-...-....-...-...-...-.....-..oval grain beetle, Murmidius ovalis
rice, wheal, cosmopolitan; dry plant materials, hay
leaves. Reference:
Body not flattened and fringed (2B); head not entirely concealed from above
2A Murmidius
ovalis
2B Lasioderma
serricorne
(3A)-
Body long and slender, nearly straight (3B) (if apparently curved, then not grublike) f3C^Urogomphi present
13
<^S)
96
3C Attagenus
unicolor
4 Body and head (of dry specimen) with numerous long, soft, hairlike setae (4A)-setae (4B)-----Body and head with distinct short and sometimes
Hook-shaped, dorsal asperities sometimes present (4B).
4A Lasioderma
serricorne
much of dorsal surface of head (5A); thoracic spiracle 5 Color pattern apparent distinctly distant from anterior margin of prothorax (5B). Anobiidae (drugstore beetles) (in part); pi. 67C------------cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne
cosmopolitan; dried plant animal products, destructiveness variety
2,
Dorsum of head without color pattern except for broad pigmented anterior band anterior margin of prothorax (5D); pi. 85A (5C); thoracic spiracle --,--..-...-.----...--------------------spider beetles, Ptinidae
key
ptinids attacking
ucts,
(4).
ptinids.
prodnotes,
key
5A Lasioderma
serricorne
5B Lasioderma
serricorne
97
6 Head not retracted into prothorax; spiracles with spoutlike process (6A); hook-shaped asperities present (6B). Anobiidas (drugstore beetles (in part); pi. 67A --------_-----.-----._-------drugstore beetle, Stegobium paniceum
Distribution: cosmopolitan; infests plant products. References: 2,
variety
dry
round
(6C);
7 VIII abdominal spiracle (the most posterior one) about three times bigger than other most of body surface (7A) abdominal spiracles; setae very sparse -----------------------------powderpost beetles, Lyctidae
VIII abdominal spiracle subequal in size to other abdominal spiracles; dorsal setae (7B)---------------------------------
7B Rhyzopertha
dominica
98
8 Body setae flat, spatulate; segments of thorax and abdomen with dorsal surface divided (8A). Endomychidae (= Mycetaeidae) (handsome fungus beetles); pi. 68A -----..-.--------..----....---hairy cellar beetle, Mycetaea subterranea
Distribution: Europe, America, USSR; feeds granaries,
Islands, Java, warehouses, Reference:
and metathorax and abdomen folds (8B). Bostrichidae (false powderpost beetles)--
8A Mycetaea
subterranea
Abdominal segments to V each with 3 dorsal folds; body covered with numerous hairlike setae (9A); pi. 71A-----------lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica
cosmopolitan: foods, chiefly cereals, seeds,
wide variety dried
stored
Abdominal segments to V each with 2 dorsal folds; hairlike setae concentrated dorsal and lateral areas of body, sparse absent other body regions (9B)-
10
^^
9A Fthyzopertha
dominica
9B DInoderus
minutus
99
Pests in Food
10 Mandible with
stubby molar process (10A); posterior end of body strongly curved (10B); pi. 70C-------------bamboo powderpost beetle, Dinoderus minutus
Distribution: cosmopolitan; although plant materials, the polyphagic variety strongly stenophagic, thriving only
Mandible with elongate molar process (10C); posterior end of body slightly curved (10D); pi. 70A----------------larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus
Distribution: cosmopolitan; usually
grain.
10A Dinoderus
minutus
10C Prostephanus
fr\
10B
Dinoderus minutus
10D Prostephanus
truncatus
^
12
11 Body covered with hairlike setae; dorsal folds of abdomen with transverse of longitudinal ridges (11A). Anthribidae (fungus weevils); pi. 62A -....._-.......--...coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus
Legs very
(vestigial), barely high magnification (11B). cosmopolitan; References: 1, variety of dry plant
Body sparsely covered with few short setae; dorsal folds of abdomen without transverse of longitudinal plicae (11 C)-
11C Caulophilus
oryzae
100
(pi. groundnut bruchid, Caryedon 109A), bruchids pairs 108A), legless. legs (12A, 12B);
8,
29
12C Caulophilus
oryzae
flattened (13B, 13C) setae 13 Body covered with long, barbed (13A) ..--..--..---.---.--.--------------dermestid beetles, Dermestidae
(130).
5,
(13E).
13C Attagenus
13B Attagenus
13E Byturus
101
14A Alphitoblus
iaevigatus
14B Tribollum
audax
14C Oryzaephitus
swinamensis
15 Yellowish
brownish body integument largely sclerotized, rigid (but may yield to light pressure), and hard (but may be thin and translucent); pi. 99A, 101 A -------.--------------------darkling beetles, Tenebrionidae
Body integument largely unsclerotized, soft, and flabby; color may be mostly whitish may be mottled with brown, pink, lavender yellowish, light background---------------------------------------Urogomphi present; abdomen pointed.
16
16 Urogomphi arising from pigmented plate that appears distinct from the rest of the last abdominal segment (16A)-------------------------Last abdominal segment without distinct plate associated with urogomphi (16B)--
17
20
-^^
16B Anthicus
17 Pregomphus present (17A); mandible with serrate prostheca (178); pi. 90A
102
Larval beetles
(Coleoptera)
17A Carpophilus
hemipterus
17B
Glischrochilus
fasciatus
17C Tenebroides
mauritanicus
17D Pharaxonotha
kirschi
18 Ventral mouthparts only slightly retracted into underside of head; maxilla with cardo lavender larger than stipes (18A); body color mottled pink large brown light background (pi. 87A). Cleridae (checkered beetles) -ham beetles, Necrobia
cosmopolitan; products,
(includes key
Ventral mouthparts deeply retracted into underside of head; cardo much smaller than stipes (18B); membranous portions of integument uniformly whitish yellowish. Trogositidae (=0stomatidae) (trogositid beetles)---------------
19
103
the pronotum and 2 each 19 Thorax with dorsal dark-colored areas, large the and metanota (19A); urogomphi not strongly incurved; space between urogomphi not marked by tubercle (19B); pi. 72C --cade lie, Tenebroides mauritanicus
cosmopolitan;
flour, meal,
grains.
Thoracic dorsum without dark-colored (19C); tubercle located between stronglyincurved urogomphi (19D); pi. 74A----Siamese grain beetle, Lophocateres pusitlus
tropicopolitan; spices, beans, grain, flour, seeds,
19A Tenebroides
mauritanicus
19B
20 Abdominal terga with 2 transverse carinae (composed of fused tubercles) (20A); head with 5 ocelli (in compact group) each side (20B); mandible with soft bulbous process covered with short setae (20C). Byturidae (fruitworm beetles); pi. 69A ....---.......--.....-......--.....-........,.........-.-......,-.....[-aspberry fruitworms, Byturus
Europe,
America;
berries.
Dorsal carinae absent (20D); head with less than 5 ocelli each side (20E) (if there 5 ocelli, they widely scattered, not compactly grouped); mandible either without soft, bulbous, seta-covered process with elongate process (20F)--
21
104
21
of mandible with soft, elongate each side of head (21A); molar ocellus process bearing hairs (21 B); lateral setae of urogomphi arise from tubercles (21 C). Anthicidae (antlike flower beetles); pi. 64C-----------------Anthlcus
Distribution: Anthicus fforalts, narrownecked grain diverse plant materials beetle, cosmopolitan; wheat, and -haystack refuse, piles, adults larvae feed decaying plants and fungi. Reference:
ocelli each side (21 D); molar of mandible without soft, elongate process (21 E); lateral urogomphal setae not arising from tubercles (21 F)---
22
22 Urogomphi joined at their bases and hinged to the last abdominal segment by joint each side (22A). Cucujidae (cucujid beetles) (in part); pi. 66A----Cryptolestes
Cucujid species products notes,
genera
urogomphi. key
(Chapter 3).
Urogomphi distinctly separated at their bases and solidly fused to the VIII abdominal
22A Cryptolestes
105
(curved only at the tip if at all), with granular surface often prostheca (23B). longitudinally ridged (23A); mandible without retinaculum Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles)--------------------
24
Urogomphus slender, smooth-surfaced, without granulation ridges (23C); dible with distinct retinaculum prostheca (23D)-------------
25
23C Pharaxonotha
kirschi
23D Pharaxonotha
kirschi
24 Urogomphus tapering to straight point (not curved), with several longitudinal ridges basal half (24A); pi. 73B---------hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea
cosmopolitan; feeds grain, seeds, peanuts,
hyphae
Europe. Hawaii,
grain.
106
25 Pregomphus present (25A); mandible with teeth cutting edge and with broad, membranous prostheca (25B). Languriidae (languriid beetles); pi. 74C -..--_-.-.-....-...-......-......-...-Mexican grain beetle, Pharaxonotha kirschi
Distribution: Europe, plant products, flour. Reference:
Pregomphus absent (25C); mandible with serrate cutting edge, and elongate, pointed retinaculum (25D). Cryptophagidae (cryptophagid beetles); pi. 93A
information,
key
25A Pharaxonotha
kirschi
25C Cryptophagus
26 Body stout,
25D Cryptophagus
most abdominal terga (26A); head dorsally, with 2 folds visible hypognathous, vertex rounded (26B). Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)Head, legs, and dark-colored.
body parts often
27
Body slender and straight with only dorsal fold plate ment (26C); head prognathous, vertex at most slightly
Head, legs, light-coloredbody parts
(26D)------
28
107
of darkly27 Body very stout, strongly dorsally; abdomen with 3 parallel pigmented plates (pi. 65A)-----Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Distribution: North Europe; adults
potato,
dorsally: abdomen without pigmented Body moderately stout, moderately lateral plates (pi. 65C)------------------asparagus beetles, Crioceris
larDistribution: Europe, United States; feeding by C. asparagi scarring growing asparagus: duodecimpunclata develop mainly
28 Antennal segment elongate, club-shaped (28A); mandible not partly fleshy bearing long setae (28B). Cucujidae (cucujid beetles) (in part); pi. 63A&B---Silvan in
Body Reference:
straight, sharply-pointed (28C); species). genera (includes key
Antennal segment short (28D); fleshy portion of mandible bearing 2 long setae (28E); pi. 94A----------------minute brown scavenger beetles, Lathridiidae
Body
apicaliy (28F) pointed (28G). Distribution: cosmopolitan (at economically-important species); the adults fungi growth feed-
28A Oryzaephilus
surinamensis
28B Oryzaephilus
surinamensis
28C Oryzaephilus
surinainensis
28G Microgramme
filum
28D Corticaria
fulva
28E Corticaria
fulva
28F Corticaria
fulva
108
29 Labial sclerite forked (29A), heart-shaped, oval; labial palp setalike (29A); most abdominal terga with 2 folds (298); pi. 107A-----seed beetles, Bruchidae (in part)
30
Curculionids larval stage, the easily confused legless larvae.
separated
species
30 Body very stout and very dorsally (pi. 113B); abdomen with 3 folds (30A). Curculionidae (weevils) (in part). Genus Sitophilusnotes, key References: 6, (includes keys
of pleural
weevils. species).
33
30B Chalcodermus
109
anterior and wider basal 31 Epipharyngeal rod not uniformly wide but with regions (31 A); labial palp with less than 5 (usually 3) apical sensory papillae (31 B) ---------------------------.--maize weevil, Sitophitus zeamais
less uniform width throughout its length (31C, Epipharyngeal rod slender, of 31 D); labial palp with at least 5 apical sensory papillae (31 E)----------
32
32 Labial palp usually with 7 or 8 apical sensory papillae (32A); premental (labial) sclerite with elongate posterior process (32A)--------rice weevil, Sitophitus
oryzae
Labial palp with less than 7 (usually 5) apical sensory papillae (32B); premental sclerite lacking elongate posterior process (32B); p(. 113B--granary weevil, Sitophifus grananus
110
33 Ocelli present; head distinctly pigmented dorsal and lateral surfaces (33A); outer 4 postdorsal setae alternately long and short abdominal segments to VII (33B). Curculionidae (weevils) (in part)------------------------For bionomic
key
species
34
Ocelli absent; head pale except for dark anterior margins and mandibles (33C); postdorsal setae subequal in length (33D)-------------------
35
33A Chalcodermus
33C Caulophilus
oryzQe
33B Chalcodermus
33D Hypothenemus
hampei
34 Head with
pair of white stripes projecting posteriorly from frontal suture; head setae mostly long (about equal to greatest width of labrum) (34A); body distinctly tapered from thorax to abdominal apex (34B); pi. 110A--cowpea curculio. Chalcodermus
Head without white stripes (but may have angle of frontal unpigmented lobe suture); head setae mostly short (about equal to greatest width of labrum) (34C); not i-iiA----------nut posteriorly body tapered weevils, Curculio (34D); pi.
Drawings
by
Ryan
34B Chalcodermus
^ \^
111
in Food
35 Abdominal segments to Vll with 5 postdorsal setae; prodorsal folds segments to VI projecting (in profile) about much other dorsal folds (35A). Curculionidae (weevils) (in part); pi. 112A------broadnosed grain weevil, Caulophilus
oryzae
Abdominal segments to VI with 4 postdorsal setae; prodorsal folds segments to VI distinctly prominent (in profile) than other dorsal folds (35B). Scolytidae (bark beetles); pi. 72A-----------coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei
Africa, Brazil, Colombia. East Indies. Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua. Peru, Micronesia, Lanka;
prodorsal fold
35A Caulophilus
oryzae
35B Hypothenemus
hampei
112
References Cited
genera of Anthribidae
Cutler, J.R. 1971. A key for distinguishing the larvae of Ahasverus advena (Waltl), Cathartus quadricollis (Guer.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauv.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Jour. Stored Prod. Res. 7(2)125-127.
Hall, D.W., and R.W. Howe. the larvae of Ptinidae associated 1953. A revised key with stored products. Bul. Ent. Res. 44(1)85-96. Hinton, H.E. 1945. A monograph of the beetles associated with stored products. British Museum (Natural History),
London. Hossain, M., and P.H. Verner. of three species of Sitophilus (Coleoptera: Larvae 1979. Curculionidae). Bangladesh Jour. 2ool. 7(1)45-51. Kingsolver, J.M. 1963. Pictorial key for separating larvae of dermestid genera commonly found stored products. Coop.
Mathur, R.N. 1954. Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera (25), Curculionidae. Indian Forest Rec. (New Ser.) 8(9)227-231, 2 pi. 10 Peterson, A. 1951. Larvae of insects. Part II. Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera. Edwards, Ann Arbor. 11 Van Emden, F.I. 1943. Larvae of British beetles, IV. Various small families. Ent. Monthly Mag. 79(952)209-223;
(954)259-264; (955)265-270.
113
114
John M. Kingsolver
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville MD 20705
in Food
KEY
Adults
Drawings by
Adults-
Larvae
2 Face of
(II not concave; III elongate (2A); antenna long, slender, not clubbed (2B); body slender (pi. 75B&C)---------"-odd beetle, Thylodnas contractus
wingless. winged; Africa, Morth America, USSR; bedding) (in food only specimens); probably
England, (in
clothing
Face of 111 111 short (2C); antenna short, thick, (receives femur III); and clubbed (2D); body broad (pi. 76A)--------------------Drawings
2A Thyiodrias
2C dermestid
beetle
2D Trogoderma
versiwior
116
3A Dermestes
3B Trogodei Trogoderma
lusum inclusum
4 Elytral
small terminal spine (4A); pi. 76A dide beetle, Dermestes maculQtus
pattern usually
Ventral abdominal
skins,
Drawing
Distribution; cosmopolitan;
hides
occasionally
by
4A Dermestes
maculstus
4C Dermestes
lardarius
117
Food
-.,-..-.-.-..-..-..-...-..-..-..,..,..,-.,,..-_..........-..-..,..-........larder
Abdominal
(58). sausages,
Elytron without
without
(5B) pattern.
.^
5B Dermestes
lardarius
5A Dermestes
/ardarius
5C Dermestes
5D Dermestes
6 Abdominal venter without pattern; lateral sulcus of abdominal sternum closely parallel to lateral margin (6A) Abdominal venter patterned; lateral sulcus not closely parallel to lateral margin (6B, 6C)
6A Dermestes
peruvianus
6B Dermestes
6C Dermestes
friSGhii
118
7 Elytral pubescence black, with scattered golden setae; head with rounded media! concavity (7A); pi. 76C--------------------Oermestes hsiemorrholdalis
Europe; England, middle spillage; probably important only kitchens, feeding Reference: accidental
Elytral pubescence brown yellowish, with (not depressed) (7B); pi. 76D
meat, hams,
7A Dermestes
haemorrhoidalis
7B Dermestes
peruvianus
yellowish background; Abdominal venter with medial and lateral brown spots III (8A); anterior end of sinuous lateral sulcus located opposite outer limit of pi. 77B -----------------------black larder beetle, Dermestes ater
cosmopolitan; mushrooms;
dried fish, cheese, already grains
Abdominal color pattern of lateral dark spots ash-gray background; anterior end of lateral sulcus strongly curved toward midline (8B) ------Dermestes frischii
Distribution: cosmopolitan;
8A Dermestes
8B Dermestes
frischii
119
9 Antennal cavity of anteroventral surface of prothorax fully visible in anterior view (9A);
vestiture of flat scales (9B, 9C). Genus Anthrenus----------Antennal cavity not (or only sliQhtly) visible in anterior view (9D); vestiture of hairs (9E)
10 11
9A Anthrenus
9B Anfhrenus
scrophulariae
9C Anthrenus
verbasci
9E Trogoderma 9D Trogoderma
granarium
peanuts, wheat,
by
10A Anthrenus
scrophulariae
10C Anthrenus
verbasci
10B Anthrenus
scrophulariae
10D Anthrenus
verbasci
120
11 Antenna) cavity not carinate posteriorly (11A); posterior margin of coxai plate 111 with blunt, toothlike angutation (11B); segment of tarsus lit shorter than segment
(11C). Genus Attagenus---------------Posterior margin of antennal cavity marked by fine, transverse carina (11 D); posterior margin of coxai plate tit curved sinuate (1 IE); segment of tarsus III longer than
12
segment
(11F). Genus Trogoderma----------------------separate species of Trogoderma pattern variability species. Also, especially important correctly identify the fchapra beetle, granarium, confusing important species. Specimens of questionable identity, especially originating southwestern United States, should the onomic Services Unit, PSI, Agricultural Center-West, Key based Trogoderma (7, 2).
13
11 A Attagenus
11B Attagenus
11C Attagenus
11D Trogoderma
HE Trogoderma
11F Trogoderma
12 Dorsal coloration uniformly brown brownish-black, except for 2 elytra! white spots (pi. 79A)-----------------"-----------fur beetle, Attagenus pellio
Distribution: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America; smoked meat, fish, casein, products.
Attagenus brunneus
(= megatoma), cosmopolitan seeds; grain, flour, spices, (=A Region, elongatiilus). Afghanistan, Pakistan, peanuts), (in dried
121
13 Antenna! cavity with coarse, confluent punctures, 2 to 3 times larger than eye facet, except for small smooth prosternum (13A); pi. 80A----rrooocferma simplex
Mexico,
United States;
grain.
Drawings
Antenna! cavity finely punctate in mesal two-thirds (each puncture about the size of eye facet) (13B), antenna! cavity shining and minutely striate(13C), orantennal cavity coarsely punctate rugose in lateral one-half and striate finely punctate mesally (13D)---------------------------------
14
13A Trogoderma
simplex 0-9
13B Trogoderma
versicolor
13C Trogoderma
variabile o"9
13D Trogoderma
versicolor 9
122
14 Elytron unicolorous vaguely mottled, but without clearly defined pattern (14A); anteromedial metasternal margin lacking nipptelike projection (14B); pi. SOB khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium
Number club
segments
11;
segments
segments dry
Elytron with definite color pattern (it may be fine and intricate) visible either in maculaboth (14F-H); anteromedial margin of metasternal lobe in pubescence tion
with
15
14A Trogoderma
granarium
14F Trogoderma
omatum
14C
14D
14E
14J Trogoderma
variabile
Trogoderma
granarium
anteromediat metasternal
process
14B Trogoderma
granarium 9
123
15
black with vague brownish maculations humeri and apical margins only; with distinct basal, submedian and subapical bands (if banding is present at all, is indicated onfy very vaguely by light-colored
products,
Drawings
by
Integument bicolorous, at least with pattern of basal, submedian, and subapical bands of lighter macuiation elytra (15B, 15C)
16
15B Trogoderma
ornatum
15C Trogoderma
versicolor
16 Inner margin of
States;
grain,
16B Trogoderma
variabiie
124
17 Basal band loop of elytral maculation never connected to submedian band by bands (17A); pi. 1C---warehouse beetle, Trogoderma varlabile longitudinal band
segments (17B); antennal cavity compactly joined, loop, (17C); basal finely of elytral maculation always band, subapical America, USSR; present. Distribution: milk, seeds, cereals (corn, rice, wneal), nuts, 13C, 14J, 16B.
Basal band
loop of elytral maculation always connected to submedian band by longitudinal bands (17D)-------------------with (17E) (17F) tions; cavity finely (see 18B), partly vaguely punctate-slriate (see punctate (see 18C),
18
18E&F).
17D Trogoderma
ornatum
17C Trogoderma
17B Trogoderma
variabile
17E Trogoderma
ornatum
17F Trogoderma
versicolor
125
Pests in Food
18
Antenna of male serrate (18A); antenna! cavity of male polished and finely striate (18B); antennal cavity of female polished and finely striate mesally but punctate in lateral two-thirds (18C); pi. 1E---ornate cabinet beetle, Trogoderma ornatum
America; 14F,
cereals, seeds,
Antenna of male clavate (18D); antennal cavity dull and minutely punctate, but vaguely punctate-striate in lateral one-fifth in male (18E) and in lateral one-half to two-thirds in female (18F); pi. 800-----European larger cabinet beetle, Trogoderma versicolor
Europe; seeds, grain, See 13B,
Drawings
by
rice, wheat,
18A Trogoderma
18D Trogoderma
versicolor
18B Trogoderma
18C Trogoderma
ornatum 9
18E Trogoderma
versicoior
18F Trogoderma
versicolor 9
Larvae
Drawings by
19A Attagenus
unicolor
19B Dermestes
macuiatus
126
20 Each tergum with of coarse, spiny, club-shaped setae (20A) along posterior each side; pi. 75A margin and cluster of spiny, sharp-pointed setae (20B) --.----..--.------------.------odd beetle, Thylodrias contractus
Body short, stout, C-shaped (20C).
Sharp
also
21A)------
21
(20F)
127
22 Hastisetal tufts inserted "islands" in membrane behind strongly curved posterior margins of abdominal segments V, VI, and VII (22A). Genus Anthrenus----Hastisetal tufts inserted tergal plates (22B). Genus Trogoderma
References: 3,
29 30
ornatum
23A Dermestes
maculatus
24 Dorsal midline marked by broad, yellow stripe (24A); apex of urogomphus curved anteriorly (24B) ---------------hide beetle, Dermestes macuiatus Dermestes frischii
19B,
Dorsal midline of thorax and abdomen marked only by thin, unsclerotized line (24C); apex of urogomphus curved posteriorly (24D)------------
25
128
25 Urogomphi separated by distance less than width at base of urogomphus; retrorse tubercles (each bilobed and bearing medial seta) large and conspicuous last X abdominal terga III to (25A); ventral sclerotized well-developed 5 abdominal segments (25B)---------------Dermestes haemorrhoidalis
easily urogomphi
See
urogomphus; Urogomphi separated by a distance equal to width at base of retrorse tubercles (usually neither bilobed setiferous) either absent small and inconspicuous, especially terga IX and X (usually absent X) (25C); last 4 abdominal segments (25D) tral sclerotized well-developed only --------.-----.----Peruvian larder beetle, Dermestes peruvianus
inconspicuous; 5.
urogomphi
25A Dermestes
haemorrhoidalis
25B Dermestes
haemorrhoidalis
25C Dermestes
peruvianus
25D Dermestes
peruvianus
129
26 Urogomphus curved posteriorly at apex (26A); retrorse tubercles present at least abdominal tergum VI (26B); ---------larder beetle, Dermestes lardarius
Urogomphus straight (26C); retrorse tubercles absent from all abdominal terga (26D); pi. 77A----------------------black larder beetle, Dermestes ater
27 Acrotergites with broad setae (each seta with 5 longitudinal ribs) (27A); abdominal ovate (27B) tergite Vill with most setae subrectangular fur beetle, Attagenus peltio
Acrotergites with slender setae only (each seta with (27C); abdominal tergite VIII with either lanceolate
(27D)---
28
27A Attagenus
pellio
27C Attagenus
unicolor
27D Attagenus
brunneus
130
28
Integument of head and dorsum of body light brown; setae of VIII sternite with 8 to 12 ribs (28A) -Attagenus
Tergal
between margins (28B).
brunneus
"^"^"L0^6^ (28C)-2
3 ribs
and drs"m f body reddish brown; setae of vm sternite with .....----.....-..|,|ack carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor
Tergal
megatoma (now
between unicolor}
margins
(28D).
(now
piceus.
Ijrunneua}
etongatulus previously
c^28A Attagenus
brunneus
28C Attagenus
unicolor
28D Attagenus
unicolor
29
long hastisetal heads (29A); abdominal sterna with yellowish sclerotized Winery p ...------carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophularlae heads (29B); abcio^T"nal sterna "^branous (whitish Tan^p^T^ transparent); pi. 78--------.---......^iecl carpet beetle,
Anthrenus verbasci
See
-^
29A Anthrenus
scrophulariae
29B Anthrenus
verbasci
131
30
Setae of basal antennal segment less than half long antennal segment (30A); tergites with short, flat, mesally-di reeled spicisetae (30B)-----Trogocferma simplex Setae of basal antennal segment at least three-fourths long antennal segment (30C); mesally-directed tergal setae absent (30D)---------------31
30D Trogoderma
variabile
31 Setae of basal antennal segment almost completely encircling segment (not bunched mesal side); setae of antennal segment reaching surpassing apex of segment when antenna is fully extended (31A)-----------------Single (31A) Trogoderma granarium
segment absent.
32
mesal side, leaving one-third of lateral surface bare; setae of segment not reaching apex of segment of fully-extended antenna (31B)-
35
31A Trogoderma
granarium
31 B Trogoderma
variabile
132
32 Antecostal suture of abdominal segment VIII usually absent (32A), but in those instances when is present, is weak and interrupted at several points
cup (32B).
(32C)
only
33
(32D)
(as
32A8.C).
32A Trogoderma
granarium
32B Trogoderma
granarium
goderma lusum
133
bluish
-..-..-.--.,--g|abrous cabinet
Eastern Hemisphere--
35 Disc of thoracic and anterior abdominal terga usually with very few hastisetae; terga of large spicisetae (35A); pi. 81 usually with only single warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile
also
A. 30C.
Thoracic and anterior abdominal terga usually moderately dense with hastisetae; terga of large, erect spicisetae (35B) usually with 2 ornate cabinet beetle, Trogoderma ornatum
35A Trogoderma
variabile
35B Trogoderma
ornatum
134
References Cited
Beal, R.S-, Jr. 1954. Biology and taxonomy of the Nearctic species of Trogoderma (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Univ. California Pub. Ent. 10(2)35-102. Beal, R.S-, Jr. 1956. Synopsis of the economic species of Trogoderma occurring in the United States with description of species (Coleoptera; Dermestidae). Ann.
Beal,
A taxonomic and biological study of species of Attagenini (Coleoptera- Dermestidae) in the United States and Canada. Ent. Americana
45(3)141-235.
5 Peacock,
E.R.
Dermestes peruvianus Cast., D. haemorrhoidaiis [1976]. Kust. and other Dermestes spp. (Col., Dermestidae). Ent. Monthly Mag. 111(1328-1330)1-14, pi. B.E. Rees, North American 1947. Taxonomy of the larvae of species of the Genus Dermestes (Coleoptera: Soc. Proc. Ent. Washington Dermestidae).
1975
49(1)1-14.
Spangler, P.J.
1961.
135
136
Theodore J. Spilman
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute
Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
Pests in Food
Because of their relatively small, globular, usually hairy bodies and slender legs, the ptinids resemble spiders, hence the The family contains moderate number of species, approximately 20 of which have been included here; those abrecorded pests. Not all 20 in sent pests that do not very minor North America, the geographic focus of the key presented widely distributed, here. Many of the pest species spread by cosmopolitan, and
Ptinids often infest foods, but the actual loss of weight due to feeding is small unless the ptinid population is enorIn addition to damaging food, ptinids indirectly spoilage by contaminating food with trass, with fragments of their dead bodies, and with the silk they to spin cocoons. Ptinids mainly scavengers, and many animal materials. Besides readily feed equally plant being found in human foods, they have been found in the nests of bees, wasps, birds, and mammals, bat caves, warehouses, food-handling businesses, and houses. They especially attracted to moisture and to bird and mal excrement. Ptinid infestations, therefore, often follow other kinds of infestations. Excellent accounts of the biology and habits of the species of economic importance published by R.W. Howe and collaborators from 1949 to 1959 in series of 17 articles entitled Studies Beetles of the Family Ptinidee. All parts of the series cited in the final summary article by Howe (9).
Identification to genus is rather simple, but sexual dimorphism in species of Ptinus, the largest genus, combe plicates specific identification. The different-slender males (pi. 86A) and stout females (pi. to be separate species. When sexual 86B)-as to stout. dimorphism is absent, both males and females absence of sexual dimorphism In the past, the presence has been used sometimes key character; it of the necessary, therefore, to have both species at hand to make the key work. In the following key of sexual dimorphism character is not used; each the sexually dimorphic species is determined separately. The shape and distribution of patches of white scales the elytra of many species of Pftnus have often been used in keys, but since these scales easily abraded, minimal is made of them in this key.
The last complete treatment of the taxonomy and identification of the Ptinidae of North America published by Fall in 1905 (4). The taxonomy of the Ptinidae of economic importance in the world, with keys and illustrations, presented by Hinton (7). Keys and illustrations published by Papp and Okumura (10) for California, by Hatch (6) for the Pacific Northwest, by Freude (5) for tral Europe, and by Hisamatsu (8) for Japan. Several published by Brown good, short taxonomic articles of them (1) includes key to the ptinids that (1-3}; in houses and warehouses in Canada.
138
KEY TO ADULTS
Drawings by
Elytra
than 2 times wide abdominal sterna (1A); elytra polished, impunctate, without setae with only collar of dense setae at base and few scattered of setae (pi. 82A&B)setae posteriorly, and without striae longitudinal
wide abdominal sterna (1B, 1C, "ID); elytra dull Elytra less than 2 times of setae moderately shiny, with appressed scales and/or striae longitudinal
139
Pests in Food
2 Abdomen with 4 visible sterna (2A); trochanter almost pronotum and elytra without setae (pi. 82A)-Papers by
(8)
long
femur ill
(2A);
--Gibbium
(see
reference Chapter 28) Gibbium psylloides specimens previously identified actually aequinoctiale. This interpretadistributions past species associations impossible. mainly appears psylloides Europe, Asia, includes aequinoctiale Australian, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Palearclic regions. species
many
species may
separated
forming strongly third sloping -hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides fossas forming right Median weakly angle; posterior lateral third produced laterally --.-._-._-^-..----e/bbiufn aequinoctiale
angle; posterior
produced laterally
each side of 3 Elytra with basal tomentose collar deeply interrupted at middle and midtine (3A); pi. 82B--~-------American spider beetle, Mezium americanum
cosmopolitan; associated grains, feeds, cayenne pepper; reported from seeds, seeds, opium, carpet,
products,
Elytra with basal tomentose collar entire, not interrupted (3B) --..-..--.,----.-..-._-..-..-.--..-.-.-.^-.-..-.--northern spider beetle, Mezium affine
Distribution: Europe,
seeds,
animal
3A
Mezium
americanum
140
4E)
5 Scales of pronotum (5A) obviously broader than those of elytron (5B); elytra covered with appressed broad scales, without erect setae (pi. 83A) ---Sphaericus gibboides
Europe,
America; associated Africa, seeds, red pepper, also 1B,
Scales and setae of pronotum (5C) and elytron (5D) subequal in size; elytra covered scales with appressed broad setae and with erect setae (pi. 83B&C)
5A
Sphaericus gibboides
5B
5C Niptus
hololeucus
5D Trigonogenius
globufum
141
Femur Hi slender, but with apical one-third expanded (6A); pronotum evenly (pi. 83B), with uniform, oppressed setae (6B); antenna long, extending to middle of visible abdominal sternum 11; elytra and pronotum covered with golden appressed setae (pi. 1-0, 83B)----"-"---------golden spider beetle, Niptus hololeucus
cosmopolitan, except tropics; associated wheat, flour, bran, oafs, barley, milo, spices, tea, bread, casein, grains, seeds, belladona roots, rhubarb roots; reported from wool, cotton, linen, silk, artificial silk, paper, books, cork, sponges, brushes, feathers, leather,
4B,
Femur 111 stout, with apical one-half expanded (6C); pronotal surface irregular (pi. 83C), with mat of confused, appressed setae (6D); antenna shorter, extending to 111; elytra and pronotum covered with gray and brown appressed setae (pi. 83C)
.-.....-..-.-....-.--...-..-,--globular spider beetle, Trigonogenius globulum
Distribution: Africa, Europe, North America, South
America; wheat, flour, oats, beans, barley, raisins, fruit, caraway meal, tartar, seeds, spices, cottonseed meal, reported meal, argol, sugar, drugs; from hulls, seed, dust, seed, cotton, burlap sacks, old clothing, piles.
6C Trigonogenius
gfobuium
6B Niptus
hololeucus
6D Trigonogenius
globulum
142
7 Trochanter III long, apex reaching elytral margin (7A); pi. 84----Pseudeurostus hilleri
Distribution: Canada, Europe, Japan; associated feeds, wheat flour, oatmeal,
yeast,
8 Elytral surface completely obscured by vestiture of dark golden oppressed setae; of setae seen only vaguely because of background of appressed longitudinal setae (pi. 85B)---------------Australian spider beetle, Ptinus ocellus
Synonym:
cosmopolitan;
oats, iye, wheat, flour, bran, barley, beans, soy grits, hops, nutmegs, pepper, paprika chocolate powder, products, almonds, poultry feed, turkey starter, sultanas, apricots ginger, raisins, figs, food, fishmeal, feed, hay, reported meat, casein, starch: herring meal, seeds, sausage flax, seeds, rats, feces, insects, rusks, furs, carpets, See 4D,
of setae easily Elytral surface mostly visible and longitudinal appressed setae may be present (pi. 86A)
though
9
Drawing
by
Surface of pronotum visible through vestiture of horizontal, inclined, some of which may form clumps (9C, 9D)
erect setae,
143
10 Pronotaf surface between and (aterad of dense setal clumps shiny and without punctures granules (10A)-------------Canadian spider beetle, Pt/nus raptor
sexually dimorphic species in pi. figures body
USSR,
Europe,
flour, grains, pollen
America;
Pronotal surface dull, with punctures and/or granules between and laterad of dense setal clumps (10B); pi. 86B--------female, whitemarked spicier beetle, Ptinus fur
Distribution; cosmopolitan;
flour, whole
pepper, paprika
dates,
fruit, bread, cantharides; reported seeds, seeds, seeds, tobacco, beehives, straw, pollen specimens, animal skins, leather, furs, animals, See feathers, nests, bird nests, paper, 4E,
roots,
yeast,
11 Seta of strial puncture of elytron very short, contained within puncture only slightly beyond posterior border of puncture (11 A)
body sexually dimorphic species similar California; figures pi. feeds, raisins,
ptinus
extending gandolphei
Seta of strial puncture longer, extending well beyond posterior border of puncture
and reaching at least next puncture
(HB)-------------------
12
11 A Ptinus gandolphei
144
12
anterior two-thirds of elytral intervals long longer than last segment of tarsus III (12A)-"----"--hairy spider beetle, Ptinus villiger
sexually dimorphic species body form figures shown pi. Distribution: Asia, Europe, North America; associated wheat, flour, farina, cornmeal, rye, feeds, chamomile
Longest setae on anterior two-thirds of elytral intervals shorter than last segment of tarsus III (12B, 12C)
13
13 Body stout, elytra oval (pi. 86B) Body slender, elytra parallel-sided (pi.
14
86A)-------------------
15
14 Erect setae of alternate intervals of elytron one-third to one-half as long (and usually more erect than) setae of intervals (14A) --------.-..-..---..---....-.................^.....feniale, brown spider beetle, Ptinus clavipes
sexually dimorphic species similar body form specimens figured pi. 86. Synonym: hinetlus. Distribution: cosmopolitan; associated wheat (lour, milo, barley, cornmeal, beans, rice, soybean meal, meal, feeds, dried fruit, dried mushrooms, root, powdered
leaves of reported from
vetch, alfalfa, dead animals,
and Jaborandi, cantharides: cotton, sunflower, spinach, dallisgrass, feathers, skins, books, also
Erect setae of alternate and intervals subequal in length and usually equally slanted (14B); pi. 86B-------female, whitemarked spider beetle, Ptinus fur
See couplet
145
15 Pronotum with
slender, dense
"U"
See couplet
of posteriorly-inclined yellowish setae, the 2 "V" (15A); pi. 86A n\a\e, whitemarked spider beetle, Ptinus fur
Pronotum with erect anteriorly-directed, golden setae either side of midline (these setae not densely spaced and at most form only the vaguest suggestion of rows) (15B)-----------------male, brown spider beetle, Ptinus clavipes
146
References Cited
Brown, W.J.
1940.
A key the species of Ptinidae occurring in dwellings and warehouses in Canada (Coiaoptera). Canadian Ent. 72(6)115-122.
and poorly known species of Some Coleoptera, II. Canadian Enl. 76(1)4-10.
Brown, W.J.
1944.
3 Brown, W.J.
1959.
Revision of the Ptinidae of boreal America. American Ent. Soc. 31(2-3)97-296, pi.
Trans.
1969.
Famine: Plinidae. Diebskafer (pp. 60-74). In Teredilia, Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Band 8, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, ed. by H. Freude, K.W. Harde, and G.A. Lohse. Goecke & Evers, Krefeid.
6 Hatch, M.H.
1961.
The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part III; Pselaphidae and Diversicornia, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
The Ptinidae of economic importance. Bull. Ent.
Hinton, H.E.
1941.
Res. 31(4)331-381.
Hisamatsu, S. 1970. The Ptinidae of Japan (Coleoptera). Ageha
Howe, H.W.
1959.
beetles of the family Ptinidae. XVII. Conclusions and additional remarks. Bul. EntStudies
Res. 50(2)287-326.
10 Papp, C.S., and G.T. Okumura. 1959. A preliminary study of the Ptinidae of California. California Dept. Agric. Bull. 48(4)228-248.
147
148
John M. Kingsolver
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville MD 20705
These three species, ail cosmopolitan in distribution, associated with spoiled meat, fish, cheese, and sionally with cured ham and bacon. Both adults and larvae molds. Necrobia feed larvae of other insects and in stored foods. violacea is rarely
KEY TO ADULTS
Color of thorax, legs, and elytral shoulders reddish yellow; color of head and apical three-fourths of elytra metallic blue green; pi. 1H ---redshouldered ham beetle, Necrobia ruficollis
Legs reddish; pi. 11, 87B-------"-----redlegged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes Legs dark; pi. 1G--------------- blacklegged ham beetle, Necrobia violacea
150
Walter A. Conned
Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology
University of Delaware Newark DE 19717
The adults of those nitidulids that infest stored foods (2-4) have five tarsal segments each leg. Segment IV is modified but comparatively small (see couplet illustration the underside 6E); segments to III have hairy pads usually dilated. The front always (6E) and transverse; the associated trochantins exposed (10B).
ment
In
the ventral surface of the abdominal apex (11B). genera the supplementary segment is also visible the dorsal side of the abdomen (6A); it does not
in females (6B).
Hinton (4) discussed four species that do not occur in North America and not included in this key: Carpophitus fiavipes, C. immaculatus, C. sexpustulatus, and Haptoncus llavidus. Hinton also mentioned four other in North America but not in association species that with stored foods: C. pailipennis (Say), symbiont of result of cactus flowers reported from stored foods misidentification; Omosita colon (L), carrion feeder not known to invade buildings; Nitjdula rufipes (L.) and N. (L.). All members of the genus Nitiduta feed North American fauna rion. There are six species in but only the two recorded from stored foods (dried meats) included in this key.
Some genera have truncate elytra that expose one more segments of the abdomen (2B-D). This is handy taxonomic feature, but it must be used with caution. Specimens with distended abdomens (from engorgement with food from having been killed in fluids) generally than the normal number of exposed present segments behind the elytra (9D). On the dorsum of each normally exposed segment is large sclerite tergite. The tergite of the apical segment is termed the pygidium (28, 2C). The articulating surfaces and the membrane concealed adjoining segment necting tergite to under normal conditions. These structures become posed when the abdomen is distended.
dorsal sclerite consists of only relatively band at the posterior margin- Haptoncus tuteoius (6A) is exceptional in that the last two terga largely sclerotized whether not. Normally, only the pygidium of H. luteolus is cealed exposed, but distended specimens frequently countered. The presence of dorsal membranous behind the elytra indicates abdominal distention (9D). With this information in mind, the taxonomist must judge how many segments, if any, would be exposed normally.
The immature stages of six species have not been described: Carpophilus fumatus, C. maculatus, C. pilosellus, Gtischrochitus fasciatus/ Nitidula bipunctata, and N. ziczac.
All the other nitidulids associated with stored foods have orthosomatic (or nearly so), prognathous larvae bearing continuous urogomphi (pi. 90A). The urogomphi (22E) with sclerite, the anal plate (23B), covering much of the dorsal surface of abdominal segment IX. A pair of pregomphi (23A) protrudes from the anal plate just in front of the urogomphi. Sap beetle larvae, especially those belonging to the genus Carpophtlus, may often be difficult to identify to species.
152
pygidium alone exposed (2B)--------------------------------------Abdomen normally with apical 2 3 segments exposed dorsally behind elytra (2C,
2D1--------------------------------------See
which illustrates segment.
3 8
of
pygidium
2C Carpophilus
freemani
2D Carpophilus
humeratis
3 Labrum fused to ctypeus, the articulation marked by fine, curved groove (3A)anterior margin (3B)-------Labrum free, usually with median notch
3A Gliscbrochilus
quadrisignatus
3B Haptoncus
luteolus
153
4 Elytron either with 2 conspicuous orange-yellow spots (4A) with conspicuous spot (posterior) and group of few small spots (humeral region) (4B); pi. 88A -.-Glischrochilus quadrisignatus
light Body elongate, black; integument weakly shiny; temperate inconspicuous.
nearly
with 3 blunt points (never appearElytron with 2 conspicuous spots, the humeral group of small spots) (4C); pi. 88Bing -Glischrochilus fasciatus
G. quadrisignatus size, appearance, Similar (except geographic California fasciatus).
4A
Glischrochilus
4C Glischrochilus
fasciatus
quacSrisignatus
5 Labrum strongly notched and definitely bilobed (5A); marginal fringe sides of pronotum and inconspicuous absent (5B)----------------Labrum shallowly emarginate (5C); sides of pronotum and elytra fringed with hairs eye facet (5D)------------long longer than the diameter of
154
Body oblong in shape (6A); color dull yellow to brown; length 1.7 to 2.8 mm; pi. 88C ..-...--------------------yellowbrown sap beetle, Haptoncus luteolus
Elytra
abdomen both
(6A) (absent plementary segment abruptly female, 6B); apical Haptoncus with several species dilated (6C); and tropical Distribution: temples Carolina America, subtropical; County). California (El
Body oval in shape (6D); color dark brown; dorsum with dull yellow margins and many ill-defined light yellow areas; length 4.5 to 8 mm; pi. 88D------Lobiopa insularis
elytral margins explanate (6D); elytron short, stout, backward-curving setae; (6E). tibia Hemisphere; subtropics tropics (El Carolina and America, north County).
Pronolal
apical
155
in Food
7 Elytral fringe (7A); body color dull brown to nearly black; each elytron with obscure orange-red spot; pi. 89A-----------------/W/c/u/a bipunctata
Northern Hemisphere; widely occurring California North America, Virginia, Texas,
Quebec
Elytral fringe wide (equal to width of reflexed elytra! flange) (7B); body color dull light to dark brown; elytra with obscure, transverse, yellow zigzag bands; pi. 89B
nearly margin, front sinuate posterior angles; elongate segments exposed behind elytra; body color uniform Distribution: tropics nearly Hemisphere; subtropics Oklahoma. North Carolina America,
Body form broader, less elongate (8B); pygidium transverse (8C). Genus Carpophilus-
8A Conotelus
stenoides
8B Carpophilus
hemipterus
8C Carpophilus
freeman/
156
(9A); dorsum feebly shining, smooth between obscure orange patch each punctures; body color black, tinged with red, with shoulder; pi. 89D-------------pineapple sap beetle, Carpophilus humeralis
specimens
color;
telescope tropics
Normally 2 abdominal terga exposed (9C); dorsum dull and finely reticulate between punctures, or, rarely, smooth and shining (if so, then dorsal body color is uniformly
the may be abnormally distended, usual terga (9D), exposing normal contracted, exposing beetles, posterior terga, (9B). hindmost, starting antepenultipygidium, the penultimate tergum, tergum. penultiCarpophilus pygidium normally tergum completely sclerotized humeralis exposed behind the elytra (9C). pest species that tional completely sclerotized antepenultimate tergum normally exposed. Moreover, pygidium may sometimes telescope penultimate tergum antepenultimate pest carpophilids (9B). exposed tergum largely membranous, by abnormal distention (90). texture, penultimate, comparison
9A
Carpophilus
bumerQlis
157
band
f10A)----------------------------------------
12
coarsely punctate.
158
11 Elytra with distinct pattern (11A) of light and dark areas; pi. 90B -dnedfruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus
background moderately (not shining) conspicuous dark light hairs; plementary segment typical cosmopolitan, except temperate regions; America, See chusetts
black; with
Elytra without distinct pattern, but humeral regions in color than rest of dorsum (11C); pi. 90C-
Dorsal body black, rusty sometimes brown, rusty elytra; inconspicuous pale shining; Distribution: tropics yellow su&tropics; (Fresno County) America, east). (not established
11C Carpophilus
obsoletus
12 Axillary space
159
13 Propleuron punctate (punctures may be shallow, with indistinct margins) (13A)-Propleuron impunctate and either smooth granulose (13B)-----------
14 15
13A Carpophilus
pilosellus
13B Carpophilus
freemani
14 Propleural punctures shallow, with obscure margins (14A); tibia 111 of male abruptly enlarged distally (14B); pi. 91------------Carpophilus pilosellus
II; segment only slightly longer brown, elytra pronotum rarely lighter lighter median elytron; conspicuous pale yellow hairs. moderately Distribution: tropics subtropics; America, (Yolo County).
body
Propleural punctures deep, with distinct margins (14C); tibia III of male gradually enlarged distally (14D); pi. 91sap beetle, Carpophilus dimidiatus
segment 11; (or more) longer dark body nearly black; elytron usually orange-yellow large dull, moderately spot margins; conspicuous pale yellow America, tropics and subtropics; Carolina California (Placer County).
14C Carpophilus
dimidiatus
14D Carpophilus
dimidiatus
160
-----Carpophilus marginellus
metepistermahogany; inconspicuous
dorsal body
shiny
light
light
York
16
midpoint
cavity,
farther
midpoint
15A Carpophilus
marginellus
15B Carpophilus
mutilatus
and immediately in front of the prosfernal process (ISA); 16 Prosternum punctate only each elytron with 2 light (an elongate patch along the suture and basal
from
Prosternum entirely
occurring
almost entirely punctate (16C); elytral light the suture (16D)-----------elongate patch
17
y-
16A Carpophilus
maculatus
16C Carpophilus
mutilatus
16B Carpophilus
maculatus
16D Carpophilus
freeman/"
161
17 Pronotal punctures separated from each other by distance equal to greater than twice their diameters (17A); lateral extremities of prosternum weakly punctate granulose (17B); pi. 91--------------------..---Carphophilus freemani
brown; elytra body dull yellow except for cuticle scutellum, along lateral margin, dull, moderately clothed with inconspicuous yellow Distribution: cosmopolitan except arctic America, temperate regions; California. See New York, Dakota, 9C,9D.
Pronotal punctures separated by distance equal to less than their diameters (17C); lateral extremities of prosternum strongly and densely punctate (17D)-----
18
17A CarpophHus
freemani
17B CarpophHus
freemani
17C CarpophHus
mutilatus
17D Carpophilus
mutilatus
162
without swelling
(18B); pi.
91
Carpophilus mutilatus
impunctate pronolum, posterior margin; head, elytra, body brown, pronotum, yellow orange-yellow; elytral promargin large median
head: elytral cloudy discoloration; cuticle dull, moderately inconspicuous yellow Distribution: tropical, subtropical, temperate America, Virginia regions; also (Tehama County).
the midline just behind the anterior Prosternum punctate except for small the inner margin the margin (18C); femur III with small, abrupt swelling trochanter (swelling usually larger in males; may be inconspicuous absent) (18D); pi. 91------------------------------Ca/popft//us fumatus
Color, vestiture,
only
18B Carpophilus
mutilatus
18A Carpophilus
mutilatus
18D Carpophilus
fumatus
18C Carpophilus
fumatus
163
19 Pronotum distinctly
moderately
anteriorly, with posterior angles obtuse (19A); pronotum in lateral view (19B); pi. 92B -dusky sap beetle, Carpophilus lugubris
Body
rusty-brown
elytron usually
margins clothed
(tinged red); shoulder disc; pronotal part pale; cuticle dull, moderately inconspicuous light
pale
Hemisphere;
Pronotum about
wide anteriorly posteriorly, with small sinuation before the subacute posterior angles (19C); pronotum slightly depressed (19D); pi. 92C
Carpophilus ligneus
rusty-brown (tinged red); portion eiytral large, obscurely other cuticle slightly shining, paler scantily clothed inconspicuous light Distribution: Europe, Central America. USA, America; Mississippi River
Body
^3
19A Carpophitus
lugubris
d__b
19C Carpophilus
ligneus
19D Carpophilus
ligneus
164
asperities
24
(20D)---------
papilla
^^^"^^"i?1^ / ty-.a^fo-^.a.^7
20A Haptoncus
luteoius
sran"es
20B Conolelus
stenoides
7^
20C Cerpophllus
humeraiis
20D Carpophilus
bemipterus
apical
ocelli present
side
head.
of
21 A Lobiopa
insularis
21B Conotelus
stenoides
165
22 Head with 3 large, equal-sized ocelli each side (22A); each abdominal tergum with pair of contiguous sclerites (each nearly square in outline) meeting the midline, with each sclerite bearing 3 papillae, all sharing base (22B)
Body length
tergum also papilla-bearing side (22B). Caution: characters this couplet may generic may distinguish species from Lobiopa. However, only pest species genus.
Head with 2 small ocelli each side (22C); each abdominal tergum with 8 short, longitudinal rows of papillae (22D)------yellowbrown sap beetle, Haptoncus luteotus
Body length
pregomphus
couplet
of
Gillogly (found
4^
J41^M-i^
22B Lobiopa
insularis
/W%^W
22D Haptoncus
tuteotus
166
23 Each abdominal tergum with granules arranged in circular and rectangular patterns; the apex urogomphus 2-branched, each branch with bristle arising at (23A)-------------------------------Conote/ys stenoides
Body length
Each abdominal tergum with paired sclerites bearing 2 to 12 asperities (23B); urogomphus simple (23C)--------pineapple sap beetle, Carpophilus humeraiis
Body length
pregomphus
anal plate"
23A Conotelus
stenoides
23B Carpophilus
humeraiis
23C Carpophilus
humeraiis
167
-Gfischrochilus quadrisignatus
urogomphus into nearly equal, apicaily pointed branches, upward, truncated posterior, inward; pregomphus spiracular prominent (longest (24A, 24B);
segment Vlll).
25
tubercle.
A).
24B Glischrochilus
quadrisignatus
24C Carpophilus
ligneus
25 Urogomphi short, widely separated, and lacking lateral processes (25A, 25B)
26
168
26A Carpopbilus
obsoletus
26B Carpophilus
dimidiatus
27 Urogomphus dilated
28
27A Carpophilus
obsoletus
27B Carpophilus
lugubris
169
28 Urogomphi abruptly narrowed about midway beyond lateral process, with inner margins subparallel (28A)-------------------Carpopft//us marginellus
Body length
gradually
transversely
may
Pregomphus deflexed. incurved, point; moderately developed (usually tergum larvae); minute asperities patches couplet 20). visible (28B:
(28C)-------
29
170
Urogomphus not incurved, the apex spinelike (29C); mesonotal and metanotal sclerites absent (29C); pi. 90A--------------driedfru it beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus
Body length
pregomphus
See
20D
parallel 28C.
surface of
plate (29D).
29D Carpophitus
hemipterus
171
30 Inner margins of urogomphi divergent from base to apex; urogomphal apex peglike (30A, SOB)---------------------------Carpopft//us mutilatus Carpophilus fumatus
Body length
parallel
(306).
USA,
very
In the
Inner margins of urogomphi generally parallel for most of their length, inner margins apex; each urogomphus broadly rounded and bearing stout slightly dilated
30A Carpophilus
mutilatus
306 Carpophilus
mutilatus
30C Carpophitus
dimidiatus
SOD Carpophilus
dimidiatus
172
31 Urogomphi separated midway along their length by 1.5 times the width of
urogom-
phus; urogomphi
Urogomphi separated by less than width of urogomphus; often inner margin of urogomphus appears to have slight bulge before apex (31 B) sap beetle, Carpophilus dimidiatus Carpophilus pilosellus
C. dimidiatus pilosellus separate. very
similar helpful,
31A Carpophilus
freemani
31 B CarpophHus
dimidiatus
173
Acknowledgments
References Cited
Boving, A.G., and J.Q. Rozen. 1962- Anatomical and systematic study of mature larvae of Nitidulidae (Coleoptera). Ent. Meddel.
Dr. John M. Kingsolver (Agricultural Research Services Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC) and Mrs. Iris Savage (California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento) critically reviewed the manuscript. Dr. Richard S. Zack, Jr. (Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman) and Mrs. Savage provided distribution records for the West Coast. The author gratefully acknowledges the
help given to him by all three of these individuals,
"""1957: Nitidulidae
^p, 3,3
connell, W.A.
1977.
Agr.
pgch.) 318(1956)1-67.
A key
Carpophllus sap beetles associated with stored foods in the United States. Coop. Plant
Saalas, U.
1951.
Zur Kenntnis der fruheren Entwicklungsstadien Carpophilus tigneus Murray (Col. Nitidulidae).
174
John M. Kingsolver
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville MD 20705
Cryptophagus is the only genus of the family Cryptophagidae associated with stored foods. The species difficult to identify. Precise identification usually requires removal and observation of the male genitalia. This key to four species is based the work of Woodroffe and Coombs {1), key to 40 North American species. Members of the genus Cryptophagus associated with molds; their presence in food represents accidental
contamination.
176
KEY TO ADULTS
Elytra! pubescence of hairs of approximately equal length, entirely decumbent (except, sometimes, laterally) (1A) Elytral pubescence either of longer, suberect obliquely-raised hairs of all hairs length (1 B)------------------obliquely-raised and of
Drawings by Kingsolver.
2 Width of pronotum greater at level of anterior angles than at level of lateral teeth (2A) -----------acute-angled fungus beetle, Cryptophagus acutangulus
Holarctic; cluding moldy grain. habitats,
Width of pronotum
lateral teeth (2B) anterior angles than greater -,-.-..--,-------.--,----.-..-,--.--.--.--..-.sigmoid fungus beetle, Cryptophagus
Distribution: Canada, products and
Drawings adapted
by
United Stales;
2A Cryptophagus
acutangulus
2B Cryptophagus
177
3 Margin of pronotum angled at lateral tooth; callosity at anterior angle of pronotum minute right angle (3A); pi. 93B prominent, its posterior forming
..-.-.-,-..-----------.---.--,--..--.cellar beetle,
cosmopolitan;
Cryptophagus ceffaris
products.
Margin of pronotum evenly rounded slightly sinuate, not angled at lateral tooth; callosity present but not prominent and not right-angled posteriorly (SB)
Distribution: cosmopolitan;
Drawings
stored products.
3A Cryptophagus
cellaris
3B Cryptop vatens
Reference Cited
Woodroffe, G.E., and C.W. Coombs. 1961. A revision of the North American Cryptophagus Herbst (Coleopfera: Cryplophagidae). Misc. Pub. Ent. Soc. America 2(2)179-211.
178
John M. Kingsolver
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville MD 20705
Fred G. Andrews
Laboratory Services/Entomology
Division of Plant Industry Department of Food and Agriculture
Lathridiids mycophagous; their presence in stored foods indicates moldy conditions. Since these beetles do not teed directly stored foods, their occurrence in such commodities may be considered accidental contamination.
180
KEY TO ADULTS
Drawings by
Coxae and contiguous; abdominal segment fused to metasternum between legs III (1A); pi. 94B----------------------------4c//sten?/a watsonf
Distribution: Africa, Canary Islands, Europe, Madeira, North America, America.
1A Adistemia
watsoni
2 Seventh interval at elytral shoulder without prominent carina; scutellum not apparent (2A); eye facets coarse, granular (2B)------------------Seventh interval at elytral shoulder with sharp, prominent carina; scutellum obvious
Drawings
by
2B Dienerella
filum
20 Cartodere constncta
181
3 Antennal club with 2 segments (3A); anterior half of pronotal disk with broad, moderately deep, oval depression; head with median channel widened posteriorly (3B); pi.
Europe,
Hemispriere-
Africa,
Anfennal club with 3 segments (3C); anterior half of pronofal disk without depression; head without median channel (3D)--------------------Drawings by
^1
^L
3A Dienerella
fslum
3C Dienerella
rufioollis
3B Dienerella
filum
3D Dienerella
ruficollis
-Oienerefia ruficoHis
Europe,
America,
by
Zealand,
Drawing
by
Cushman;
Kinssolver.
4A Oieneretia
rufiCQllis
4B Dienerella
fififormis
182
Eyes normal with 15 to 20 facets (5A); posterodorsal surface of head with triangular depressed (5B); pi. 95C----------------------Dienerella arga
Europe,
Africa,
America.
6 Etytral intervals 3,5, and 7 costate (6A); elytral striae 5 and 6 complete, extending from base to apex (6B); pi. 96A-Dienerella costulata
Distribution: Europe, Japan,
Elytral intervals not costate (6C); elytral striae 5 and 6 merge forming single stria posteriorly (6D); pi. 96B-----------------------D/e/?e/e//a filiformis
Europe, Japan, North America, USSR.
6A Dienerelta
costulata
6B Dienereila
costulata
6C Dienerella
filiformis
6D Dienerei/a
fififormis
183
7A Cartodere
constricta
7C Lathridius
protensicollis
8 Pronotal margin sinuate; median depression of pronotal disk shallow and elongate; elytra slightly produced at apex (8A); pi. 97B Lathridius protensicollis
Distribution:
USA.
Pronotal margin straight; median depression of pronotal disk round and deep; elytra separately rounded at apex (8B); pi. 97C squarenosed fungus beetle, Lathridius minutus
posteriorly.
cosmopolitan.
by
8A Lathridius
protensiGoltis
184
<
"1
Theodore J. Spilman
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
Pests in Food
The Tenebrionidae, commonly called darkling beetles tenebrionids, is large family of mostly dark species having 5-5-4 tarsal formula, the forecoxal cavities closed behind, and simple tarsal claws. These beetles usually live in soil in dry under the bark of dead trees. A few species have adapted to and have become pests in stored dry food products. Many such pests have been transported to all parts of the world.
Tenebrionid pests usually infest grains and cereals. Because most of them cannot gnaw through the hard outer covering of whole grains, they usually attack broken damaged grains. The exact food preferences of most of these beetles in stored foods have not been determined. It has often been said that grain must be moldy partially spoiled for species to develop. Perhaps the adults and larvae subsist mainly mold. This is not unreasonable hypothesis because species live in moldy situations in nature. Their presence in bird and mammal nests, in foods stored by small mammals, in caves, and in insect nests probably predisposes of them to become pests in foods stored by people. Some tenebrionid pests also scavengers.
The biologies of only few species known; literature the subject is scattered. Tensbrio molitor, Tribolium castaneum, and T, confusum are rather well known because of their in physiological, ecological, and genetic experiments. Literature vast that Tribolium is serial journal, Tribofium information Bulletin, is needed to coordinate data; this bulletin is for excellent the genus. General discussions biological information the biology of pest tenebrionids have seldom been colTwo useful references lected under single Lepesme (22) and Cotton (8). References to the biologies of individual genera cited at the appropriate species place in the determination key that follows.
Identification of adult darkling beetles associated with the food industry is rather simple because the species
scattered in several tribes and various genera. Because their general appearance is often quite distinct, they usually be easily recognized by the habitus illustrations in Part 3 of this Handbook. Although adults quite small, the specific differences often be with only hand lens. Keys to adult tenebrionids in stored foods have been provided by Lepesme (22) and Freeman (10). Many generalized keys to species of tenebrionids have been published. Some of the those by important Blatehley (1) for Indiana, Boddy (2) for the Pacific Northwest of North America, Kaszab (IS) for Central Europe, and Brendell (3) for the British Isles.
Larval tenebrjonids (pi. 99A, 101A) are called false wireworms because of their resemblance to wireworms, the larvae of the Elateridae click beetles. Identification of the larvae is not simple. Some larvae quite small even when mature, and useful characters, such setae, occasionally missing. Some structures of the smaller such species, as legs, must be mounted microscope slides. The most obvious and easily used character is the apex of the abdomen, segment IX. This often be well enough with strong hand lens. Unfortunately, larval tenebrionids have been only poorly studied. Not all tenebrionids known in the larval stage and only few keys to larvae have been published, two of the more important being Van Emden (37) for the British Isles and Hayashi (17} for Japan.
The key that follows is the first to deal with the larval tenebrionid pests that infest stored foods. Several species unknown in the larval stage and therefore do not appear in the key to larvae; these Alphitobius viator, Apsena ruiipes, Coelopalorus carinatus, C. foveicoitis, Lepidocnemeptatia sericea, Pafonnus humeratis, Palorus cerylonoides, P. ficicola, P. genalis, and P. laesicollis. Information distribution, food associations, and bibliographic references for each larval pest species may be found under the species in the key to adults.
186
Lepidocnemeplatia sericea
Distribution:
raisins, also reported
United States; figs. barley, milo, rice, various grains: gin trash.
Tibia
moderately to broadly expanded apically (width at apex than half tarsus (2B); than VA length); spurs of tibia short, not long body not covered with scales (at most covered with setae but epidermis (pi. IF)------------------------------obscured)
2A Lepidocnemeplatia
sericea
26 Alphitobius
diaperinus
3 Elytra bicolored, yellowish-reddish, with 2 more broad, transverse bands that often incomplete (pi. lF)----twobanded fungus beetle, Alphitophagus bifasciatus
Distribution: cosmopolitan; barley, feeds, milo, rice, wheat, beans, chick cornmeal (moist), (spoiled), grain products; fungi, reported grain, decaying vegetable 7,
Elytra unicolored (sometimes with setae of different color than epidermis but epidermis of only color) (pi. 98B)------------------------each lateral interval (4A) 4 Elytron with fine (though distinct) longitudinal ridge Elytral intervals flat convex, without ridges (4B), only interval 7 with coarse,
5 11
187
5 Maxillary palpus with apical segment broadly triangular (5A); metasternum short and coxa III less than diameter of 11) (5B); elytra (distance between arcuate (pi. 98B) with lateral borders rounded -..-..-..--.,-..-.--..-..-..--.-----------fig engraver beetle, Apsena rufipes
California;
field and storage).
Maxillary palpus with apical segment parallel-sided narrowed distally (5C); metasferand 111 at least twice diameter of long (distance between II) (5D); elytra with lateral borders parallel subparallel (pi. 98C). Genus Tribotium
11, 18,
Drawings
^7
5A Apsena
rufipes
5C Tribolium
audax
5B Apsena
rufipes
5D Tribolium
audax
Distribution:
States; associated
feeds, honey comb; cutting
Drawings by
Canada oats,
reported
26,
Pronotum with lateral bead reaching only to corner, then seeming to disappear under anterior border (6B)-------------------------------
6A Tribolium
brevicorne
188
7 Antenna clavate (7A); head with carina (eye at narrowest point without facets
Antenna capitate (7C); head without carina eye; eye with shallow constriction (eye at narrowest with at least 4 facets) (7D)
Drawing
by
Distribution: cosmopolitan (but perate and regions); associated wheat, bran, wheat, flour, graham flour, cornmeal, starch, oats, oatmeal, flour, beans, rice, beans, barley, rye, safflower meal,
breakfast cereals, grains, grain products, peanuts, root, baking cashews, almonds, walnuts, powder, chocolate, powdered milk, ginger, raisins, dried fruit, dried vegetables, cottonseed, pulp, biscuit; reported hulls, vetch seed, snuff, meal, dried 5, 8, 11, 22, 7A&6.
Epistoma rounded at eye (8C); with large punctures centrally pronotum (8D) and in elytral striae; pronotum widest at half-length (pi- 98D) --.--.-.------.-..-.-.-.-----..falge black flour beetle, Tribolium destructor
Distribution: Africa, Europe, America; flour, bran, groals, oats, semolina, alfalfa meal, sunflower seeds, grains, poultry feed, mixed feeds; reported from cotton, wool, prod11,
Drawings
by
by
189
9 Apical antenna! segment strongly arcuate (9A); eye large, extending medioventratly nearly to maxillary fossa (9B); pi. 99C -----red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Body (in North America associated
bran, flour, wheat, milo, millet, barley, rice, grains (broken), grain
products, mixed feeds, cereals, beans, lentils, beans, peanuts, safflower seed, seed, ginger, mustard, chillies, cinnamon, nutmeg, raisins, sultanas, dried figs, meal, fruit, Brazil walnuts, almonds, root, lapioca, dog food; chips, flax, flax seed. grain spillage, reported seed, snuff, oilcake, pineapple plants (decayed), gin trash, 8, 11. 22,
Drawings by
Apical antennal segment subtruncate (9C); eye small, extending medioventrally farther than to region behind lateral angle of maxillary fossa (9D)------Body
10
9A Tribolium castaneum
9B Tribolium
castaneum
I)
A->/
10 Many confluent punctures between eyes (10A); eye not extending medioventraily to region behind lateral angle of maxillary fossa (10B); body slender (pi. 100A) American black flour beetle, Tribotium audax
America; flour, barley, grain, grain products;
wheat,
reported
11, 15,
See
No confluent punctures between eyes (10C); eye extending medioventrally to region behind lateral angle of maxillary fossa (10D); body robust (pt. 100B)
black flour beetle, Tribolium madens
Europe, Africa; recently reported from Canada, USA; ilour, cornmeal, References: 11, grains,
190
10A Tribolium
audax
10C Tribolium
madens
108 Tribolium
audax
10D Tnbolium
madens
11 Length 10 to 25 Length 3 to 7
12 Pronotum with very large punctures laterally and small
-Neatus tenebrioides
barley, cereals,
Drawings by
12A Neatus
tenebrioides
191
13 Pronofal punctures not contiguous (13A); tibia moderately expanded apicatly (13B), with sharp edge dorsally apical half (13C); integument weakly shining; pi. 101C yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor
pupa pi, Distribution: cosmopolitan; ineal, feeds, bran, grain, products, bread, crackers, potatoes, fruits, meat; cobs, reported sweepings, tobacco, References; 8, 9, feathers, See gin
Many pronotal punctures contiguous (13D); tibia weakly expanded apically (13E), with blunt rounded edge dorsatfy apical half (13F); integument dull ("matte finish"), pi. 101D-----------------dark mealworm, Tenebrio obscurus
cosmopolitan; barley, grain, reported cottonseed, gin trash, soda ash, phosphate References: 8, 9,
Drawings
by
flour,
feeds,
pulp;
meal.
13A Tenebrio
molitor
13D Tenebrio
obscurus
14 Elytron with pseudopleuron gradually narrowed, sometimes reaching apex (14A)Elytron with pseudopleuron abruptly abbreviated before apex (14B)--------
14A Platydema
ruficorne
14B Sitophagus
hololeptoides.
192
15 Body broad and oval (lateral borders strongly curved); dorsal surface satiny black and hairless (pi. IOOD)-----------redhorned grain beetle, Platydema ruficome
America; associated shorts, grain (damp, moldy).
also4B,
Body elongate (lateral borders almost parallel-sided); dorsal surface shiny, weakly shiny, hairy (pi. 103A)----------------------------16 Length 5 to 7 mm; eye emarginate (16A, 16B) divided (16C)------Length 3 to 3.5 mm; eye entire (16D)--------------------"
16
17 22
16B Alphitobius
laevigafus
16C Blapstinus
discolor
16D Palorus
subdepressus
17
Dorsum
Distribution:
(British Columbia)
USA (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, figs, grapes, raisins, Washington); associated fruits, peaches, persimmons, strawberries, tomatoes, sugar beets,
18 Head widest at eyes; eyes large, separated by distance subequal to width of eye (18A) Head widest anterior to eyes; eyes small, separated by distance greater than 3 times
19
18A Palembus
dermestoides
193
in
Food
19
Antenna with broad segments symmetrical (19A); pronotum with anteromedial bead (19B); pi. 102B --------------.-------------pa/embus ocufans
Distribution: panlropical,
wheat,
pods
Tarrorindus
Antenna with broad segments moderately asymmetrical (19C); pronotum without anteromedial bead (19D); pi. 102C-------------Pa/embus dermestoides
pantropical;
76,
20 Body shiny; pronotum with small punctures separated by distance much greater than diameter of puncture (20A); tibia broadly expanded apically (SOB);
16A,17B,
Body dull; pronotum with large punctures usually separated by distance greater than diameter of puncture (20C); tibia (moderately (200) weakly expanded
194
21 Pronotum with lateral borders distinctly narrowed toward posterior angles; pronotal punctures less dense (21A); antenna with segments VI to X asymmetrically panded apically (21 B); tibia moderately expanded apically (21 C); pi. 103B black fungus beetle, Afphitobius laevigatus
bran, Distribution: cosmopolitan; products, moldy grain, cereals, grain, damp fruits, legumes, spices, peanuts, mixed nuts, feeds, sugar beets, illupe nuts; cottonseed, poultry litter, reported products. Reference: animal products, oilseeds
Pronotum with lateral borders subparallel toward posterior angles; pronotal puncdense (21 D); antenna with segments V to X asymmetrically expanded tures toward apex (21 E); tibia weakly expanded apically (21 F); pi. 103C
roots,
peppers,
ginger
22 Elytron with interval 7 carinate (22A; pi. 104A&B) flat (22B; pi. 105A-C)-Elytron with interval 7 rounded
22A Coelopalorus
foveicollis
22B Paiorus
subdepressus
195
Pests
in Food
-Coelopalorus foveicollis
East Africa, Distribution: Oriental Region; imported (Alabama, Hawaii); associated with shorts, copra, grain products, cowpeas, illupe flour, peanut cake, nuts, chips; feed, spillage reported stores, See burrows logs. References: 73,
Trinidad,
Pronotum without lateral depressions (23B); pi. 104BDistribution: Oriental Region; Reference: nuts. illupe nuts,
--Coelopalorus carinatus
23A CoeiopaSorus
foveicollis
23B Coefopaforus
carinatus
24
Pronotum with deep lateral depressions (24A); pi. 105B-------- Palorus iaesicotlis
kernels), oats;
Africa; associated with reported
(broken
cobs,
25
24A Palorus
laesicollis
24B Pa/orus
subctepressus
25 Head without fine carina (though sometimes with wrinkles) adjacent to top of eye; clypeogenal suture ending posterior to lateral borders; punctures between eyes
nutmeg,
sago
Head with fine carina adjacent to top of eye; clypeogenaf suture ending within anterior border at junction of anterior and lateral borders; punctures between eyes, when dense, round and not deep (25B)
26
196
25A Palorinus
humeralis
25 B Palorus
ratzeburgii
-Palorus genalis
pronotal punctures. Africa, CenRegion; imported rice, nutmeg, Indies; flour, tapioca, peanut cake,
abraded
illupe ginger,
(cattle feed).
26A Palorus
genalis
27 Clypeus with borders strongly raised laterally and dorsally to antennal insertions, ing a distinct depression posterior to border (27A, 27B); pi. 105A depressed flour beetle, Palorus subdepressus
cosmopolitan;
wheat, rice,
feeds,
sorghum, peanuts,
ginger,
seed, 16D, 22B,
Clypeus with border at most slightly thickened (not strongly raised) laterally and dorsally to anfennal insertions, with depression posterior to border vague shallow
197
flour, cosmopolitan; barley, rice, cereals, cereal products, grain, grain prodmeal, caraway seeds, ucts, bread, peanuts, lentils, oats, split macaroni, semolina,
tapioca, powdered ginger;
milk, almonds,
apricots,
reported
linseed
See also
29
of
286.
29A
Pa/orus
29B
Pa/orus
ficicola
ce/y/onofc/es
30 Length at least 6.5 mm; ridge of pseudopleuron easily visible in dorsal view (30A) Length less than 4 mm; ridge of pseudopleuron hidden in dorsal view (30B)----
31 32
r y30A Cynaeus
angustus
< ~^
308
Latheticus
oryzae
198
31
Pronotum covered with fine punctures (31 A); apex of antenna surpassing base of pronotum by length (or more) of last segment (pi. 10GA,)---Sitophagus bololeptoides
Surface shiny; only epistoma (pi. 106A) (epistoma simple sally America, Madeira, females). Distribution: America, USA (Arizona, California, ico, Panama, Indies; associated Florida, Texas), copra, avocados, limes, cereals, nutmeg, tomatoes, peanuts, reported gumboSee ponderosa. Reference:
Pronotum with
punctures laterally and fine punctures medially (31 B); apex of antenna falling short of pronotal base by the length (or more) of last 2 segments (pi. 103D)"----------"-----"larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus
Both
Distribution;
flour,
products,
reported from
31 A Sitophagus
hololeptoicfes
31 B Cynaeus
angustus
32 Length of head before eyes much greater than Vz distance between antenna short (length less than distance between eyes) (pi. 104C)
eyes (32A);
wheat, flour,
barley, milo, rice, grain products, cereals, beans, raisins, chips, oatmeal, bran,
6, 22,
See
Length of head before eyes not greater than Vs distance between eyes (32B); antenna than 1.5 times distance between eyes) (pi. 106B). Genus long (length Gnatocerus------------------------------------Mandibles Reference:
only
33
(see 34A&B).
32A Latheticus
oryzae
32B Gnatocerus
199
4 tubercles between eyes; epistoma 33 Males; mandibles with horns; head with 2 incised anteriorly (accommodating dorsaliy projected mandibular horns) (33A; pL
Females; mandibles without horns; head without tubercles between eyes; epistoma not incised (33B)-------------"--"--------------33A Gnatocerus
cornutus
35
^^a
^^
33B Gnatocews
cornutus <?
34 Mandibular horns broad and finely serrate (34A); pi. 106B ....------.--.-------broadhorned flour beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus
flour, bran, cosmopolitan; commeal, farina, semolina, pancake ffour, oatmeal, rolled barley, miio, rice, rice, cereal, products, feeds, ginger, spices, biscuit, bread, dog biscuit, yeast cakes; reported cake, seed, meal, pyrelhrum flowers, powder, 22, 23, gin products, 25,
Mandibular horns slender and simple (34B); pf. 106C -sienderhorned flour beetle, Gnatocerus maxiltosus
wheat, cosmopolitan; cornmeal, rice, feeds, peanuts, nutmeg; reported from pods. pumpkin
Reference:
34A Gnatocerus
cornutus
34B Gnatocews
maxillosus
35A Gnatocerus
9
35B Gnatocerus
maxiHous Q
200
36 Last abdominal tergum with 2 acute processes (urogomphi) (36A, 36B)----Last abdominal tergum narrowed to single acute blunt process (36C, 36D)-
36A Palorus
ratzeburgii
36B Lalheticus
oryzae
^
36C Alphltophagus
bifasciatus
.
38
37B)------"----------"--------------------
Urogomphus long (length 1/3 to 2/3 length of last tergum including urogomphi) (37C,
37A Palorus
ratzebwgii
37C
Latheticus
oryzae
37B Palorus
ratzeburgii
201
in
Food
38 Tibiotarsus with 4
5 ventral setae (38A); thoracic terga and 111 and abdominal tergum each with distinct anterior transverse carina raised line (38B); last each side abdominal tergum with 2 short stout setae base of urogomphi (38C 38D1-------------------------------------Drawing
39
by
Tibiotarsus with ventral seta (38E); thoracic terga and III and abdominal tergum without anterior transverse carina raised line (38F); last abdominal tergum
40
38A Tenebrio
obscurus
38B Tenebrio
obscurus
38E Palorus
ratzeburgii
38F Palorus
ratzeburgii
38C Tenebrio
motito/"
38G Palorus
subdepressus
38H
PQlorus
subdepressus
202
39 Trochanter
with
Trochanter with 2 short stout ventral setae (39B); pi. 101A ----------------------yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor
See
38C&D.
39A Tenebrio
obscurus
39B Tenebrio
molitor
40 Last abdominal tergum with ventral to urogomphus inclined approximately 45 from horizontal (40A), with lateral borders moderately converging posteriorly (40B), and without colorless longitudinal medial line (40B) ..---------.--.----.depressed flour beetle, Palorus subdepressus
Last abdominal tergum with ventral to urogomphus inclined approximately 70 from horizontal (40C), with lateral borders strongly converging posteriorly (40D), and with colorless longitudinal medial line (40D) lleyed flour beetle, Palorus ratzeburgii
37A,
203
Pests in Food
41
white
subequal in length (41A); thoracic and abdominal terga urogomphus light distinct anterior transverse carina raised line (41 B); beetle, Latheticus oryzae basally, dark apically (41 C, 41 D)---longheaded flour
(41E); thoracic tergum through Antennal segment approximately 1/2 long raised line abdominal tergum VII each with distinct anterior transverse 41 (41 F); urogomphus uniformly colored (41 B, H)-
A^
41A Latheticus oryzae
<^C
41E Tribolium
audax
41 C Latheticus oryzae
41 D Latheticus oryzae
41 B Latheticus oryzae
41 F Tribolium audax
41 H Tribolium audax
204
42 Abdominal segments to IV each with 2 setae above and 2 below imaginary line drawn posteriorly from spiracle (42A)---------------------Abdominal segments to IV each with 3 setae above and 3 below line drawn posteriorly
43
42A Tribolium
castaneurrt
42 B Tribolium
audax
43 Femur with 4 ventral setae (43A); abdominal terga to IV with 2 long setae each of setae (43B)--------black flour beetle, Tribolium madens side in anterior
Femur with 3 ventral setae (43C); abdominal terga to IV with 3 long setae each of setae (43D)-------red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum side in anterior
44A Tribolium
brevicorne
44B Tribolium
destructor
\_
205
45 Tibiotarsus
with
Tibiotarsus
41E-H,
45A Tribolium
brevicorne
45B Tribolium
audax
46 Tibiotarsus
with 2 posterodorsal setae (46A); mesothoracic spiracle oval (46B); each side in posterior of setae abdominal terga to IV with 6 7 long setae (46C)-------------------false black flour beetle, Tribolium destructor
Tibiotarsus
with posterodorsal seta (46D); mesothoracic spiracle round (46E); each side in posterior of setae abdominal terga to IV with 4 5 long setae (46F); pi. 99A----------------contused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum
46D rribolium
confusum
46C
Tribolium destructor
46F Tribolium
confusum
206
47 Thoracic terga
and III with distinct anterior transverse carina and III without anterior transverse carina
Thoracic terga
47A Neatus
tenebrioides
47B Blapstinus
discolor
47C Cynaeus
angustus
raised line (48A); tergum 48 Abdominal tergum without anterior transverse carina of last abdominal segment with blunt apex (48B) --------------------------fjg darkling beetle, Blapstinus discolor
207
setae Head with 2 eye spots each side (49A); tibiotarsus with 5 ventrally and only long slender setae posteriorly (49B); last abdominal tergum with short setae (approximately 15) each side (49C, 49D) Neatus tenebrioides
See also 48B&C.
Drawings
by
Head with
each side (49E); tibiotarsus with 4 fewer setae eye spot ventrally and at least short thick seta in addition to long slender setae posteriorly (49F); last abdominal tergum with longer and fewer setae (approximately 6) each
50 Abdominal sterna to Vll with 3 setae laterally (50A); last abdominal tergum with seta adjacent to apex not extending to apex (50B; also 49G) ..-..-._-..,-...,........_.-_-........-.^...._._.........^..lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus
Drawings
by
Abdominal sterna to VII with 2 setae laterally (50C); last abdominal tergum with seta adjacent to apex also 49H) beyond (50D; -.,-..-..-..-^.,-...,..-...-.......-...,........-.........black fungus beetle, Alphitobius laevigatus
208
each side apex (51A, 51 B) pair of short setae ..-....-.---.--....-...-..-..-...-.--.-.-larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus
(51C,
52
52 Last abdominal tergum with posterolateral seta far surpassing apex (52A, 52B)Last abdominal tergum with posterolateral seta not surpassing apex (52C, 52D,
52 F
53 54
52A Sitophagus
hololeptoides
52C Gnatocerus
maxillosus
52D Alphitophagus
bifasciatus
52B Sitophagus
hololeptoides
52E Gnatocerus
maxillosus
209
in
Food
53 Abdominal sterna to IV with long seta in anterior (53A); abdominal terga to IV without setae (53A) and Vll and VIII without short setae (53B) ------.-----.------.--redhorned grain beetle, Platydema ruficorne
See
51C&D.
Abdominal sterna to IV with 2 long setae in anterior corner, 2 in posterior corner, and between the (53C); abdominal terga to IV with 2 setae in anterior and 3 setae in posterior short setae (53C), and Vll and Vlll with
(53D)-----------------------------S(tophaous hololeptoides
See
53A Platydema
ruficorne
53C Sitophagus
hololeptoides
53B Platydema
ruficorne
53D Sitophagus
hololeptoides
Gnatocerus maxiffosus
55
54A Gnatocems
max;7/osus
^\
^
210
55 Last abdominal tergum with apex suddenly narrowed (55A, 55B) twobanded fungus beetle, Alphitophagus bifasciatus
36C,
55A Alphitophagus
bifasciatus
55B Alphitophagus
bifasciafus
55C
Paiembus
55D Paiembus
dermestoides
dermestoides
56 Mesothoracic spiracle oval (56A); spiracle of abdominal segment subequal in size to spiracle of segment (56B); abdominal terga VI) and Vltl obviously darker than terga to VI-----------------------------Pa/emibus ocularis
Mesothoracic spiracle round (56C); spiracle of abdominal segment obviously larger than spiracle of segment (56D); abdominal terga to VIII light colored---
57
56A
Paiembus
ocularis
56B Paiembus
ocularis
56C Paiembus
dermestoides
56D
Paiembus dermestoides
211
57 Abdominal terga to IV with 3 setae above and 3 setae below imaginary line drawn posteriorly from spiracle (57A)-----------------Pa/embus dermestoides
55C&D, 56C.
Abdominal terga to IV with seta above and setae below imaginary line drawn posteriorly from spiracle (57B)-----broadhorned flour beetle, Gnatocerus comutus
57A
Pa/embus
57B Gnatocerus
cornutus
dermestoides
References Cited
Blatchley, W.S. 1910- An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the beetles (exclusive of the Coleoptera
Rhynchophora) known to
in Indiana.
Nature, Indianapolis.
2 Boddy, D.W.
1965.
Family Tenebrionidae. /n The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part 4. Macrodactyles, Palpicornes, and Heteromera, by M.H. Hatch. University of Washington, Seattle.
3 Brendell, M.J.D.
1975.
Butler, P.M. 1949.
Soc. London 100(10)249-273. Chapman, R.N. 1918. The confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum Duval). 17th Rpt. State Ent. Minnesota, pp. 73-94.
Chittenden, F.H.
1911. The long-headed flour beetle (Latheticus oryzae Waterh.). USDA Bur. Ent. Bull. 96(2)25-28. Chittenden, F.H. 1917. The iwo-banded fungus beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent.
10(2)282-287.
212
8 Cotton, R.T.
1963. Pests of stored grain and grain products. Burgess, Minneapolis. Cotton, R.T., and R.A. St. George. 1929.
10
The meal
11 Good, N.E.
1936.
The flour beetles of the genus Tribolium. USDA Tech. Bull. 498:1-57.
12 Green, M. 1980.
Alphitobius viator Mulsant & Godart in stored products and its identification (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Jour. Stored Prod. Res.
16(2)67-70.
13 Halstead, D.G.H. 1967. A revision of the genus Palorus (sens. tat.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Bul. British Mus.
1967.
species of Palorus and Biological studies Triboltum Coelopalorus with comparative notes and Latheticus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Jour. Stored Prod. Res. 2(4)273-313. species of Tribotium from North America previously confused with Tribolium madens (Charp.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Jour. Stored Prod. Res. 4(4)295-303.
16 Halstead, D.G.H. 1974. Palembus Casey senior synonym of [1975]. Martianus Fairmaire (Col., Tenebrionidae).
110(1325-1327)241-243.
17 Hayashi, N. 1966. A contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of Tenebrionidae occurring in Japan (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Insecia Matsumurana (suppl. 1)1-41, 32 pi. 18 Hinton, H.E. 1948synopsis of the genus Tribolium Macleay, with the evolution of its speciesremarks groups (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Bul. Ent.
Res. 39(1)13-55.
19 Kaszab, 2.
229-264). In Teredilia, Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Band 8, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, ed. by H. Freude, K.W. Harde, and G.A. Lohse. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. 20 Krall, J.L, and G.C. Decker. 1946. The biology of Cynaeus angustus Lee., stored grain pest. Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci.
1969.
Familie; Tenebrionidae (pp.
20(4)385-402.
21 Lancaster, J.L., Jr., and J.S. Simco. 1967. Biology of the lesser mealworm, suspected reservoir of avian leucosis. Univ. Arkansas Agr. Expt. Sta. Rpt. Ser. 159:1-12.
213
22 Lepesme, P.
1944
the broad-horned flour beetle (Gnathocerus (Echocerus) cornutus, Fabr.). Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh 21(1)14-18. 24 Nowosielski-Slepowron, B.J.A., and E.A. Aryeetey.
1980.
Developmental biology of field and laboratory populations of Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) under various conditions of temperature and humidity. Jour. Stored Prod. Res. 16(2)55-56.
42(2)229-231.
26 Polk, D.
1977.
Overwintering management for control of the giant flour beetle (Tribolium brevicornis) in alfalfa leafcutting bee nests. Washington State Ent. Soc. Proc. 39:52S-527.
27 Rowley, J.Q. 1983. A simple method for the separation of Gnatocerus spp. and Tribolium spp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Jour. Stored Prod. Res.
19(3)139-140.
28 Shepherd, D. 1924. Life history and biology of Echocerus cornutus
The biology of Tribolium. vol. (vol. 1, 1972, vol. 2, 1975; vol. 3, 1978). Oxford University.
R. Chandrapal. The influence of restricted food supplies the development of larvae and the fecundity of Palefnbus dermestoides Fairn. (Tenebrionidae). Jour. Stored Prod. Res. 14(2-3)81-86. 31 Van Emden, F.I. 1947. Larvae of British beetles. VI. Tenebrionidae. Ent. Monthly Mag. 83(997)154-160, (998)161-171.
30 Took Hing Chua, and
1978.
214
John M. Kingsolver
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville MD 20705
Seeds of many food plants, especially those in the bean often infested by bruchids. Since the family (Fabaceae), larvae feed internally, infestation may not become apparent until the adults emerge. Adults easily recognized to species, but the larvae difficult to determine to genus with reference specimens available for comspecies, not separable in the larval stage. parison. Some species The larvae plump, white yellowish grubs with legs reduced (pi. 108A, 109A) absent (pi. 107A). The most important taxonomic feature of larvae is the shieldlike labial reduced to which the labial palpi plate (sclerome) pair of setae (see couplet illustration 29A, adapted from 2, in chapter 4). The mandibles of the larvae rounded apically and lack teeth (2).
216
KEY TO ADULTS
Drawings by
Apex
of tibia III without movable spurs (fixed spines may be present); III ranges to scarcely wider than femur III (1 B)----------in width from
1A Zabrotes
subfasciatus
1B Acanthoscelides
obtectus
217
2 Femur III greatly enlarged, with large tooth and 11 12 smaller teeth ventral margin; tibia 111 curved, matching curvature of femur 111 (2A); pi. 108B ,-.-..---------.----,--.----.-,-groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus
tropics;
seeds tropics; [Tamarindus indica) Caribbean islands, acacia (Acac/a India, Mexico, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea} Africa, spp.), Cass/a legumes (Fabaceae) ()).
Drawings
by
Femur III not greatly enlarged; than 4 teeth ventral margin of femur 111; tibia 111 nearly straight (2B)------------------------------
3 With leg 111 in closed position, ventral margin of femur III with 3 4 teeth inside tibia 111 and teeth outside tibia 111 (3A); pi. 1080--bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus
cosmopolitan;
(Pftaseo/us
spp.).
Drawing
by
With leg 111 in closed position, ventral margin of femur 111 with external tooth (3B, 3C)
218
4 Femur III with external tooth only (4A); pronotal margin with
garden
[Pisum sativum).
Femur III with external tooth and internal tooth (4C); pronotal margin with
teeth (4D)
4A Bruchus pisorum
4C Callosobruchus
4B Bruchus
pisorum
4D Callosobruchus
219
5 Dorsal margin of abdominal segments to V with dense, continuous patch of white hair (5A); antenna pectinate (5B, male) serrate (5C, female); pi. 1K Chinese pea weevil, Catlosobruchus chinensis
Distribution: cosmopolitan; legumes, including pigeon (Ca/anus ca/an), hyacinth (Dolichos /ab/ab), garden (Phaseolus vulgaris), bean {Vigna angularis), (We/a /aba), adzuki (V. radiQta}, (V. unguiculata).
weevil, weevil,
weevil.
Dorsal margin of abdominal segments to V with diffuse yellowish whitish hair not in dense patch (5D); antenna serrate (5E, 5F); pi. 1J cowpea weevil, Catlosobruchus msculatus
cosmopolitan; bean, garden bean,
Drawings
5A Callosobruohus
chinensis
5B
5C
5E
5F
5D Callosobrucbus
maculatus
Callosobruchus chinensis
Callosobruchus maculatus
220
References Cited
Kingsotver, J.M. in the continental 1970. Insects not known to United States. Groundnut bruchid (Caryedon
serratus (Olivier)). Coop. Econ. Insect Rpt. 20(18)303-304. Pfaffenberger, G.S1977. Comparative descriptions of the final larval instar of Bmchus brachislis, B. rufimanus, and 6. pisorum (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Coleop. Bull. 31(2)133-142.
221
Pests in Food
222
I0
Donald R. Whitehead*
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute
Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
"Deceased
stored The few kinds of weevils customarily considered among those keyed and illustrated in product pests the weevils most likely to this chapter. These losses in storage to be pantry pests. Their foods subject to postharvest attack and injury.
Most other weevils that food pests develop along with their hosts and likely to have left the crop by harvest to be nearly ready to do time Some species leave before pupation; in this adults unlikely to be countered. In other species, pupation in the host, and adults may be found in the market place. A few inspecies, notably the sweet potato weevil, may in numbers during storage.
The cowpea curculio and the pecan weevil keyed and illustrated examples of preharvest food pests. The following survey of additional, primarily preharvest, pests North lists only highlights. The emphasis is American pests and possible future immigrants, especially those from tropical America and Eurasia.
Sweet potatoes. The sweet potato weevil, Cyfas (Summers), is major pest throughout parts of the world except in Africa where eaten by several other species of sweet potatoes Cytas. Several other kinds of weevils infest sweet potato tubers, including two West Indian species, Euscepes postlasclatus (Fairmaire), which has spread to Pacific islands, and Pafaeopus costicollis Marshall, which also infests yams. Yams. Two potential immigrants Palaeopus costicoilis from the West Indies and Elytroteinus subtruncatus (Fairmaire) from the Pacific region.
lormicarius elegantulus
Fruit
Crops
Cucurbits. The melon weevil, Acythopeus curvimstris potential immigrant from Eurasia. Legumes. Peas and beans eaten in the field by various species, native and exotic, of Apion and
(Boheman), is
Chalcodermus,
is
Beets, sugar beets. Bothynoderes punctiventris (Germar) major pest in central Europe. Other potential
Chromoderus fasciatus immigrants from Eurasia (Muller) and Conorrhynchus mendicus (Gyllenhal). Carrots, The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), is indigenous. Liparus coronatus (Goeze) and Mecaspis alternans (Herbst) potential immigrants from Eurasia. Horseradish. Bans fepioW Germar is destructive, recent immigrant from Eurasia. Onions. At least four species of Brachycerus potential immigrants from Mediterranean Europe. Potatoes. The Andean genus Premnotrypes includes 12 known pests but of unknown species, most of which immigration potential. Sugarcane. In the American tropics, at least two species of Metamasius pests, particularly of Injured overripe sugarcane.
Nuts. North American nuts attacked by various indigenous species of Conotracfiefos and Curculio. Other Curculio of from Eurasia species potential immigrants. Orchard fruits. Fruits of apple, cherry, peach, pear, and eaten by various species of Coccotorus, Conoplum tracnetus, and Tachypterellus in North America and Furcipus in Eurasia. Peppers. The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, is immigrant from Mexico. Small fruits. Most berry weevils attack buds rather than fruits, but at least indigenous species of Anthonomus feeds cranberry fruits. The grape curculio, Craponius inaequsilis, is indigenous. atTropical fruits. Avocado fruits in tropical America tacked by various species of Conotrachelus and Heilipus. Other species of Conotrachelus eat guava fruits in tropical America. Pests of cola nuts from Africa include Balanogastris kolae and several species of Sophmrhinus. Two species of the Oriental genus Sternochstus develop in other develops in fruits; mango seeds, and at least the seed weevil, S. mangiferae (Fabricius), has spread to Hawaii and the West Indies.
224
Weevils
(Curculionidae, Coleoptera)
Prosternum with deep groove which receives snout (1A); tarsal claws fused basally;
pi. iioB-------------------cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus
Body black, deeply punctured dorsally. Dislribution: USA; cowpeas Caribbean region, legumes. Adults oviposit developing pods, fruits; emerge maturity, the the ground, pupate drop
Drawing
Prosternal groove absent (1B); tarsal claws free basally-Body brown, variously sculptured.
1A Chalcodermus
2 Snout long (about longer than body) and very slender (2A); tarsal claws long toothed; pi. 111 B--------------------"pecan weevil, Curculio caryae
densely Body yellowish brown, finely punctate USA; dorsally. Distribution: species pecans. hickory America Mexico (7).
species develop
develop
develop
fruit, emerge,
Snout relatively short (much shorter than body) and stout (2B); tarsal claws not toothed
Body
by
sculpture various,
225
3 Snout short and stout, with dorsal margin curved; antenna inserted middle of snout, far in front of eye (3A); antennal funicle with 7 segments; antennal club with basal segment not shiny (3B); pygidium not exposed; pi. 112B broadnosed grain weevil, Caulophilus oryzae
Distribution: region, perhaps casionally intercepted
elsewhere,
USA;
ing
freshly
stored
develops
seeds,
C.
older literature,
Drawings
called
Snout cylindrical, with dorsal margin straight; antenna inserted base of snout, just in front of eye (3C); funicle with 6 segments; club with basal segment shiny (3D); pygidium largely exposed. Genus Sitophilus-
3B Caulopbilus
oryzae
3C Sitophitus
3D Sitophilus
226
Weevils
(Curcutionidae, Coleoptera)
antennal insertion, its dorsal margin plane 4 Snout (in profile) not arched frons; antennal insertion nearly contiguous with front of eye (posterior margin of scrobe adjacent to eye) (4A); pi. 113A------tamarind weevil, Sitophilus linearis
punctures small, nearly circular, elytra! longitudinally; 3, 5, 7, minute, tures; elytrsi equally raised;
1.
strongly basally pantropical. species develops often intercepted States ports entry, otherwise food pest.
Snout arched
antennal insertion, its dorsal margin not plane frons; antennal insertion separated from eye by distance subequal to width of scape (posterior margin of scrobe distinct from front margin of eye) (4B)
various,
227
Food
long 5 Pronotal punctures widely separated, large, elongate (about twice wide), with spaces between punctures generally flat, wide, not forming longitudinal rugae and 7 3, 5, striae; intervals than wide wider about intervals elytral (5A); strongly raised basally (5B); strial punctures small, not quadrangular, not strongly transverse another by encroaching upon intervals, not separated from ridges (5B); pi. 1130---------"-"----granary weevil, Sitoph/lus granarius
Distribution: cosmopolitan; food pest.
whole grain;
major
Pronotal punctures closely spaced, small, nearly circular (much less than twice (5C); elytra) interlong wide), with spaces between punctures generally vals much than striae; intervals 3, 5, and 7 not strongly raised basally upon intervals, encroaching strial strongly large, quadrangular, punctures (50); transverse ridges (5D)--------another by separated from
5B Sitophilus
granarius
5C Sitophilus
zeamais
5D Sitophilus
zeamais
228
Weevils
(Curculionidae, Coteoptera)
6 Upper surface of median lobe of aedeagus evenly convex (6A); free sclerite at base of median lobe of aedeagus small, with apex rounded (6B, 6C); Y-shaped sternite VIII (spiculum ventrale) of female with lateral lobes parallel-sided and rounded apically (6D); midline of pronotum usually puncture-free (6E); pi. 114A rice weevil, SitophHus
pronotal mostly longitudinally elliprelatively dull, tical; pronotal elytral moderately strong microsculpture. cosmopolitan; grains; major key, only all pest. given for male genitalia completely
oryzae
infestations, distinguished by by the given smaller paler oryzae species, infesting infest field; they infest grain grains, seeds. kinds
However,
Upper surface of median lobe of aedeagus flattened, with distinct longitudinal imeach side of midline (6F); free sclerite of aedeagus large, with apex pression acute (6G, 6H); lobes of sternite VIII of female gradually and evenly tapered and vaguely acute apically (61); punctures usually present along midline of pronotum (6J); pi. 114B---------------------maize weevil, Sitopbilus zeamais
pronotal disc mostly circular; pronotal relatively shiny, with elytral whole microsculpture. Distribution: cosmopolitan; pest. grain; major Drawing by
^ ^
Q----
6A
6B
SItophllua oryzae
6C
6F
6G
Sttopbiius
zeamais
6H
229
References Cited
Gibson, L.P.
1969. Monograph of the genus Curoulio in the New United World (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Part States and Canada. Misc. Pub. Ent. Soc. America 6(5)239-285. Whitehead, D.R. 1982. Foods of Caulophilus spp., particularly the broadnosed grain weevil, C. oryzae (Gyllenhal), based interception records (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cosoninae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 84(1)81-84.
230
Douglas C. Ferguson
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
KEY
Drawings by
Hind wing with short fringe (fringe hairs less than half the wing); Sc and Rs either closely parallel fused to
(1A). Pyralidae (pyralid moths).------------------------Caution: fringe hair length Corcyra cephaionica Ephestiodes gilvescentella may approach wing breadth/2.
Hind wing with long fringe (fringe hairs at least long wing breadth/2); Sc and Rs clearly separate divergent before and beyond end of discal cell (1B)---
19
1B Endrosis
sarcitrella
232
2 Both front and hind wings crossed by 2 narrow, wavy white lines
.--.---------^-----,-------.-----meal
white lines,
the
posterior (= postmedial) pale apical purplish-brown); forewing length
(=antemedial)
lines,
separate
the forewing
darker (chocolateusually
present
without, gray white, wing color diffuse pattern marginal shading; forewing length
Tongue present and well developed (longer than twice the diameter of the eye) (SB)
233
in Food
longest leg spur) and protruding (4A)--"-long (about Labial palp either distinctly shorter than longest leg spur if nearly long, then folded transversely against face (not protruding forward) (4B)-----------
5
8
4A Corcyra
cephalonica 9
4B Paralipsa
gularis
(5A); pi. 2M
fem ale, greater
(SB)-----------------------
Tongue present but reduced (about equal in length to labial palp) (6A); forewing with conspicuous black discal spot (6B); pi. 2L -.--.-------.-.-.--.--..--..-...female, stored nut moth, Paralipsa gularis
absent
(see 7B)
234
7 Breadth of forewing greater than 4 mm; forewing with pale antemedial and postmedial lines variegated, darker brown background (7A) murky meal moth, Aglossa caprealis
Breadth of forewing less than 4 mm; forewing light gray-brown, almost without pattern (7B); pi. 2H---------------female, rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica
8 Porewing breadth 5 to 7 mm; termen of forewing concave; Cu of hind wing apparmoth, Galleria melloneita ently 4-branched (8A); pi. 2M------ male, greater
Forewing breadth less than 5 mm; termen of forewing convex; Cu of hind wing apparently 3-branched (8B)----------------------------
8B Achmia
griseiia
235
Tongue present but very short (9A); forewing with yellowish patch
palps
brown,
middle (9B); pi. 2L---------------------- --male, stored nut moth, Paralipsa gularis
inconspicuous; forewing grayish-
(9B)
spot.
Tongue absent (9C); forewing almost without markings (see 7B)--------Porewing grayish-brown.
10
10 Labial palp conspicuous though short (length not exceeding diameter of eye) (1 OA); labial palps of mate transversely incurved, pincerlike; hind wing of male with termen (10B); pi. 2C-------------lesser moth, Achroia grisella
Labial palp inconspicuous, very short, upcurved and closely appressed to front of termen head (tip often concealed in frontal scale tuft) (see 9C); hind wing with (10C); pi. 2H-----------------"--male, rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica
236
12
12
to termen than to discal cell; longest hind wing branching fringe hair of hind wing almost equal to wing breadth/2 (12A) --..-.-.--------------dusky raisin moth, Ephestiodes gilvescentefia
Ma+s and Cui branching closer to discal cell than to termen; longest fringe hair much
shorter than wing breadth/2 (12B)-------------------------
13
13 Forewing distinctly bicolored (basal one-third light colored, distal two-thirds dark colored) (13A); pi. 2F, 2G------------ Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella
species pertains diagnostic stored-food moths, only wing Scales: Among deep pink coppery-red interpunctella scales the forewing.
13A Plodia
interpunctella
13B Vitula
edmandsii serratilineella
237
Pests in Food
extensile 14 Forewing of male without costal fold (14A); ovipositor much elongated (14B); costa of valve with only short terminal process (14C); p(. 2-1 ..-...-.--..-...-.-..-..-.---.-.-.--Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehnieHa
Forewing usually pattern lines spot (14D). See
Drawing
by
Ferguson.
Forewing of male with costal fold (usually folded under and oppressed against tower wing surface) (14E); ovipositor short (14F); valve either without terminal costal also 15A, 15C, 17C) or, if terminal process is present, there process (14G; the midpoint of the costal margin (see 17A) is also prominent process located
Forewing
15
(14H)
pattern.
238
15 Valve lacking costal process (15A); ovipositor bluntly attenuated (15B)---obtuse (15D). Valve with costal process (15C); ovipositor broadly rounded
16
15C Cadra
cautella
than 9 long, with dentate transverse lines (16A); gnathos not bifurcate apically (16B) ----------------------driedfruit moth, Vltuta edmandsii serratitineella
Forewing less than 9 long, with simple (not dentate) lines (16C); gnathos apically bifurcate (16D); pi. 2J--------------tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella
1A, 14E,
Drawings
by
Ferguson.
239
in Food
17 Length of costal process of valve subequal to width of valve (17A); ductus bursae with spiral rings of sclerotin (17B)------------raisin moth, Cadra figulilella
240
middle of costal margin (18A); sclerite of duc18 Costal process of valve located to bursa copulatrix; bursa with 2 to 4 (rarely tus bursae not continuing 5) signa (lamina dentata) (18B)---------------almond moth, Gacfra cautella
Costal process of valve located beyond middle of costal margin (18C); sclerotized bands extending from sclerite of ductus bursae onto bursa copulatrix; bursa usually less than 5 signa (18D)--------------carob moth, Cacfra calldella with
241
PO
Labial palp short, nearly straight, blunt-pointed, and projecting anteriorly (horizontal declivent); head rough-haired (19B). Tineidae (tineid moths)----------
22
19A Endrosis
sQrcitrella
20 Hind wing abruptly attenuated, with sharply-pointed apex; termen (20A); forewing pale ochreous brown, often unmarked, but sometimes with diffuse black distal end of discal cell and (or) another the apex (pi. 2E). Gelechiidae spot (gelechiid moths)------------ Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella
Hind wing regularly tapered, with apex rounded wing buff to dark buff-brown, usually with 2
(oecophorid moths)----------------------------
20A Sitotroga
cereate;/a
SOB Endrosis
sarcitreila
242
21 Head and pronotum conspicuously white (pi. 2N); labial palp mostly white, with black 3 tip; forewing shining buff, speckled with dark brown, and usually with 2 blackish spots (21 A); hind wing with 7 veins whiteshouldered house moth, Endrosis sarcitrella
See
1B,
Head, thorax, and labial palp brown; forewing buff-brown to dark buff-brown (pi. 2B); forewing with 3 diffuse or distinct dark brown spots (21 B); hind wing with 8 veins brown house moth, Hofmannophila pseudospretella
21 A Endrosis
sarcitrella
21B Hofmannophila
pseudospretella
with
23
22A Monopis
crocicapitella
22B Tineola
bisselliella
243
23 Forewing pale ochreous buff, entirely unmarked (23A); pi. 2A -----------------------webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisaeltlella
Forewing buff with dark dusting and Irregular brown markings and with about 6 dark chocolate-brown spots (23B); pi. 2K reddish-brown ----------------------European grain moth, Nemapogon graneita
23A Tineoia
bissettieiia
23B Nemapogon
granetta
244
Donald M. Weisman
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute
Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
KEY
Drawings
short secondary setae; abdominal segments divided Body and head with (at least dorsally) into several annulets (1A); pi. 115A. Pieridae (whites, sulfur butterflies)--------------------imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae
yellowish middorsal stripe yellowish stripe through the spiracles. Distribution: Europe, North America (imported); Brassicaceae. This only butterfly species key. 5, 26,
Body and head with primary setae only; abdominal segments not divided into several annulets (1 B). Other t-epidoptera
5, )0, 11, 14, 15. 17. 18. 20. 21, 24, 26,
29,
1B diagrammatic
2 Two setae in prespiracular group of prothorax (2A)-------Three setae in prespiracular group of prothorax (2B)-------
^-^
2A diagrammatic
2B diagrammatic
246
3 Abdominal segments to VIII with seta LI behind and L2 below spiracle (3A); crochets in mesoseries (36). Noctuidae (owlet moths and underwings)------3,
Abdominal segments to VIII with setae L1 and L2 close together below spiracle (3C); penellipse (3E). Pyralidae (pyralid moths) crochets in complete circle (3D)
References: 4,
^
^
L2
3A noctuid
3B noctuid
3C pyralid
3D Pyralls
farinalis
3E Ostrinia
nubHailS
247
4 Normal prolegs present abdominal segments V and VI (absent vestigial segments III and IV) (pi. H5B)-------------------------Normal prolegs present abdominal segments ill and VI (pi. 115C)----"-5 Vestigial prolegs present abdominal segments III and IV; setae SV1, SV2 and V1 grouped closely about proleg segments HI and (V; pinacula of setae SV1 and SV2 well separated segment (5A)
cabbage
Vestigial prolegs absent on abdominal segments 111 and IV; pinacula of SV1 and SV2 fused all segments segments to IV; seta V1 separated from SV1 and SV2 (5B); pi. H5B-------------------silver Y moth, Autographa gamma
Asia,
^
\
? \
r
5A Trichoplusia
(ventral view)
248
oral surface
vegetables.
pi. 116A
Reference:
6B Heticoverpa
7 With sclerotized ring around seta SD1 of mesothorax (7A) Phycitinae (phycitine
Seta
by
segment
ring (78).
23,
Without sclerotized ring around seta SD1 of mesothorax (7C)"Sclerotized ring segment
18
present
SD1
\\
\
Y)
<s
^)
^/ ^^ ^
v^
/
(b
^Q^
^0^
0-
(/
^(R) /
^
7B diagrammatic
7A diagrammatic
7C diagrammatic
V ^
<2i /
249
8 Head rugulose. yellow yellowish-brown, with darker pattern of coalesced spots (8A) Head smooth, uniformly yellow to brown, without darker pattern (SB)------
9 10
8A Acrobasfs
nuworella
QQ Plodia interpunctellQ
mesothorax pale 9 Head pale yellow with pale brownish pattern; sclerotized ring yellow (9A)-----------------cranberry ^ruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii
Canada,
USA;
ries,
Reference:
Head yellowish-brown with brown to dark brown pattern; sclerotized ring mesothorax dark with pate posterior margin (98) ,_-..-.-..-pecan nut casebearer, Acrobas/s nuworella
USA;
Reference:
9A Acrobasis
vaccinii
9B Acrobasis
nuworella
250
mesothorax (10B)
and
West Indies;
pods.
oranges,
mesothorax (10D) Coronal suture present (10C); sclerotized rings around seta SD1 and abdominal segment VIII complete-----------------
^
\5
Q
10C
Cac/ra
cautella
10D diagrammatic
251
11B diagrammatic
^^
12 Sclerotized ring around seta SD1 mesothorax elongated dorsoposteriorly (12A); abdominal segments to VIII large and brown (12B) pinacula -.---.------.,----------.,-dusky raisin moth, Ephestiodes gilvescentella
Hawaii,
America; in
Sclerotized ring around seta SD1 mesothorax irregularly rounded (12C); pinacula may not be pigmented) (12D) segments to Vlll small (may -.---.-_--,------,------driedfruit moth, Vitula edmandsii serratilineella
Distribution:
fruit, honey,
Canada,
pollen.
USA; Reference:
12A Ephestiodes
gilvescentella
12B Ephestiodes
gilvescentella
252
13 Abdominal segments to VIII apparently without pinacula (concolorous with body and not evident) (13A); pi. 116B---------Indiannieal moth, Plodia interpunctella
cosmopolitan; fruit products- See
grain
vegetable
Reference:
Abdominal segments to VIII with small pigmented pinacula (13B). Genera Cadra nagaste
^
SD2\
-^
-^
,^
/"
r^ ^^ ~\
(j)
<a
ef
13B diagrammatic
14 Abdominal segment VIII with seta SD2 separated from spiracle by 2 to 3 times the horizontal diameter of the spiracle (14A)-------------------Abdominal segment VIII with seta SD2 separated from spiracle by distance equal to the horizontal diameter of the spiracle (14B)------------------
15
16
14A diagrammatic
14B diagrammatic
253
enclosed by the sclerotized large the ring around seta SD1 (15A)----Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehnietia
nearly cosmopolitan;
grain vegetable products.
broad the enclosed by the Spiracle of abdominal segment VIII 2/3 less sclerotized ring around seta SD1 (15B)--------tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella
nearly cosmopolitan; vegetable products.
.spiracle
16 Seta D2 of abdominal segments to VIII 2 to 2.5 times the length of seta D1 (16A); pi. 116C-------------------------almond moth, Cadra cautella
cosmopolitan;
vegetable products.
17
^)
or
16A Cadra cautetta
254
mesothorax twice
seta V1 and
mesothorax 3 to 5 times the distance between seta Distance between setae V1 III (17B)----------------------carob moth, Cac/ra calidella V1 and
Distribution: fruits,
region:
carobs,
c^ o
17A Cadra
tigulllalla
o^o
17B Cadra
calidella
18 Abdominal segment
with sclerotized ring around seta SD1 (18A). Galleriinae (galleriine moths)----------------------------segment
sclerotized ring (188).
19
Abdominal segment
(18C)-
22
^ \/
18A Paralipsa
gularis
0 /
18C diagrammatic
255
19 Subventral
and metathorax (19A); mandible with 3 apical group bisetose teeth and ventral subapical tooth (19B)--~------------------Subventral group unisetose and metathorax (19C); mandible with 2 apical teeth and ventral subapical tooth (19D)-------------------
20
21
20 Head with 4 stemmata each side (20A); spiracle with yellowish peritreme of uniform thickness (20B); pi. 117A-------- -greater moth, Galteria mellonella
Stemmata
fused; tribution: cosmopolitan; in honeycombs.
missing.
(20D)------nearly cosmopolitan;
lesser
honeycombs
20B Gaileria
mellonella
20A Gaileria
mellonella
20C Achroia
grisella
20D Achroia
grisella
256
abdominal segments and VIII not complete; 21 Sclerotized ring around seta SD1 caudal margin; pinacula of setae D1 and D2 spiracular peritremes thicker abdominal segments not pigmented (21 A); pi. 117B rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica
Distribution: cosmopolitan; See also
vegetable products.
Sclerotized ring around seta SD1 abdominal segments and VIII complete; abdominal spiracular peritreme of uniform thickness; pinacula of setae D1 and D2
0^,
^>
^
21 A Corcyra
cephalonica
0^
21B Paralipsa
gularis
-^a
22 Ventral prolegs with crochets in penellipse (22A); abdominal segment IX with seta in lateral group (22B). Pyraustinae (pyraustine moths) Ventral prolegs with crochets in complete circle (22C); abdominal segment IX with 3 setae in lateral group (22D). Pyralinae (pyraline moths)-
23
257
base of antenna (23A); stemma 23 Head capsule with shieldlike extension equidistant from stemmata and III (23B); pi. 117C borer, Ostiinia nubilatis ..-------------~-----European
many
Distribution: Europe, USA; plants. See
beans,
base of antenna (23C); stemma closer Head capsule without shieldlike extension to stemma than to stemma III (23D)------------------------
24
24 Head with pigmented triangular spot at genal angle; mandible without projection lateral margin (24A); pi. 118A-----------pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalls
Pinacula dark early instars, pale in Distribution: Americas, West Indies; cantaloupes, 23C, cucumbers, gourds, squash-
Head without pigmented triangular spot at genal angle; mandible with projection the lateral margin (24B)-------------melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata
Central America,
USA, pale Distribution: South America, West Indies; cantaloupe, cucumbers, gourds, pumpkins, squash.
258
25 Head with 4 pairs of stemmata (25A); abdominal segment IX with subventral seta (25B); pi. 118B-----------------------meal moth, Pyralis farinal/s
Stemmata See also
fused; Distribution: cosmopolitan;
Head with 6 pairs of stemmata (25C); abdominal segment IX with 2 subventrat setae (25D); pi. 118C------------------------- --murky meal moth, Aglossa caprealis
Distribution: nearly cosmopolitan; rotting vegetable
damp grain
26 Setae L1 and L 2 abdominal segments to VIII distant from each other below spiracle (26A). Tineidae (clothes moths)-------------------spiracle.
27
References: 16,
Setae L1 and L 2
29
/ \ s
<^
\
[^
[ 6
w
/ /
26A diagrammat
S/1 iy /
6B diagrammati
8-"
ef
259
and metathorax each with 27 Head with 6 pairs of stemmata (27A); subventral seta (27B)------------European grain moth, Nemapogon granella
Distribution: nearly cosmopolitan; dried fruits. grain,
mushrooms,
stemmata absent; Head with pair of stemmata (27C) and metathorax each with 2 subventral setae (27D)----------------------
28
28 Subventral setae in nearly horizontal line and metathorax (28A); abdominal segment IX with 2 lateral setae (28B); stemmata absent; pi. 119A ----------------------webbing clothes moth, TIneola btsselliella
Distribution: cosmopolitan; wool, hair, feathers, animal products occasionally
Subventral setae in nearly vertical line and metathorax (28C); abdominal segment IX with 3 lateral setae (28D); head with pair of stemmata -----------------------------------Monopis crocicapitetia
Distribution: Asia, Europe, textiles dried vegetable
Africa,
USA;
260
30
36
30B diagrammatic
ventral prolegs wide (31A); 30 to 40 crochets long (31B)----------------------oriental fruit moth, Graphofita molesta
Body length temperate regions;
tarines, peaches,
Spinneret 5 to 6 times
long
32
Body length
^n
31A Grapholifa
molesta
31B Grapholita
motesta
31 D Grapholita
packardi
261
suffused with red32 Anal shield brown; pinacula of posterior segments brownish, dish pigment (32A)---------------cherry truitworm, Graphotita packardi
USA;
ples
cherries
fruits of
See
C&D.
brownish, Anal shield yellowish pale brown; pinacula of posterior segments usually suffused with reddish pigment (32B)-lesser appleworm, Grapholita prunivora
Canada, Europe (introduced), USA;
ples, cherries, plums.
32A Grapholita
packardi
32B Grapholita
prunivora
33 Coxae 111 separated by distance equal to about 1.5 times their greatest diameter; seta V1 well separated from (33A)--------tilbertworm, Cydia iatiferreana
Distribution: Canada, Mexico, USA; chestnuts.
(33B)
34
. 0^
33A Cydia 262
-8
^0 ^
latiferreana
(ventral view)
wide (34A); head yellowish-brown overlaid with 34 Spinneret 6 to 6.5 times long darker pattern; pi. 119B----------------codling moth, Cydia pomoneHa
Distribution: nearly cosmopolitan; quinces,
apples, chestnuts,
Spinneret 5 times
long
35
34B Cydia
caryana
abdominal segments to VII usually elongated anterior 35 Pinaculum of seta SD1 to spiracle (35A)------------------------pea moth, Cydia riigricana
Distribution:
pods.
abdominal segments to VII not elongated anterior to spiracle (35B)--------------hickory shuckworm, Cydia caryana
Canada,
USA:
hickory
See
35A Cydia
nigricana
263
36 Seta SD1 of abdominal segment Vlll directly in front of spiracle (36A); seta SD1 of abdominal segment IX same pinaculum with D1 (36B); pi. 119C. Cosmopterigidae (cosmopterigid moths) ---------------------pink scavenger caterpillar, Pyroderces rileyi
Mexico, USA, Indies; dried fruits.
cotton,
Seta SD1 of abdominal segment Vlll above and in front of spiracle (36C); seta SD1 of abdominal segment IX not pinaculum with D1 (36D)--------
37
^ ^ ^
e^
36A Pyroderces
riteyi
36C diagrammatic
36D diagrammatic
IX single pinaculum (37A); pi. 120A. Argyresthiidae (argyresthiid moths)--apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella
Europe, Canada (British Columbia),
(California, Oregon);
apples
Sorbus berries.
38
?^ ^
^ ^ ^
^w
37A Argyresthia
conjugella
37B SUolmga
cereaie!!a
264
38 Seta D1 equidistant from setae 02 and SD1 abdominal segment IX (38A); ventral prolegs short, narrow, often indistinct, with only 2 to 4 crochets (38B); pi. 120B. Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths}------An goumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereatella
nearly cosmpolitan;
kernels of
grain.
Seta D1 closely associated with and anterior to D2 abdominal segment IX (38C); prolegs distinct, well developed, with many crochets (38D). Oecophoridae (oecophorid moths)--------------"---------------
39
39 Head with 2 pairs of stemmata (39A); submentum with targe oval pit (39B) --...-..._---..-.-.--...-.-..-.-.......-whiteshouldered moth, Endrosis sardtreila
nearly cosmopolitan:
ing fruit.
decay-
Head with 4 pairs of stemmata (39C); submentum without large oval pit (39D); pi. 120C ---brown house moth, HofmannophHa pseudospretella
Stemmata and fused fused, giving appearance
nearly cosmopolitan; vegetable products, many See also 38C.
bulbs, stored
265
References Cited
Aitken, A.D.
species of Phycitinae 1963. A key to the larvae of (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) associated with stored related species. But. Ent. products, and Res. 54(2)175-188. Baker, C.R.B. 1963. Notes the larvae and pupae of two fruit moths, Grapholita funebrana Treitschke and G. molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Otethreutidae). Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London A38(10-12)212-222.
3 Beck, H.
1960. Die Larvalsystematik der Eulen (Noctuidae). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. Bollmann, H.~G. 1955. Die Raupen mitteleuropaischer Pyraustinae Ent. (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae). Beitrage
5(5-6)521-639.
Capps, H.W.
1963.
lepidopterous Keys for the identification of quarantine. larvae frequently intercepted ARS-33-20-1. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington DC.
6 Crumb, S.E.
1926.
Nearctic budworms of the lepidopterous genus Heliothis. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 2617(16)1-88.
Crumb, S.E.
1956.
8 Eichlin, T.D.
1975.
Eichlin,
T.D.,
1978.
the adult and larval Plusiinae of California (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). California Dept. Food Agr. Occ. Papers Ent. 21:1-73. and H.B. Cunningham. The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico emphasizing genitalic and larval morphology. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech.
Guide
Bull. 1567:1-12.
70 Fracker, S.B.
1930.
The classification of lepidopterous larvae. 2d. ed. Contrib. Ent. Lab. Univ. 111. 43:1-161.
11 Freeman, P. (ed.).
1980.
Common insect pests of stored food products. A guide their identification. Economic Series No. 15. British Museum (Natural History), London.
12 Hasenfuss, 1960. Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 13 Heinrich, C. the European borer (Pyrausta 1919. Note American allies, nubilalis Hiibner) and its with description of larvae, pupae, and species. Jour. Agr. Res. 18(3)171-178, pi. 14 Hinton, H.E. 1943. The larvae of the Lepidoptera associated with stored products. Bull. Ent. Res. 34(3)163-212. 15 Hinton, H.E. On the homology and nomenclature of the notes the 1946. of lepidopterous larvae, with phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 97(1)1-37. 16 Hinton, H.E. The larvae of the species of Tineidae of economic 1956. importance. Bull. Ent. Res. 47(2)251-346.
266
1973.
18 Issiki,
S., et al.
1975. Early stages of Japanese moths in colour, vol. 2. Hoikusha, Osaka. 19 MacKay, M.R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Ent. 91(suppl. 10)1-338. 20 MacKay, M.R. 1972. Larval sketches of Microlepidoptera, chiefly North American. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 88:1-83. 21 Mosher, E. 1916. A classification of the Lepidoptera based characters of the pupa. Illinois State Lab. Nat.
Hist. Bull. 12(2)17-159. 22 Neunzig, H.H. 1972. Taxonomy of Acrobasis larvae and pupae in eastern North America (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). USDA Tech. Bul. 1457:1-158. 23 Neunzig, H.H. 1979. Systematics of immature phycitines (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with leguminous plants in the southern United States. USDA Tech. Bull. 1589:1-119. 24 Okumura, G.T. 1951. Key to the lepidopterous larvae found in stored foods in California. Sacramento State Col. Nat. Hist. Ser. 5:1-13. 25 Okumura, G.T. 1966. The dried-fruit moth (Vitula edmandsae serratilineelta Ragonot), pest of dried fruits and honeycombs. California Dept. Agr. Bull.
55(4)180-186.
26 Peterson, A. 1948. Larvae of insects- An introduction to Nearctic species. Part Lepidoptera and plant infesting Hymenoptera. Edwards, Ann Arbor. 27 Richards, O.W., and W.S. Thompson. 1932. A contribution the study of the genera Ephestia, Gn. (including Sfrymax Dyar), and Plodia, Gn. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae), with parasites of the larvae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 80(2)169-250, pi. 28 Swatschek, B, 1958. Die Larvalsystematik der Wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 29 Weisman, D.M. 1986. Key for the identification of frequently intercepted lepidopteran larvae. APHIS/PPQ 81-47. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington DC.
30 Werner, K. 1958. Die Larvalsystematik einiger
Kleinschmetterlingsfamilien (Hyponomeutidae,
Orthoteliidae, Acrolepiidae, Tineidae, Incurvariidae und Adelidae). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
31 Zimmerman, E.G.
1978.
267
268
FLIES (D1PTERA)
Raymond J. Gagne
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
attracted to perishable foods Many kinds of flies larvae which they feed and deposit their eggs (maggots). Feeding by the larvae often hastens further decay by fostering growth of secondary decomposers such bacteria and fungi. Larvae may develop rapidly in media. For example, blow fly larvae (Calliphoridae) may reach full growth in three days under optimal conditions, Some larvae feed inside plant tissues and therefore often go unnoticed when the plants bought for food prepared for storage.
flies often associated with food designed to separate to generic taxa at least to family level and in specific level. Most of the structures referred to in the visible to the unaided eye keys require of dissecting than hand lens; others require the microscope. The key characters and the descriptive notes used to separate larvae pertain to full-grown larvae. This key is compiled from several (1, 2, 4, 5). More complete, technical keys to family and generic levels tor adult flies (and, in many cases, larvae) may be found in McAlplne et at. (3).
flies
groups of
270
Flies (Diptera)
annulate (2D)
(2B, 2C).
2A Sciaridae
2C Muscidae
2B Scenopinus
fenestralis
body (pi. 121 C); 3 Mothlike; body and wings densely haired, with wings held rooflike wing veins evenly distributed, not stronger anteriorly than elsewhere (3A) ---------------------------------moth flies, Psychodidae
Drawing
Not mothlike; much of the body smooth and shining; wings held flat erect body (see 4A, 4B); wing veins stronger and concentrated in anterior part of wing
3C Sciaridae
271
Antenna ctublike, with 7to 12 segments; antennal length much shorter than thorax (4A) ---..-.--..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-.--.-minute black scavenger flies, Scatopsidae
Species cecidomyiid genera Heteropeza, Henna, Mycophila infesting genera key point (the Sciaridae, segments). R; just beyond Cecidomyiidae, beyond tip. wing pests anywhere there cecids would edible only portions
Antenna elongate and flexible, with 16 segments; antennal length longer than thorax (4B)------------------------da rkwinged fungus gnats, Sciaridae
See also 2A,
4B Sciaridae
272
Flies (Diptera)
5 Wing with spurious vein (5A); body beelike; pi. 122A. Syrphidae (flower flies) drone fly, Enstslis tenax
species [ikely
6 Wing with strong veins anteriorly and weak, oblique veins posteriorly (6A); pi. 123C&D -.,-..-.-.---,-,------------------,-humpbacked flies, Phoridae 7 Wing veins not appreciably stronger anteriorly than elsewhere (6B)-------
6A MegaseHa
7 Antenna without long, dorsal arista (7A, 7B) Antenna with long, dorsal arista (7C)
7A
Henrietta
7B Scenopinus
fenestralis
7C
Muscidae
iiiucens
273
S Discal (central) cell rounded with several veins issuing from it (8A); pi. 124B&C. Stratiomyidae (soldier flies) ------------black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens
similar species likely
See also
Discal cell long, with only 2 veins issuing from it (8B); pi. 125A. Scenopinidae (window flies) -------------------------------Scenopinus spp.
fruit products include Tephritids likely Ceratitis Anastrepha Rhagoletis spp., capitata.
Thorax and abdomen usually brown to black; wing not patterned (9B) (may be spot
,Sc
9B
Ps//a
274
Flies (Diptera)
10 Antennal segment without longitudinal suture (10A); calypteres of wing absent inconspicuous (10B)------------------------------Antennal segment with longitudinal suture (10C); wing with large calypteres (10D)
11 15
10A Drosophila
10D
Phaen/cia
(11A); pi. 125B. Sphaeroceridae (small dung flies) -------------------Leptocera spp. First segment of tarsus III longer but not wider than segment (11B)-----12
11A Leptocera
11B PlopMa
275
12A Drosophiia
12B Piophila
casei
13 Abdomen conspicuously narrowed at base (pi. 126A&B); subcostal vein complete (13A) black scavenger flies, Sepsidae Abdomen not conspicuously narrowed at base (pi. 126C); subcostal vein incomplete (13B). Drosophilidae (small fruit flies)-------------------Droaophila
See
10A,
14
Strong oral
bristle present (14A); subcostal vein ending in costa (14B); pi. 127A. Piophilidae (skipper flies)---------------cheese skipper, Piophila casei
Strong oral bristle absent (14C); subcostal vein ending in radius (14D); pi. 127B. Psilidae (rust files)--------------------carrot rust fly, Psifa
species likely
276
14D Psila
15 Hypopleuron bare
(Mua)
straight
gently
(15B), except
spp. (15C).
Hypopleuron with
(Mi,z) strongly
forward
apex (as
15C).
15B
Muscina
15D diagrammatic
15C Musca
domestics
16 Vein 3A
sion of
hypothetical exten-
..-..-..-..,-..-^.-......,...-..-..-.....-..,-..-..-..-..-..,-.-..-.-..little house
of
species likely
found.
Vein 3A straight
17
17 Vein
M-i+2 strongly bent forward apically (17A); pi. 129B--house fly, Musca domestica
10C-
Vein
M-i+z straight
18
17A Musca
c/omest/ca
17B Muscina
78
Flies (Diptera)
18 Median vein straight (18A); body shining, black. Genus Ophyra---------Median vein curved apically (18B); body dull, grayish-black, with tip of scutellum reddish. Genus Afusc/na----------------------------
19
20
18B Muscina 19 Palpus yellow; pi. 130APalpus black-----20 Legs predominantly red; pi. 130B-
-bronze dump fly, Ophyra ----dump fly, Ophyra leucostoma -false stable fly, Muscina stabulans
--Muscina assimilis
21 Notopleuron with 3 4 setae (21A); body dull colored, the abdomen with checkered pattern; pi. 131B. Sarcophagidae (flesh flies)Sarcophaga spp.
blue. Calliphoridae
flies)----------------------------------
22
21 B diagrammatic
279
22 Base of stem vein (R) ciliate (22A) Base of stem vein (R) bare (22B)
22B Phoenicia
S3 Coxa
23B diagrammatic
280
Flies (Diptera)
Palpus long, clavate (24B); pi. 133E&F---Old World screwworm flies, Chrysomys spp.
the Body length: Old World, Cbrysomya, widely species monly lay eggs (2). the New World. established hairy maggot fly, C. rufifacies, appeared Costa Rica shortly before 1978 has since spread through Mexico Oklahoma. Texas megacepbala, a/biceps, South C. chloropyga (Brazil, Peru)
24A Cochtiomyia
maceltaria
24B Chrysomya
rufifacies
25 Mesothoracic spiracle
(25A) with orange hair; presutural acrostical bristles well developed (25B)---------------------black blow fly, Phormia regina
Mesothoracic spiracle (25A) with black hair; presuturat acrosticat bristles vestigial, not differentiated from surrounding hairs (25C) Holarctic blow fly, Protophormia terraenovae
25A diagrammatic
25B
Phormia regina
25C Protophormia
281
26 Eye comparatively small in relation to head (26A); thorax with crinkly yellow hair among the bristles ---------------------------cluster fly, Pollenia rudis
Eye comparatively large in relation to head (26B); thorax without crinkly hair---
27
27 Lower (proximal) calypter bare (27A). Genus PhaeniclaLower calypter with long, dark pile (27B)-------
27A Phaenicia
27B Calliphora
282
Flies (Diptera)
cuprina
28B Phaenicia
cuprina
30
29A Cynomyopsis
cadaverina
29B Calliphora
283
anterior half; basicosta (SOB) yellow to orange cosmopolitan blue bottle fly, Calliphora vtcina
Body length:
31
30B Calliphora
Body length:
Buccal hairs (31 A) mostly reddish orange; tibia with 3 posterior bristles (31 C) Holarctic blue bottle fly, Calliphora vomitoria
Body length:
31 A
284
Flies (Diptera)
32 Larva with
(32A)--
may not be
32A Hermetia
illucens
32 B Musca
domestica
33 Large larva (15 to 20 mm) with long, conspicuous setae all body segments (33A). Stratiomyidae (soldier flies); pi. 124A ------black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens
species likely
See
pubescent (31B)----
34
33A Hermetia
illucens
^orirzm:
33B Soenoplnus
285
34 Body fuzzy; posterior spiracles at tips of long, membranous processes (34A) at tip of sclerotized tube (34B)~-----------------------Body smooth; posterior spiracles flush with body wall (34C)----------criironomid midges (Chironomidae [Tenpoint. Midge complete capsule, usually prominent anterior functional posterior prolegs, spiracles. Midge larvae occasionally appear
storage
ponds.
34A Scatopsidae
34C Sciaridae
34B Psychodidae 35 Posterior spiracles at ends of long, dorsolateral tubes (35A) ,-,-.^rninute black scavenger flies, Scatopsidae
Body length:
.-..-..,-..-...,...-,...-..,-...-...-_.-._-.......-...^..,..............-.-...-...-.......t^oth
35A Scatopsidae
286
Flies (Diptera)
36 Larva eellike, with diminutive, conelike, brown head capsule (36A); short but last segment. Scenopinidae first 3 segments and spicuous setae present
Larva
robust, with
large black head capsule (36B); conspicuous setae absent darkwinged fungus gnats, Sciaridae
Body length:
36B Sciaridae
37 Body
by
37A Fannia
canicularis
37B Fannia
scalaris
37C Megaselia
37D Anastrepha
287
38 Body about 5
long; anterior spiracle simple (38A); pi. 123A&B --------------------------humpbacked flies, Phoridae (in part)
See
37C,
Body about 10 long; anterior spiracle branched (38B); pi. 128A. Muscidae (muscid flies) (in part) ---------------------------------Fannia spp.
See
38A Megasella
38B Fannia
39 Posterior spiracles small, located either peglike tubercles the end of long tail (39B) Posterior spiracles large, less flush with body surface
Drawing
(39A)
at
40 46
(39C, 39D)---
288
Flies (Diptera)
Body length:
41
long, telescoping tail (41 A); pi. 122B. Syrphidae (flower flies)--------------------------drone fly, Enstalis tenax
species likely
found.
42
42A Drosophila
42B P3ila
289
43 Anterior spiracle
tube with many retractable branches protruding from tip (43A) small fruit flies, Drosophilidae
Body length:
See
(43B)---also
B.
43A Drosophila
43B Sepsidae
sclerotized, pigmented cones; last abdominal segment 44 Posterior spiracles located without lobes (44A). Psilidae (rust flies)----------carrot rust fly, Psila
Body length:
species likely
similar
be
42B.
44A Psila
448 Ptophila
case/
45
most segments (45A); pi. 123A&B ------------------------humpbacked flies, Phoridae (in part)
See
37C, 38A.
last segment (45B). Piophilidae (skipper flies) cheese skipper, Piophila casei
Body length:
40B, 44B
45A Megaselia
^^rn~~rTTT~v~> ^^^iJ^A^
290
Flies (Diptera)
46 Posterior spiracular plate completely pigmented (except for openings and button, when present) (46A). Muscidae (muscid flies) (in part)-------------Muscina spp.
Body length:
(46B)--
47
46A Muscina
stabuians
46B Musca
domestics
47 Posterior spiracles with sinuous slits (47A); pi. 129A. Muscidae (muscid flies) (in part) house fly, Musca domestica
328,
(47B)
47B Calllphora
48
47A Musca
domestica
48 Peritreme absent from posterior spiracular plate (48A)----- -fruit flies, Tephritidae
Body length:
(48B)-----
49
48A Anastrepha
48B Calllphora
291
another
(49A); pi. 134E. Anthomyiidae (anthomyiid flies)-Spiracular button, present, margin spiracular plate.
-Hylemya spp.
the
50
the
spiracular plate.
edge
49A Hylemya
49B Calliphora
51
50A Ophyra
SOB Calliphoridae
51 Posterior spiracular plates set in cavity; spiracular slits essentially vertical in orientation (51A); pi. 131A------------------flesh flies, Sarcophagidae
Drawing
Posterior spiracles not set in cavity; spiracular slits directed towards midventral line (51 B). Calliphoridae (blow flies)---"----------------
52
292
Plies (Diptera)
52 Posterior spiracles with complete peritreme (52A)--" Posterior spiracles with incomplete peritreme (52B)
52A Calllphora
52B Cochllomyia
maceitana
53 Accessory sclerite of cephalopharyngeal skeleton present (53A); peritreme of posterior spiracles strongly sclerotized (53B, 53C)-----------------Calllphora spp. blue bottle fly, Cynomyopsis cadavarina
Body length
Accessory sclerite
absent (53D); peritreme less strongly sclerotized (53E, 53F); pi. 134A-D---------------------------------Phaenicia spp.
53D Phaenicia
53C Cynomyopsis
cadaverina
53F Phaenicia
sericata
293
54 Peritreme of posterior spiracle very thick (54A); pi. 133A-D oid World
Body length: Body segments sometimes
55
54A Chrysomya
indistinct 55 Button absent posterior spiracles; walls of posterior spiracular slits with lateral swellings (55A); pi. 132A-secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia maceltaria
Button distinct
posterior spiracles; spiracular slits without lateral swellings (55B) black blow fly, Phormia regina
55A Cochliomyia
macellaria
55B Phormia
regina
294
Flies (Diptera)
References Cited
Borror, D.J., D.M. DeLong, and C,A. Triplehorn. 1981. An introduction to the study of insects. Saunders College, Philadelphia. 2 James, M.T.
1947
The flies that
myiasis in
J.F-, et at.
Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1. Monograph 27. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.
1981.
Peterson, A.
Larvae of insects. Part II. Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera. Edwards, Ann Arbor. Stojanovich, C.J., H.D. Pratt, and E.E. Bennington. species of public health 1962. Fly larvae: Key to importance. Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta.
1951.
295
296
David R. Smith
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560
Pests in Food
recognized by the constriction at the base of the two nodes in the abdomen and by the presence of that constricted distinctly differentiated from the elbowed, with rest of the abdomen. Also, the antennae the first segment (scape) unusually long. Three castes are usually present: workers, females (queens), and males; these described below.
Ants
soil,
under objects.
storage many
They often forage for food in food Some ants prefer sweet substances, but
Workers (fig. 17.1, pi. 135-150). Wings and wing scars absent; ocelli lacking very small. Those species with termed monomorphic; size workers all about the in polymorphic species there is considerable size range in the worker caste. The largest forms are called soldiers, minor workers. When soldiers the smaller forms, minors commonly structurally different from present they most commonly encountered, and the minors. Workers the most abundant of the three castes. They they of the colony, struct the nest, defend the colony, take and forage for food. It is the worker caste that may be observed foraging for food in food storage areas. Females (fig. 17.2). Morphologically similar to workers but usually larger, with the thorax enlarged by the wing and with three wing musculature; with wings distinct ocelli.
sometimes rather short; genital appendages usually protruding. The sexual castes (males and females) may be very abundant at the time of swarming (they normally seen outside the nest only at swarming time). They often attracted to lights in buildings, but they do not forage for food do the workers.
About 580 species and/or subspecies of Formicidae in North America north of Mexico (1, 2). About 50 of these food-industry have reputation for being household buildings, in wood pests (3). Ants may nest in
Larvae (fig. 17.4). Thoracic legs lacking; without horny projection at apex of abdomen; commonly gourd-shaped, with slender neck and small head capsule; hairs of various sizes and shapes usually abundant body. Larvae of species spin cocoons in which the pupal stage is not easily differenpassed; others do not. Ant larvae tiated from those of other Hymenoptera.
298
mandible
Figure 17.1. Worker, Allegheny mound ant, ^ormica exsectoides Forel, dorsal view. [Redrawn from 3 by C. Feller.)
299
by C. Feller.)
300
Figure 17.3. Male, pavement ant, Tetramorium saespitum, lateral view. (Drawing by C. Feller.)
301
Figure 17.4 Larva, larger yellow ant, Acanthomyops interjwtus. (Drawing by C. Feller.)
302
KEY TO WORKERS
Drawings by
1A myrrnicine
B Indomyrmex
humilis
2 Frontal carinae close together, not covering antenna! insertions; antennae inserted very close to mouth; eyes absent very small and ocellus-like (2A); pi. 135A-C army ants, Dorylinae
Propodeum usually unarmed (28).
antennal inFrontal carinae widely separated, each with lobe that partially sertions; antennae inserted away from mouth; eyes usually large and multifaceted
(2C); pi. 136-142, 143A&B. Myrmicinae (myrrnicine ants)---------"--Propodeal spines present (2D)
2A army
2C myrrnicine
2B diagrammatic
2D myrmicine
ant
303
Myrmicinae
distinct club
(3A)---
(3B).
with 3 Antenna with than 10 segments, either without distinct club (3C) 4 segments forming club (3D)----------------------Propodeal spines present (3E)
absent.
3A Sotenopsis
3B diagrammatic
3C Aphaenogaster
fulva
3D Crematogaster
ashmeadi
3E myrmicine
4 to 6 facets (pi.
(pi. 136A), Stales. long) and yellowish They omnivorous, feeding They apparently prefer foods high protein buildings, invading cabinets, They
ant, Sotenopsis
throughout
(1.3
shelves,
--..-.,-.--..--.----------------------fire
usually long blackish. species usually may soil buildings; includes foraging United States, species introduced from South
ants, Solenopsis
304
teeth (5A)"----
(5D).
^cC\^C
5A diagrammatic
5C myrmicine
ant
Integument (except for abdomen) uniformly finely punctate and subopaque (pi. 137B)
pharaoh ant, Monomomm pharaoms
Body light yellowish. widely distributed found by cities United States hotels, apartment buildings, groceries, places food commercially; feeds buildings variety
transverse striations
pbaraonis.
7 Clypeus without sharp, raised margin in front of antennal insertion (7A) ---,--.-.-.------.-,-.-..-.,-..-...-..,......,...,......other species of Myrmicinae
Body length and antennal pi. representatives Aphaenogaster, Atta, Crematogaster, Pheidole, Ochetomyrmex; representatives
buildings
storage
Posterior border of ciypeus forming sharp, raised margin in front of antennal insertion (7B). Genus Teframor/um-------------------"------Antenna
length: 2.5-4 3-segmented club (see 3D); body
7A myrmicine
ant
7B
Tetramorium
305
9 Head without antennal sulcus (p(. 143A); head and thorax with longitudinal striations; body color brownish to black--------pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum
species throughout
Europe
metropolitan ting wood,
nivorous;
the
States; largely
soil,
objects,
feed
grease.
Head with antenna! sulcus (pi. 143B); head and thorax usually rugulose; color yellowish brownish---------------other North American species of Tetramorium
species
buildings,
southern does
Gaster with distinct constriction between the first and second gastric segments (9A)
pone rine ants, Ponerinae
Species associated subfamily industry.
10
9A ponerine
9B Iridomyrnlex
humilis
10 Acidopore absent (anal slit is transverse, subapical, and ventral) (1 OA). Dolichoderinae (dodchoderine ants); p(. 143C, 144--------------------Acidopore present (terminal, circular, and usually surrounded by fringe of hairs) (10B). Formicinae (formicine ants); pi. 145-150---------------
11
14
10A dodchoderine
10B formicine
ant
306
Dolichoderinae
12
and
gaster (11A)-
in profile
(11B)-
11 A Tapinoma
sessile
11 B Iridomyrmex
humilis
12 Body
Mexico, United States, soil, bark, objects, wide variety plant cavities, and sites; omnivorous, feeding variety household foods preferring
Canada; stumps,
Head and thorax brownish black; antennae, legs, and gaster whitish to yellowish; length 1-3 to 1.5 mm; pi. 144A-------------Tapinoma melanocephalum
widely distributed by the world; regions higher latitudes, heated buildings; wide variety substances. prefers habitats:
high
usually
posterior by
the
high
usually
(pi. 144C)
307
Formicinae
14 Antenna inserted far from posterior margin of clypeus; thorax in profile usually evenly curved (14A); pi. 145, 146, 147A&B--------------carpenter ants, Camponotus
Mostly larger species ranging length States; throughout wood; buildings usually monly rot, is only when begun wood; omnivorous, enlarge adjacent households. kinds of food taking virtually
Drawings
Antenna inserted at
in orofile f14B^
very
14A Camponotus
14B formicine
ant
15 Eye closer to posterior margin of head than to base of mandible (15A); pi. 147C, 148, 149, 150A----------------------other species of Formicinae
scape
usually
open fields; Lasius spp., often founyellowish Acanthomyops walls; species large mounds; commonly jects search food; virtually buildings food prefer
Eye closer to base of mandible than to posterior margin of head (15B). Genus
16
Antennal hairs.
15A
formicine
15B Paratrechina
308
16 Antennae and legs disproportionately long; body slender (pi. 150B) crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis
Suberect hairs usual!/ Distribution: widely by world; throughout regions States, found only north; variety buildings locations trash, piles, soil, the ground; buildings, objects
preferring
Antennae and legs not disproportionately long; body robust (pi. 150C)
other species of Paratrechina
Stiff
present
scape.
mostly occasional
here: they
Stales; often
pests
References Cited
Creighton, W.S. 1950. The ants of North America. But. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard) 104:1-585, 57 pi.
2 Smith,
D.R.
1979.
Formicidae. In Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 1323-1467, ed. by K.V. Krombein et al. Smithsonian
1965.
309
Pests in Food
310