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CH : UBUNTU SERVER
Tm tt l thuyt cc lnh qun tr h thng v mng
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MC LC
I. Cc lnh shell c bn............................................................................................... 5 1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin, ngi dng, mt khu...................................................................................................................... 5 a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux....................................................... 5

b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc. ................................................................ 7 c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc. ..................................................... 8

d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm. .............................................................. 9 e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu. .............................................................. 10

2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng. ....................... 11 a. Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn h

thng. ..................................................................................................................... 11 b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi. ....................................................................... 12 c. Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng. ................ 13

d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc, ........................ 14 e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh. ......................................................... 15

II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng mng trn client. ...... 16
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1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng. ............................................... 16 2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng. .......................................................... 17 3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing). ........................................................................... 18 4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng............................................................... 19 5. Cu hnh DNS trn client. .................................................................................. 21

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GHI NH 1

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GHI NH 2

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I. Cc lnh shell c bn.

1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin, ngi dng, mt khu.
C rt nhiu l do chng ta tm hiu v c ch dng lnh trong Linux nh tng tc mt cch trc tip vi h thng, qun l cc ngun ti nguyn, g li trong khi pht trin phn mm hoc trin khai h thng mng Ubuntu cng nh cc h iu hnh da trn nhn Linux khc cung cp mt tp hp v cng a dng cc lnh t n gin n phc tp p ng nhu cu t ngi dng thng thng n nhng chuyn gia v h thng. a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux. Khng ging nh trong Windows, cy th mc trong Ubuntu bt u t mt im gc duy nht gi l th mc root, cc phn vng a cng c gn kt vo mt th mc nhnh trn cy th mc ny mt cch t ng hoc th cng. H thng tp tin trong Linux c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, do cn ch khi t tn th mc, g lnh hoc truy cp vo th mc web trn server Linux. Ch : Trong Linux, tt c mi ngun ti nguyn, ngoi tr cc tin trnh u c xem l tp tin. V d nh a, chut, bn phm T ta c cc loi tp tin khc nhau: tp thun vn bn, tp tin khi (i din cho cc thit b lu tr, truy xut theo block), tp tin thc thi Pht biu ny khng loi tr th mc, vn cng l mt loi tp tin cha tn v a ch truy xut n cc tp tin bn trong n. Cc loi tp tin khc nhau c vit tt nh bng k hiu sau:
File thng thng Th mc d Lin kt l Thit b nhp k t c Socket mng s Thit b lu tr b

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/: Th mc gc, cha tt c cc th mc khc. /home: Th mc nh l ni cha tt c cc thng tin, ti liu ca tng ngi dng, mi ngi dng (ngoi tr ngi dng root-l ngi dng c quyn qun tr ti cao) s c mt th mc con ring nm trong th mc /home ny. /dev: Cha cc ng dn thit b phn cng nh cc a, phn vng, thit b nhp xut... /etc: Cha cc file cu hnh cho h thng v cc dch v. /etc/init.d: Cc script cn thit cho qu trnh khi ng h iu hnh Linux.

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/usr/bin: Cha cc file thc thi thng thng. /usr/sbin: Cha cc file thc thi dnh cho qun tr h thng. /usr/share/doc: Cc loi ti liu khc nhau. /usr/share/man: Hng dn s dng cho cc lnh. /usr/src: Cha m ngun cho cc ng dng trong h thng (nu c) /usr/src/linux: Cha m ngun cho nhn (kernel) ca Linux /bin: Cha cc file thc thi trc v khi khi ng. /tmp, /var/tmp: Cha cc file tm. /var: Cha cc file cu hnh v d liu ca cc dch v. /var/log: Cc file log ghi nhn li cc s kin v li trn h thng. /lib: Th vin lin kt ng (th vin chia s). /proc: Cha cc thng tin v cc vng b nh phc v cho cc tin trnh ang thc thi. b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc. To th mc: mkdirTnthmccnto Xa th mc: rmdirTnthmccnxa Di chuyn, i tn th mc hoc file: mvNgunch Sao chp file hay th mc: cpNgunch To file text:
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cat > Tnfilecnto Sau g ni dung ca file vo, n Ctrl+D kt thc. Xem ni dung file text: catTnfilecnxem Xa file: rmTnfilecnxa Lit k danh sch file v th mc: lsTnthmc Dng vi tham s l hin th chi tit hn: ls-lTnthmc c x dng u ca file text: headnxTnfilecnc c x dng cui file text: tailnx Tnfilecnc c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc. Xt trn bt k h iu hnh no th vic phn quyn c ghi file quyt nh tnh an ton trong thao tc lu tr. Do , quyn hn khi thao tc trn file v th mc rt c Linux ch trng. C 3 ch th trong c ch phn quyn: User-dng cp quyn cho ngi dng s hu file, Group-cp quyn cho nhm s hu file, Other-cp quyn cho nhng ngi cn li. Mi ch th s c 3 quyn hn khc nhau l: Read (r: quyn c), Write (w: quyn ghi) v Execute (x: Quyn thc thi file). Quy c v quyn hn: Read=4, Write=2, Execute=1. Quyn hn tng hp cho mt i tng (User, Group hay Other) c tnh l tng ca 3 s trn. Nh vy c th thy Linux biu din quyn hn bng mt con s nguyn 3 bits.

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V d: 755 c ngha l: User: 7=4+2+1(Read, Write, Execute), Group: 5=4+1 (Read+Execute), Other: 5=4+1 (Read+Execute).

Lnh dng thay i quyn hn p dng cho file hay th mc: chmodxyzTnFileCnCpQuyn Vi x: Quyn cho User, y: Quyn cho Group, z: Quyn cho Other V d: chmod755/home/john/mydata.txt

d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm. Mi ngi dng s c th thuc v mt hay nhiu nhm, trong c mt nhm chnh (Initial Group). Ngi dng c quyn hn ti cao trong h thng l ngi dng root, tng t ta c nhm root. Trong ch dng lnh ta c th bit c ngi dng hin ti c phi l root hay khng bng cch quan st du nhc lnh: Du nhc l $: ngi dng thng thng; du nhc l #: ngi dng l root. Nhm chnh l nhm bt buc phi c ca mi ngi dng. Khi mt ngi dng to ra mt file th mc nh ngi dng y s s hu file , nhm chnh ca ngi dng s l nhm s hu file y.
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Mt nhm c th cha nhiu ngi dng khc nhau, nhm c dng n gin ha vic cp quyn. V d: Nu mun cho php ngi dng s dng mt ti nguyn no , ta ch vic thm ngi dng vo nhm tng ng c cp quyn. Mi ngi dng v mi nhm u c mt s nh danh gi l UserID v GroupID. Lnh to Group: groupaddTnNhm Lnh xa Group: groupdelTnNhm Lnh to User: useradd[-cch thch][-dthmchome] [-gNhmchnh][-Gnhm[,...]]TnUser Lnh xa User: userdelTnUser Ch : Trong linux ta c th xem phn hng dn s dng ca hu ht cc lnh bng cch g mantnlnh, hay infotnlnh e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu. Mt khu ca user c lu dng m ha, mc nh mt khu c lu trong file /etc/shadow Thng tin v ti khon ca cc user c lu trong cc file: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow Thng tin v nhm c lu trong cc file: /etc/group, /etc/gshadow Lnh dng thay i password cho mt user no : passwdTnUser

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H thng s yu cu nhp password mi cho user ny, cn c quyn root thc hin thao tc ny.

2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng.

a. Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn h thng. Mi tin trnh ang chy trong h thng c nh danh bng mt ProcessID, tin trnh c mt u tin, gi l Process Priority. Trong ng cnh tin trnh th nht gi thc thi tin trnh th hai, ta gi tin trnh th nht l tin trnh cha, tin trnh th hai l tin trnh con. xem thng tin v cc tin trnh ang chy, dung lng b nh v ti nguyn x l ang cp cho tin trnh ta c th dng lnh top

xem c cy cc tin trnh ta dng lnh pstree

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kt thc mt tin trnh ang thc thi ta c th dng lnh kill hoc killall killIdcaprocesscntt killallTncaprocesscntt Trong v d v lnh top trn, ta c th kt thc tin trnh top bng 2 cch: kill 5763 hoc killall top b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi. Bn cnh cng c trong giao din ha (GNOME, KDE...) ci t phn mm cho Linux, cc lnh ci t bng dng lnh l khng th thiu i vi ngi qun tr h thng. Mi bn phn phi linux c h thng qun l gi khc nhau. Trong Ubuntu Server l b cng c apt-get. Lnh apt-get dng mt kho lu tr trn mng internet hoc trn a ly cc gi ng dng v v ci t. Danh sch a ch cc kho lu tr phn mm c t trong file /etc/apt/sources.list Bn cnh , b apt-get cn lm cc cng vic qun l ci t trn my cc b.

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cp nht danh sch gi phn mm trn my cc b vi kho lu tr ta dng lnh apt-getupdate

nng cp tt c cc gi phn mm ang chy trn h thng theo phin bn mi nht c trn kho lu tr ta dng lnh: apt-getupgrade

ci t mt gi phn mm no ta dng lnh: apt-getinstalltngicnci Tn gi cn ci phi tn ti trong danh sch gi.

g b mt gi phn mm khi h thng ta duung lnh: apt-getremovetngicng

c. Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng. Xem thng tin chi tit v phn cng ta c th dng lnh lspci

Xem thng tin v cc thit b kt ni thng qua cng usb: lsusb

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Lnh lshw dng xem thng tin chi tit v cc thit b, ngt, cc tuyn bus ca h thng. Cc file log trong h thng c lu tr trong /var/log, trong c cc file chnh l syslog: ghi nhn li cc s kin ca h thng, dmesg: cc thng tin v qu trnh khi ng ca h thng. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu file log ng vi cc dch v ang chy nh apache, mysql Ta c th dng lnh tail xem phn cui ca file log, v d: xem 15 dng cui trong file syslog: tailn15/var/log/syslog d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc, Xem thng tin v dung lng cc phn vng ang c s dng: dfh

Xem thng tin v tng dung lng ca tng th mc con trong mt th mc no : dushngdn

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e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh. C cu pipeline trong linux p ng cho nhu cu ly kt qu ca mt lnh truyn vo lnh khc, v trong thc t ngi qun tr vin c th phi thc hin nhiu thao tc phc tp lin quan n nhiu yu cu nh: thng k cc t tn cng t bn ngoi, qun l ti nguyn lu tr trn mt lng ln ngi dng, sn lc cc nguyn nhn gy li cc cng vic ny i hi phi kt hp nhiu lnh li vi nhau v cc lnh c th ly kt qu ln nhau thc thi. Cu trc tng qut: Lnh_1 | Lnh_2 ... Khi s dng nh trn, Lnh 2 s ly tham s u vo l kt qu ca lnh 1, tng qut ta s c lnh sau ly tham s u vo t kt qu ca lnh trc. V d: ls /etc/init.d | tail n 5 Lnh ls /etc/init.d s tr v kt qu l danh sch cc file hay th mc c trong /etc/init.d, tuy nhin kt qu ny khng hin ra mn hnh, m c dn vo cho lnh tail hin ra 5 dng cui. Kt qu ca lnh nh sau:

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II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng mng trn client.
1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng.
Tng t nh trong Windows, Ubuntu Linux cng c cc lnh xem v cu hnh cho cc card mng trong h thng. Lnh xem thng tin ca cc card mng ang hot ng: ifconfig[tncardmng] Tn ca cc card mng c t ng t theo quy c ca Linux, vi card mng Ethernet: eth0, eth1... Cc thng tin hin ra bao gm: IP, broadcast, netmask, MAC, dung lng gi, dung lng nhn... Lnh ifconfig khng c tham s s xut ra thng tin cu hnh cu tt c cc card mng.
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2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng.

Cc thng tin cu hnh cho card mng c lu trong file

/etc/network/interfaces Cu hnh IP ng da trn giao thc DHCP, ta thm vo file cu hnh trn cc dng sau (gi s ang cu hnh cho card mng eth1): auto eth1 iface eth1 inet dhcp Dng u tin dng t ng bt card mng eth1 khi khi ng Linux hoc khi c tn hiu. Dng th 2 cho h thng bit dng a ch ng vi giao thc DHCP. Cu hnh IP tnh: Xt v d cu hnh tnh cho card mng eth0 vi cc thng tin: IP 192.168.1.2, subnetmask 255.255.255.0, a ch default gateway 192.168.1.1 ta thm vo file /etc/network/interface nhng dng sau auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.1.1

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Ch : sau khi cu hnh thng qua cc file cu hnh, p dng thit t mi ta chy lnh /etc/init.d/networking restart khi ng li dch v mng theo cu hnh mi.

3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing).

Cc ty chn v routing gip cho mng hot ng n nh hn, linux cung cp lnh thao tc trn bng nh tuyn (routing table). Thao tc nh tuyn c bit hu dng khi my c nhiu card mng ni vi nhiu mng khc nhau. Cc thao tc bao gm: xem thng tin nh tuyn, thm mt default gateway, thm mt dng nh tuyn mi, xa mt dng nh tuyn... xem thng tin ta dng lnh route, lnh ny s hin th thng tin v bng nh tuyn, dng c destination l default chnh l dng m t v default gateway.

thm mt default gateway ta dng lnh route vi c php: routeadddefaultgwachIPgateway

V d thm mt default gateway c a ch 192.168.100.2 vo bng nh tuyn ta chy lnh routeadddefaultgw192.168.100.2, sau khi thm ta c th gi lnh route kim tra.

xa mt default gateway ta dng lnh: routedeldefaultgwachIPgatewaycnxa

Thm mt mu tin nh tuyn: Xt 2 v d sau

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routeadd192.168.1.8gw192.168.10.1 routeaddnet192.168.100.0 netmask255.255.255.0gw192.168.10.1 Lnh th nht dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n host c IP 192.168.1.8 thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1 Lnh th hai dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n mng 192.168.100.0/24 thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1 Xa mt mu tin nh tuyn: Tng t nh lnh route add nhng thay th bng route del Ch : Khi nh tuyn cho ng i n mng ta cn ch nh netmask. C th thm ty chn dev ch ra tn card mng no c dng cho mu tin nh tuyn c thm. c ip

4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng.

Linux cung cp rt nhiu cng c, gip cho vic qun l mng t hiu nng cao. Cc cng c ny c thit k giao tip vi nhn linux v gim st/can thip vo qu trnh x l gi tin. Mt s cng c gim st v qun l bng thng mng: iftop, bwm-ng, bwm, wondershaper Cng c iftop: dng gim st bng thng mng theo tng kt ni trn mt card mng nht nh. Cch dng: iftopiTnCardMng

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Cng c bwm-ng, bwm: Dng gim st bng thng gi (Tx) v nhn (Rx) trn tt c cc card mng, n v hin th l Kilobyte/s. Cch dng: Gi lnh bwm-ng

Cng c wondershaper: l cng c dng gii hn bng thng trn mt card mng no , cch s dng: wondershapertncardmng tcdowntcup Tc down v up tnh bng Kilobit/giy Ch : khi va ci t h thng, mc nh mt s gi cng c trn cha c ci. ci ta dng lnh apt-getinstalltn_gi.

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5. Cu hnh DNS trn client.

Vic cu hnh DNS trn my client n gin ch l vic ch ra IP ca DNS server cn dng khi truy vn. Tp tin cha thng tin DNS trn client l /etc/resolv.conf thm mt DNS server vo danh sch ta thm mt dng c dng nameserverIPDNSserver vo file trn.

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