UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education

GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Additional Materials:

*2944957945*

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October/November 2008 1 hour 45 minutes Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 4 and Fig. 9 and Photographs B, C and D for Question 5. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 15 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

SPA (KN) T47299/3 UCLES 2008

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2 1 (a) Study Fig. 1, population pyramids of Indonesia (an LEDC) and Japan (an MEDC). Male
OLD DEPENDENT

Age
75+ 70 74 65 69 60 64 55 59 50 54 45 49 40 44 35 39 30 34 25 29 20 24 15 19 10 14 59 04

Female

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE

INDONESIA

YOUNG DEPENDENT 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

% of total population

Male
OLD DEPENDENT

Age
75+ 70 74 65 69 60 64 55 59 50 54 45 49 40 44 35 39 30 34 25 29 20 24 15 19 10 14 59 04

Female

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE

JAPAN

YOUNG DEPENDENT 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

% of total population

Fig. 1 (i) (ii) What is meant by economically active? What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that: A B people in Japan have a longer life expectancy than people in Indonesia; Indonesia has a higher birth rate than Japan? [2] [1]

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3 (iii) How is the young dependent population of Indonesia different from that of Japan? Support your answer with figures from Fig. 1. [3] Explain why, in some countries, the young dependents make up a larger percentage of the population than in other countries. [4]

(iv)

(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in the percentage of population over the age of 65 in Indonesia and Japan. 30 JAPAN 25 20 15 10 5 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 projected

percentage of total population over 65 years

INDONESIA

Fig. 2 (i) Compare the percentage of the population over the age of 65 in Indonesia and Japan between 1970 and 2005. [3] Suggest reasons for the expected increase in the percentage of the population over the age of 65 in Indonesia and Japan by 2025. [5]

(ii)

(c) For a country which you have studied, explain why the government is concerned by an ageing population. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

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4 2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows simplified urban land use models for MEDCs and LEDCs.

Model A

Model B

main road link 0 km Key for both models high quality residential low quality residential medium quality residential squatter settlements area X area Y 5

main road link

Fig. 3 (i) (ii) (iii) Which model represents land use in an LEDC city? Identify the land uses in areas X and Y. Identify the similarities and differences between the two land use models. [1] [2] [4]

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5 (b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the location of squatter settlements around Lima, the capital city of Peru (an LEDC in South America).
R. Ch illo n

CONO NORTE
Am Pan

ig erican H

hway
Comas Tahuantinsuyo Los Olivos Cuevas El Ermitano San Cristobal San Martin de Porres Carmen de la Legua El Agustino City Centre San Cosme Mendocita Matute San Juan de Lurigancho

CONO ESTE
c

R. R

ima

Callao

LIMA

San Isidro

Pa c i f i c Ocean

Miraflores Villa Maria del Triunfo San Juan de Miraflores Chorrillos Villa El Salvador
Pa n

highland squatter settlements built-up area of Lima

CONO SUR

Am

eri ca

nH

igh

wa y

0 km

10

Fig. 4 (i) (ii) (iii) Using evidence from Fig. 4 only, describe the distribution of the squatter settlements around Lima. [3] Suggest reasons for the distribution of squatter settlements around Lima. Explain why large cities in LEDCs have many people living in squatter settlements. [3] [5]

(c) Name an urban area in an LEDC where there are squatter settlements. Describe what has been done to improve the quality of life for the people who live in these settlements. [7] [Total: 25 marks]
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R.

Lu

rin

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6 3 (a) Study Figs 5A and 5B. Fig. 5A shows instruments used at a weather station and Fig. 5B shows the wooden box in which some of these instruments are kept.

STORMY

C 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

C 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25

98

0
975
970

0 96

965

SUNSHINE RECORDER

ANEMOMETER

WIND VANE

003271
kms m

W
Fig. 5A

E S

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1040

1035

30 10
RY RY D VE

N AI

pensated com

FA IR

10

CHANGE

25

102

1015

1010
10 05

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THERMOMETER

BAROMETER

10 00
995
990

5 98

Fig. 5B (i) (ii) (iii) What is the wooden box shown in Fig. 5B called? Identify the two instruments shown in Fig. 5A which are kept in the wooden box. Explain why the wooden box: A B C (iv) is painted white; has slatted sides; has legs which raise it above the ground. [3] [4] [1] [2]

Describe where the wooden box should be sited. Give reasons for your answer.

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8 (b) Study Fig. 6, which shows the weather recorded at a weather station over a period of 24 hours in October.
wind direction (degrees) mean wind speed (km/hour) rainfall (mm) air temperature (C) atmospheric pressure (mb)

360 300 240 180 120 60 0 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER 50 40 30 20 10 0 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER 4 3 2 1 0 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER 20 15 10 5 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER 990

980

970

960 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER

Fig. 6
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9 (i) (ii) Describe how the atmospheric pressure changed over the 24 hour period. Compare the weather at 16.00 (15 October) and 02.00 hrs (16 October). [3] [5]

(c) Name an area which you have studied where drought occurs. Describe the problems experienced by people living in your chosen area.

[7] [Total: 25 marks]

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10 4 (a) Study Figs 7A, 7B and 7C. These are block diagrams of a river in three parts of its valley.

Fig. 7A

alluvium
Fig. 7B

alluvium
Fig. 7C

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11 (i) (ii) In which figure, 7A, 7B or 7C, is the volume of the river likely to be the largest? [1]

Describe two differences in the shape of the valley cross sections shown in Figs 7A and 7B. [2] Give three processes by which the river is likely to carry out erosion in Fig. 7A. Describe the processes by which a river is likely to transport eroded materials. [3] [4]

(iii) (iv)

(b) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a waterfall, the Montmorency Falls, near Quebec City, Canada. (i) (ii) Describe the natural features of the waterfall shown in the photograph. Explain how the waterfall may bring both benefits and problems for local people. [3] [5] [7] [Total: 25 marks]

(c) For a named river which you have studied, explain the causes of flooding.

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12 5 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows numbers of international tourists and their destinations. 1800 Key to destinations Middle East 1600 Europe Asia and the Pacific 1400 The Americas Africa number of international tourists (millions)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 1980 2000 2020 (projected) Fig. 8

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13 (i) (ii) What was the total number of international tourists in 2000? Identify the part of the world which: A B had more than 100 million international tourists in 1980; increased its number of international tourists from 20 million in 1980 to 100 million in 2000. [2] [3] [1]

(iii)

Suggest reasons for the expected increase in international tourism.

(b) Study Fig. 9 (Insert), which shows Mah Island, which is part of the Seychelles (an LEDC in the Indian Ocean), along with Photographs B, C and D (Insert). The location of each photograph is shown on Fig. 9. (i) Suggest three different ways in which people who live on Mah Island might benefit from international tourists visiting the island. [3] Suggest three different problems which international tourism might cause for people who live on Mah Island. [4] Use evidence from Fig. 9 (Insert) and Photographs B, C and D (Insert) only to explain why Mah Island is attractive to tourists. [5]

(ii)

(iii)

(c) Name an area which you have studied where the tourist industry is important. Describe what has been done in the area to maintain, improve and conserve the quality of the environment. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

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14 6 (a) Study Figs 10A and 10B, which show information about the use of different types of energy.

Europe and former USSR

North America

Middle East

Asia and Pacific

South America Key fossil fuels Africa nuclear power HEP

Fig. 10A

Asia and Pacific

Africa

North South Europe America America

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% of total fuelwood used Fig. 10B (i) (ii) (iii) What is meant by fossil fuel? Which two regions, between them, use over 75% of the world`s fuelwood? [1] [2]

Identify three differences in the use of energy between South America and Europe and former USSR. [3] Suggest reasons why the importance of different types of energy varies globally. [4]

(iv)

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15 (b) Study Fig. 11, part of a webpage about energy in China.

Oil prices rose above US$50 per barrel in September, reaching record-high levels. The rise in oil prices is likely to affect Chinas economic growth. As a result of rapid industrialisation, China has become the worlds second largest user of oil and its imports are increasing rapidly. The rise in oil prices affects the Chinese economy, as higher oil prices lead to higher costs for Chinese manufacturing firms. Like many LEDCs, the government of China has encouraged economic development, even though it has damaged the environment. However, the use of large amounts of energy also uses up valuable resources and makes industry less competitive, because of higher costs.
Fig. 11 (i) Use your own words to suggest three different ways in which high oil prices are likely to cause problems for the Chinese economy and industry. [3] Describe the ways by which the transport and use of oil might damage the natural environment. [5]

(ii)

(c) For a country or area which you have studied, describe the ways in which renewable energy supplies are being developed. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

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16 BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 4 Photograph A Question 5 Photograph B Question 5 Photograph C Question 5 Photograph D Question 5 S. Sibley UCLES. S. Sibley UCLES. S. Sibley UCLES. S. Sibley UCLES. Fig. 9 Air Seychelles.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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