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Overvoltages and protection in offshore wind power grids

Industrial PhD project, Dic 2008 to Nov 2011


Ivn Arana

Switching overvoltages in offshore wind power grids. Measurements, modelling and validation in time and frequency domain. PhD Thesis, 2012

Contents

General overview of the Industrial PhD project Framework PhD cooperation in DONG Energy Offshore wind farm general overview Switching transient source Measurements and simulations

Avedre Radial disconnection

Wide band transformer model

Voltage ratio Recommended SFRA L/R variation

Value creation Conclusions


Electrical oscillations between wind energy installations, their components and the power grid, Stockholm. 2 06-12-2011

General overview of the Industrial PhD project

Electrical oscillations between wind energy installations, their components and the power grid, Stockholm.

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Framework

5. Validation

1. Measurements

4. Model application

2. Data analysis

3. Model creation

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PhD cooperation in DONG Energy

Harmonics in offshore wind farms


Compatibility of electrical main components in wind turbines

Universities Research centres Companies

Transients in offshore wind farms

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Offshore wind farm voltage overview


Reactor Type D Converter Reactor CB_LV22 WTT_22 CB_MV22 BRK_c Submarine cable Filter Type C CB_LV08 Generator TR1 CB_HV Converter Type A CB_LVA09 WTT_A09 SD_MVA09 CB_MV WTT_08 Offshore wind farm substation CB_MV08 MV CB_MV1 CB_MV2 CB_MV3 CB_MV4 CB_MV5 Generator Capacitor Load Compensation Aux Land cable Onshore wind farm substation Shore line Filter BRK_r BRK_f BRK PCC

Electrical oscillations between wind energy installations, their components and the power grid, Stockholm.

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Offshore wind farm frequency domain measurements overview


Reactor Type D Converter Reactor CB_LV22 WTT_22 CB_MV22 BRK_c Submarine cable Filter Type C CB_LV08 Generator TR1 CB_HV Converter Type A CB_LVA09 WTT_A09 SD_MVA09 CB_MV WTT_08 Offshore wind farm substation CB_MV08 MV CB_MV1 CB_MV2 CB_MV3 CB_MV4 CB_MV5 Generator Capacitor Load Compensation Aux Land cable Onshore wind farm substation Shore line Filter BRK_r BRK_f BRK PCC

Electrical oscillations between wind energy installations, their components and the power grid, Stockholm.

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Source of transient in wind turbine

PCC Wind turbine Converter Reactor CB_LV Transformer CB_MV Land cable CB_PCC

MLVcon Filter

MLV

MMV

Electrical oscillations between wind energy installations, their components and the power grid, Stockholm.

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Source of transient in collection grid


Onshore substation PCC TR1 CB_PCC CB_MV CB_MV1 CB_MV2 CB_MV3 CB_MV4 CB_MV5 Load Capacitor bank Aux MV

MV_Radial

Land cable Shore line Wind turbine BB22 Converter Reactor Submarine cable CB_LV22 WTT_22 CB_MV22

LV_22 Filter Wind turbine BB38 Converter Reactor CB_LV38 WTT_38

MV_22

CB_MV38

LV_38 Filter

MV_38

Electrical oscillations between wind energy installations, their components and the power grid, Stockholm.

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Source of transients in export grid

Offshore wind farm substation MV1 TR1

Shore line

PCC CB1_HV CB0_HV CB2_HV MHV Submarine cable Land cable CB_HV

CB1_MV

MV2

MMV1 TR2

CB2_MV

MMV2

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Source of transients in external grid

Offshore wind farm substation MV1 TR1

Shore line

PCC CB1_HV CB0_HV CB2_HV MHV Submarine cable Land cable CB_HV

CB1_MV

MV2

MMV1 TR2

CB2_MV

MMV2

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Measurements and simulations

Measurements

wind turbine switch in switch out radial feeder NHP/BB/HR1/GFS

->high frequency phenomena that standard models can not reproduce ->detail and std models are sufficient for some switching operations ->additional work is needed

Other work not shown here


switch out AVV switch in radial feeder in NHP switch in wind turbine transformer in BB switch in wind turbine transformers during ->operational guidelines can be created emergency situation MW based on simulations export grid validation GFS external grid disturbance validation GFS point-on-wave application at WOW2 transient recovery voltage at WOW2 All the models and methods external grid disturbance prediction developed have been done for WOW1

operational or under development offshore wind farms!

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Avedre

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Switch in AVV measurements

PCC Wind turbine Converter Reactor CB_LV Transformer CB_MV Land cable CB_PCC

MLVcon Filter

MLV

MMV

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Switch in AVV measurements (1)

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Switch in AVV measurements (2)

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Switch in AVV measurements (3)

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Switch in AVV measurement analysis(1)

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Switch in AVV measurement analysis(2)

All frequencies are excited

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Radial disconnection under production

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Switch out radial feeder NHP/BB/HR1/GFS measurements


Onshore substation PCC TR1 CB_PCC CB_MV CB_MV1 CB_MV2 CB_MV3 CB_MV4 CB_MV5 Load Capacitor bank Aux MV

MV_Radial

Land cable Shore line Wind turbine BB22 Converter Reactor Submarine cable CB_LV22 WTT_22 CB_MV22

LV_22 Filter Wind turbine BB38 Converter Reactor CB_LV38 WTT_38

MV_22

CB_MV38

LV_38 Filter

MV_38

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Switch out radial feeder NHP/BB/HR1/GFS measurements Temporary overvoltages

20MW

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Wide band transformer model

High frequency models

Simplified transformer model with equivalent capacitances in terminals Gray box model Black box model

FRA on transformers for off-line monitoring

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Wide band transformer model


Transformer

Transformers

Wind turbine 300kVA@SINTEF/NTNU 100kVA@DTU 100kVA@BB 150kVA@BB 2.6MVA@STV(Middelgrund) 2.6MVA@STV(Nysted) 4MVA@BB(....) 2.5MVA@SWP(HR2) 4MVA@SWP(AVV)-lost Wind park 90MVA@BB 2x120MVA@ABB(WOW2) 2x120MVA@Bladt(WOW2)

R&D Maintenance

FRA measurements

Y(f)

Spare Supplier

Y(f) correction

Vector fitting

Maintenance Supplier Construction

FDTF in PSCAD
Compare PSCAD results with measurements

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Wide band transformer model


FRAX 0.1MVA 10.5/0.69kV 1W Ch0 Ch1 I1 U 1V 2V 2W

1U

2U

2N

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Positive sequence voltage ratios (10.4/0.69[15; 0.06])

180kHz

27kHz

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Measured admittance from recommended SFRA test on the 100kVA transformer at DTU

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Measured wind farm transformers positive sequence voltage ratio

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Value creation

Guidelines
Standard model or method Developed model or method

Increase reliability

Reduce costs

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Conclusions

Cooperation Detail models provided by manufacturers Some switching operations can be replicated with standard component models, but not all Additional work is needed to develop models Operational guidelines can be created based on simulations Wide band transformer model can be created with a commercial SFRA equipment Some recommended SFRA measurement resonances match the positive sequence voltage ratio resonant frequencies Different transformer types, present different L/R ratio

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Thanks for your time

Ivn Arana M.Sc.E.E., PhD-student Renewables Grid Analysis DONG Energy Nesa All 1 DK-2820 Gentofte Mobile: +45 99 55 63 55 Email: ivaar@dongenergy.dk

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