Digital Image Processing

Spring 2007
Sankalp Kallakuri elsanky@gmail.com
Books refererenced Digital Image Processing by Gonzalez and Woods Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing by A K Jain Digital Picture Processing By Rosenfeld and Kak

Syllabus
Fundamentals Image Enhancement [spatial] Image Enhancement [frequency] Sampling and Quantization Image Restoration Color Image Processing Image Compression Image Reconstruction

Syllabus
Grading:
Assignments - 40% Homework Mid Term Final - 10% - 20% - 30%

Assignments:
Matlab and C/C++

IP 101
Colour images Grey level images File formats JPG BMP TIFF 2D representations Examples of Fields that use IP X-Rays, UV Imaging, IR Imaging, Satellite Images, Astronomy, License plates, Water Marking, Microwaves, MRI, sonograms, TEMs

Image Processing System

network Image Displays Processors Mass storage

Hard Copy

IP software

Specialized IP Hardware

Image Sensors

Problem domain
From Gonzalez and Woods

Human Eye

Vision Details
Lens Iris Pupil Cornea Retina Rods / Cones [distribution number use] Blind spot Photopic[bright]/ Scotopic[dim] Brightness adaptation Weber Ratio
Ic I

Examples of Brightness perception

Figures from Gonzalez and Woods

Light and EM Spectrum

Wavelength = C/ frequency Energy = h * frequency Reflected light Radiance is total amount of energy that flows from the light source Luminance is the perceived from light source Sensor design

Image Sensing and Acquisition

Single , Line and Array Array Strips Linear , circular

Bayer and RGB Filter type CCDS

From wikipedia

Projection
Perspective

Orthographic

Image Model
f(x,y) 0 < f(x,y) < f(x,y)=i(x,y)r(x,y) i - illuminance r- reflectance 0 < i(x,y) < 0 < r(x,y) < 1

Sampling and Quantization In 1 dimension In 2 dimension Effects of quantisation Colour levels and bit requirements

Signals

sampling

Quantization levels

Sampled & Quantized signal

Continuous phenomenon

Two orthogonal sine waves added to each other

Continuos Image

Sampled and Quantised in 1 Dimension

Quantized and sampled

Effects are contour lines

Sampled and Quantised

Contour lines appear on both X and Y dimensions

Bit Requirements
L=2K b= M x N x K Example: 100 distinct colors needed to capture a phenomenon. How many bits would be needed to store an image of dimensions 49x10? 3430

Resolution
Easier to change number of Pixels rather than number of grey levels. Optimal number to use is until there is no discernible difference by increasing the number. Isopreference Curves : curves on the N k plane More detail fewer grey levels. The higher grey levels will mean better contrast perception.

Aliasing

fl

fr

-Fs

Fs

Zooming and Interpolation

Simple zoom would leave blank spaces in the grid. Nearest neighbor interpolation. Repetition of pixels [integer zoom] Bilinear Interpolation v(x,y)=ax+by+cxy+d

Shrinking done by removal of columns and rows. In case of non integer shrink factor the grid Is zoomed out. Interpolation is performed and then rows and columns are stripped out. Smoothing is useful before shrinking.

Relationships between Pixels

Neighborhood N4(p) N8(p) ND(p) 4 adjacency ,8 adjacency and m adjacency Digital path Connected Components Connected Set [region] Border Edge [may be local ]

Distance Measures
For Pixels p,q and z with coordinates (x,y) (s,t) and (v,w) D(p,q) > 0 (D(p,q)=0 iff p=q) D(p,q) = D(q,p) D(p,z) < D(p,q) + D(q,z) City block distance D4(p,q) = |x-s| + |y-t| Chessboard Distance D8(p,q)=max(|x-s| + |y-t|)

Home Work & Assignment

Label all images

Scripts should be commented. A read me file should be attached. Assignments shall be incremental. So try and complete them by the deadlines.

Homework -1
Learn how to read and write an image in matlab. Learn basic syntax in Matlab. Create a 256x256 2D array. Populate every row with a sine wave which rides on a DC level of 128 with PeakPeak amplitude 220 , which has exactly two cycles fit in a row. display this array as an image. Create a 256x256 2D array. Populate every column with a sine wave which rides on a DC level of 10, with PeakPeak amplitude 20, which has exactly 4 cycles fit in a column. Add the two arrays Display the sum array as an image