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Concentration Estimation
(Y- and Z-directional dispersion constants)
arunku@civil.iitd.ac.in
Example Q1: Pollutant Concentration (repeat using empirical relationship for sigma y and sigma z) and compare.
At 0 C and 1 atm pressure (760 mm Hg), the volume of the gas is 22.4 L/mol.
A) Stationery Sources
Pre-combustion controls (improved fuel quality) Combustion controls (improved combustion process) Post-combustion controls (capture emissions after they are formed but before they are released to the air)
Inlet velocity = (7m3/s)/(0.45m2)= 15.5 m/s Calculate d50 ??? Calculate d/d50 Use efficiency vs. (d/d50) plot to find out efficiency for calculated d/d50 value?
1) Electrostatic Precipitators
Intense electric field ionizes particles. They move under the influence of electric field to grounded collecting surface
Electrostatic Precipitator
Consists of alternating plates and wires, a large direct current potential is established between them As gas stream passes between the wire and the plate, gas molecules are ionized, ions attach to the particles, giving them a net negative charge The particulates then migrate to the plate where they stick and can later be removed
Electrostatic Precipitator
Efficiency usually > 98%, including submicron particles Uses: electric power plants, acid production facilities etc Can accommodate large flow rates, solid or liquid particles, low operation and maintenance costs, but are expensive and require a lot of space
2) Filtration
Gas stream drawn or pushed through fabric that prevents particle passage Generally used for particles < 5 m
Filtration
Bag house
Filtration
Two configurations:
Deep bed filter: Used for relatively clean gases and low volumes, e.g., air conditioning systems The Baghouse: for dirty industrial gas with large volumes Many applications (e.g. cement crushing, feed and grain handling and sanding machines) Effective removal of small particles, but are large and expensive
3) Liquid Scrubber
For particulate matter that is wet, corrosive or very hot Particle pollutant can be removed by injecting water into the gas stream Particles/droplets grow and removed by cyclone
Fine limestone (CaCO3) is mixed with water to create a slurry. SO2 is absorbed by the slurry producing CaSO3 or CaSO4 precipitate, which is removed as a sludge.
FGD have reaction chemistries based on lime (CaO), caustic soda (NaOH), soda ash (Na2CO3) or ammonia (NH3) Limestone slurry is sprayed onto the flue gas, SO2 is absorbed by the slurry, producing calcium sulfate or calcium sulfite, which is then removed as a sludge.
4) Absorption
Transfer pollutant from a gas phase to a liquid phase (gas dissolves in the liquid) scrubbers (liquid droplets absorb the gas) towers (a thin film of liquid absorbs the gas) Process depends on: solubility of pollutant & creating a large air/liquid surface area Primarily for soluble inorganic gases, e.g. NH3, Cl2, SO2
Absorption
5) Adsorption
Gas to solid mass transfer (pollutant sticks to solid surface) Adsorbents
1. 2. 3. 4. activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel, activated alumina (large active surface area per unit volume)
At some point, adsorbent becomes saturated and needs regeneration Commonly used for: hydrocarbons, solvents, H2S, SO2, NO2
Adsorption
6) Combustion
Used when the contaminant in the gas stream is oxidizable to an inert gas Typically CO and hydrocarbons
B) Motor Vehicles
Cleaner gasoline Exhaust system controls (catalytic converter) Improved engines Alternative fuels
Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Wastes
A waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Forms: Liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. It can be the by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides.
Characteristics
Ignitability
Corrosivity
Reactivity
Toxicity
2.
3.
most desirable
least desirable
2. Increase
compliance safety margin trust by regulators
Treatment Technologies -1
Incineration: is the high temperature burning (rapid oxidation) of a waste, usually at 1600 to 2500 degrees F (i.e., controlled-flame combustion or calcination). It destroys organic constituents in waste materials. Waste-to-Energy Incineration: This is usually associated with municipal waste combustion where the waste is burned at a high temperature. Heat energy is recovered from the combustion process and is usually used to generate steam and or electricity.
Treatment Technologies -2
Boilers: This device is used to treat hazardous waste. Boilers use controlled flame combustion and recover thermal energy in the form of steam or heated gases. Steam stripping: This treatment technology is used to remove organic compounds from liquid waste streams and it involves direct application of stream to the liquid and subsequent condensation of the extracted organic compounds. It not only removes hazardous constituents from the waste stream but it also can have the added benefit of making the constituents less toxic.
Treatment Technologies -3
Physical removal: This process removes the hazardous constituents from waste streams by separation techniques, such as ion exchange, adsorption, reverse osmosis, chelation, solvent extraction, crystallization, precipitation, distillation, filtration, evaporation, etc. The removed hazardous constituents may require further treatment to make them less toxic. Carbon adsorption: Use of activated carbon to adsorb hazardous waste constituents (both gaseous and aqueous waste streams). Chemical oxidation: Use of strong oxidizing agents (e.g. hypochlorite, peroxides, persulfates, percholorates, permanganates, etc) to break down hazardous waste constituents to render them less toxic or mobile. Chemical reduction: Use of strong reducing agents (e.g. sulfur dioxide, alkali salts, sulfides, iron salts, etc) to break down hazardous waste constituents to render them less toxic or mobile.
Treatment Technologies -4
Deactivation: Removal of the hazardous nature of the waste by neutralizing the characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity, and/or reactivity. Neutralization: Here, low pH acidic corrosive waste streams are usually neutralized by containing bases and high pH corrosive waste streams are usually neutralized by adding acids. Extraction: Removal of hazardous constituents from either gaseous or liquid waste streams by means of settling, filtration, adsorption, absorption, solvents, or other means. Further treatment is required in this case. Stabilization: This process reduces the mobility of the hazardous constituents of a waste or that makes the waste easier to handle. The most common stabilization agents added to waste streams are Portland cement, lime, fly ash, and cement kiln dust.
Treatment Technologies -5
Treatment in tanks: mechanical settling, gravity settling, chemical oxidation, and neutralization, etc. Biological treatment: Treatment using bacteria, fungi, or algae to remove and degrade the hazardous constituents (aerobic, anaerobic treatment)
Automotive Products
Motor oil Fuel additives Carburetor and fuel injection cleaners Air conditioning refrigerants Starter fluids Automotive batteries Transmission and brake fluid Antifreeze
Indoor Pesticides
Ant sprays and baits Cockroach sprays and baits Flea repellents and shampoos Bug sprays Houseplant insecticides Moth repellents Mouse and rat poisons and baits
Cleaning Products
Oven cleaners Drain cleaners Wood and metal cleaners and polishes Toilet cleaners Tub, tile, shower cleaners Bleach (laundry) Pool chemicals
Miscellaneous
Batteries Mercury thermostats or thermometers Fluorescent light bulbs Driveway sealer