Linguistics

-Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. - Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context.

General Linguistics -a study of the phenomena, historical changes, and functions of language without
restriction to a particular language or to a particular aspect (as phonetics, grammar, stylistics) of language

Sub-discipline of Structure-based Studies of Linguistics

-One subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of rules followed by the users of a language. It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology(sound systems). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceive. -The study of language meaning is concerned with how languages employ logical structures and realworld references to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This category includes the study of semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics(how meaning is inferred from context). Linguistics also looks at the broader context in which language is influenced by social, cultural, historical and political factors. This includes the study of evolutionary linguistics, which investigates into questions related to the origins and growth of languages; historical linguistics, which explores language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures; psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which looks at language processing in the brain; language acquisition, on how children or adults acquire language; and discourse analysis, which involves the structure of texts and conversations. Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to language and intersect with it. Semiotics, for example, is the general study of signs and symbols both within language and without. Literary theorists study the use of language in literature. Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from such diverse fields as acoustics, anthropology, biology, computer science,human anatomy, informatics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and speech-language pathology.

Branches of Linguistics
1. General linguistic generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language. Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally. 2. Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself (structure of language systems) without related to other sciences and without related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic: a. Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language b. Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning c. Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified d. Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences e. Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences f. Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts g. Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed) h. Applied linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with applicaion of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching. 3. Macro linguistic is broadest view of language. It is concerned external view of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic: a. Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context. b. Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood. c. Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change. d. Language geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages. e. Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of language. f. Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use. g. Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability. h. Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology. i. Neurolinguistics, the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication. j. Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human language. Computational linguistics, the study of computational implementations of linguistic structures.

Applied linguistics
- Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology.