Electric Propulsion Systems for Ships

Dr. Hiroyasu KIFUNE Associate Prof. (Tokyo Univ. of Marine Sci. and Tech.) Lectures: Electric Machines, Power Electronics, Electric Propulsion System for Ships Research Area: Power Electronics

Dr. Hiroyasu KIFUNE Associate Prof. (Tokyo Univ. of Marine Sci. and Tech.) Lectures: Electric Machines, Power Electronics, Electric Propulsion System for Ships Research Area: Power Electronics, Induction Heating Technologies Saving Energy of Ships

Photo from <http://www.naze.biz/database/124/#category-tech> <http://www.marubishi-ht.com/category/1327488.html>

Todays lecture title is

Electric Propulsion Systems for Ships

Agenda
Overview of Electric Propulsion Ships Comparison with Auto Motives and Ships Why Auto motives adopt Electric Propulsion? Advantage and Disadvantage Reason with kind of Ships Future view

What is Electric Propulsion?

It is the technology which moves by the power of an electric motor. Maybe, the railroad is familiar.

What is Electric Propulsion?

It is the technology which moves by the power of an electric motor. Maybe, the railroad is familiar.

What is Electric Propulsion?

It is the technology which moves by the power of an electric motor. Maybe, the railroad is familiar.

Pantagraph

What is Electric Propulsion?

It is the technology which moves by the power of an electric motor. Maybe, the railroad is familiar.

Pantagraph
Converted and Controlled

Electric Motor

Data and Photo from http://www.chiri.com/railwaymap/pdf/syutoken_rosen_201003.pdf http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~eg6f-tkhs/tetu/toei_edo.htm

Car with Electric Motor

Hybrid car runs combining the power of engine, electric motor with battery. Gasoline Engine
Main power supply

Gear Box

Tires

Battery
Aux. power supply

Electric Motor

Car with Electric Motor

Hybrid car runs combining the power of engine, electric motor with battery. EV (Electric Vehicle) runs only battery. Gear Box Tires

Battery
Main power supply

Electric Motor

Various Electric Propulsion Ships

Battery Boat

Raicho I LOA: 10m DW:3ton Passenger: 12 Lithium ion battery Permanent Magnetic Motor

LPG carrier

No.10 Izumi Maru Owner: NGL LOA: 70m DW:1,056ton Cargo: LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Photo from <http://www.ngl.co.jp/ship8.html>

Cement carrier
Ko-zan Maru Owner: JRTT, Yamaki Transport LOA: 160m DW:22,000ton Cargo: Cement

Photo from <http://www.ube-ind.co.jp/usl/ships/ship40.htm>

Oil Tanker

MASTERA Owner: SEB Leasing Oy LOA: 252m DW:106,200ton Atrantic O

Photo from <Monthly Ships, Dec. 2003>

LNG carrier

Photo from <http://www.visualships.com/Provalys.htm>

PROVALYS LOA: 290m DW: 154,400m3

Cruise Passenger Ship

Photo from <http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/>

Diamond Princess Owner: P&O LOA: 290m GT:115,800ton Passenger:2,674

Oceanographic Ship
CHIKYU LOA:210m GT: 56,752ton Drilling Depth2,500m

Photo from <http://blog.goo.ne.jp/taro-x/e/53a94879e93eb80beaafee34b1797a59>

FPSO
(Floating Production, Storage and Offloading system)

Oil drilling Ship Excavating from 1,200m in depth

Photo from <http://www.oilrig-photos.com/picture/number1865.asp>

Electric Propulsion in Car

Why does it become energy saving if a car uses an electric motor and a battery? Speed

Power
Conventional Car

Electric Propulsion in Car

Speed

Power
Motor assisted power

Hybrid Car

Charging battery
Photo from <http://www.honda.co.jp/INSIGHT/webcatalog/color/>

Electric Propulsion in Car

When slowing down, the kinetic energy which the body has is collected as electric power. By storing in a battery Power temporarily, this electric power can be again used at the time of the next acceleration. Speed

Motor assisted power

Charging battery
Photo from <http://www.honda.co.jp/INSIGHT/webcatalog/color/>

Electric Vehicle
Electric vehicle is also the same and the body kinetic energy at the time of a slowdown is collected as electric power. Battery is an important key device.

Electric Vehicle
Photo from <http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/i-miev/color/index.html>

Lithium ion Battery

Lithium ion battery is small compared with a lead storage battery. High power. However, it is still expensive.

How is ship?
No traffic signal, no pedestrian No brake device on the board Continue running Hardly slow down.

Kinetic Energy
If acceleration and a slowdown are repeated frequently

Kinetic Energy
If acceleration and a slowdown are repeated frequently
Weight: 1 ton Speed: 16m/s Kinetic energy: 128kJ

Kinetic Energy
If acceleration and a slowdown are repeated frequently
Weight: 1 ton Speed: 16m/s Kinetic energy: 128kJ Weight: 100,000 ton Speed: 8m/s Kinetic energy: 3.2GJ

Kinetic Energy
If acceleration and a slowdown are repeated25,000 frequently
Weight: 1 ton Speed: 16m/s Kinetic energy: 128kJ Weight: 100,000 ton Speed: 8m/s Kinetic energy: 3.2GJ

times

Kinetic Energy
If acceleration and a slowdown are repeated25,000 frequently
Weight: 1 ton Speed: 16m/s Kinetic energy: 128kJ Weight: 100,000 ton Speed: 8m/s Kinetic energy: 3.2GJ

times

Hybrid system using battery is unreal for ship

But there are Electric Propulsion Ships?

We need to clarify a definition of electric propulsion for ships.

If it adopts hybrid system with battery

Large amount of battery is needed. Ship is larger than car. Large amount of battery can be boarded. But too expensive Motivation is different with kind of ships.

Generator system of Conventional Cargo Ships

Photo from <http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/>

Generator system of Conventional Cargo Ships

Electricity demand is small. 2 Generators are equipped. Only one set of either is usually operated.
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C

Gen.
440V, 60Hz

Laod D 220V/110V

Photo from <http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/>

Large Diesel Engine for Main Engine

Features
Very big (24m, 15m) Super heavy (2000 ton) High Power (60,000 kW)

Main Engine
Photo from <http://www.mol.co.jp/ishin/engine/present/index.html> <http://www.mhi.co.jp/products/detail/mitsubishi-wartsila_diesel_engine.html>

Propeller

Configuration of General Cargo Ships

Electric System
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C

Propulsion System

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.
440V, 60Hz

Laod D 220V/110V

Large Diesel Engine for Main Engine

Features
Very big (24m, 15m) Super heavy (2000 ton) High Power (60,000 kW) High Efficiency ( over 50% )

Cleaner transport

Photo from <http://www.mol.co.jp/ishin/engine/present/index.html> <http://www.mhi.co.jp/products/detail/mitsubishi-wartsila_diesel_engine.html>

Values in kinds of transportation

Cost Energy Saving Speed

Convenience
Mass Transportation

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Gen.

Laod A Laod B Laod C

Main Engine
Laod D

Gen.

Propeller

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Gen.

Laod A Laod B Laod C

Gen.

Laod D

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Gen.

Laod C

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Configuration of Electric Propulsion Constant System for Ships Frequency

60Hz Gen. Power Converter Supply suitable frequency for control Speed Control by frequency

Motor

Motor speed can be controlled by the frequency of electric power. Generator outputs constant frequency (60Hz) Power converter supply suitable frequency and demanded power

Gen.

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Converter 60Hz AC DC Inverter DC Various frequency AC

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Harmonic Distortion Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Configuration of Electric Propulsion System for Ships

Special Transformer for Power converter Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Photo from <http://www.risho.co.jp/product/products3/special_use/converter/converter.htm>

Comparison with Conventional and Electric Propulsion system

Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

Gen.

Power Converter Motor Power Converter Laod A Laod B

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Laod C

Advantage and Disadvantage

Advantage 1
(Free Arrangement)

Generator Generator Generator

Generator Generator Generator Generator Generator Generator

Advantage 2
(Enhance cargo space)

Cargo Space G Engine Room

Advantage 2
(Enhance cargo space)

Cargo Space

G G G

C M

Engine Room

Advantage 2
(Enhance cargo space)

Cargo Space

G G G

C M

Engine Room

Advantage 3
(Reduction of resistance from sea water)

G
Resistance from sea water Engine Room

Advantage 3
(Reduction of resistance from sea water)
Improvement of vessels shape

G G G Resistance from sea water is reduced

C M

Engine Room

Advantage 4
(Communalization of replacement parts)

Gen. Engine

Main Engine
Gen. Engine

Advantage 4
(Communalization of replacement parts)

Advantage 4
(Communalization of replacement parts)

Gen. Engine Gen. Engine

Gen. Engine Gen. Engine

easy

Advantage 5
(Redundancy)
There is no machine which does not break down. Failure of a machine cannot be prevented thoroughly. Delay of delivery turns to business loss.

Advantage 5
(Redundancy)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Advantage 5
(Redundancy)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Still can GO!

Laod C

Advantage 6
(Low vibration and noise)
Conventional Ship Vibration induced mechanically is large amplitude and low frequency Vibration frequency is not constant Screws may loosen by vibration Main Slack of screw causes loose connection Engine Noise is also loud No technology to remove such a vibration

Advantage 6
(Low vibration and noise)
Electric Propulsion Ship Engine speed is always constant Vibration frequency also constant Tends to deal with Noise also becomes small
Gen. Engine M

Advantage 7
(Maneuvering)
Torque
Engine

Speed

Torque is small in a low engine-speed region

Advantage 7
(Maneuvering)
Torque
Engine

Electric Motor

Speed

Electric motor can output maximum torque in low speed region

Advantage 7
(Maneuvering)
Torque
Engine

Electric Motor

Electric Motor

Speed

Electric motor can output maximum torque in low speed region Electric motor can change over the direction of its revolution These features provides good maneuvering capability

Advantage 7
(Maneuvering)

Conventional Ship needs to help pushing and pulling by tugboat when she enter and departure port. It takes long time. Electric Propulsion Can control speed, direction, and position precisely Tugboat is necessarily unnecessary.
Photo from <http://pictrial.exblog.jp/10186697/>

Disadvantage 1
(Increasing Initial Cost)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Disadvantage 1
(Increasing Initial Cost)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Disadvantage 1
(Increasing Initial Cost)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Disadvantage 1
(Increasing Initial Cost)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

Gen.

Power Converter Motor Power Converter Laod A Laod B

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Laod C

Disadvantage 1
(Increasing Initial Cost)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

Gen.

Power Converter Motor Power Converter Laod A Laod B

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Laod C

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

Main Engine
Intermediate shaft bearing
Thrust bearing

Propeller shaft bearing

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

100% Main Engine

Intermediate shaft bearing
Thrust bearing

Propeller shaft bearing

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

Friction

Friction

Friction

Main Engine
Intermediate shaft bearing
Thrust bearing

Propeller shaft bearing

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)
Gen.
Laod A Laod B Laod C Laod D

Main Engine Propeller

Gen.

100% Main Engine

Intermediate shaft bearing
Thrust bearing

96 ~ 98%

Propeller shaft bearing

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

Laod C

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
Power Converter Gen.
Generator Engine Alternator Laod A Laod B

Motor

Gen.

100%

94%

Laod C

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
93% 85~89% Power Converter 81~86% Motor

Gen.
Generator Engine Alternator Laod A Laod B Laod C

Gen.

100%

Disadvantage 2
(Decreasing Efficiency)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.
93% 85~89% Power Converter 81~86% Motor

Gen.
Generator Engine Alternator Laod A Laod B Laod C

Power loss is very large

Gen.

100%

Disadvantage 3
(Vague Uneasiness)

Disadvantage 3
(Vague Uneasiness)
Difficult to specify failure parts and trouble causes.

Power Converter NO! Owner willing to adopt electric propulsion?

The reasons with kinds of ship

Case of Large Passenger Ship

Various services is provided

Photo from <http://www.princess.com/learn/ships/index.html> <http://www.cruiseplanet.co.jp/ship_date/dt_pr_ruby.htm>

Case of Large Passenger Ship

Infrastructures are needed in many facilities for service Demand electric power is large

Case of Large Passenger Ship

Case of Large Passenger Ship

Lots of Generator is needed. Not necessary to divide engine for utility and propulsion.

Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

Case of Large Passenger Ship

Low vibration and noise Large and comfortable living environment
ZZZ

Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

Case of drilling ship

Photo from <http://www.ecool.jp/foreign/2011/01/diamondo04-1003.html>

Case of drilling ship

Photo from <http://www.ecool.jp/foreign/2011/01/diamondo04-1003.html>

Case of drilling ship

Case of drilling ship

OK ?

Case of drilling ship

Ocean current

Snake?

Case of drilling ship

Oh NO!

Oil leak

Case of drilling ship

Where am I? GPS: Global Positioning System Position on earth can be calculated

Case of drilling ship

Azimuth thruster
It can control the direction of thrust force without the rudder.

Photo from open document of ABB

Case of drilling ship

Cable layer

DPS: Dynamic Positioning System

Oceanographic research ship

Photo from <http://dokai.co.jp/cable.html> <http://blog.goo.ne.jp/taro-x/e/53a94879e93eb80beaafee34b1797a59>

Case of LNG carrier

(Conventional)

LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas Main ingredient is Methane Liquefied under -161oC

Case of LNG carrier

(Conventional)
BOG : Boil Off Gas

LNG evaporates with heat which enters from outside a tank BOG is burned by a boiler together with heavy fuel oil as fuel.

Boiler

Case of LNG carrier

(Conventional)
Conventional LNG carrier has a steam turbine plant. High reliability No vibration and low noise Boiler Steam Turbine

Case of LNG carrier

(Problems to be solved)

Thermal efficiency is low compared with the diesel engine plant. Engineers who have advanced technical knowledge and technology are needed.

Boiler
Steam Turbine

Diesel Engine

Case of LNG carrier

DFE : Dual Fuel Engine DEE can use BOG as fuel

DFE Gen.

Power converter
Electric Motor

Case of LNG carrier

(Unloading)
To harbor

Unloading pump and Ballast pump operate simultaneously in order to keep balance Unloading Pump Ballast Pump
Ballast tank

Case of Tanker for Icy Ocean

There is no advantage introducing an electric propulsion system for tanker.

Photo from <http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki>

Case of Tanker for Icy Ocean

Ice breaking capability. Advance and sternway are repeated frequently. High torque is needed in a low speed condition
Photo from <Monthly Ships, Dec. 2003>

Case of Tanker for Icy Ocean

Torque

Engine

Torque Electric Motor

Speed

Speed

Engine torque is not sufficient in low speed Electric motor output max torque in wide speed range

Future View of Electric Propulsion Ship

Si SiC
(Power semiconductor)

Gen. Power Converter

Motor

Gen.

Power Converter
Converter 60Hz AC DC Inverter DC Various frequency AC

If SiC is used as a material of power semiconductors, the efficiency of the power converter can be improved.

Thank you