IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org ISSN 2321-600X

Mono and Multi-Objective optimum enlargement designing of Distribution System capability exploitation Binary Particle Swarm algorithmic program
Lingaraj. K, Revathi. N
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT
Distribution system designing downside is bothered with best enlargement of distribution system facilities to fulfill the load enlargement also as system constraints. Nowadays, Distributed Generation (DG) may be a new choice within the power systems to fulfill the electrical demand growth.This paperpresents a replacement approach to unravel the one and multi-objective distribution enlargement designing downside as well as metric weight unit. The projected algorithmic rule is predicated on binary particle swarm optimisation technique. The aim of the model is to satisfy operational and economical necessities by exploitation metric weight unit as a candidate various for distribution system designing and avoiding or a minimum of reducing increasing existing substations and upgrading existing feeders. For objective perform, total enlargement price, total voltage deviation and total system losses, the model decides the locations and size of the new facilities within the system also because the quantity of the purchased power from the most grid. The 9-bus distribution system is employed during this work to check the projected algorithmic rule. the standard weighted aggregation methodology is employed to unravel the multiobjective optimisation downside so any objectives functions and constraints is simply additional to the projected algorithmic rule.Optimization results show that the metric weight unit introduce economical and electrical edges to the system against the standard choice that embrace adding new transformers at the present station and upgrading the overladen feeders. The analysis of9-bus distribution system shows that investment on metric weight unit not solely improve the system voltage instead of ancient choice, however conjointly cut back overloading of the present electrical instrumentation and system losses whereas price of the investment on metric weight unit compare to the standard investments is nearly identical.

Keywords: planning, distributed generation, Binary Particle Swarm optimisation, Weighted Aggregation methodology.

1. INTRODUCTION
Electric utilities have traditionally happy client demand by generating electricity centrally and distributing it through an intensive transmission and distribution system. As demand will increase, the utility generates a lot of electricity. Once demand will increase on the far side an exact level, the capability of the generation, transmission, and distribution systems will become strained. this example has LED to power shortages, power quality problems, and unreliable and expensive power. Distribution planners should make sure that there area unit station and feeder capacities to fulfill the load forecasts at intervals the design horizon. In general, the first goal in any system enlargement is to fulfill the expansion of demand within the most economical, reliable, and safe manner potential. Traditionally, all distribution designing ways were involved with increasing some candidate substations, by adding new transformers, or building new stations and adding new feeders within the distribution network to fulfill the necessity of load demands beneath the constraints of substation capability, feeder thermal capability, free fall, radial network configuration and dependability, as several variables and constraints area unit needed to be thought-about. Many industrial countries have restrictions on increasing their ancient centralized power stations and transmission and distribution grid enlargement to supply the desired power to customers. This enlargement needs a big quantity of your

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A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

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time and cash to extend the grid capability. Therefore, these restrictions oppose providing the long run electrical load growth at cheap costs and time [1]. Taking under consideration the deregulating entering into several countries and speedy development within the technologies there is also a necessity to rethink or to increase the standard approach to the design of electricity distribution networks. Traditional provide aspect approaches that using the central plant model to extend native or regional generating capability will need a few years for style, approval, and construction and in some cases need massive investments within the transmission and distribution system. The need for a lot of versatile electrical systems, dynamic regulative and economic situations, energy savings, environmental impact and also the got to shield sensitive masses against network disturbances area unit motivations for researches to think about new choices within the enlargement designing. metric weight unit is a viable generating choice to meet these motivations. the foremost timely and economical sources of recent power might undoubtedly be smaller, strategically situated facilities, that avoid transmission and distribution infrastructure prices whereas providing distinctive edges that grid power alone cannot offer. The metric weight unit is usually connected to the grid, at station, distribution feeder or client load level, crucial a vital impact on energy flows, voltage profile, power quality, dependability and management of the distribution network. Reference[2] calculable that there area unit over sixty,000 MW of mutual engines and tiny gas turbines (<20 MW) put in in North America, larger than the whole put in capability in American state and forecasts predict a complete 520 GW from recently put in metric weight unit round the globe by 2030. Whether metric weight unit is correctly planned and operated it should offer edges to distribution networks (e.g., reduction of power losses and/or postponement of investments for network implementing, etc.), otherwise it will cause degradation of power quality, dependability, and management of the facility system. therefore metric weight unit offers another that planners ought to explore in their rummage around for the most effective answer to electrical provide issues and needs new designing paradigms and procedures able to face a a lot of advanced and unsure state of affairs. In general, like ancient distribution system designing, the goal of metric weight unit designing is to calculate the price of keeping the wants for power delivery instrumentation beneath the system capability limits and providing the desired power demand with efficiency. However, in contrast to ancient distribution system designing, metric weight unit designing seeks to reduce {the designing|the design|the look} prices by making new distribution system planning models[3, 4]. The best designing of an electrical power distribution system has been ofttimes delineated by the minimisation of one objective representing the system designing economic price. The increasing concern to think about different aspects within the optimisation method has LED to a multi-objective formulation of the matter. several ways area unit appropriate for determination of the satisfactory answer that best satisfies the choice maker aspirations. The objective of this paper work is to gift a replacement single-objective and multi objective optimisation models for resolution the distribution system enlargement downside, as well as the Distributed Generation (DG) as a replacement enticing choice, to fulfill the load growth economically. The projected models can decide {the necessary|the needed|the mandatory} new facilities size associated sitting also because the required power to be foreign from the most grid to fulfill the demand in an best method. the actual objectives are: 1. To develop a single-objective distribution system designing optimisation model exploitation Binary Particle Swarm optimisation (BPSO) algorithmic rule for every objective perform. 2. To develop a multi-objective distribution system designing optimisation model by combining those to singleobjective perform exploitation coefficient total methodology and distribution completely different weights to any or all the target functions. The projected model aim to satisfy operational and economical necessities by exploitation metric weight unit as a candidate various for distribution system designing and avoiding or a minimum of reducing: increasing existing substations and upgrading the present feeders[3, 4].

2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION, MODELING AND FORMULATION

2.1 Objective Functions Total enlargement price (TEC) The enlargement price perform include four terms: {the price|the value|the price} of the new transformers within the station price of the distributed generation price of the new feeders upgrades and also the cost of the active power losses. New transformers and distributed generation have mounted and variable half however the price of recent feeders

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Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

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upgrade and active power losses area unit severally mounted and variable. The charge is spent throughout the installation part and includes the price of the development, equipment,etc. The variable price is that the price of the operation of the instrumentation and depends chiefly within the loading of the instrumentation throughout the operation amount. associate existing station is delineated as an influence supply which might provide power at a given unit variable price up to a prescribed boundary [5]. (1) Whereas : Fixed and variable cost for substation expansion (2) :Fixed and variable cost for DG (3) CF: Fixed cost of upgrading the feeders (4) CL: Variable cost for total system losses (5) Total Voltage Deviation (TVD) The expression of total voltage deviation within the system is: (6) Where Vi is the voltage in per unit at the systemi-thbus. Total System Losses (TSL) Total system losses is expressed as: (7) 2.1 Problem Constraints (8)

(9)

(10)

(11) (12)

(13)

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Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

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3. OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY AND ANSWER ALGORITHMIC RULE

3.1 Binary Particle Swarm optimization The Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithmic rule was introduced by James Kennedy and Russell Eberhart [6] in 1995. PSO may be a population primarily based heuristic search technique during which every particle represents a possible answer at intervals the search house and it's characterised by a grip, a rate and a record of its past performance. At every flight cycle, we have a tendency to judge the target perform for every particle with regard to its current position. The obtained worth measures the standard of the particle[7]. The (original) method for implementing the world version of PSO is as follows [6, 7]: Initialize a population (array) of particles with random positions and velocities on d dimensions within the downside house. For every particle, judge the required optimisation fitness perform in d variables. Compare particles fitness analysis with particlespbest. If current worth is healthier than pbest, then set p best worth capable the present worth and also the pbest location capable the present location in ddimensional house. Compare fitness analysis with the population's overall previous best. If current worth is healthier than gbest, then reset gbest to the present particle's array index and worth. Amendment the speed and position of the particleaccording to equations (14) and (15), respectively: (14) (15) Loop to step II till a criterion typically a sufficiently smart fitness or a most variety of iterations(g-iterations) is met. The Binary PSO algorithmic rule (BPSO) was introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart [8] to permit the PSO algorithmic rule to control in binary downside areas. The BPSO incorporates a structure virtually similar to the quality PSO, wherever the speed remains outlined to be within the continuous house. However, the BPSO doesn't regard the velocities as velocities, however rather uses it to outline the likelihood of somewhat to be zero or one. the sole changes to the quality PSO algorithmic rule is that the position vector of the particle may be a vector of binary digits, instead of a vector of continuous values, which the position update equation changes to [8]: (16) Where S(x) is the sigmoid function: (17) The BPSO is sensitive to sigmoid operate saturation, that happens once speed values area unit either large or too little. In such cases the likelihood of a modification in bit price approaches zero, thereby limiting exploration. For zero speed, the sigmoid operate returns a likelihood of zero.5, implying that there's a five hundredth likelihood for the bit to change [9, 10]. 3.2 The planned algorithmic program for Single-Objective improvement The binary string of particle position shows in Fig. 1.This String consists of 2 main components. one in all them belongs to line ofbuses capable forsubstation enlargement. This half includen(N)byteswhich has N_tr bits. every computer memory unitis indicator of every bus that capable for station enlargement and summation of bits during this byte shows the amount of transformers that is put in in thisbus. the opposite one belongs to line of load buses that metric weight unit units is put in in it. This half embody n(M) bytes that has M_dg bits. every computer memory unit is indicator of every bus that metric weight unit units is put in in it and summation of bits during this computer memory unit shows the amount of metric weight unit units. therefore the binary string of particle position has m bits that equal the whole attainable locations of the distributed generators and therefore the total variety of transformers in the least capable station enlargement busesas mentioned below: (18)

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All transformers and metric weight unit units area unit in binary illustration that is illustrated in Fig. 1. within the binary string of particle position_(i,j)^Tr and _(i,j)^DGare binary call variables and these variables area unit generated by arbitrarily choosing a binary price with uniform likelihood over the optimized parameter search area [0 or 1].

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Fig.1. Binary String ofParticle Position

Fig .2. Flow chart of proposed method for single-objective optimization

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Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

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After binary string of particle position is generated, this string is decoded and summation of metric weight unit units or transformers in every computer memory unit is put in within the corresponding bus. Then the program is running supported algorithmis shown in the Fig. 2. 3.3. Multi-Objective optimisation with coefficient add methodology Many real-world issues involve cooccurring optimisation of many objective functions. Multi-objective optimisation with such objective functions provides rise to a group of best solutions, rather than one best answer. the explanation for the optimality of the many solutions is that nobody is thought of to be higher than the other with relation to all objective functions. These best solutions ar referred to as Pareto-optimal solutions [10]. This is notably vital within the downside of the best siting and size of metric weight unit, wherever the distinctiveness of the look objectives, which can conflict one another (e.g., investments value .vs. the entire voltage deviation or system losses), contains a tremendous impact on the hunt for a possible configuration. The multi-objective optimisation permits a more robust simulation of the important world, usually characterised by contrastive goals, and provides the planner the potential of creating the ultimate call by choosing, on the premise of his individual purpose of read, the foremost trade-off answer in a very big selection of appropriate solutions. There ar varied techniques to optimize multi objective functions at the same time. the foremost vital technique is that the Weights add methodology (WSM) [11]. The weighted add methodology is employed to mix the target functions as a single objective optimisation downside. This single objective operate is built as a add of objective functions increased by coefficient factors By dynamical the worth of the weights the Vilfredo Pareto best answer set is simply obtained [10, 12]: (19) (20) The best resolution could be a economist best for the initial multi-objective optimisation drawback. By ever-changing the weights quite one economist best resolution may be generated. selecting the weights may be difficult while not previous info. in an exceedingly variant of this methodology referred to as standard Weighted Aggregation (CWA), the weights ar incrementally modified. for every combination of weights, the matter is solved , so generating a replacement economist best resolution [13, 14]. As totally different|completely different} objective functions will have different magnitudes, it's needed to seek out social control of objective functions[12, 14]. every objective operate is normalized as expressed below: (21) In this paper for resolution distribution system designing, 3 objective functions ar combined as below then the program is running supported the algorithmic rule in Fig. 3. (22)

Fig. 3. Flow chart of proposed method for multi-objective optimization

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Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013 4. RESULT ANALYSIS

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As it is shown, results of TVD objective operate is a twin of TSL objective operate. therefore in metric weight unit possibility 2 totally different solutions ar obtained: 1st one belongs to police officer objective operate and therefore the alternative one belongs to TVD and TSL operate. In metric weight unit possibility voltage profile in second resolution is healthier than 1st one. conjointly within the second resolution, feeders power flow is decreasedwhich result decreasing the whole system losses. Graph show the bus voltage profile and feeders power flow of all solutions. it's clear that the voltage profile in metric weight unit possibility solutions is healthier than the voltage profile within the station enlargement case and conjointly feeders power flow and consequently total system losses is weakened and feeder upgradingis not necessary. These enhancements are edges of victimisation the metric weight unit within the distribution system.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis work mentioned during this paper is bothered with optimum distribution system coming up with as well as weight unit.The optimization model give 2 choices to fulfill the electrical load growth by putting in new electrical device with upgrading the feeders and/or adding weight unit units in the load buses. The seoptions provide the ability to compromise and valuate additional completely different things and solutions. though the planning problem becomes much more complex when considering DG placement and feeder upgrades along, it provides a additional various growth resolution for utilities. The coefficient add technique (WSM) has been with success wont to generate the non-

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A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

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dominated solutions set for the multi-objective distribution planning problem. The coefficient add technique supply elasticity to assign and valuate completely different weights for different objective functions depend on the irimportancein the system coming up with. Optimization results analysis of 9-bus radial distribution system show that the DGs introduce electrical advantages to the system against the normal possibility that embrace adding new transformers at the prevailing station and upgrading the full feeders whereas the investment of each choices is nearly identical. The model that is mentioned during this paper implicitly assumes that new DGs could also be put in by distribution company (DISCO). Though it should be sensible in some cases, however it should not be true for a few things, because the non-public sector could also be active in such investment. However the degree of success of the weight unit various was found to be greatly hooked in to price modeling of the project, the calculable load rate of growth for the station wherever the investment occurred, and therefore the size of the upgrade. REFERENCES [1.] S. Haggmark, V. Neimane, Axelsson and et al., "Aspects of Different Distributed Generation Technologies," CDOGUnet WP 3, Vattenfall Utveckling, Oy Merinova Ab, 2003. [2.] D. Klienschmidt and S. Blazewicz, "Distributed Generation: Understanding the Economics," Arthur D. Little Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 1999. [3.] H. L. Willis and W. G. Scott, Distributed Power Generation: Planning and Evaluation, New York, USA: Marcel Dekker, 2000. [4.] I. Y. Kim and O. L. de Weck, "adaptive Weighted Sum Method for Multiobjective Optimization: A New Method for Pareto Front Generation," Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 105-116, 2006. [5.] K. E. Parsopoulos and M. N. Vrahatis, "Particle swarm optimization method in multiobjective problems," in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), Madrid, Spain, 2002. [6.] V. H. Quintana, H. K. Temraz and K. W. Hipel, "Two-Stage Power System-Distribution Planning Algorithm," IEE Proceedings C, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 17-29, 1993. [7.] M. M. A. Salama and A. Y. Chikhani, "A simplified network approach to the VAR control problem for radial distribution systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1529 - 1535, 1993. [8.] U. Eminoglu and M. H. Hocaoglu, "A new power flow method for radial distribution systems including voltage dependent load models," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 76, no. 1-3, pp. 106-114, September 2005. [9.] P. Dondi, D. Bayoumi, c. Haederli, D. Julian and M. Suter, "Network Integration of Distributed Power Generation," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 106, no. 1-2, pp. 1-9, 2002. [10.] H. L. Willis, Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, North Carolina: Marcel Dekker, 2004. [11.] W. El-Khattam, Y. G. Hegazy and M. M. A. Salama, "An Integrated Distributed Generation Optimization Model For Distribution System Planning," IEEE Transactions On Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1158 - 1165, May 2005. [12.] J. Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," in IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, WA, 1995. [13.] R. Eberhart and Y. Shi, "Particle Swarm Optimization: Developments, Applications and Resources," in Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Seoul, 2001. [14.] J. Kennedy and R. c. Eberhart, "A Discrete Binary Version of the Particle Swarm Algorithm," in IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, And Cybernetics, Orlando, FL, 1997. [15.] M. Clerc, "Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization, Illustrated By The Traveling Salesman Problem," in New Optimization Techniques In Engineering, 2004. [16.] P. Ngatchou, A. Zarei and M. A. El-Sharkawi, "Pareto Multi Objective Optimization," in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Application to Power Systems, Arlington, VA, 2005. [17.] G. Carpinelli, G. Celli, S. Mocci, F. Pilo and A. Russo, "Optimisation of Embedded Generation Sizing And Siting By Using A Double Trade-Off Method," IEE Proceedings, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 503 - 513, July 2005. [18.] Y. Ding, S. Gregov, O. Grodzevich and et al., "Discussions on Normalization and Other Topics in Multi-Objective Optimization," in Proceedings to the Fields-MITACS Industrial Problem Solving Workshop, Toronto, August 2006.

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