Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKJFLJournal of Food Lipids1065-7258Copyright 2005 by Food & Nutrition Press, Inc., Trumbull, Connecticut.

1212333Original Article COMPARISON OF ADSORBENTS FOR VITAMIN E

ET AL.

B.S. CHU

COMPARISON OF SELECTED ADSORBENTS FOR ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF VITAMIN E FROM PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE
B.S. CHU1, B.S. BAHARIN1,3, Y.B. CHE MAN1 and S.Y. QUEK2
1

Department of Food Technology

2 Department of Food Science Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor D.E., Malaysia

Received for Publication August 17, 2004 Accepted for Publication October 8, 2004

ABSTRACT Performance of four selected adsorbents, namely silica gel (SG), aluminum oxide (AO), synthetic brominated polyaromatic SP 207(SP) and functionalized polyaromatic Dowex Optipore L-285 (DO), for adsorption/desorption of vitamin E from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was compared. Vitamin E from PFAD was preconcentrated and dissolved in hexane. Batch mode adsorption experiments were carried out by reacting the vitamin E solution with the adsorbents separately in an orbital shaker under controlled conditions. It appeared that increasing initial vitamin E concentration favored adsorption process as indicated by an increase in adsorption capacity and percentage of vitamin E uptake. Results showed that the adsorption process was exothermic for all adsorbents. Isopropanol was used to recover vitamin E from the adsorbents. It was found that increasing reaction temperature resulted in a higher vitamin E recovery. SG was the most suitable adsorbent for separation of vitamin E as it possessed the highest adsorption capacity and recovery among adsorbents under experimental conditions employed.

INTRODUCTION Physiologically active as vitamin E, tocopherols and tocotrienols are a major group of natural antioxidants that play important roles in the protection
3

Corresponding author. TEL: +603-8946-8394; FAX: +603-8942-3552; EMAIL: badli@putra.upm.edu.my

Journal of Food Lipids 12 (2005) 2333. All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2005, Blackwell Publishing

23

24

B.S. CHU ET AL.

against free radical-mediated degenerative diseases (Nesaretnam 2000; Pryor 2000). Natural vitamin E is normally recovered from fatty acid distillate (FAD) and not from the rened vegetable oils. FAD is a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA), acylglycerols, hydrocarbons, waxes, tocopherols, tocotrienols and sterols, among others. Vitamin E content in FAD varies, ranging from 1 to 15%, depending on the type of FAD, rening process and the conditions employed therein (Fizet 1993). Many attempts have been made to extract vitamin E from FAD including adsorption chromatography (Top et al. 1993; Baharin et al. 1998). For normal phase adsorption column, FAD containing vitamin E is dissolved in a lowpolarity solvent such as hexane, heptane or benzene and eluted through the column. Most of the vitamin E is adsorbed on the adsorbent and the extraneous matter eluted. A second elution using a solvent of higher polarity, such as methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane or mixtures of them desorbs the vitamin E from the column. The solvent in the efuent is evaporated to obtain a vitamin E-rich fraction. It is clear that the proper choice of solvent and adsorbent is crucial for successful recovery of vitamin E. Adsorbents with a large adsorption capacity, rapid vitamin E uptake (during adsorption), as well as rapid and complete release of vitamin E (during desorption) are most favorable. In this study, vitamin E in palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was preconcentrated by neutralization. Eleven adsorbents (silica gel, SG; activated aluminum oxide, AO; magnesium silicate; the synthetic adsorbents brominated polyaromatic SP 207, SP; functionalized polyaromatic Dowex Optipore L-285, DO; polyaromatic Amberlite XAD-1180, phenol-formaldehyde with methanol functionality polyaromatic Duolite XAD-761, acrylic polyester Supelite DAX-8, polyaromatic Diaion HP20, polyaromatic Diaion EXC04, and polymethacrylate Amberchrom CG-71) were screened in a preliminary study, and four (SG, AO, SP and DO) with the highest adsorption capacity were selected. The performance parameters of the adsorbents, i.e., adsorption capacity, rate of adsorption and percentage recovery of vitamin E, were assessed under different conditions in batch experiments. The effects of initial vitamin E concentration and reaction temperature on the adsorption capacity and recovery of vitamin E were studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials PFAD (iodine value 52.6 g of I2/100 g oil; slip-melting point 48.5C) was obtained from Golden Jomalina Food Industries Pte. Ltd, Teluk Panglima

COMPARISON OF ADSORBENTS FOR VITAMIN E

25

Garang, Selangor, Malaysia. Column chromatography grade silica gel (SG; particle size, 0.060.20 mm; surface area, 480540 m2/g) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) while activated aluminum oxide (AO; average particle size, 0.10 mm; surface area, 155 m2/g) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. Inc. (Milwaukee, WI). The synthetic adsorbents brominated polyaromatic SP 207 (SP; particle size, 0.250.80 mm; surface area, 250 m2/ g) and functionalized polyaromatic Dowex Optipore L-285 (DO; particle size, 0.200.50 mm; surface area, 200 m2/g) were purchased from Supelco, SigmaAldrich Pte. Ltd, Singapore. All chemicals used were either of analytical or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grades. Preconcentration of Vitamin E Melted PFAD (50 g) was dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol. This was followed by neutralization of the FFA in PFAD with 1 N NaOH to the phenolphthalein end point. After separation of mixture, it was then transferred into a separatory funnel and 150 mL of hexane was added. The two distinct layers, the bottom layer containing FFA salts was discarded, while the hexane layer containing vitamin E was centrifuged at 2500 g for a few seconds to remove water residues. Hexane was evaporated at 60C under vacuum to recover the vitamin E-rich PFAD fraction (Chu et al. 2002). Batch Adsorption Experiments Adsorbent (1 g) was mixed and shaken separately with 50 mL of vitamin E solutions with initial vitamin E concentrations of 0.06, 0.12, 0.19 and 0.26 mg/mL in 100 mL covered conical asks on an orbital shaker (Model 702, Hotech Instrument Corp., Taipei, Taiwan). The reaction temperature was maintained at 40 1C at an agitation rate of 180 rpm. About 200 L of the solution was withdrawn at various time intervals (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 min). The temperature was set from 35 to 50C. Batch Desorption Experiments A total of 50 g adsorbent was mixed and shaken with 500 mL vitamin E solution of 0.12 mg/mL concentration in a covered conical ask on an orbital shaker (Model 702, Hotech Instrument Corp., Taipei, Taiwan) at 180 rpm in the dark. The reaction temperature was maintained at 40 1C. After equilibrium (40 min), the adsorbent saturated with vitamin E was ltered. The amount of vitamin E adsorbed per g of adsorbent was determined by the difference in vitamin E concentrations in the solution before and after the adsorption. The vitamin E-saturated adsorbent (1.0 g) was carefully

26

B.S. CHU ET AL.

weighed into a 100 mL covered conical ask which was then placed on an orbital shaker (Model 702, Hotech Instrument Corp., Taipei, Taiwan). Isopropanol (50 mL) was introduced to the conical ask at zero time and the shaker set to 160 rpm. Sample solutions of 200 L were withdrawn at various intervals. The effect of temperature was studied from 35 to 50C. Determination of Vitamin E Vitamin E determination was carried out using HPLC as described elsewhere (Chu et al. 2002). Five microliters of the sample was injected into an HPLC system (Waters Model 600 Controller, Milford, MA) equipped with a UV detector at 280 nm (Waters Model 486 UV Detector, Milford, MA). The column used was Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped column (55 mm in length, i.d. 4 mm, particle size 3 m) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), while the mobile phase was methanol/water (95 : 5, v/v). The ow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min and the oven temperature was set at 40C. Total concentration of -tocopherol, -, - and -tocotrienols was expressed as vitamin E concentration. Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to analyze the data where applicable, using SAS (1989) software package release 6.1 (SAS, Cary, NC). The signicant difference level was set at 0.05. Each reported value was the mean of four replications from two repetition runs. Adsorption Proles The vitamin E preconcentrated from PFAD was dissolved in hexane. Since vitamin E is relatively more polar than hexane and the acylglycerols (from preconcentrated vitamin E fraction), it gets adsorbed to a polar adsorbent. Among the 11 adsorbents tested, vitamin E molecules showed the highest afnity for SG, AO, SP and DO, mainly because they were polar adsorbents with large surface areas. Comparatively less polar adsorbents such as magnesium silicate, Duolite XAD-761, Supelite DAX-8 and Amberchrom CG-71 adsorbed vitamin E to a lesser extent. Adsorbents such as Diaion EXC04, Diaion HP20 and Amberlite XAD-1180 were considered nonpolar, and therefore exhibited poor adsorption capacities for vitamin E. Figure 1 shows the typical time course-adsorption proles of vitamin E on SG, AO, SP and DO by reacting each with 50 mL vitamin E solution with an initial concentration of 0.06 mg/mL at 40C. The shaker agitation rate was 180 rpm, while the adsorbents were xed at 1 g for each system. The amount of vitamin E adsorbed per g of adsorbent at time t (min) was expressed as the difference between the initial vitamin E concentration in the solution and that

COMPARISON OF ADSORBENTS FOR VITAMIN E

27

3.0 Vitamin E adsorbed (mg) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 SG 5 AO 10 Time, t (min) SP DO 15 20

FIG. 1. ADSORPTION PROFILES OF VITAMIN E ON VARIOUS ADSORBENTS Experiments were carried out by reacting 50 mL vitamin E solution (0.06 mg/mL) with 1 g of adsorbent at 180 rpm and 40C. Abbreviations: (1) SG, silica gel; (2) AO, aluminum oxide; (2) SP, synthetic brominated polyaromatic SP 207 and; (4) DO, functionalized polyaromatic Dowex Optipore L-285.

at time (min). For all systems, the amount of vitamin E adsorbed increased rapidly initially and then more and more gradually until equilibrium. The systems approached the equilibrium in about 5 min, which was fast compared to other systems, such as adsorption of metal ions on silica gel (Tran et al. 1999) and dyes on activated carbon (Choy et al. 1999), which may take days or weeks. In Fig. 1, SG shows the steepest adsorption prole, followed by AO, DO and SP. SG also recorded the highest vitamin E uptake at equilibrium. A number of factors determine the adsorbent capacity, such as the adsorbent surface area and adsorbate afnity towards the adsorbent. In this study, SG had the largest surface area (480540 m2/g) and therefore this led to its highest adsorption capacity. Although the surface area of AO was the lowest among the adsorbents, it had a higher adsorption capacity than SP and DO, probably because of its higher afnity for vitamin E. Effect of the Experimental Parameters on Adsorption Table 1 shows the amounts of vitamin E adsorbed and uptake percentages for the adsorbents at equilibrium. For all systems, a higher initial vitamin E

28

B.S. CHU ET AL.

TABLE 1. EFFECT OF INITIAL VITAMIN E CONCENTRATION ON BATCH ADSORPTION OF VITAMIN E AT EQUILIBRIUM BY VARIOUS ADSORBENTS* Adsorbent 0.06 SG Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake AO Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake SP Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake DO Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake 2.37 0.01Ad 78.98 0.45Aa 2.01 0.01Bd 66.93 0.34Ba 1.24 0.02Dc 41.48 0.67Da 1.61 0.05Cc 53.77 1.67Ca Initial vitamin E concentration (mg/mL) 0.12 2.87 0.05Ac 47.91 0.76Ab 2.52 0.04Bc 41.77 0.50Bb 2.01 0.07Db 33.52 1.15Db 2.30 0.03Cb 38.41 0.72Cb 0.19 3.87 0.03Ab 40.62 0.43Ac 3.84 0.07Ab 40.44 0.88Ac 2.62 0.01Ca 27.95 0.27Cc 3.53 0.05Ba 37.16 0.63Bb 0.26 4.57 0.03Aa 35.12 0.30Ad 4.13 0.02Ba 31.75 0.57Bd 2.65 0.03Da 20.18 0.39Dd 3.57 0.04Ca 27.46 0.62Cc

* Determined by agitating 1 g adsorbent with 50 mL vitamin E solution for 30 min at 40C with 180 rpm agitation. Means within each column (for the amount of vitamin E adsorbed and percentage uptake) with different capital letters (A, B, C, D) are signicantly ( P < 0.05) different. Means within each row with different lower case letters (a, b, c, d) are signicantly ( P < 0.05) different. Each value represents the mean standard deviation of four analyses from two replications. SG, silica gel; AO, aluminum oxide; SP, brominated polyaromatic SP 207 resin; and DO, functionalized polyaromatic Dowex Optipore L-285.

concentration increased the adsorbent capacity. The higher initial concentration provided a larger driving force for adsorption and, subsequently, increased the adsorption capacity (Jain and Ram 1997). However, when all binding sites of adsorbents had been occupied, a further increase in the initial concentration did not result in any further increase in the amount of vitamin E adsorbed. This was particularly true for the adsorbents with low capacities, such as SP and DO. For example, the vitamin E uptake by SP increased signicantly (P < 0.05) from 1.24 to 2.62 mg with the initial vitamin E concentration increased from 0.06 to 0.19 mg/mL. However, a further increase in the initial concentration to 0.26 mg/mL, did not elicit any further increase (P > 0.05) in the adsorption capacity. Changes in the adsorbent capacity were reected in the percentage of vitamin E uptake. The highest percentage uptake was by the systems with the lowest initial vitamin E concentration. Since the adsorbent mass was xed, there would have been limited binding sites for vitamin E. Further increase in the initial vitamin concentration therefore decreased the percentage uptake.

COMPARISON OF ADSORBENTS FOR VITAMIN E

29

TABLE 2. EFFECT OF REACTION TEMPERATURE ON BATCH ADSORPTION OF VITAMIN E AT EQUILIBRIUM BY VARIOUS ADSORBENTS* Adsorbent 35 SG Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake AO Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake SP Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake DO Amount adsorbed (mg) % uptake 2.66 0.02Ac 88.79 0.69Aa 2.33 0.02Ba 77.68 0.69Ba 1.55 0.06Da 51.82 2.05Da 1.94 0.06Ca 64.78 1.86Ca 40 2.37 0.01Ab 78.98 0.45Ab 2.01 0.01Bb 66.93 0.34Bb 1.24 0.02Db 41.48 0.67Db 1.61 0.05Cb 53.77 1.67Cb Reaction temperature (C) 45 2.25 0.03Ac 74.95 1.05Ac 1.57 0.04Bc 52.44 1.38Bc 1.06 0.03Dc 35.33 1.00Dc 0.93 0.04Cc 31.01 1.19Cc 50 1.88 0.02Ad 62.61 0.72Ad 1.22 0.07Bd 40.64 2.17Bd 0.87 0.02Dd 28.85 0.31Dd 0.61 0.01Cd 20.42 0.25Cd

* Determined by agitating 1 g adsorbent with 50 mL vitamin E solution (initial concentration of 0.06 mg/mL) for 30 min at with 180 rpm agitation. Means within each column (for the amount vitamin E adsorbed and percentage uptake) with different capital letters (A, B, C, D) are signicantly ( P < 0.05) different. Means within each row with different lower case letters (a, b, c, d) are signicantly ( P < 0.05) different. Each value represents the mean standard deviation of four analyses from two replications. For abbreviations, see Table 1.

Table 2 shows that the adsorption capacity and the percentage vitamin E uptake of all the adsorbents decreased with increasing reaction temperature, indicating that adsorption of vitamin E was exothermic. This was similar to other ndings (McKay et al. 1980; Yadava et al. 1991; Banerjee et al. 1997). Adsorption is, more often than not, exothermic (Knocke and Hemphill 1981) although there are endothermic systems (Namasivayam and Ranganathan 1995; Grzegorczyk and Carta 1996). DO displayed the largest decrease in adsorbent capacity and percentage vitamin E uptake (decreased 68.5%) when the reaction temperature was increased from 35 to 50C, suggesting it to be the most temperature sensitive of all adsorbents examined. This was followed by AO, SP and SG at 47.6, 43.9 and 29.3%, respectively. Desorption Proles High polarity (polarity index of 4.0) isopropanol desorbed vitamin E molecules from the adsorbents. Figure 2 illustrates the desorption proles of vitamin E from SG, AO, SP and DO by agitating 1 g of vitamin E saturated adsorbent with 50 mL isopropanol at 40C with 160 rpm agitation. Since the

30

B.S. CHU ET AL.

Undesorbed vitamin E (mg)

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time, t (min)

SG

AO

SP

DO

FIG. 2. DESORPTION PROFILES OF VITAMIN E FROM VARIOUS ADSORBENTS Experiments were carried out by reacting 1 g vitamin E saturated adsorbent with 50 mL isopropanol at 160 rpm and 40C. For abbreviations, refer to Fig. 1.

capacities of the adsorbents at saturation were different, vitamin E started to desorb from the adsorbents at various concentrations. Generally, vitamin E started to desorb rapidly early on, followed by a much slower later release. The desorption rate is reected in the slope of the curve: a higher desorption rate with steeper desorption prole. The vitamin E desorption from SG was the fastest. There was a desorption limit for all systems under the experimental conditions, indicating incomplete release of the vitamin. This was particularly true for DO which only afforded a recovery of 50.4% at 40C and 160 rpm agitation, compared to 89.5, 78.6 and 60.0% for SG, AO and SP, respectively. SG, which had the highest vitamin E capacity and afforded the highest recovery, is an adsorbent suitable for extraction of vitamin E. Effects of the Experimental Parameters on Desorption Table 3 shows the effect of reaction temperature on the amounts vitamin E desorbed and percentages recovery of vitamin E for all systems under investigation. Increasing the reaction temperature from 35 to 50C resulted in signicant (P < 0.05) increases in the amounts of vitamin E desorbed and the percentage recoveries for all the adsorbents. This indicated that the desorption of vitamin E is an endothermic process. Similar ndings have been made in

COMPARISON OF ADSORBENTS FOR VITAMIN E

31

TABLE 3. EFFECT OF REACTION TEMPERATURE ON BATCH DESORPTION OF VITAMIN E BY VARIOUS ADSORBENTS* Adsorbent 35 SG Amount desorbed (mg) % Recovery AO Amount desorbed (mg) % Recovery SP Amount desorbed (mg) % Recovery DO Amount desorbed (mg) % Recovery 2.67 0.01Ad 83.31 0.09Ad 1.53 0.02Bd 70.43 0.37Bd 0.47 0.01Dc 57.16 0.26Cc 0.57 0.02Cd 41.32 5.37Dd 40 2.87 0.01Ac 89.47 0.15Ac 1.70 0.01Bc 78.58 0.79Bc 0.46 0.02Dc 58.04 0.82Cc 0.70 0.01Cc 50.44 1.62Dc Reaction temperature (C) 45 3.06 0.01Ab 95.36 0.51Ab 1.74 0.01Bb 80.81 0.60Bb 0.48 0.01Db 60.31 0.17Cb 0.84 0.03Cb 60.31 1.91Cb 50 3.11 0.02Aa 96.93 1.28Aa 1.87 0.02Ba 85.14 2.45Ba 0.54 0.01Da 68.12 0.16Ca 0.91 0.03Ca 65.02 1.79Da

* Determined by agitating the adsorbents saturated with vitamin E with 50 mL isopropanol for 30 min with 160 rpm agitation. Means within each column (for the amount of vitamin E desorbed, percentage recovery and vitamin E concentration) with different capital letters (A, B, C, D) are signicantly ( P < 0.05) different. Means within each row with different lower case letters (a, b, c, d) are signicantly ( P < 0.05) different. Each value represents the mean standard deviation of four analyses from two replications. For abbreviations, see Table 1.

other systems, such as the desorption of insecticides from soil (Zhou et al. 1997) and phenolic compounds from granular activated carbon (Mollah and Robinson 1996). This study compared the feasibility of vitamin E extraction by adsorption using various adsorbents. For all adsorbents, the percentage of vitamin E uptake by the adsorbents increased with the initial vitamin concentration. The reverse was true for the reaction temperature, indicating that the adsorption process was exothermic in nature. Increasing the reaction temperature promoted desorption of the vitamin from the adsorbents. SG was the most suitable medium for adsorption/desorption of vitamin E as it had the largest adsorption capacity and afforded the highest recovery.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the Malaysian government for awarding the Intensication of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) fund (03-02-04-0062) to Assoc. Prof. B.S. Baharin that made this study possible.

32

B.S. CHU ET AL.

REFERENCES BAHARIN, B.S., ABDUL RAHMAN, K., ABDUL KARIM, M.I., OYAIZU, T., TANAKA, K., TANAKA, Y. and TAKAGI, S. 1998. Separation of palm carotene from rude palm oil by adsorption chromatography with a synthetic polymer adsorbent. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75, 399404. BANERJEE, K., CHEREMISINOFF, P.N. and CHENG, S.L. 1997. Adsorption kinetics of o-xylene by yash. Water Res. 31, 249261. CHOY, K.K.H., MCKAY, G. and PORTER, J.F. 1999. Sorption of acid dyes from efuents using activated carbon. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 27, 5771. CHU, B.S., BAHARIN, B.S. and QUEK, S.Y. 2002. Factors affecting preconcentation of tocopherols and tocotrienols from palm fatty acid distillate by lipase-catalysed hydrolysis. Food Chem. 79, 5559. FIZET, C. Concentration process. Malaysian Patent, MY 103 459 A. 1993. GRZEGORCZYK, D.S. and CARTA, G. 1996. Adsorption of amino acids on porous polymeric adsorbents II: Intraparticle mass transfer. Chem. Eng. Sci. 51, 819826. JAIN, C.K. and RAM, D. 1997. Adsorption of lead and zinc on bed sediments of the River Kali. Water Res. 31, 154162. KNOCKE, W.R. and HEMPHILL, L.H. 1981. Mercury (II) sorption by waste rubber. Water Res. 15, 275282. MCKAY, G., OTTERBURN, M.S. and SWEENEY, A.G. 1980. The removal of colour from efuent using various adsorbents III. Silica: Rate processes. Water Res. 14, 1520. MOLLAH, A.H. and ROBINSON, C.W. 1996. Pentachlorophenol adsorption and desorption characteristics of granular activated carbon 2: Kinetics. Water Res. 30, 29072913. NAMASIVAYAM, C. and RANGANATHAN, K. 1995. Removal of Cd(II) from waste water by adsorption on waste Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide. Water Res. 29, 17371744. NESARETNAM, K. 2000. Antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of tocotrienols. Palm. Oil Dev. 32, 1017. PRYOR, W.A. 2000. Vitamin E and heart disease: Basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 141164. SAS. 1989. Statistical Analysis System Users Guide: Statistics, pp. 125154, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC. TOP, A.G., LEONG, L.W., ONG, A.S.H., KAWADA, T., WATANABE, H. and TSUCHIYA, N. 1993. Production of high concentration tocopherols and tocotrienols from palm oil byproducts. U.S. Patent 5,190,618. TRAN, H.H., RODDICK, F.A. and ODONNELL, J.A. 1999. Comparison of chromatography and desiccant silica gels for the adsorption of metal ions-I: Adsorption and kinetics. Water Res. 33, 29923000.

COMPARISON OF ADSORBENTS FOR VITAMIN E

33

YADAVA, K.P., TYAGI, B.S. and SINGH, V.N. 1991. Effect of temperature on the removal of lead (II) by adsorption on china clay and wollastonite. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 51, 4760. ZHOU, J.L., ROWLAND, S.J., MANTOURA, R.F.C. and LANE, M.C.G. 1997. Desorption of teuthrin insecticide from soil in simulated rainfall runoff systems: Kinetic studies and modelling. Water Res. 31, 7584.