RESERVOIR ENGINEERING PAB4523

CHAPTER 5-3 Properties of Dry Gas

LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

Describe the properties of Dry gas commonly used by the petroleum engineer. Estimate the values of the properties using normally available information about the dry gas.
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BEHAVIOUR OF DRY GASES

Dry gases are the easiest to deal with because no liquid condenses from the gas as it moves from the reservoir to the surface. The gas compositions at the surface and reservoir conditions are the same and therefore, the specific gravity would also be the same for both.
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BEHAVIOUR OF DRY GASES

Dry gases are the easiest to deal with because no liquid condenses from the gas as it moves from the reservoir to the surface. The gas compositions at the surface and reservoir conditions are the same and therefore, the specific gravity would also be the same for both.
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GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as the volume of the gas at the reservoir conditions required to produce one standard cubic foot of gas at the surface conditions. The reciprocal of the Bg sometimes is called gas expansion factor. The usual units for the Bg are:
Reservoir cubic feet per standard cubic feet, res. cu ft/ scf. Reservoir barrels per standard cubic feet, res. bbl/scf.

GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

res bbl/scf or res. cu ft/scf
Volume of the gas at the reservoir P&T Volume of the same mass of gas at the surface f P&T
What are the standard conditions???
Pressure= 14.7 psi Temperature = 60 F Temperature = 520 R

Bg =

VR V SC

GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Bg = VR V SC

The volume of n moles of g gas at reservoir condition

VR =

z R nRTR PR

VSC =

z sc nRTsc Psc

The volume of n moles of gas at standard condition Thus, the formation volume factor is

Bg

z R nRT RT PR = z sc nRT P sc

B g = 0 . 0282

sc

=
B g = 0 . 00502

zT cu . ft P scf zT res .bbl P scf

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Psc = 14.7 psia, Tsc= 520 R, z = 1

GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Bg

Pressure
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EXAMPLE 1

Calculate the formation volume factor of a dry gas with a specific gravity of 0.818 at reservoir temperature of 220F and pressure of 2100 psig.

First, estimate the Ppc and Tpc S Second. d C Calculate l l t th the Ppr and d Tpr and d get t the th z factor. f t Third, Calculate the Bg using the following equation:

B g = 0 . 00502

zT res .bbl P scf

SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1

T =220F P = 2100 psig

First, from this figure and at 0.818 gravity Ppc = 647psia Tpc = 406 R. Second calculate the Tpr and Ppr

TPR =

T TPC

PPR =

P PPC

TPR =

(220 + 460) R = 1.68 406R

P PR =
Resource: McCain textbook pg. 119

(2100+14.7) psia = 3.27 647psia

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1
Third, Find z value for the dry gas using this chart Ppr = 3.27 and Tpr = 1.68

z = 0.855

Resource: McCain textbook pg. 112

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EXAMPLE 1

Calculate the formation volume factor of a dry gas with a specific gravity of 0.818 at reservoir temperature of 220F and d pressure of f 2100 psig. ig
Once Z factor is estimated, then you can use the following equation for calculating the gas formation volume factor

B g = 0 . 00502

zT res .bbl P scf f

B g = 0 . 00502

res .bbl ( 0 . 855 )( 220 + 460 ) = 0 . 00138 scf 2100 + 14 . 7

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COEFFICIENT OF ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES

The coefficient of isothermal compressibility (Cg) is defined as the fractional change of volume as pressure is changed at a constant temperature. The coefficient normally is referred to as gas compressibility (Cg)

Compressibility factor ,z, is not the compressibility. compressibility

The unit for Cg is psi-1

Ga as compressibility, Cg

Reservoir pressure

cg =

1 V 1 Vm or = V P Vm P

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VISCOSITY DEFINITION & UNITS

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by a fluid This is called dynamic viscosity and has units of centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm

Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density, units are in centistokes = centipoise /g/cc = cm2 /100 sec

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VISCOSITY OF GASES

Gas viscosity decreases as reservoir pressure decreases. The molecules are a apart at low pressure and move past each other more easily. At l low pressures an i increase i in t temperature t i increases gas viscosity i it whereas h at high pressure gas viscosity decreases as the temperature increases
100oF 150oF 200oF

Visco osity (cp)

200oF 150oF 100oF

T increasing

Pressure

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VISCOSITY OF GAS MIXTURES

The viscosity of the gas mixtures can be calculated using the following Equation. This equation is only used when the gas composition and viscosity i it f for each h are known k .

g =

y M yM
gj j j

1/ 2 j 1/ 2 j

y M

g gj j

= = =
j

Viscosity of gas mixtures Viscosity of component j in the gas mixtures Mole fraction of component j in the gas mixtures

Molecular weight of component j in the gas mixtures

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EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the viscosity of the gas mixture given below at 200F and a pressure of one atmospheric absolute.
Mw 16.04 30.07 44.10 58.12

g =

y M y M
gj j j j

1/ 2 j 1/ 2 j

= 0.0125 cp

Read Molecular Weights Read Viscosities this figure Apply formula

Resource: McCain textbook pg. 180

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VISCOSITY OF GAS MIXTURES

When the compositions of the mixture are not available, the viscosity of the mixture can be estimated as a function of the gas specific gravity with the aid of the following chart.

Resource: McCain textbook pg. 182

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VISCOSITY OF GASES AT HIGH PRESSURE

g = ratio atm
where

make sure you check the specific gravity range

atm

Can be obtained as presented previously

ratio Can be obtained as

a function of Ppr and Tpr with the aid of this chart.

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