TM L HC PHT GIO Thch Tm Thin

Xut bn: Ban Vn ha Trung ng GHPGVN

MC LC

Li Gii Thiu Cun Sch Phn I : Gii Thiu Tng qut I.1. Chng 1 : Dn nhp I.1.1 : Nhan v gii thiu ti I.1.2 : Phm vi ti I.2. Chng 2 : S lc lch s Tm l hc I.2.1 : S hnh thnh v pht trin ca Tm l hc I.2.2 : Cc vn ca Tm l hc (i tng, phng php) I.2.3 : Cc l thuyt tiu biu v Tm l hc hin i I.2.4 : Nhn xt chung

Phn II : Tm L Hc Pht Gio II.1. Chng 1 : Vi nt v lch s Tm l hc Pht gio II.1.1 : S hnh thnh v pht trin Tm l hc Pht gio II.1.2 : Cc h thng tiu biu v Tm l hc Pht gio II.1.3 : Nhn xt chung II.2. Chng 2 : i cng Tm l hc Pht gio II.2.1 : Gii thiu 30 bi Duy thc hc ca Vasudbandhu II.2.2 : Ni dung ca 30 bi tng (trch)

Phn III : Ging Lun Tm L Hc Pht Gio Qua 30 Bi Tng Duy Thc

III.1. Chng 1 : Ni dung ca Tm l hc Pht gio qua 30 bi Duy thc ca Vasudbhandhu III.1.1 : nh ngha v Duy thc v h thng Tm thc III.1.2 : Tng thc III.1.3. : Mt-na thc III.1.4 : thc III.1.5 : Nm thc gic quan

III.2. Chng 2 : Con ngi v th gii quan trit hc Duy thc III.2.1 : Tng thc v gne di truyn III.2.2 : Vn nhn thc III.2.3 : Thc ti hin hu v thc ti o III.2.4 : Nm cp th nhp thc ti v ng

Phn IV : Duy Thc Hc V h Thng Tm L Hc Pht Gio

IV.1. Chng 1 : Vn tm l gio dc IV.1.1 : Tng quan IV.1.2 : nh hng v mc tiu ca tm l gio dc Pht gio IV.1.3 : C s v i tng ca tm l gio dc Pht gio

IV.2. Chng 2 : Tm l gio dc Pht gio IV.2.1 : S vn hnh ca thc IV.2.2 : Cc hnh thc ca thc IV.2.3 : Cc hnh thi hot ng ca thc IV.2.4 : Mi lin h gia thc v thc ti IV. 2.5 : Bn cht v hin tng ca thc IV.2.6 : Con ng gio dc truyn thng ca Pht gio

Phn V : Kt Lun v Ti liu Tham chiu

Li Gii Thiu Cun Sch

C th ni rng Duy thc hc l mt trong nhng mn hc kh hiu nht trong cc b mn Pht hc. V chnh l mn hc i su phn tm thc hay cn gi l tm l hc. Trong ba Tng thnh in ca Pht gio, hu ht u cp n cc vn tm thc ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, trong lun Tng, im c sc ca n l trnh by cc vn thuc tm l hc mt cch c h thng, v ni bt nht l Thng php lun ca Thng ta b, Cu x lun ca Nht thit hu b v Duy thc ca i tha. y l ba h thng gii trnh tm l hc mt cch c lp nh l mt b mn tm l hc c th ca Pht gio.

T trc n nay, cc tc phm vit v Duy thc hc kh nhiu, song kh nng truyn b thng rt gii hn; v th nht l cch trnh by nng v phn "c in", v th hai l thut ng cha c din dch theo cch hiu hin i. Phn ln cc thut ng u c gi nguyn vn ch Hn. V d, ch th nhn thc c gi l Kin phn, v i tng c nhn thc c gi l Tng Phn. iu ny lm cho ngi hc kh hiu. V, cng i su vo "rng thut ng" th ngi hc cng b ri rm. Trong khi , nhng g c trnh by trong Duy thc hc li l nhng g rt gn gi quen thuc, hay ni ng hn l nhng hin tng, din bin xy ra hng ngy trong i sng

tm l ca con ngi. V thc t cho thy rng, ngi hc Duy thc thng cm thy xa l vi nhng danh t v tn gi ca Duy thc ch khng xa l vi cc vn , hin tng, s kin v.v... c trnh by trong Duy thc.

Tc phm "Tm l hc Pht gio" ca tc gi Thch Tm Thin, c th ni, l mt trong nhng tc phm u tin trnh by v Duy thc hc theo ngn ng hin i, vi cch trnh by r rng, c th gip ngi hc c th nm bt mt cch chnh xc cc vn tm l theo quan im Pht hc.

im c sc ca tc phm trc nht l s trnh by v qu trnh hnh thnh tm l hc Pht gio nh mt ngnh hc c th trong h thng gio l ca c Pht, n xuyn sut t thi k Pht gio nguyn thy cho n Pht gio pht trin. Th hai, l s ni kt cc gio thuyt v tm l hc thng qua ba lun th tiu biu ca ba thi k Pht gio, l : Thng php lun, Cu x lun v Duy thc lun. Th ba, l s i chiu, so snh cc c trng ca h thng tm l gio dc phng Ty v Pht gio. V cui cng, l s trnh by v con ng gio dc truyn thng ca Pht gio.

Thng qua cc im c bn trn tc phm cung cp cho c gi mt ci nhn va i cng v va nm bt c th cc vn tm l theo quan im ca Pht gio, cng nh con ng tu tp thc tin gii thot mi kh no, bt an trong gi ng tm thc ca con ngi theo gio hun ca c Pht.

Thy Thch Tm Thin l mt tu s tr ang hn hoan i vo ca Pht, v tc phm ca thy cng li iu . Ti hoan h tn dng v xin trn trng gii thiu tc phm mi ny cng c gi.

Ma An c PL 2542, 1998

Ha thng Tin s THCH TR QUNG Trng ban Hong php Trung ng

Gio hi Pht gio Vit Nam

Phn I : Gii Thiu Tng qut

I.1.Chng 1 :

Dn nhp

I.1.1 Nhan v gii thiu ti

Tm l hc l khoa hc nghin cu v tm l con ngi. Tm l hc thng i i vi gio dc hc, gi chung l tm l gio dc. V gc lch s, tm l hc ra i mun hn so vi cc ngnh khoa hc khc. Nhng cng nh cc ngnh khoa hc, tm l hc bt ngun t trit hc v t sm i vo gii quyt cc vn quan trng, then cht trong i sng con ngi. Ngy nay tm l hc tr thnh mt trong nhng ngnh hc quan trng nht v con ngi, n lin quan mt thit n cc lnh vc vn ha v vn minh ca nhn loi. V rng, vn ha v vn minh l nhng g c lm ra bi con ngi; n l sn phm ca con ngi, v do , khng th tch ri con ngi ra khi cc lnh vc vn ha v vn minh trong h thng tng quan, mang tnh cht ty thuc ln nhau (Y tha khi).

Tuy nhin, trc vin cnh ca thc ti, cc nn vn minh nhn loi hin nay ang ri vo khng hong - s mt cn bng mt cch trm trng gia i sng vt cht v tinh thn. Cc nc vn minh, tin tin th n lc tp trung vo cc ngnh khoa hc cng nghip v siu cng nghip, nh cng ngh tin hc, cng ngh khng gian...; cc nc ang pht trin v km pht trin th n lc i vo cng nghip ha v hin i ha. Ni chung, c hai u i vo mc tiu pht trin kinh t tm v m. Tuy nhin, iu nghch l, mu thun vn din ra trn ton th gii, l: i ngho, bnh tt, chin tranh, v nn nhn mn v.v...

Trong khi, ch s nh gi mc pht trin ca mi quc gia, mi dn tc c xc nh trn t l tng hoc gim ca "GDP" (General Domestic Product - Tng sn lng hng ha ni a) v "GNP" (Gross National Product - Tng sn lng quc gia); th ngc li, ch s "stress" ca con ngi ngy cng tng. i vi cc nc cng ngh (1) siu cng ca th gii th cn bnh trm kha nht khng phi l kinh t, m chnh l "stress" - mt s khng hong tm l thi i. Ngc li, cc nc km pht trin v ang pht trin th cn bnh khng hong bao gm c hai : khng hong kinh t v khng hong tm l. Vi mt ng hng pht trin nh th nh mt s qun bnh ca i sng con ngi. Nu s pht trin ch da vo li tc thu nhp (income) kinh t v t bn (tin t), ngha l ch da vo kht vng lm giu v tn vinh s bo th c quyn (exclusive) - ni theo ngn ng ca Pht l tham i (tanh) v chp th (upadna) - th t hn s a n kh au, bt hnh v tuyt vng.

V th, trc vin cnh ca nhng khng hong trm trng, nht l khng hong tm l ca con ngi nh l cc hi chng ca stress thi i, cc gi tr trong s sng ca con ngi cn thit c xt li, v cn c soi sng bi nhng li dy ca c Pht.

1- Vn khng hong tm l

Nh va trnh by, trong xu th cng nghip ha v siu cng nghip ha ca th gii hin nay, con ngi thng xuyn ri vo cc khng hong theo hai chiu hng , hoc l b loi tr bi cc thit b hin i, hoc l phi lao ng qu mc c th. S kin xy ra trn qui lut cnh tranh m cc nh kinh t thi i cho rng l cnh tranh sinh tn v cnh tranh pht trin (2). Nhng thc cht l cnh tranh i n chin thng c quyn, v c khi dn n s trit h ln nhau gia t bn t nhn hoc t bn c quyn nh nc (3); cn hu qu th a n khng nhng mc cng ng m cn chnh mi con ngi.

Trong khi , c Pht dy : "Du ti ni chin trng, thng hng ngn qun ch, t thng mnh tt hn, l s chin thng ti thng". (Php.103) Hoc l "Du

Thin thn, Cn tht b, Ma Vng hay Phm Thin, khng ai chin thng ni ngi t chin thng v t ch phc". (Php. 105)

S chin thng nh th chnh l nn tng t ti lp s qun bnh cho i sng tm l, v xa hn l s gii quyt cc khng hong ca con ngi chnh n, vi t cch l con ngi c bit (individual) v con ngi ca cng ng, vi t cch l thnh vin ca x hi (member of society).

2- Vn trit l nhn sinh

Ni n tm l con ngi cng l ni n tm l x hi. Cc ngnh tm l hc v x hi hc, o c hc, lun l hc... u tp ch vo con ngi v cc din bin tm l ca con ngi. V mc tiu ca cc ngnh hc l gip con ngi kin to mt i sng hnh phc, ng thi gip pht trin mt cch ton din cc tnh hnh (behaviour), cc c tnh (virtue) ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, ngay t u, trit hc tm l vng phi mt sai lm ln, l xy dng mt h thng nhn thc lun (epistemology), gi tr lun (axiology) v bn th lun (ontology) trn cn bn ca mt ng th (ego), mt bn th (essence). V do , tt yu phi a n nhng quan nim, phng php v.v... nhm duy tr v bo v ci ng th (4) bt thc nh ci bn nng (Id), ci siu ng (superego) trong tm l hc m Sigmund Freud xut. V th, khi con ngi i din vi s tht ca nh l v thng, sinh ra kh au v ri vo khng hong. Khng hong tm l l cn bnh min trng i vi con ngi. Do , cn phi xt li vn tm l gio dc ca thi i.

c Pht dy rng : "Cc hnh v thng", "cc php l v ng" (5). iu l mt tia nng rc r, kh d soi sng v gii quyt cc vn hin i ca con ngi.

3- Vn c nhn v x hi

C nhn v x hi l hai mt ca mt hin hu. C nhn khng th thot ly ngoi x hi m c, v ngc li, x hi khng th thnh tu nu khng c mi con ngi c nhn. S tch bit gia c nhn v x hi l iu khng th v lm ln. Do , cc h thng trit hc nu t qui gim mnh v hoc l duy tm, hoc l duy vt v.v... u ri vo phin din, v tha ha. iu ny c Thch Chn Thin, trong lun n Tin s v "L thuyt nhn tnh" (6), nh gi v xp loi nh sau :

a) "Nhm t tng ngi th ba : Cc t tng cho rng c nguyn nhn u tin ca v tr gi l nhm t tng ngi th ba - ngi m ta ni v. Do v vai tr lm ch cuc sng ca con ngi b nh mt trong nhm t tng ny, nn t tng ca nhm ny b tha ha (alienation)".

b) "Nhm t tng ngi th hai : Cc t tng cho rng s tht ch hin hu trong thin nhin hay hin tng gii gi l nhm t tng ngi th hai - ngi m ta ni vi. Con ngi cng b nh mt trong nhm t tng ny, nn nhm ny c gi l tha ha".

c) "Nhm t tng ngi th nht : Cc t tng cho rng con ngi lm ch cuc i mnh, hay cuc sng l v hnh phc ca con ngi ... - ngi m ta ang ni ...."

V tc gi cho rng, Pht gio, hin sinh thuyt, v hin tng lun ... thuc v nhm t tng ngi th nht.

Tuy nhin, s sp xp trn ca tc gi ch nhm phn loi cc nhm t tng mt cch bao qut (universal). S tht th gia Pht gio v hin sinh thuyt chng hn, cch gii quyt vn hon ton khc nhau (7) ngay t nn tng ca mi hc thuyt, nh mt ng ni V ng (Non-essence), mt ng khc ni Hu ng (Essence).

 y, qua gio l Duyn sinh (Paticcasamupda), c Pht soi sng s tht ca con ngi v v tr vn hu ny. S tht chnh l Duyn sinh tnh, V ng tnh. (Vn s c bn r cc chng sau).

4- Vn o c v lun l

o c v lun l u l cc ni dung c bn n trong tm l hc, mc du gia o c hc v tm l hc th khc nhau trn c s i tng v quan im nghin cu (8); nhng c hai u thuc ngnh khoa hc nhn vn, nn u hng n i tng l i sng tinh thn hay thc ca con ngi.

Tuy nhin, do tnh cht cng c (conventional) x hi ca o c, lun l, ngha l n lun lun c gii hn bi tnh cht qui c chung ca ton x hi, do , n ch phn nh trn b mt ca cc hin tng (thin, c) x hi, m cha thc s i vo bn cht ca mi con ngi. V th, mt k tn c, xu xa, y vn c th i lt lng thin - cng c tung honh ngoi x hi. y l nguyn nhn a n nn tham nhng, git ngi giu tay v.v... hay cn gi l khng hong o c.

c Pht, qua gio thuyt nhn qu, nghip bo (karma), xc nh r : "Con ngi l ch nhn ca nghip, l k tha t nghip, nghip l thai tng, l quyn thuc ..."(9)

Ci thai tng (womb) hay tm thc ca mi con ngi l nn tng ca o c v lun l Pht gio. V ti , l c s duy nht c th gii quyt cc khng hong v s o ln trt t ca o c, lun l thi i. (Vn s c bn c th cc chng sau).

5- Vn tng quan gia con ngi v mi trng sinh thi

Vn mi trng sinh thi hin ang l khng hong bc thit nht m con ngi phi i din. Mi trng c xem nh l dng kh cn thit, m qua , con ngi hp th sinh sng v pht trin. Mi lin h gia con ngi v mi trng l mi quan h bt kh phn ly. Do , s hy dit mi trng cng l s hu dit con ngi. T cc vn nh sinh thi hc (ecology), h sinh thi (ecosystem), mi trng sinh thi (ecological environment), cu trc sinh thi (ecological structure), sinh thi nhn vn (human ecology), sinh thi t nhin (natural ecology) v dit sinh thi (ecocide) v.v... c xem l cc vn nng bng nht ang nh hng n i sng con ngi. Vn li cng tr tru hn, khi chnh cc nc tin tin li l ni dn u v ph hoi mi trng sinh thi (10) thng qua s thi cht b t cc nh my cng nghip nng, nh; s r r hay bng v cc l phn ng ht nhn, s m chm ca cc tu chuyn ch du kh, s t ph nhng qung du trong chin tranh v.v... tt c u a n hu qu dit sinh thi mt cch trm trng. Nhng vn trn, suy cho cng u bt ngun t lng v k, v dc vng ca con ngi. V hiu ng nh knh (dioxide de carbone) (11) thc ra cng chnh l hiu ng dc vng ca con ngi.

S kin ny cn thit c soi sng bi gio l Duyn khi - V ng; thng qua gio l y, con ngi s hiu c rng cc loi hu tnh (sentient beings) v v tnh (non sentient beings) u l chng sinh, cn phi ta vo nhau m sinh tn. V s hy dit sinh thi ca cc loi v tnh ng thi cng l s hy dit sinh thi ca con ngi v mun loi sinh th.

6- Vn chin tranh v ha bnh

Chin tranh v ha bnh l din bin hai mt ca cng mt dng tm thc. Khi cc dc vng mu thun, xung t ni ti dng ln nh cao, lp tc n tr thnh chin tranh; v khi tm thc y bung x mi xung t, mi kht vng.... th n ti lp ha bnh. chnh l ngha ca : "Tm bnh th gii bnh" trong kinh tng Pht gio. Cc cuc chin tranh nng v lnh trn th gii u l din bin ca tm thc xung t, kht vng v bt an.

c Pht dy (12) : "Li na, ny cc T kheo, do dc vng lm nhn, do dc vng lm duyn, do dc vng lm nguyn nhn, do chnh dc vng lm nhn, vua tranh ot vi vua, St l tranh ot vi St l, B la mn tranh ot vi B la mn,

gia ch tranh ot vi gia ch; m tranh ot vi con, con tranh ot vi m; cha tranh ot vi con, con tranh ot vi cha; anh em tranh ot vi anh em; anh tranh ot vi ch, ch tranh ot vi anh; bn b tranh ot vi bn b. Khi chng dn mnh vo tranh chp, tranh lun, tranh ot, chng tn cng nhau bng tay, bng gch , bng gy gc, bng ao kim. y, chng i n t vong, i n kh au gn nh t vong".

"Li na, ny cc T kheo, do dc vng lm nhn, do dc vng lm duyn, do dc vng lm nguyn nhn, do chnh dc vng lm nhn, chng cm mu v thun, chng eo cung v tn, chng dn trn hai mt v tn c nhm bn nhau, ao c qung nm nhau, kim c vung chm nhau, chng bn, m nhau bng tn, chng qung, m nhau bng ao, chng cht u nhau bng kim. y, chng i n t vong, i n kh au gn nh t vong".

V Ngi cng dy rng : "Nu tm thc b dao ng bi bng, thng hay thua, th u tranh khi ln, khi c ba khng dao ng, th u tranh khng sinh khi".(13)

Hoc l : "Thng trn sinh th on, bi trn nm kh au, ai t b thng v bi, tch tnh hng an lc".(14)

7- Vn tm l gio dc

Nh cp, tm l gio dc l mt trong nhng ngnh hc quan trng nht v con ngi, nhm kho cu, quan st, kim chng cc s kin tm l xc nh nhng nh lut tm l gip con ngi gii quyt cc vn ni ti ca mnh, nhm a n cuc sng hnh phc. Do , ngnh tm l gio dc c chc nng xy dng ni dung gio dc v phng php hng dn thc hin ni dung gio dc . Cc nh tm l gio dc ni ting trong thi hin i nh Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erich Fromn, Adler, Maslow, Allport, Carl Rogers, John Dewey, Dalton, George H. Mead, Winnetka, Martimire, Montersori... n lc sng to, xut cc h thng tm l hc, tm l gio dc v tm l x hi... S n lc m ra mt ng hng gio dc cn thit, hu ch cho con ngi. Tuy nhin, cc l thuyt y vn b gii hn

quan im cho rng con ngi xut hin cng vi mt ng tnh (self) vnh hng ; hoc khi chm phi nhng vn nan gii thng b ri vo "bt kh tri" lun. (iu ny s c trnh by phn sau).

Qua lng knh Duyn khi, V thng, V ng, Pht gio cp n kh r v cc vn tm l gio dc nh mt ngnh khoa hc nhn vn v x hi trong cc kinh Nikay v kinh tng i tha. Nht l i vi cc kinh nh Lng Gi (Lankvatra), kinh Gii Thm Mt (Sandhi-nirmona), kinh Bt Nh (Prjnaparamit), kinh Hoa Nghim (Avatamsaka hay Gandavyha). c bit trong trit hc Duy thc (Vinnnvda), t nht l t hn 15 th k qua, c cc h thng tm l hc c sc nh Thng php lun (Abhidhammatthasangaha) ca Thng ta b, A t t ma cu x lun (Abhidhamma-kosa-sastra) ca Nht thit hu b, v Duy thc ca i tha(15).

Cc b lun trn u i vo phn tch tm l qua cc hot ng ca n v chia thnh ba loi tm c bn : tm thin, tm bt thin, v tm phi thin - phi bt thin hay cn gi l l trnh tm. Thng qua cc loi tm trn, con ng gio dc tm l c th hin s tp ch thin nh i vo thanh lc v lm cho tm tr nn thanh tnh, thot ly mi kh au ca con ngi.

Tuy nhin, trong tc phm ny, tc gi ch tp trung vo ni dung tm l hc trn c s ca trit hc Duy thc trong i tha Pht gio, c bit l y c trn t tng ca Lun s Asanga (V Trc) v Vasubandhu(Th Thn). ng thi, thng qua tc phm Duy Thc tam thp tng (Treatise in thirty verses on Mere - Consciousness) ca Vasubandhu, tc gi s trnh by v h thng Tm l hc Pht gio nh c gii thiu trong ni dung ca tc phm ny.

Tc gi tin tng s trnh by c th, r rng v h thng ca Lun s Vasubandhu, trong Duy Thc tam thp tng s gip c gi tin su hn vo ngun mch ca i sng tm l ca chnh mnh, v t , chn la cho bn thn mt gii php tt nht nhm gii quyt nhng khng hong v kin lp i sng hnh phc, gii thot ngay ti cuc i ny.

I.1.2 Phm vi ti

C nhiu lnh vc lin quan n ti ; tuy nhin, y tc phm c tp trung vo cc ch chnh nh sau :

- S hnh thnh Tm l hc Pht gio.

- i cng Tm l hc Pht gio.

- Ni dung Tm l hc Pht gio qua Duy thc tam thp tng.

Bn cnh , tc gi cng trnh by khi lc v lch s tm l hc phng Ty v cc vn tm l hc phn u ca tc phm, nhm gip c gi so snh i chiu gia tm l hc phng Ty v Pht gio. ng thi, phn kt (Phn IV. Chng 1 & 2 v phn V), tc gi, thng qua h thng tm l gio dc Pht gio, bt v gii thiu nhng phng php thc tin c th gip gii quyt cc khng hong tm l ca con ngi hin ti v ti lp i sng hnh phc tht s nh c gii thiu r trong cc h thng trit hc Pht gio, ni bt nht y l cc th ti thuc trit hc Duy thc.

V h thng trit hc Duy thc, n l mt h thng thuc v Lun tng (Abhidhamma - pitaka) trong Tam tng (Tripitaka) thnh in Pht gio, bao gm : Kinh tng (Sutta - pitaka), Lut tng (Vinaya-pitaka) v Lun tng (Abhidhamma-pitaka). Tam tng thnh in li c chia thnh hai h thng theo Nam phng v Bc phng Pht gio, v c nhng h thng gio ngha ring bit gi l Nam tng v Bc tng. y, trit hc Duy thc thuc v gio ngha ca Bc tng (Mahayna-Pht gio). (Xem phn : S hnh thnh ca Tm l hc Pht gio - Phn II, Chng 1).

Cng vic nghin cu ny, tc gi ch tp ch vo phn Lun tng ca Pht gio Mahayana, qua , xc nh s tht v tm l v cc s kin, din bin ca tm l con ngi ; ng thi trnh by con ng gio dc tm l theo quan im ca Pht gio ni chung v Lun tng ni ring. Tc gi hon ton tin tng s gii kin (deconstruction) ca cc v Lun s Pht gio(16), nhng ngi thng chng tu gic v k tha mng mch Pht gio sut hn 15 th k qua.

I.2. Chng 2 :

S lc lch s tm l hc

(Psychology)

Trc khi i vo nghin cu tm l hc, cn thit lc qua qu trnh hnh thnh v s pht trin ca n, c bit l h thng tm l hc phng Ty.

I.2.1 : S hnh thnh v pht trin ca tm l hc

Tm l hc (Psychology) l mt ngnh khoa hc nghin cu v con ngi, v tr ca n ng gia khoa hc t nhin v khoa hc x hi. Tm l hc kho st, tm hiu cc ng lc pht sinh v s vn hnh ca cc hin tng tm l. Cng nh cc ngnh khoa hc khc, tm l hc bt ngun t trit hc, v v sau tri qua hng ngn nm tm l hc mi chnh thc tr thnh mt ngnh hc chuyn mn.

Khi u, vo thi c i, tm l hc gn lin vi lch s trit hc v c thanh lc qua bi nhiu quan im khc nhau. Plato (428-318 B.C.) i din cho dng trit hc Duy tm, cho rng hin tng ca c tm l v vt l u xut sinh t nim tuyt i hay cn gi l "Eros" (Tm), l nim hng khi v tn t trit hc. Ngc li Democrite (460-320 B.C.) i din cho dng trit hc Duy vt, i tm ci nguyn ng

lc u tin t trong th gii t nhin ca v tr vn hu nh nc, la, kh..., v cho rng din bin ca tm l con ngi hon ton ty thuc vo cc qui lut v s vn hnh ca th gii t nhin. Sau n Aristote (384-322 B.C.), mt mn sng gi nht ca Plato cho ra i mt tc phm tm l hc u tin di nhan : "Bn v linh hn". Trong tc phm ny, ng cp n mt vn rt quan trng v tm l, l mi lin h mt thit gia tm l v vt l, hay gia tinh thn v c th vi th gii s vt hin tng(17).

n na u th k XVII, Descartes (1596-1650) dng khi nim "phn x" ct ngha v gii thch cc hot ng tm l gin n ca con ngi, cng nh ng vt. Sau , Locke (1632-1704) cho rng mi hin tng v din bin tm l u pht sinh t kinh nghim tri gic thng qua cc gic quan. C Descartes v Locke u thuc nhm t tng nh nguyn, cho rng dng din bin ca tm l ty thuc vo va th xc, va tinh thn. Cng vi nhm t tng ny, dng "Tm l hc kinh nghim" (Psychological empirica) ra i bi cc nh tm l nh : J. Lov (1632-1701), Didro (1713-1781), Honback (1723-1789) v.v...

th k th XVIII, ln u tin trong lch s tm l hc phng Ty xut hin mt cch chnh thc ngnh tm l hc qua tc phm "Tm l hc kinh nghim" (Psychological empirica) (1732) v "Tm l hc l tr" (Psychological rationalis) (1734) ca C. Wolff (1679-1754), mt nh trit hc nh sng (Enlightenment) c. Tuy nhin, thi k u ny, tm l hc ch l b mn ca trit hc, v c s dng bi phng php ni quan. Cho n th k th XIX, phng php nghin cu tm l ni quan dn dn chuyn sang thc nghim bi phng th nghim u tin ca Wilhelm Wundt c thnh lp ti Leipzig, nm 1897. Nm 1889, i hi I v tm l hc c hp Php v t tm l hc c pht trin thnh mt ngnh khoa hc chuyn mn, c lp bao gm nhiu ngnh hc nh : Tnh hnh hc (Psychologie du Comportement Behaviourism) ca Watson, Tm hnh hc (Psychologie de la Forme) hay Tm l hc Grestalt ca Kohler (1887-1967), Wertheimer (1880-1943) v Kofka (1886-1947), Phn tm hc (Psychanalyse) ca Freud v.v... V n nhng nm 20 u th k XX, c Tm l hc Marxist ca Setchenov, K. Kornilov, Vugotski, Rubinstein v.v...(18).

I.2.2 : Cc vn ca tm l hc

A- i tng ca tm l hc

Tm l hc, nh trnh by, l khoa hc nghin cu v cc hin tng din bin ca tm l, cc qui lut v cu trc tm l. Nhng vn nu trn qu thc rt phc tp theo cc quan nim khc nhau; do , c th phn loi cc hin tng tm l nh sau :

1/ Phn loi 1 : Cc hin tng l tr v tnh cm.

2/ Phn loi 2 : Cc hin tng ca thc v v thc (nh mng du...)

3/ Phn loi 3 : Cc tin trnh ca thc. y, chia lm ba loi :

a) thc c khi u, din bin v kt thc ( thc v mt iu g ).

b) thc xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn nht (nh s bc pht v mt i ca mt nim).

c) Cc xu hng thc n nh (nh tnh cm, nng lc, kh cht...)

4/ Phn loi 4 :

a) Cc nhu cu v ng c ca tm l.

b) Cc kh nng v nng khiu ca con ngi.

c) Cc thuc tnh ca tm l con ngi.

Bn cnh , cc hin tng tm l trong s vn hnh ca tri gic (nhn thc) con ngi c din ra nh sau :

a) Nhn thc cm tnh : l nhn thc qua cc gic quan nh : thnh gic, th gic, khu gic, v gic, xc gic, bao gm hai qu trnh cm gic v tri gic.

b) Nhn thc l tnh : l nhn thc bng l tr t hai qu trnh : hoc l t duy, hoc l tng tng.

V cc thut ng trn, c th tm tt ngha ca n nh sau :

1/ Cm Gic: l mt qu trnh tm l phn nh ring l tng thuc tnh ca s vt khi n tc ng trc tip vo cc gic quan (thnh, th, khu, v, xc) ca con ngi. Cm gic l bc u ca nhn thc, v cng l nn tng ca s nhn thc. Khng c cm gic s tr thnh bt gic, v tri nh g , khng th nhn thc c hin tng s vt chung quanh/bn ngoi th gii t nhin. Tuy nhin, cm gic thng thng c ba cng .

a) Cng cn thit, ti thiu ca kch thch gy ra cm gic. (T d : cng cn thit cho th gic c bc sng nh sng l 390 mm, cho thnh gic l tn s 16 hertz).

b) Cng trung bnh l iu kin tt nht cho cm gic. (T d : bc sng nh sng cho th gic l 550-600 mm, tn s sng m thanh cho thnh gic l 1000 hertz).

c) Cng ti a (nu qu l mt cm gic) cho cm gic. (T d : bc sng nh sng cho th gic l 780 mm, v tn s m thanh cho thnh gic l 20.000 hertz).

Ngoi nhng cng ti thiu, trung bnh v ti a, con ngi khng th cm gic c mc di ti thiu, hoc trn ti a. y l gii hn ca cc cng c th nghim vt l trong tin trnh nghin cu tm l ca con ngi. im ny, Pht gio c th i xa hn trong vic kim tho dng chy ca cc hin tng tm l.

ng thi cm gic cng c nhng qui lut cn bn nh : thch ng, tng tc, ni tip, tng phn v b tr v.v...

2/ Tri Gic: l qu trnh tm l tng hp nhng cm gic ring l hnh thnh nn mt tri gic ton vn v mt s vt, hin tng no .

Cu chuyn "Nhng chng m r voi" ca c Pht c th cho thy tng chi tit ca tri gic nh sau :

a) Do tch ly kinh nghim v ngn ng, nn tri gic v s vt s b sung cho nhau v to thnh mt i tng ton din ca tri gic. T d cc chng m, ngi r tai voi th cho rng con voi ging ci qut; r chn voi th cho rng con voi ging ci tr ct v.v...

b) Do ta vo kinh nghim c nn tri gic v s vt mi s to nn kinh nghim mi. T d : v bit hnh th ca ci qut, nn khi r tai voi, chng m cho rng con voi ging ci qut v.v...

c) Do , nu tri gic sai lm th dn n kinh nghim sai lm. Kinh nghim c s b sung cho tri gic v lm cho tri gic hon thin hn. V s kt hp ca cc quan nng (5 gic quan) l c s kinh nghim ca tri gic.

T y tri gic, cng nh cm gic, c mt s qui lut c bn nh : tnh cht phn bit, chn la i tng, tnh cht n nh, tnh cht bin ng, tnh cht o nh, tnh cht ch nh, v khng ch nh v.v...

3/ T Duy: L hot ng tr tu cao nht ca nhn thc, ng trn cm gic v tri gic, l s tng tc, phn nh gia bn thn v thc ti mt cch ch ng bng nhng khi nim, phm tr. T duy ch c con ngi.

Cc thao tc ca t duy l : phn tch, tng hp, i chiu, so snh, bin minh, loi suy, th ha, h thng ha v.v... Do , tnh cht ca t duy l nng ng, sng to, khi qut ha, phn nh gin tip thng qua cc du hiu, ngn ng, kinh nghim v.v... V vy sn phm ca t duy chnh l cc khi nim phn bit, cc phn on suy l (hoc din dch, hoc qui np) pht sinh t s giao tip.

4/ Tng Tng: l s thit lp nhng nh tng mi khng c trong thc ti trn c s ca nhng biu tng c. Tnh cht ca tng tng l sng to, loi suy (analogie) hay cao hn l phng sinh (bionique) thng qua s lp ghp cc khi nim, biu tng, ngn ng... Tng tng din theo hai chiu : tiu cc, l cc mng tng ho huyn ...; v tch cc l cc l tng v mt mc ch cao p thc gic con ngi vn ln s pht trin ton din cc nng lc, c tnh v.v...

Trn c s ny, dng tri chy ca tm l tip tc pht sinh cc hin tng : tnh cm, xc cm, vui, bun, kh au, hnh phc v.v... (19)

B- Khi nim ca tm l hc

Trong tm l hc hin i, cc khi nim thng c dng m t v din t cc hin tng tm l nh : ch, hnh ng ch, tr nh, s lng qun, s ch , nhn cch, tnh hnh - bao gm c nng lc, tnh cch, kh cht v khuynh hng. y, chng ta kho st s lc v ngha ca cc khi nim trn nh sau :

1/ ch: l mt phm cht c th trong tm l con ngi, gip vt qua nhng chng ngi bng s n lc, kin tr ca t thn. ch thng l biu hin hai mt ca nhn thc, tc l l tr v tnh cm. Nhn thc cng su sc, tnh cm cng mnh th ch cng ln cao. Do , i vi con ngi, ch c nhng tnh cht nht nh nh : tnh ch ch, quyt on, c lp, dng mnh, kin tr, t ch v t kim ch.

2/ Hnh ng ch: l s biu th, biu hin ca ch ca nhn cch con ngi bao gm cc tnh cht k xo v thi quen.

3/ Tr nh: l tin trnh lu tr v duy tr cc kinh nghim, kin thc, n tng,... ca tm l di hnh thc ca nhng ht ging biu tng, du hiu... Tr nh c chia thnh nhiu loi, ty thuc vo cc gic quan nh : nghe, ni, c, vit. Thng qua cc k nng trn m tr nh lu tr cc nh tng ca ngn ng, hnh nh, cm xc v.v...

4/ S lng qun: l nhng g ch mt ln i qua tm thc v b qun i, v cc l do : khng ch , khng hng th (v pha ch th) v khng c lp i lp li, khng to c cc kch thch, n tng mnh ... (v pha i tng).

5/ S ch : l nh hng tp trung vo mt i tng no ca thc. S ch c khi mang theo tnh cm v ngc li l s ng tr. C hai loi ng tr : - ng tr bnh thng, tc s khng ch , v ng tr bc hc, tc l s tp ch cao mt i tng no m qun hn i cc i tng xung quanh.

6/ Nhn cch: l nhng c trng tm l n nh (thi quen) ca c nhn, v hnh thnh nn mt gi tr ca c nhn trong tng quan gia c nhn v x hi. Nhn cch l c tnh ngi ca con ngi.

Theo Schiffman, "nhn cch c th miu t nh l nhng c trng ca tm l va qui nh v phn nh cch thc m con ngi ng x vi mi trng xung quanh". (20)

V cu trc ca nhn cch thng c xem l phm cht v nng lc cng vi c hnh v ti nng.

7/ Khuynh hng: l nhng mun hng n mt mc tiu no ca tm thc con ngi. Khuynh hng thng bao gm cc c trng nh : nhu cu, cm hng, l tng, quan im v.v...

8/ Nng lc: l kh nng khi thc hin s a n mt kt qu nht nh no ca con ngi. Nng lc c xem nh l mt tng th bao gm cc c trng : tri thc, k xo, k thut, thi tm l dng mnh v.v...

9/ Tnh cch: l s biu hin ca tm l qua hnh thc c ch, thi , tc phong, phong thi ... mang tnh cht c tnh ca mi c nhn.

10/ Kh cht: l s biu th cng v tc ca cc hot ng tm l trong th cch ng x ca con ngi. Kh cht thng c chia thnh cc loi : nng ny, hng hi, bnh thn, u t ...

Trn y l mt s khi nim quen thuc trong tm l hc hin i; gi y, chng ta i vo kho cu phng php ca tm l hc.

C- Phng php tm l hc

Thng thng ngnh tm l hc dng cc phng php chuyn mn on nh, phn tch, gii kin cc hin tng tm l mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip. y, c th lit k mt s phng php chuyn mn nh sau :

1/ Phng php ni quan (Mthode introspective)

L phng php m t ch th quan st cc hin tng din tin trong tm l ca chnh mnh. Phng php ny c dng mt cch ph bin trong tm l hc ca Ribot, trong phn tm hc ca Freud, v tm l hc thc nghim (introspection exprimentale) ca Wurzbourg...

2/ Phng php ngoi quan (Mthode objective)

Phng php ny c dng quan st i tng khc n; y, ch th quan st v i tng c quan st hon ton khc nhau. Phng php ngoi quan c ng dng bng nhiu cch khc nhau nh :

- Quan st : ghi nhn, kho st cc biu hin t bn ngoi.

- Th nghim : bao gm th nghim t nhin v th nghim qua dng c.

- Trc nghim : bao gm trc nghim tng hp (test synthtiques), trc nghim phn tch (test analytiques), trc nghim phm cht (test qualitatifs), trc nghim s lng (test quantitatifs), trc nghim nh hng (test d'aptitudes) v.v...

- Phng vn.

- Dng bng cu hi v.v...

Phng php ngoi quan thng p dng cho cc ngnh tm l hc nh : tm sinh l hc (psycho-physiologie), phn x hc (rflexologic) ca Pavlov v Bechterev, tnh hnh hc (behaviourism, psychologie du comportement) ca Watson, tm vt l hc (psychophysique) ca Weber v Fechner, tm l ng vt (psychologie animale) ca Auguste Forel, Piron, Kohler, Boulan ..., tm l tr em (psychologie des enfants) ca Watson, Guillaume ..., tm bnh l hc (psychologie pathologique) ca Freud, Ribot, Jaspers v.v...

3/ Nhng gii hn ca phng php ni quan v ngoi quan

a) Ni quan : Nh cch ngn "dng thc" (stream of consciousness) ca W. James, thc khng phi l mt thc th (entity) n nht m l mt tin trnh tri chy bt tn. Do , nhng ghi nhn v tm l ca con ngi chnh n bao gi cng sai lch, kh chnh xc; v thc trong tng chp t tng lun lun thay i. V li, ni quan l mt th gii khp kn ca thc ch quan ; n ch cho php (ch th quan st) bit c chnh n, tc th gii thc, tinh thn, tnh cm... ca ring mnh, ch khng th bit c dng tm thc ca ngi khc, ngoi tr nhng phn on v suy lun mang tnh cch cng c.

b) Ngoi quan : Cc gii hn ln nht ca ngoi quan l khng th trc tip ghi nhn cc hin tng din tin ca tm l m phi thng qua cc phn ng sinh l. Do vy, nhng kt qu em li t ngoi quan khng hn lc no cng chnh xc.

Ngoi nhng gii hn va nu, phng php ni quan v ngoi quan ng gp mt mt cch hu ch thit thc cho tin trnh nghin cu tm l hc t xa n nay. (21)

I.2.3 Nhng l thuyt tiu biu v tm l hc hin i

Nh trnh by, c rt nhiu l thuyt v tm l hc hin i. Tuy nhin, y tc gi ch cp n mt s l thuyt tiu biu lin h n tm l con ngi v tm l x hi, ngha l cc thuyt c tp trung vo cc vn then cht nh : tm thc v bn ng (hay nhn tnh) trong tng quan gia con ngi v x hi; v cng l im trng tm ca ngnh tm l gio dc hin i.

1- L thuyt ca George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

George H. Mead l mt gio s trit hc v tm l x hi thuc i hc Chicago, ng l mt hc gi chuyn chnh c nh hng rng ln; tuy nhin, cha bao gi vit sch hay bo bin minh hc thuyt ca mnh. Nhng lp tm l hc u tin ca ng c dy t nm 1900 ti i hc Chicago. V sau, vo nhng nm 1927-1930, ngi ta vit li t tng ca Mead v ph bin rng ri. Phn trnh by di y c trch dn t tc phm "Mind Self and Society" (21) v c tm tt trong ni dung quyn "Sociology" (22) ca Leonard Broom, v Philip Selznick. (23)

Ni dung l thuyt tm l ca Mead c trnh by qua cc im trung tm ca : tm thc, bn ng, v x hi.

Ch thuyt ca Mead, cng nh John Dewey (mt trit gia thc nghim), cho rng c cu tm l ca con ngi l mt h thng bao gm : tm thc, bn ng v x hi. Tuy nhin, theo Mead, tm thc (mind) v bn ng (self) vn l sn phm ca x hi. Tm thc v bn ng l mt h thng x hi, pht sinh t kinh nghim x hi; v do , c th xem bn ng ca tm thc l mt n v c lp, nhng khng th pht sinh ngoi kinh nghim x hi. (24)

Mead, qua ghi nhn ca L. Broom v P. Selznick, l lun rng : "T tng hay tm linh v bn ng, ch xut hin trong din tin giao t v giao dch x hi, ch khng th c trc x hi. Nhng lm th no giao t v giao dch x hi c th hot ng trc tm linh v bn ng ?". Mead gii thch : "Kh nng giao dch v giao t l kh nng sinh l ca nhng sinh vt thng ng. Thc vy, giao t bng nhng phng tin khng dng ngn ng trong nhng hot ng chung l iu kin c trc ngn ng. Ngn ng gp thm vo s giao dch v giao t th s, ca loi ngi bng cch lm cho x hi ha c th thc hin c. Nh ngn ng nn ngi ta c th lnh hi r rng thi ca nhng k khc v cc on th h tham d vo ... Cui cng, tm thc v bn ng pht sinh khi giao t x hi i song song vi ngn ng v do ngn ng m c hon thnh" (25).

T , l thuyt tm l ca Mead a ra tin trnh pht sinh v pht trin ca bn ng t thi bt chc n kh nng tng qut-lin h. C th tm tt l lun cn bn ca Mead nh sau :

a) Giao t tin ngn ng

Trong nhiu trng hp, cc ging vt giao cu vi nhau v sn sc tr con lm cho pht sinh s tng quan gia con ny v con kia, l s pht sinh ca i sng gia nh- th s trong cc ging vt thp hn ngi.

i vi con ngi, do , nu khng th giao dch bng c ch - (hnh ng khng li) - th khng th giao tip bng ngn ng. V l cc tr em nh tui, n s khng hiu c "gin" hay "i" l g tr phi n hiu c c ch gin hn v cho n ca ngi m v.v... y l giai on u ca thc v bn ng hay giai on giao t tin ngn ng. (26)

b) Giai on ngn ng hnh thnh tm thc v bn ng

Trong trng hp ny, Mead cho rng, nh c ngn ng nn c t tng v nh c t tng nn mi c s giao t; v nh c ngn ng nn c th thay th t tng bng hnh vi, thi , c ch... y, sau khi a b hiu c c ch "gin hn" v hc c ch "gin hn", ngi m khng cn dng n c ch na m ch dng li ni biu th t tng. V, v m v con cng hiu nhng khi nim v c ch v ngn ng, nn a b c nim v s "gin hn" ... Do , t n s lm theo nhng g ph hp vi mun ca m n (hay mun ca nhng ngi xung quanh n) ; ngha l n ly thi ca ngi khc hay nhng thi c qui c chung ca x hi lm khun mu nng theo. y l s hnh thnh nhn tnh hay thc v t ng u tin ca mi con ngi.

c) Bn ng - x hi

Nh va cp, s pht sinh th gii nim ca tr con l do s hc tp v hp th thi , ngn ng, quan im,... ca k khc ; v bng cch , x hi "i vo c nhn". Nhng theo Mead th ch c con ngi mi c kh nng kim tho v t kim tho; v s t kim tho l kt qu ca x hi. V t u, nguyn tc hng dn con ngi vn l kt qu ca s lnh hi cc thi v quan im... t nhng ngi khc, tc t x hi m khng phi l t con ngi chnh n. V th, thc v t ng lun lun mang tnh x hi, v hin hu gia tng quan ca con ngi v x hi.

d) Bn ng v s hu t ng

im ny, Mead ni rng quan nim v t ng, cho rng n khng nhng l sn phm ca x hi m cn c tnh cht sng to. T , ng chia bn ng thnh hai loi : bn ng v s hu t ng (hay ci thuc tnh c nh ca bn ng). Nu ni theo t ng ca Freud th bn ng khng b kim sot bi s hu t ng, m tri li, s hu t ng l mt phn ca bn ng. Do , s hu t ng c th gi l nhng tri kin, kinh nghim, kht vng ... ca bn ng. V nh th, n khng hn lc no cng b chi phi bi nhng g m n lnh hi, nhng tri li, n c th hnh ng rt sng to, nh hng n hay thay i mi c cu ca tin trnh x hi.

2- L thuyt ca Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Sigmund Freud l mt bc s v thn kinh v tm thn ngi o, sng lp ngnh Phn tm hc (Psychoanalysis). V Freud l gc ngi Do Thi, t nm 1938, ng sng lu vong t nn ch pht xt c, v mt ti Anh vo nm 1939. Xut pht t mt phng php tr bnh ri lon thn kinh c bit (hystrie), Freud xut php tr liu phn tm hc bng s s dng lin tng, mng phn tch nhng ng lc mnh (choc) gy bnh. V sau phn tm hc tr thnh ch ngha Freud (Freudianism) v xut hai bn nng gc l "bn nng tnh dc" v "bn nng cht", xem l nguyn ng lc chi phi tin trnh lch s nhn loi. Sau , li tip tc hnh thnh nn ch ngha Freud mi (Neo-Freudianism) vi cc i biu chnh l E. Fromn, K. Horney v.v...

L thuyt ca Freud c th c tm tt nh sau : Freud cho rng cu trc nhn tnh hay ng tnh ca con ngi bao gm ba phn : a- Bn nng (Id), ng tnh (ego) v siu ng (superego), cng gi l " thc" ba ngi. (27)

a) Bn nng (Id)

Bn nng l ci ngun nhn tnh ca con ngi, tch ly cc ngun nng lng v cung cp nng lc cho cc hot ng tm l nh thc (ego) v siu thc (superego). Khi ngun nng lng gia tng khin cho bn nng bng pht mnh to thnh nhng c sc (choc) tm l kh chu, cng thng, bc tc ... Ngc li, s gii tr cc cng thng v qui gim nng lng tr v trng thi n nh, th gin ... l con ng phn khch a n khoi lc. Do , bn nng c chia thnh hai loi tc nng chnh, l : "bn nng tnh dc" (libido) v "bn nng cht".

- V bn nng tnh dc (libido) : n l ci ngun, nng lng tnh dc, nng lc kch thch tnh dc, phn khch tnh yu ... v chi phi i sng ni tm. im ny libido c xem nh l "nguyn tc khoi lc". N va l s pht trin tnh dc ca ngi lnh mnh v c m rng cho n cc hot ng khoa hc, m thut ca c nhn, li va l cn nguyn ca bnh l. V sau, Freud lin h rng hn na v khi nim libido cho tt c xung nng ca tnh yu, nh tnh yu gia b m v con ci...

- V bn nng cht (pulsion de mort) hay lc cht : n din ra theo chiu hng ngc li khi ty vo mc tng tc ca nng lng trong bn nng (Id) i n nh cao nh tc ti, gin d... lm tng huyt p, ngt xu, t vong...

Theo nhn xt ca C. Jung, libido khng nhng l xung nng (pulsion) ca tnh dc, m cn l nng lng ca tm l ni chung. (28)

b) thc t ng (ego)

Freud cho rng, thc t ng lun lun b chi phi bi bn nng (Id) m ni dung chnh ca n l "libido" hiu theo ngha rng - tc l mi nhu cu, kht vng, dc vng, thm mun giao tip vi th gii thc ti khch quan. thc l l bn nng kht vng sng ca t ng (ci ti). Nhng khi thc t ng b kim ch bi nhng khun nh, qui c x hi (social conventions) n li i vo v thc (inconscient). Ri t , nhng xung nng kht vng bc pht ln thc, bin thnh nhng u phin, lo u... "Ci ti" ca mi c th lun lun b ph v bi s mu thun ca bn nng dc vng v s kim ch ca thc x hi.

c) Siu ng (superego)

Siu ng cng c gi l siu thc, n vt ln trn bn nng tnh dc (sexuality) v thc t ng duy tr mi gi tr truyn thng v cc l tng o c x hi. N, mt mt va kim ch s thi thc ca "kht vng dc tnh" (sexual desize), mt khc thc gic thc bo tr cc gi tr o c c nhn v x hi. Do , siu thc l thc vn n s hon thin ca i sng.

Theo nh gi ca L. Broom v P. Seiznick, th c hai trit gia thc nghim George H. Mead v Sigmund Freud, nhng ngi sng lp ngnh gii phu tm l ny ng gp mt phn ln vo tin trnh nghin cu bn ng trong qu trnh x hi ha. (29) Tuy nhin, nh chng ta thy, quan im ca Mead v Freud hon ton khc nhau. Mead th ly x hi lm nn tng cho s pht trin ca thc, trong khi Freud th cho rng, nhng qui c x hi kim hm v lm sai lch thc t ng. Mead chia thc thnh hai phm tr : bn ng (ego) v s hu t ng (ego - attribute), v cho rng c hai u nng ta vo x hi m hnh thnh v pht trin. Ngc li, Freud chia thc lm ba phm tr : bn nng (Id), thc (ego) v siu thc (superego); v , bn nng (Id) l phn trng tm ca sinh l c th m x hi khng th no iu hnh c, ego l ngi trung gian ha gii cc nhu cu sinh l v nhng i hi ca x hi. i vi Mead, ng v s hu t ng c th dung ha ln nhau, trong khi theo Freud, cc phm tr ca ng lun tim tng nhng kh nng xung t, mu thun (30)... hay cn gi l xung nng (pulsion). (31)

3- L thuyt ca Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

Carl Gustav Jung l ngi cng thi vi Freud, mt nh phn tm hc ti Zurich. Lc u, Jung l mn trung thnh ca ch thuyt Freud (Freudianism) sau khi tip xc

vi Freud ti o, vo nm 1907. Nhng sau , ng t chi hon ton ch thuyt ca Freud, cho rng l l thuyt dc tnh b ng ha bi dc tnh c nhn ca Freud; v do , ng n lc xy dng mt l thuyt mi, gi l "tm l tr liu".

Theo nh gi ca Calvin S. Hall v Gardner Lindzey, trong "Theories of Personality" (32), th Jung lun lun sng to trong cch phn tch tm l ca mnh. Vi ng, ci t ng (personality) nh l mt tng th bao gm cc mt ca i nh : thc, v thc, cm thc, c nhn, x hi, n tnh, nam tnh, nhn tnh, th tnh, tri gic, trc gic v.v..., tt c tnh cht c xem nh l tc nng ca mt "trc nhn tnh" (axis of the personality). Do , theo Jung, trong nam gii c cha nhng n tnh, trong n gii c cha nhng nam tnh. Tng t nh th i vi nhng th tnh (animal nature) v nhn tnh (personality) trong cng mt con ngi.

V cng t , Jung phn tch bnh l qua cc hi chng nh : dn nn (repression), mc cm (oedipc), gin d, tc ti (truculent), trm mc (inhibited), qui k (egocentric), a cm (hypermotivit) v.v... u xut sinh t thc t ng, nhng n tng, tri gic, k c, cm xc... qua v b dn nn vo v thc to thnh nhng xung nng (pulsion) gy nn trng thi bt bnh, bt an, bc tc, cng thng cho dng chy ca tm l. (33)

Mc d Jung ph bnh Freud, nh va cp trn, nhng chng ta thy l thuyt ca Jung nhm vo cc hin tng tm l nhiu hn l bn cht ca tm l nh tm l hc Freud. Tuy nhin, l thuyt ca c Freud v Jung u l nhng du n vng son, c sc trong lch s tm l hc hin i.

4- L thuyt ca Erich Fromm (1900-1980)

Erich Fromm, mt nh phn tm hc v x hi hc ngi M gc c, sinh ti Frankfurt. Nm 1922, ng tt nghip tin s ti i hc Heidenberg, n nm 1933, ng sang M v dy ti i hc Chicago, ngnh phn tm hc.

Quan im ca Fromm c phn tng t vi Carl .G. Jung, cho rng con ngi l mt tng th bao gm cc c trng ca nhn tnh (personality) v th tnh (animal nature), v chnh iu l mu thun ni ti trong s vn hnh tm l ca con ngi. Do , trong tnh cch ca hoc l th tnh hoc l nhn tnh, con ngi nht thit cn phi c nhng nhu cu nht nh. Tuy nhin, cng nh George H. Mead, Fromm cho rng s pht trin ca nhn tnh l ty thuc vo nhng cng hin ca x hi. Nhng, vi x hi th thc v s t do lun lun lm cho con ngi cm nhn s bt an trong tm l. y l ni dung m Fromm trnh by trong tc phm "Thot khi t do" (Escape from Freedom) (34), v phng php tr liu ca Fromm l tm ha ch ngha nhn o.

Thc ra, nh va trnh by, s n lc ca Fromm d th no i na vn khng gii quyt c ci mu thun ni ti m Fromm ra. V l, c tnh cht ca nhn tnh v th tnh l kht vng, v con ng i n s tha mn mi kht vng l s ri lon v mu thun gia c nhn v x hi. Nh th, Fromm hon ton bt lc trong vic ra mt con ng kh d em li hnh phc tht s cho con ngi. Do , ch thuyt ca Fromm cng sm b ri vo tha ha.

5- L thuyt ca Abraham Harold Maslow (1908?)

Maslow sinh ti Brooklyn, NewYork, con ca mt gia nh thng dn ngi Do Thi. Ln ln, ng vo i hc Wisconsin, ngnh tm l hc v u c nhn nm 1930, n nm 1934 ng u tin s. Sau khi tt nghip, ng tr v NewYork tip tc lm vic v nghin cu ti i hc Columbia. Maslow tng lm vic, tip xc vi cc nh tm l hc ni ting nh E. L. Thorndike, E. Fromm, A. Adler, M. Wertheimer..., v ti m ng chuyn ch nht l v l thuyt nhn tnh.

Theo nhn xt ca L. Broom, v P. Selznick, th Maslow l mt trong nhng l thuyt gia nhn bn v nhn tnh ni ting nht, ng cng l ngi u tin ra h thng cc nhu cu con ngi theo m hnh thp c 5 bc :

a) Nhu cu sinh l c bn : n, , v sinh, tnh dc...

b) Nhu cu bo ton tnh mng.

c) Nhu cu vn ha x hi.

d) Nhu cu c knh trng.

e) Nhu cu t th hin, t khng nh, ni theo ngn ng ca M ngy nay l nhu cu "bng n c nhn". (The personality broke out)

Ngy nay, l thuyt ny c phng Ty khng nh v b sung thm v ni dung. V l, khi i sng cng cao, th nhu cu cng nhiu. Nhu cu sinh ra ng c, v ng c l lc lm tha mn nhu cu. (36)

Maslow l gii cc nhu cu, thm ch l nhu cu tnh dc, nh l nhng lc nhm t khng nh ca nhn tnh, ng quan nim rng, s thc gic ca sinh l c th thay i hoc chuyn hng, c trong loi th cng nh loi ngi (36).

ng quan st v cho rng, hnh ng nhc dc ca loi kh c tnh cch x hi hn l sinh l. Kh dng hnh ng hnh dc chng t trng thi ng tr v phc tng (37). V do , nhu cu t khng nh l hng pht trin ca sinh th cng nh ca con ngi.

V ng c v nhu cu, theo Schiffman v cng s, c nh ngha nh sau : "ng c l ng lc ni tm thc y c th hnh ng. ng lc sinh ra do mt trng thi cng thng khng d chu, l kt qu ca mt nhu cu cha c tha mn". (Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action. This driving force is produced by a state of uncomfortable tension, which exists as the result of an unfilled need). (38)

T nhng chi tit trn, Maslow kt lun : "Con ngi l trung tm ca mi vn ". Ngha l con ngi phi t chn cho mnh mt li sng v phi chu trch nhim hon ton v li sng ca mnh. y l quan im ca cc nh trit hc hin sinh. iu ny tng t nh Jean Paul Sartre khng nh : "Con ngi l kt qu ca mi hnh ng m n to ra" (39)

Nh th, ng gc no , l thuyt ca Maslow cng c phn tng t nh ca Freud, v bn nng "kht vng sng" ca nhn tnh. N cng l ci trc nhn tnh trong quan im ca Carl. G. Jung, v ci tnh phi ngu (nhn v th tnh) ca Fromm... Tuy nhin, gii php ca Maslow cng ch l gii php "tm thi" nhm n ha mi kht vng thng thit ca con ngi m thi. Maslow khng th tm ra c ci cn nguyn ca nhn tnh l g m ch ra cc hot ng v i hi ca nhn tnh trong t th ca k va ch ng li va b ng. Mt gii php nh th s khng th gip con ngi t n s hnh phc lu di v thc th.

I.2.4 Nhn xt chung v tm l hc phng Ty

Nh va trnh by tm tt mt s l thuyt gia v l thuyt tm l tiu biu trn, chng ta c th rt ra mt s nhn xt chung v tm l hc phng Ty nh sau :

1- Cc l thuyt tm l ca phng Ty t th k XVIII, khi u bng tc phm "Tm l hc kinh nghim" (Psychological Empiria) v "Tm l hc l tr" (Psychological Rationalis) ca C. Wolff, mt nh trit hc nh sng cho n nay u tp trung vo nghin cu v phn tch cc hin tng tm l hn l bn cht ca tm l.

2- ng trn quan im hoc l c nhn, hoc l x hi, cc nh tm l hc xy dng v cng c l thuyt ca mnh; do , trong cc l thuyt tm l c nhng im mu thun, bt ng. Mt s th i vo ch ngha khoi lc, mt s khc th i vo duy tm phi l tnh. Nhng l thuyt i vo thc nghim li b gii hn bi hin tng "phng th nghim"...

3- Tt c cc l thuyt tm l phng Ty u xoay quanh ch "kht vng sng", d n c din t di nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh : nhu cu, iu kin, thuc tnh vn c v.v..., tt c u ni ln ting ni dc vng ca nhn tnh, ci m cc l thuyt gia cho rng l ci ngun ca kh au v hnh phc, v cng l ci m con ngi phi tun th, phc tng.

4- Do tha nhn c mt nhn tnh tn ti nh mt ng th (ego) hay mt thc th (essence hay entity) c lp v vnh cu, nn cc l thuyt tm l u c tp trung theo chiu hng va iu tit li va thch ng ha vi mi yu cu, kht vng ca nhn tnh. S iu tit hay thch ng c gi l tha mn. V theo cc tm l gia phng Ty, s tha mn cc nhu cu ca i sng tm l v vt l l hnh phc. Do , hnh phc ca con ngi lun lun mang tnh cch tm thi v khng ngng thay i. V l, dc vng, nhu cu ca con ngi s khng bao gi kt thc ngay khi con ngi y "nm xung" mun i. Mt quan im v hnh phc nh th t hn l ng c gy kh au, u phin v lun lun bc bch trong s vn hnh ca tm l. ch l mt th hnh phc gi to, xy dng trn cu trc v thng, bt nh ca th gii tm l v vt l. Cha nhn chn c tnh cch v thng ca dng tm l cng nh th gii thc ti khch quan, th mi c hnh phc ha ra h o, v con ngi vn m chm trong kh au v ti li.

5- Ci gi tr c bn ca cc l thuyt tm l phng Ty l ch n nhn ra kht vng, dc vng, ham mun ... nh l s tht v bn cht ca nhn tnh hay thc t ng. Cng nh s nhn ra ci mu thun ni ti ca nhn tnh, mt mt va mong mun c lng yn trong hnh phc vnh cu, mt khc li lun lun b si sc, rc chy v thiu t bi dc vng thp hn, y chnh l s qu v ca thc t ng.

6- Ci gii hn c bn ca cc l thuyt tm l phng Ty l cc gii php ca n lun lun mang tnh cch i tr, nht thi. V do , c c s tha mn v hnh phc theo mun, con ngi phi lin tc u tranh vi chnh n cng nh vi x hi theo hai khuynh hng va gii quyt mu thun ni ti (c nhn), va gii quyt mu thun ngoi ti (mi lin h gia c nhn v x hi).

7- V s tht ca con ngi v th gii thc ti khch quan, theo li c Pht dy, l v thng, v ng (anatta). Nh th, mi l thuyt nu tht s mong mun em li hnh phc cho con ngi tt yu phi c soi sng t bn cht ca thc ti, tc v thng, v ng. Bao lu con ngi cn ng trn quan im hu ng (ego) soi sng, chiu ri thc ti v ng, th s khng bao gi t n s cu cnh hnh phc. y l nhc im then cht ca cc trit gia tm l phng Ty. Ngha l, mi c cu lun thuyt ca h lun lun c xy dng trn cn bn ca ci "Ti" (I), "Ci ca ti" (Mine) v ci "T ng ca ti" (Myself).

Trn y, chng ta va khi lc mt s l thuyt tm l ca phng Ty, cng nh cc u im v khuyt im ca n. S khi lc ny s l c s v tin i vo tm hiu tm l hc Pht gio (Buddhist Psychology).

Phn II: Tm L Hc Pht Gio

II.1 Chng 1 : Vi nt v lch s tm l hc Pht gio

II.1.1 : S hnh thnh v pht trin tm l hc Pht gio

S hnh thnh v pht trin tm l hc Pht gio l mt qu trnh va din dch va xy dng ko di sut hng th k trong lch s truyn tha Pht gio k t thi c Pht. y, din dch l s din t bn ca Pht v xy dng l s kin lp thnh h thng c th ca cc v T s, v lun s Pht gio trn c s ph hp vi nhng

gio hun ca Pht. Do , c th phn chia cc giai on v s hnh thnh v pht trin ca tm l hc Pht gio nh sau :

1-Thi k c Pht (563-463 B.C) v Pht gio Nguyn thy

- Pht gio Nguyn thy (Theravada) l thi k c Pht cn ti th n sau khi Ngi dit khong 100 nm, nh vy thi k ny ch ko di t 150 n 200 nm.

Trong thi k ny, nhng gio l ca Pht c xc nh c th trong gio thuyt v 12 Nhn duyn hay Duyn khi (Paticcasamupda), 5 un (Skandhas) v 4 Thnh (Cattririyasaccni) (bao gm 37 phn h o hay o ).

Do , ng v gc trit hc v t tng, th ni dung Pht gio hm cha trn vn trong 12 nhn duyn, 5 un v 4 Thnh , bao gm c hai mt nhn thc v hnh ng (tu tp), th gian v xut th gian. Ni khc i, 12 nhn duyn, 5 un v 4 Thnh c biu th c hai mt phng tin v cu cnh, hay tng i v tuyt i trn cng mt thc ti-hin hu. y l nn tng ca c t tng trit hc v i sng thc tin - Pht gio.

V ni dung ca nhng gio l trn, c Pht trnh by v con ngi v th gii thc ti khch quan theo nguyn l Trung o (Majjhim - patipad) bt kh phn ly gia Danh (tm l) v Sc (vt l), hay gia Chn l cng c (Conventional truth) v Chn l tuyt i (Absolute truth). Nguyn l ny c Nagarjuna (Long Th), qua"Trung qun lun" (Mdhyamikasstra) gi l nguyn l Nh hay Bt nh (Advaya). y cng l nguyn tc thuyt gio m c Pht vn dng trong sut cuc i hnh o ca Ngi.

c bit trong gio l 12 nhn duyn, c Pht trnh by v con ngi nh mt tin trnh hin hu (process of becoming) ca vng trn sinh ha ca c tm l v vt l qua hnh thc ca :

1/ V minh (Ignorance) : S m mui, bt gic v cung si ca tm thc.

2/ Hnh (Karma-formations) : C cu ca cc hot ng tm l.

3/ Thc (Consciousness) : Tri gic - hin hu (thc khng th hin hu qu kh v v lai).

4/ Danh - sc (Corporeality and mentality) : Danh l nhng g thuc v tm l, sc thuc v vt l (vt cht).

5/ Lc nhp (Six bases) : s tng tc v hi nhp gia 6 quan nng (mt, tai, mi, li, thn v thc) vi 6 c trng ca th gii thc ti khc quan (6 trn) bao gm : sc (vt cht), thanh (m thanh), hng (hng thm), v (mi v), xc (xc gic, xc chm) v php (tt c s c mt ca th gii thc ti khch quan ca s vt, hin tng).

6/ Xc (impression) : s giao thoa gia ba th gii : (a) : cc quan nng hay "cn" (mt, tai, mi, li, thn v thc - thuc ch th nhn thc). (b) : Cc i tng ca quan nng hay "trn" (sc, thanh, hng, v, xc v php - thuc i tng c nhn thc) v (c) : s sinh khi ca tri gic hay nhn thc thng qua s giao tip gia ch th nhn thc (cc quan nng) v i tng c nhn thc (cc trn cnh - tc th gii thc ti, khch quan) hay cn gi l "thc" (bao gm : tai-nghe, mt-thy, mingi, li-nm, thn-cm gic, v thc- nhn bit hay lnh hi).

7/ Th (feeling) : s cm nhn, cm th v vui (lc), bun (kh) v trung tnh (khng kh, khng lc).

8/ i (Craving) : s yu thch v am m...

9/ Th (Clinging) : s lu luyn, bm vu, c chp ...

10/ Hu (Process of becoming) : s hin hu ca tin trnh "sinh tn" trong tng quan gia ch th v i tng, gia vt l v tm l... theo mt trong ba th cch v trng thi ca tm l, bao gm : (a) Dc hu (hin hu t / v dc vng, kht vng, i dc, dc tnh...), (b) Sc hu (hin hu t / v th gii sc tng, vt cht, vt l, (duy l)...) v , (c) V sc hu (hin hu t / v th gii phi vt th, phi vt cht, (duy linh, phi tng)...)

11/ Sinh (Birth) : s sinh thnh, ging sinh, xut sinh...

12/ Lo - t (Old age - and - death) : s gi nua, t bit hay bin d v tan hoi....

Trn y l ni dung ca 12 chi phn nhn duyn, v, khi mt chi phn (nh v minh) hin khi th ton b 12 nhn duyn cng khi - y l con ng duyn khi (hay lu chuyn). Ngc li, khi mt chi phn (nh v minh) on dit th ton b 12 nhn duyn on dit. y l con ng hon dit hay cn gi l Dit (Nirodha riyasacca) - Nit bn. Tuy nhin, Nit bn khng c ngha l tiu tan tt c, m trn c s c bn nht, l s on dit tham, sn, si hay l v minh. c Pht chng c Nit bn ti thng ngay khi Ngi cn sng !

Nh th, qua ni dung ca 12 nhn duyn, ta c th xc nh th no l tm l hc Pht gio thi Nguyn thy.

N quan trng n ni c Pht, trong Tng ng I, tuyn b rng : "Nu khng liu tri (bit r) v nm un hay 12 nhn duyn, th khng th thot ly sinh t lun hi" .

y, nm un bao gm : sc, th, tng, hnh v thc. N tng t nh 12 nhn duyn:

12 nhn duyn = Nm un

V minh v hnh = Hnh un

Thc = Thc un

Danh sc = Nm un

Th = Th un

i, th, hu = Hnh un

Sinh, lo-t = Nm un

Nh th h thng tm l gio dc Pht gio thi nguyn thy c c Pht trnh by rt c th v r rng qua gio l 12 nhn duyn v 5 un theo nguyn tc ca 4 Thnh (Kh [kt qu], Tp [nguyn nhn], Dit [kt qu] v o [nguyn nhn]). y l phn trng tm ca gio l o Pht, cng l phn gio l nht qun v xuyn sut c lch trnh t tng Pht gio, t Nam truyn n Bc truyn, t nguyn thy cho n ngy nay vi khong thi gian hn 25 th k qua.

2- Thi k Pht gio Abhidhamma (271 B.C - 200 AD)

Pht gio Abhidhamma (lun th) l thi k Pht gio c phn chia theo nhiu h thng, b phi khc nhau. Theo nhiu ngun s liu, thi k ny Pht gio c phn thnh 20 b phi, v i biu chnh thc l Thng ta b (Sthaviravada) v i chng b (Mhasnghika). S phn ha ny din ra song song vi cc thi k kt tp kinh tng Pht gio. C 4 thi k chnh nh sau :

a) Ln th I : Sau Pht dit khong mt tun, i hi kt tp ny do ngi i Ca Dip (Maha-Kacyapa) lm ch ta, i biu gm c 500 v A La Hn, tp hi ti thnh Vng X (Rjagaha), kinh nc Ma Kit (Magadha)

b) Ln th II : Sau Pht dit 100 nm, i hi kt tp ny do cc ngi Revata, Smbhta, Yasa Sumana, Khjjasobhita, Slha, Vsabhagmi, v Sabhakmi lm ch ta on, i biu gm c 700 v A La Hn, tp hi ti thnh ph T-x-l (Vesali). Ti i hi ny, gio on Pht gio chnh thc c chia thnh hai b : Thng ta b v i Chng B (sau , t hai b ny tip tc pht sinh ra 20 tiu b).

c) Ln th III : Sau Pht dit 218 nm (khong nm 325 trc Ty lch), i hi kt tp ny do vua Asoka t chc v ti tr. Vua mi ngi Mc Kin Lin T Tu (Moggaliputa-tissa) ti ni Ahognga lm ch tch hi ngh. i biu gm c 1000 v Tng s c tuyn chn, v tp hi ti thnh Hoa Th (Pataliputra).

d) Ln th IV : Sau Pht dit 400 nm (khong u th k th II Ty lch), i hi kt tp ny do vua Kaniska t chc v ti tr, cng vi s cng tc ca ngi Hip Tn Gi (Parsva). i hi ny do ngi Th Hu (Vasumitra) lm ch tch, ch ta on gm cc v i c Dharmatrta, Ghosa, Baddhadeva, v Parsva. i biu gm 500 v i hc gi uyn bc, thng t c tam tng. i hi c t chc ti tinh x Hon Lm (Kundalavana-Samgharma) thuc nc Kasmitra.

Nguyn nhn ca s kt tp kinh in v phn ha gio on thnh cc b phi l do quan im bt ng, sai bit v gio l ca Pht trong s nhn thc ca cc v t. (40)

V khi nim Pht gio Abhidhamma (A-t-t-ma) hay Pht gio Lun th, l do cc b phi Pht gio c nhng quan im khc nhau v gio l ca Pht. V nhng quan im c trnh by thnh h thng trit lun t tng ring bit ca tng b phi. Do , y l thi k pht sinh cc Lun th - s gii minh v gio l ca Pht theo quan im ca cc v minh trit Pht gio cch thi c Pht mt khong thi gian lu di, nn gi l Pht gio Abhidhamma.

V s hnh thnh v pht trin ca Pht gio Lun th c hc gi Kimura Taiken (41) ghi nhn nh sau : "A-t-t-ma, tc l mc ch "i php", c nhim v tp hp cc php ngha (ca Pht) li, ri em phn loi, nh ngha, gii thch v phn bit. Nh vy, cc phng php nghin cu d cho khng c s hng khi ca b phi, n cng c kh nng pht sinh. Khng nhng th, chnh trong khi p dng phng php nghin cu , t nhin a n s bt ng kin lm nguyn nhn cho s phn phi".

V Kimura Taiken trnh by v hng pht trin ca Pht gio Lun th, c th tm tt nh sau:

a) Ngun gc v s hnh thnh

Lun th, trc ht, pht sinh t nhng li gio hun r rng, trong sng, rt minh bch, dung d... ca Pht v i sng minh trit, thnh thin ca Ngi. Lun th lc u vn c xem l phng php nghin cu gio hun ca Pht, do , i tng nghin cu l kinh - hay li dy c ni ra bi chnh c Pht. y, Lun th khng c a v c lp m hon ton ph thuc vo kinh. Lun th c th c xem nh l kinh c din t rng bi cc v t ca Pht. Tuy nhin, v mt lch s kt tp, th ch c Kinh v Lut l r rng, cn Lun th th t c cp n, ch c c nhn san nh hoc tr tc.

b) S pht trin

Theo nh gi ca Kimura Taiken (42), c th chia s nh hnh ca Lun th Abhidhamma qua bn giai on :

* Giai on kt tp : l giai on lun th ha kinh (gio hun ca Pht) qua phng php bin tp thi ca Gio hi, chng hn nh b Tng Nht A Hm, Tp A Hm, v.v... Ni chung, giai on kt tp, th Lun th vn gi hnh thc ca kh kinh.

* Giai on gii minh gio hun ca Pht :

Giai on ny Lun th khng cn hnh thc kh kinh na, m chuyn sang nh ngha, phn loi, phn bit v ch gii gio hun ca Pht. Lc ny, kh kinh ch ng vai tr bi cnh, tuy nhin, Lun th vn cha c lp bi nhng kin gii (deconstructions) mi, m ch tp ch vo ni dung nh c ni trong kh kinh.

* Giai on c lp ha :

Giai on ny, Lun th ri b kh kinh, khng cn tho lun v nhng li gio hun ca Pht mt cch ring l na, m i su vo th ti c lp, ly cc mc ca kinh lm ch v phn tch, bin gii, gii minh theo qui tc ca Lun th (nghin cu v phn tch vn bn). y l l do pht sinh nhiu quan im, nhiu lun gii c c, a th theo tnh cch v ch trng ca mi b phi.

* Giai on hc thuyt ha :

 l giai on tot yu ha v cng yu ha v nhng lun gii ca Lun th, lm cho ch trng ca mi b phi r rng, minh bch, v mi b phi th c nhng hc thuyt ring - nh "Thng php tp yu lun" ca Anuttara, "Cu x lun" ca Vasubandhu v.v... Giai on ny din ra khong th k th II, th III sau Ty lch, cng l thi k cc b phi Hinayna c thnh lp.

c) Phng php x l ca Lun th :

Lc u, Lun th l s tp hp cc cu kinh v cc gii thch v cc cu kinh . thi im ny, kinh (li dy c th ca c Pht) c xem l chng l ti thng v tuyt i ca Lun th. Tuy nhin, Lun th khng ch c dng li m n cn i xa hn na l gii minh ton b t tng c hm cha trong mt hoc nhiu cu kinh c th. Do , phng php x l ny a n s i su vo ph phn hoc phn tch, nh gi, thm nh... v ni dung ca kinh. S kin ny mt mt va lm cho kinh tr nn phong ph, nhng mt khc c lc n cng i qu v thot ly hn kinh. y l l do "Lun i t b sa" (Abhidhamma - mhavibhs - sstra) quyn 51 ca Hu B ni rng: "K no chp cht vo t li kinh m khng thng t c chn l ca n th gi l tr vn Sa mn (k chp vo vn t)". (43) (xem tm tt mt s ni dung ca lun th phn sau).

3- Thi k Pht gio Mahayama (i tha)

Sau Pht dit khong 800 nm, tc vo khong th k th III Ty lch, c cc bc i lun s nh ngi Nagarjuna (Long Th), Ngasena (Na Tin), Vasumitra (Th Hu) v Asvaghosa (M Minh) v.v... ra i; v y l nhng gng mt v i pht huy gio ngha Mahayana (i tha) trong lch s t tng, trit hc Pht gio. n khong cui th k th IV Ty lch, c ngi Asanga (V Trc) v Vasubandhu (Th Thn). y l hai v i lun s (anh em rut) tiu biu cho dng trit hc Duy thc tc tm l hc Pht gio - Mahayna.

c im ca thi k ny l s ra i ca hng lot cc b kinh ln nh Hoa Nghim, Bt Nh, Php Hoa, Nit Bn v.v... cng nh cc b Lun th tr danh nh : "Du gi

s a lun" (Yogcarya-bhmi-sstra), "Nhip i tha lun" (Mahynasamparigraha-sstra), "Duy thc tam thp tng lun" (Vidymtrasiddhi-tridasa-sstra-krika) v.v...

Tuy nhin, im khc bit c bn ca Pht gio Mahayana v thi k Hinayana (bao gm thi k Abhidhamma) l cc lun th v kinh tng ca Pht gio Mahayana hon ton khng mu thun, khc bit nhau v ni dung gio l. S ging nhau v ngha (hay bn ca Pht) trong kinh tng v lun th ca Mahayana l im c o v rt sng to ca cc nh i tha (Mahayanists).

y, cn ghi nhn rng, tnh cht c bn trong ni dung gio l nh c trnh by trong cc h thng kinh tng v lun th ca Pht gio Mahayana cng l nhng g c hm cha trong ni dung gio l ca Pht gio thi Nguyn thy (Theravada), hay ni c th l trong kinh tng Nikaya v A Hm; y l im nht qun v xuyn sut trong h thng t tng Pht gio. V im khc bit duy nht ca tng - th Mahayana so vi tng - th ca Theravada l cch trnh by v s m rng ngha v Pht - Php v Tng theo quan im phng khong v a th gia chn v tc ; c hai xut hin nh mt tng th bt kh phn ly. Do , tng - th ca Mahayana khng c s chng tri v mt ni dung t tng.

Mt im c sc khc c ph din trong tng-th ca Mahayana l gia kinh tng v lun th b sung cho nhau v cng tp ch v mt th gii tm l ca c s thanh tnh v cu u. iu ny c c th qua cc hc thuyt trung tm ca kinh tng v lun th. T d, kinh Bt Nh ly "Vng tm Duyn khi" lm tin i vo hin qun, kinh Hoa Nghim th ly "Thanh tnh tm duyn khi" lm tin , Duy thc hc th i trc tip v bao qut cc vn v tm l v.v... S b sung v cng chuyn ch vo th gii ca TM trong kinh tng v lun th Mahayana ny cho thy tnh cht phong ph v a dng v h thng phn tch tm l hc Pht gio trong t tng Mahayana.

4- S tp thnh ca Lun th (Abhidhamma)

Nh trnh by, lun th Pht gio ra i song song vi qu trnh kt tp kinh tng v phn ha gio on. Tuy nhin, vo thi k kt tp ln th nht, lun th cha xut hin. n thi k kt tp ln th hai, lun th xut hin nhng cha c lp thnh mt h thng ring bit, cn ty thuc nhiu v kinh tng. Cho n khi Thng ta b chnh thc ra i, th lun th mi thc s c thnh lp thnh mt tng ring bit (trong ba tng Kinh - Lut - v Lun) ca Pht gio.

V lun th ca Pht gio Hinayana, c th tm tt mt s lun th ni ting ca Thng Ta b nh sau :

a) Nhn thi thit tc lun (Abhidhamma-prajntipada-sstra) gm 18.000 bi tng do ngi Ca Chin Din sng to.

b) Gii thn tc lun (Abhidhamma-harma-dhtukyapada-sstra) gm 3 quyn do ngi Th Hu bin son.

c) Pht tr lun (Abhidhamma-jnnaprasthna-sstra) gm 20 quyn, do ngi Ca a Din Ni T (44) sng tc. y l b lun nn tng ca Thng Ta b.

d) Tp d mn tc lun (Abhidhamma-sanjitiparypd-sastra) gm 20 quyn, do ngi X Li Pht ch tc (trong lc c Pht cn ti th?)

e) Un tc lun (Abhidhamma-dharma-skandhapda-sstra) gm 12 quyn, do ngi Mc Kin Lin sng tc.

f) Phm loi tc lun (Abhidhamma prakadanapda-sstra) gm 18 quyn, do ngi Th Hu bin son.

g) Thn tc lun (Abhidhamma-Vijnnakyapda-sstra) gm 16 quyn, do ngi Devasarman dch, khong sau Pht dit 100 nm.

n thi vua Kaniska, cc hc gi Hu b li ch tc li gio ngha ca "Pht tr lun" di nhan "i t b sa lun" (Abhidhamma-mahvibhs-sstra) gm 200 quyn.

V b "i t b sa lun" c xem nh l nn tng gio l ca Hu b. Nhng n thi i ngi Ngrjuna (khong u th k th III. Ty lch, tc sau Pht dit hn 700 nm), th b lun ny b phn ng bi t tng ca ngi Ngarjuna, Deva v Rhula-bhadra. Trc vin cnh , Hu b n lc cng c t tng v hc thuyt ca mnh bng cch bin son li mt s lun th lm cn bn cho gio ngha ca Hu b, thay cho lun th i t b sa. Gm c :

- b sa lun (14 quyn) do ngi Sitapni son.

- A t m tm lun (4 quyn) do ngi Dharmasri son. (45)

- A t m tm lun kinh (Abhidhamma-hrdaya-sastra-sutra) (6 quyn) do ngi Upasnta sng tc.

- A t m tm lun (11 quyn) do ngi Dharmarta tr tc. (46)

n khong th k th V. TL, li c cc b lun nh :

- Nhp A t t ma lun (Abhidhammavatrasastra) (2 quyn) do ngi Skandila tr tc.

- A t t ma cu x lun (Abhidhamma-kosa-sastra) (30 quyn) do ngi Vasubandhu tr tc.

- A t t ma thun chnh l lun (Abhidhamma Samayapradpika-sastra- 80 quyn) v b A t t ma hin tn lun (Abhidhamma Samayapradpika-sastra- 4 quyn). Hai b ny do ngi Samghabhadra bin son vi mc ch ph bnh "Cu x lun" ca ngi Vasubandhu. Tuy nhin, "Cu x lun" chim u th v c tn vinh mt thi. (xem phn tm tt Cu x sau).

* V lun th ca Pht gio Mahayana

Nh trnh by, trong h thng lun th ca Mahayana tuyt nhin khng c s ph phn, ph bnh hay chng tri ln nhau, m ch c s m rng v b sung cho nhau. Do , v lun th, c th tm tt cc tr tc, bin son theo mi tc gi nh sau :

Cc lun th Pht gio thuc h thng Hinayana v Mahayna :

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Vasumitra :

1/ D b tn lun lun (1 quyn) do Huyn Trng dch.

2/ Tn B Tu Mt B Tt s tp lun (10 quyn).

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Asvaghosa :

1/ i tn a huyn v bn lun (Mhayana bhmigukya- vcmula-sutra- 20 quyn), do ngi Paramrtha dch.

2/ i tha khi tn lun (Mahayana - Sraddhot pdasutra - 1 quyn), ngi Paramrtha dch i Hu ng, ngi Siksnanda dch li thnh 2 quyn.

3/ i trang nghim lun kinh (Mahalankrasutrasstra- 15 quyn), ngi Kumravjiva (La Thp) dch.

... v mt s kinh lun khc (47).

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Ngrjuna :

1/ Trung qun lun (Madhyadhijna - sastra - 4 quyn) do ngi Kumravjiva dch.

2/ Thp nh mn lun (Dvdasa - nikya - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Kumravjiva dch.

3/ i tr lun (Mahprajnpramit - sstra - 100 quyn) do ngi Kumravjiva dch.

4/ Thp tr t b sa lun (Dasabhmi - Vibhs - sstra - 17 quyn) do ngi Kumravjiva dch.

5/ Thp bt khng lun (Astdaskasa - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Paramrtha dch.

6/ i tha ph hu lun (Mahayana bhavabhoda - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Danapna dch.

7/ B t lng lun (6 quyn) do ngi Dharmagupta dch.

8/ B tm ly tng lun (Laksanavimakata - bodhihrdaya - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Dnapna dch.

9/ Hi trnh lun (Vivdasamama - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Gautama - Ruci dch.

10/ Phng tin tm lun (1 quyn) do ngi Ct-ca-da dch. ... V mt s kinh, lun khc. (48)

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Deva

1/ Bch lun (Sata sstra - 2 quyn) do ngi Kumravjiva dch.

2/ Bch t lun (Stksara - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Gautama - Ruci dch.

3/ Qung bch lun (Sata - sstra Vaipulya - 1 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Maitreya (49)

1/ Du gi s a lun (Yogcrya - bhmi - sstra - 100 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

2/ i tha trang nghim lun kinh (Mahyana - lankra - sstra - ?) do ngi Paramit dch.

3/ Thp a kinh lun (Dasabhmik - sstra - ?) do ngi Bodhi Ruci (B Lu Chi) dch.

4/ Trung bin phn bit lun (Madhyntavibhga - sstra - 2 quyn) do ngi Parmrtha (Chn ) dch.

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Asanga:

1/ Hin dng Thnh gio lun (Prakaranryavca - sstra - 20 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

2/ Nhip i tha lun (Mhayana - samparigraha - sstra - 3 quyn) do ngi Parmrtha dch.

3/ i tha A t t ma tp lun (Mahaynabhi - dharma - sangti - sstra - 7 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

4/ Kim cang Bt nh Ba la mt a (Vajraprajn - Paramit - sutra - sstra - 3 quyn) do ngi B Lu Chi dch.

5/ Thun trung lun (2 quyn) do ngi Prajn Ruci dch

* Cc lun th c trc tc bi ngi Vasubandhu

1/ Cu x lun (Abhidhamma - kosa sstra - 20 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

2/ Cu x lun bn tng (1 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

3/ Duy thc tam thp tng (Vidymtrasid - dhitridasa - sstra - krika - 1 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

4/ Duy thc nh thp tng lun (Vidymtra - Vimsatisastra - 1 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

5/ i tha bch php minh mn lun (Mahyna - satadhar - mavidydvra - sstra 1 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

6/ i tha ng un lun (Mahynavaipulya - Pancaskandhaka - sstra - 1 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch.

7/ Nhip i tha lun thch (Mhyanasampari - graha - sstra - 15 quyn) do ngi Paranntha dch.

8/ Thp a kinh lun (Dasabhmika - stra - sstra - 12 quyn) do ngi Bodhi Ruci dch.

9/ Kim cang Bt nh Ba la mt kinh lun (Vajnaprajnparamit - stra - sstra - 3 quyn) do ngi Bodhi Ruci dch.

10/ Diu php lin hoa kinh u ba x (Sad dharma - pundarka - stra - sstopadesa - 2 quyn) do ngi Bodhi Ruci dch.

... V mt s kinh lun khc. (50)

Trn y, chng ta va kho st s lc v s hnh thnh v qu trnh pht trin tm l hc Pht gio qua cc thi k Pht gio Nguyn thy, Pht gio Lun th, v Pht gio i tha (Mahayana). Tt nhin, nh c gii hn ngay t u, chng ta ch kho st v tm l hc Pht gio qua gc ca Lun th (Lun tng), c bit l h thng trit hc Duy thc ca Mahayana. Tuy nhin, c mt ci nhn tng qut v tm l hc Pht gio; y, ngi vit xin tm lc mt s ni dung c bn v tm l hc Pht gio qua ba lun th nh sau :

- Th nht : phn tm lc v Thng php lun (Abhidhammatthasangaha) ca Thng Ta b (Sthaviravda hay Theravada).

- Th hai : phn tm lc v Cu x lun (Abhidhamma - kosa - sstra) ca Hu b (Sarvstivdin) hay cn gi l Nht Thit Hu b.

- Th ba : Phn trnh by v Duy thc tam thp tng (Vidymtrasid - dhitridasa sstra) ca i tha Pht gio (Mahayana). Phn ny s c trnh by c th trong ni dung ca tc phm (xem mc II.2 chng 2).

II.1.2 Cc h thng tiu biu v tm l hc Pht gio

A/ i cng v Thng php lun (Abhidhammatthasangaha)

B "Thng php tp yu lun" ny l mt cng trnh kho cu, tm tt v h thng ha ni dung ca by b lun thuc Hinayana bi mt v Tng s ngi n , tng truyn l ngi Anuruddha (A Nu a La) (51)

V mc chnh xc ca cng trnh tm tt v h thng ha ny khng th hoc kh c th minh nh r rng, v chng ta khng c iu kin c ht by b lun , t ra l v pha ngi vit. Tuy nhin, theo truyn thng Nam phng Pht gio, th b "A t m thng php lun" ny l mt trong nhng nn tng trit hc c bn nht ca Nam phng Thng Ta b. Do , chng ti da vo b lun ny - v c bit l thng qua bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu (52), mt hc gi c thm quyn chuyn mn v tng - th Pli, t nht l i vi ngi Vit Nam - trnh by i cng v tm l hc Pht gio theo quan im ca Nam phng - Thng Ta b.

(I) Dng Chy Ca Tm Thc Qua T m Thng Php Tp yu

1- Tm bt thin (Akusalacitta) : C ba loi tm c bn l : tm tham, tm sn v tm cung si.

2- Tm v nhn (Ahetukacitta) : C ba loi : Tm qu bt thin v nhn, tm qu thin v nhn v tm duy tc v nhn.

3- Tm dc gii bt tnh : C hai loi : Tm bt thin v tm v nhn.

4- Tm (hu nhn) dc gii thanh tnh : C ba loi : tm thin, tm qu, tm duy tc. C dc gii thanh tnh v bt tnh u thuc v tm hu nhn.

5- Tm sc gii (Rpvacaracitta) : C ba loi : Tm thin, tm qu, v tm duy tc.

6- Tm v sc gii (Arpvaracitta) : C ba loi : tm thin, tm qu, v tm duy tc. C ba loi tm trn ca sc gii v v sc gii u gi l tm th gian (hip th)

7- Tm o siu th (Lokattaracitta) : C 4 loi : tm ca cnh gii S thin (ly sanh h lc), Nh thin (nh sanh h lc), Tam thin (ly h diu lc) v T thin (x nim thanh tnh) (53)

8- Tm qu siu th (d thc siu th) : C 4 loi : tm ca qu v S thin (D lu qu), Nh thin (Nht lai qu), Tam thin (Bt lai qu) v T thin (A la hn qu)

C tm o siu th v qu siu th gi chung l tm siu th. V, c tm th gian (hp th) v siu th gian (siu th) c gi l Tm (citta). 8 phn loi trn ca tm c gi l Tm Vng, tc l ci ngun ca Tm.

(II) Tc Nng Trong Dng Chy Ca Tm (Tm S Hu)

1- Tm s bin hnh (Sabbacittasdhran) :

C 7 loi tm s : xc (Phasso), th (Vedan), tng (Sann), t (Cetan), nht tm (Kaggat), mng cn (Jivitindriyam) v tc (Manasikra)

2- Tm s bit cnh (Akusalacetasika) :

C 6 loi tm :

Tm (Vitakka), t (Vicra), thng gii (Adhimokkho), tinh tn (Viriyam), h (Piti) v dc (Chando). C tm s hu bin hnh v bit cnh gi l s hu t (ch th), tha (i tng).

3- Tm s bt thin (Akusalacetasika)

C 14 loi :

- Tm si m (Moho), v tm (Ahirikam), v qu (Anottapam), tro c (Uddhacca).

- Tm tham (Lobho), t kin (Ditthi), kiu mn (Mno).

- Tm sn (Doso), tt (Iss), bn xn (Macchariyam), hi qu (Kukhuccam), hn trm (Thina), thy min (Middha) v nghi (Viccikicch).

4- Tm s thin (Tnh quang) (Sabhanacetasika)

C 19 loi :

Tn (Saddh), nim (Sati), tm (Hiri), qu (Ottappam), khng tham (Alobho), khng sn (Adoso), x ly (Tatramajjhattat : trung tnh), tm s th thi (Kyapassaddhi), tm th thi (Cittapassaddhi), tm s khinh an (Kyalahta), tm khinh an (Cittalahut), tm s nhu ha (Kyamudut), tm nhu ha (Cittamudut), tm s thch ng (Kyakamm-annat), tm thch ng (Cittakammannat), tm s tinh cn (Kyapgunnat), tm tinh cn (Cittapgunnat), tm chnh trc (Cittujjukat).

(III) Hin Hu (Php) Qua A T m Thng Php Tp Yu

1- Sc c bn (Bhta - rupam) :

C 4 loi : t (Pathavi - dhtu), nc (po - dhtu), gi (Vyo - dhtu) v la (Tejo - dhtu).

2- Sc ch th (Pasda-rpam)

C 5 loi : mt (Cakkhu), tai (Sotam), mi (Ghnam), li (Jih), v thn (Kyo).

3- Sc i tng (hay Hnh cnh : Gocararpam)

C 5 loi : Sc (Rpam), thanh (Saddo), hng (Gandho), v (Raso), xc (Photthabbam).

4- Sc bn tnh (Bhvarpam) :

C 2 loi : Nam tnh (Purisattam); n tnh (Itthattam).

5- Sc tm s y (Hadayrpam) : l c cu nn tng ca tm thc (Hadayavatthu).

6- Sc sinh mng (Jivitarpam) : l mng cn, tc l thn th v cc quan nng (Jivitindriyam).

7- Thc sc (Ahra-rpam): l on thc (kabalinkro-haro) cng gi l thc t.

Sc tm s y, sc sinh mng v thc sc cn c gi l thn biu v khu biu.

Nh vy 18 loi sc php trn c phn loi theo t tnh (Sabhvarpam), t tng (Salakkhana - rpam), s to (Nipphannarpam), sc sc (Rpa - rupam) v t duy sc (Sammasanarpam).

Sc l vt cht, l nhng g thuc vt l. Do t tnh sc l nhng g c tnh cht nng , lnh, cng, t, m, dng v.v... Sc t tng l ch cho v thng, v ng ca sc tng. l s din bin ca sinh, tr, d, dit ; thnh, tr, hoi, khng... Cc php thuc v tm (tm l) v sc (vt l) gi chung l Hu vi php (Sankhatam). V ngc li, cc php vt ngoi din bin ch nh ca tm l v vt l, khng b gii hn, ch nh bi sinh v dit, th c gi l V vi (Asamskrta). Cc php hu vi c gi l Tc , cc php v vi (nh Nit Bn) c gi l Chn .

(IV) Nhn xt chung v Thng php lun

trn chng ta va trnh by tm lc mt s th cch v cc danh t din t c bn v tm l hc theo Thng php tp yu lun ca Nam phng Thng Ta b. V cc danh t s c gii thch r chung vi phn trnh by v Duy thc - Tm l hc ca i tha, trong trng hp ca nhng khi nim ng ngha. y, ch trnh by tm tt mt s ni dung "t tng" c bn ca lun th ny.

Trc ht, chng ta thy rng, Thng php lun ct ngha v gii minh tm l hc qua bn khi nim c bn, l : (a) Tm (Citta), (b) tm s (Cetasika), (c) sc (Rpa) v (d) Nit bn.

Qua bn khi nim trn, con ngi theo Thng php lun trc ht l mt con ngi bao gm tm thc (tm l) v sc php (vt l). iu ny tng t nh hp th ca 5 un (Pancaskandhas) trong Pht gio Nguyn thy, hay chnh nhng gio hun ca Pht trong Nikya. Tuy nhin, trong nm un, Sc un (Rpa) thuc v sc php (th gii vt l), 4 un cn li (th, tng, hnh v thc) thuc v tm php (th gii tm l). Trn c s ca Tm php ny, lun th i su vo phn tch th gii ca tm l v cc hin tng din bin ca n qua 89 hay 121 loi tm v 52 tm s.

S phn tch ny c da vo cnh gii (trng thi) ca tm l qua cc cp nh : ci dc, ci sc, ci v sc v siu th, hay c c th ha theo tc nng hot ng nh : tm thin, tm bt thin, tm v nhn, tm tnh quang ; hoc nh : tm thin, tm d thc, tm duy tc - Theo tc nng dn khi s ti sinh hay khng... Bn cnh , cc loi tm s (tc nng ca tm vng) nh : xc, th, tng, t, mng cn, nht tm v tc lun lun cng hin khi cng vi s tri gic ca mt, tai, mi, li v thn (5 cn). Vi s phn tch chi tit nh th, lun th Abhidhamma xy dng ln mt l trnh tm (Cittavithi) thng qua s sinh v dit trong 16 st na tm :

1- Hu phn chuyn ng (Bhavangacalana) (sinh khi, rung chuyn)

2- Hu phn dng ngh (Bhavangupaccheda) (s ng yn)

3- Ng mn hng tm (Pancadvrvajjana) (5 cn hng tm)

4- Nhn thc (hay cc thc) (Cakkhuvinnana) (cc thc hin hu)

5- Tip th tm (Sampaticchana) (cm th)

6- Suy c tm (Santirana) (suy thc)

7- Xc nh tm (Votthapana) (chuyn ng 7 st na tm)

8-14- Tc hnh tm (Javana)

15-16- ng s duyn tm (Tadlambana) (cng sinh khi...)

y l l trnh ca tm, n l s hin khi v hon dit ca tt c cc hin tng v din bin tm l. S khm ph ny l mt cng hin v i ca lun th Abhidhamma cho ngnh kho cu Tm l hc ni chung v Tm l hc Pht gio ni ring.

Mt im ni bt k v khc, l khi nim Kit sinh thc (Patisandhi). Khi nim ny din t v s vn hnh ca tm trong im khi u v kt thc ca i sng con ngi, cng cn gi l " nim ti s" ca sinh linh vn hu (Sentient beings). N l sc mnh cc nghip thc (nghip lc) v vn hnh di hnh thc ca nhng nng lng tm l (mental energy), duy tr i sng tm thc ca con ngi v cc loi hu

tnh khc. Mc du vn ny vt ngoi kh nng tri gic ca tri thc thng nghim, song, n c th c nhn thc trong cc cnh gii ca thin nh tm cao . Do , s hiu bit v Kit sanh thc l iu cn thit cho con ngi v cng l iu m cc trit gia lun lun tm kim.

Con ngi v th gii quan ca con ngi l Dc gii, tc th gii ca nhng sinh linh, kht vng trn tc. Do , mun bit c hin hu ca Sc gii, V sc gii v Siu th gii, tt yu phi i vo hin qun (thin nh), thut ng gi l Vipassan (Minh st tu). V l, nhng cnh gii siu hnh vn thot hin ngoi tri thc, lun l hay phn on ca con ngi; n ch c th c cm nhn v hin th bi trong thin nh. V t c nhng cnh gii , i hi con ngi mt s n lc ti cao, vt qua mi cm nhim trn tc ca mng cn v thc phn bit. y l ni dung ca nh hc trong lun th Abhidhamma.

V mt gii thot, lun th, nh trnh by, cp rt c th v tc nng hot ng ca tm theo khuynh hng thin, bt thin v v nhn (tm l lng khng tin n mc ch cng khng lui v nguyn ng lc). Tm thin l tm a con ngi n gn s gii thot, tm bt thin a con ngi n kh au, v tm tnh quang (Sobhanacitta) hay tm sng sut (tu gic) a con ngi n gii thot, gic ng. y l ni dung ca Gii hc v Tu hc trong lun th Abhidhamma.

T ba phng din trn cho thy rng Abhidhamma l nn tng c cu ca t tng trit hc Pht gio sau thi Pht dit . im c bit ca n l gii minh hin hu qua lng knh ca nht ngha (Paramatthasacca), ngha l hin hu c nhn t t tng ca duyn sinh tng tc - ci cn nguyn thit lp nn mt tng tng, ch khng phi l t ci din mo bao qut ca mi mi s th trng c v nh c lp, c liu.

V ci mc ch ti hu ca lun th Abhidhamma l dng phng tin hin qun a con ngi i vo thng chng Nit bn nh trnh by trong 4 tm qu siu th. chnh l s on dit 14 bt thin tm hay ni c th l : Tham, sn v si. y l l trnh tiu biu ca tm l hc Pht gio c trnh by qua Thng php lun ca Nam phng Thng Ta b.

B/ i cng v Cu x lun (Abhidhamma - kosa - sstra)

Lun th Cu x, nh cp, l mt lun th tng hp v tiu biu cho Pht gio Hinayana (Tiu tha), do ngi Vasubandhu trc tc v bin son. Mc ch ra i ca lun th l : thng nht gio ngha ca Hu b, v xc nh lp trng chnh ca Pht gio. Lun th Cu x c HT. Thch Thin Siu, mt hc gi c thm quyn chuyn mn v Hn tng, dch ra ting Vit (54), chng ta c th tm hiu c th hn. y, ch trnh by tm tt ni dung i cng ca Cu x.

Theo b Cu x lun (30 quyn) do ngi Huyn Trng dch, c phn loi nh sau :

I- Cu X Lun

1/ Gii phm (2q) -> Ni v th tnh ca hin hu.

2/ Cn phm (5q) -> Ni v tc nng (dng) ca hin hu.

3/ Th gian phm (5q) -> Qu Phn tch

4/ Nghip phm (6q) -> Nhn r v cc

5/ Thy min phm (3q) -> Duyn php - hu vi

6/ Hin thnh phm (4q) -> Qu Phn tch

7/ Tr phm (2q) -> Nhn r v cc

8/ nh phm (1,5q) -> Duyn php v vi.

9/ Ph ng phm (1,5q) -> Lun v l v ng (anatta)

II- Hin Hu (Cc Php) Qua Cu X Lun

Hin hu - Th gii tm l v vt l, hay th gii ca s vt hin tng (The world of phenomena) ca c tm l v vt l cng gi l Nht thit php, c phn chia thnh hai loi l Hu vi php v V vi php.

Hu vi php l nhng hin hu c c din ra trong vng nhn qu, b chi phi v gii hn bi khng gian, thi gian; bi sinh, tr, d dit; bi phn ly phi tn v.v... V ngc li, nhng hin hu vt ngoi cc vn trn, thuc v V vi php.

a) 72 Hu vi php

1/ Sc (rpa) php : C 11 loi : bao gm 5 cn (mt, tai, mi, li, thn), 5 trn (sc, thanh, hng, v, xc) v v biu sc (hin hu ca phi vt th). Nm cn thuc ch th, nhn thc; 5 trn thuc i tng c nhn thc.

2/ Tm (citta) php : C mt loi l Tm vng (citta), n hin hu va nh mt tng th ph qut (universal), va nh mt n v nn tng c th (particular).

3/ Tm s (cetasika) php : C 46 loi :

- 10 i a php : Th, tng, t, xc, dc, tu, nim, tc , thng gii, thin nh (tam ma a).

- 10 i thin a php : Tn, cn, x, tm, qu, v tham, v sn, bt hi, khinh an, bt phng dt.

- 6 i phin no : V minh, phng dt, gii i, bt tn, hn trm, tro hi.

- 2 i bt thin : V tm, v qu.

- 10 Tiu phin no : Phn, ph, san, tt, no, hi, hn, xim, cung, kiu.

- 8 Bt nh php : c tc, thy min, tm, t, tham, sn, mn, nghi.

4/ Tm bt tng ng hnh : C 14 loi :

c, phi c, mng cn, ng phn, v tng nh, v tng qu, dit tn nh, sinh, tr, d, dit, sanh thn, c thn, vn thn.

b) 3 V vi php :

H khng, trch dit v phi trch dit.

75 php trn lun lun c din ra theo cc quan h mt thit trong th gii tm l ca con ngi nh sau :

(III)

4 Duyn 6 Nhn 5 Qu

Tng thng duyn

S duyn duyn Nng tc nhn -> Tng thng

ng v gin duyn qu

Cu hu nhn

ng loi nhn

Nhn duyn Tng ng nhn S dng qu

Bin hnh nhn ng lu qu

D thc nhn D thc qu

Ly h qu

V cc danh t (chuyn mn) trn, s c gii thch c th trong phn trit hc Duy thc . (xem Tam thp tng lun gii - phn sau)

Trong cc phm "Th gian", "Nghip" ... lun th cng cp kh r v Nhn qu Nghip bo, ng c ca lun hi qua 12 nhn duyn, v cc qui lut chi phi hu tnh th gian (The world of sentient beings)...

cc phm "Hin thnh", "Tr", "nh"... lun th cng bin bit r v l trnh tm qua nhiu mc thp, cao...

(V) Nhn Xt Chung

Qua phn gii thiu cu trc ca Cu x lun, mt lun th tiu biu ca Nht thit hu b (gi tt l Hu b), chng ta thy rng gia lun th Cu x v Thng php c nhng im ging nhau trong quan im v con ngi v th gii. S ging nhau nm ngay ti nhng phn quan trng nht ca lun th nh : Tm, tm s, sc php, tm thin, tm bt thin, nhn qu lu chuyn v hon dit, v Nit bn theo bn qu v Thanh Vn (Svaka). Cn s khc bit ch din ra cch trnh by l chnh m khng phi ni dung.

iu ny cho thy c hai lun th tiu biu trn nh hng rt su m nhng gio hun ca Pht c trnh by c th trong kinh tng Nikya. Hay ni ng hn, cc lun th ra i nh l nhng tng hp ngn nht v c h thng ha thnh nhng khn th c kt, hin thn t Nikya. Cho n cc lun th ca Mahayna (i tha Pht gio) (s trnh by phn ni dung chnh ca tc phm ny) cng u nh vy. S khc bit duy nht trong cc h thng lun th Pht gio l s m rng hoc thu hp mt s khi nim "c in" c c Pht dy trong Nikya hay kinh tng ca Pht gio Nguyn thy m thi. Tt nhin, l nhng khi nim rt c bn.

Mt im khc cng cn ghi nhn l ti sao cc lun th c xem l nhng tc phm c kt ? Bi l, thi c Pht cn ti th, i tng thuyt gio, a im thuyt gio ... ca Ngi hon ton khc nhau. Do , mi i tng cn c nhng gio l ring l, c th nh kch c ca nhng i chn cn c nhng i giy ln, nh khc nhau. V th, nhng li dy ca Pht trong sut 49 nm l nhng php thoi ty thuc vo tnh thc v trnh ca chng sinh, n mang tnh cch thc tin, c lc su sc kh hiu (i tng tr thc), c lc mc mc n s d cm nhn (i tng bnh dn), v c lc ch dnh ring cho bc thnh tr (A La Hn, B Tt, Thin Cha, thn linh), nh nhng php thoi m Pht ging trn cung tri, di long cung, hay ngoi hi o xa xi... v c ghi li bi cc B Tt. iu ny vt ngoi s hiu bit ca ngi trn, nhng k cung si ang lang thang rong rui vi i, lnh, n ng, kht, c, mt, hn, thua...

Do , mi lun th c xem nh mt tp i thnh v mt vn no c truyn dy bi c Pht. y l ngha "c kt" hay "h thng ha" ca lun th.

Mt iu khc na l lun th khng c lp thnh theo mt tiu ch nht nh v chung nht, m ngc li, n hon ton ty thuc vo nhn duyn x s, t nc, thi i, con ngi ..., y l l do khc bit, ng - d ca lun th.

Tuy nhin, nhng g c ni ra, c lm nn bi lun th u hng v mt mc tiu duy nht, l a con ngi (chng sinh ca tr tu) i vo hin qun - thin nh, t thot ly mi su, bi, kh, u, no... y l con ng truyn thng, duy nht ca Pht gio kh d "a ngi sang sng".

Trn y chng ta va lc kho rt khi qut v h thng lun th ca Thng Ta b v Nht thit hu b thuc Pht gio Hinayana. iu ny c xem nh l tin i vo kho st v phn tch lun th ca i tha (Mahayna) theo con ng tm hiu Tm l hc - Pht gio. (55)

II.2.Chng 2: i cng Tm l hc Pht gio

II.2.1 Gii thiu 30 bi tng Duy Thc ca Vasubandhu

Ngi Vasubandhu (Th Thn) em rut ca Lun s Asanga (V Trc), sinh sau Asanga 20 nm vo cui th k th IV T.L.

Lc u Ngi theo hc v xin dng gio ngha ca Hu B (Sarvastivada) ti trung tm Cashmire, thuc Bc n. y l mt trung tm phn thnh truyn b t tng ca Hu B, v nhng ai khng thuc v Hu B th khng c vo hc ti trung tm ny. Nhng sau , Vasubandhu ci trang thnh hc tr ca Hu B v theo hc gio ngha ny. Sau thi gian hc tp v nghin cu ti Cashmire, Vasubandhu bin son b Abhidamma Kosastras, nh trnh by phn trc, l mt b lun th xut sc tng hp tinh hoa gio ngha ca Hu B. V sau khi tc phm c cng b, cc nh Hu B v cng vui sng v cho rng h c c mt mn u t, xut sc, nhng khng ng rng chnh l ngi ca Santrntik (Kinh Lng B) ci trang. Nhng d sao i na th tc phm ca Vasubandhu vn c x em l lun th tiu biu ca Hu B v c truyn tng sut hn 16 th k qua.

V sau, Vasbandhu ch tc b Duy Thc Tam Thp Tng (30 bi tng v tm l hc Pht gio). Tc phm ny rt ni ting v c truyn tng cho n ngy nay.

Theo nhiu kin, tuy nhin, tc phm 30 bi tng Duy thc ca ngi Vasubandhu, cng nh nhng tc phm Duy thc ca ngi Huyn Trang v Khuy C (mt mn xut sc ca Huyn Trang) l i tha cha tuyt i (hay l Quyn tha). V sau, ngi Php Tng (ngi Trung Hoa), mt hnh gi chuyn mn v Hoa Nghim (Avatamsaka) n lc kt hp t tng Hoa Nghim vi Duy thc hc nhm lm cho Duy thc tr thnh gio ngha i tha - Vin gio. (55)

Tuy nhin, y chng ti s tp trung vo nghin cu 30 bi tng Duy thc ca Lun s Vasubandhu, v phn gii minh s c y c trn c s t tng ca Nhip i tha lun (Mahyna samparigraha sstra) ca Lun s Asanga, Thnh Duy thc lun (Vijnaptimtratsiddhi - sstra) v Bt thc qui c tng ca ngi Huyn Trang v mt s t tng cn bn ca Hoa Nghim theo s gii ca ngi Php Tng. (56).

II.2.2 Ni dung ca 30 bi tng Duy thc

Trong phn ny, chng ti dch v ph ch Anh ng 30 bi tng Duy thc. c gi cn c i c li nhiu ln ni dung ny theo di tin trnh phn tch tm l phn sau. Phn Anh ng c trch t bn "Treatise in Thirty Verses on MereConsciousness" ca Swati Ganguly (57).

(01)

"Do gi lp nn ni c Ng v Php [ch th v i tng], c tt c s vt hin tng, [nhng] tt c Ng v Php u nng vo thc m sinh ra ; [bn cht ca] thc nng bin c ba [c tnh]".

(Because the ideas of the self [tman] and the elements [Dharma] are false, the phenomenal appearances of all kinds arise. These appearances are dependent upon the development [Parinma] of the consciousness. This development is of three kinds).

(02)

"[ l] D thc v T lng cng vi Liu bit cnh. Trc ht l thc A-li-da, cng gi l D thc hay Nht thit chng".

(The maturing consciousness [Vipka], the consciousness that deliberates [Manana], and the consciousness that discriminates [Vijnapti] the spheres of objects. The first is the storehouse - consciousness [layavijnna] which is also called retributive consciousness [Vipkavijnna] and consciousness carrying all seeds [Sarvabijaka]).

(03)

"[c tnh ca n l] bt kh tri, chp th v duy tr, [nhng] trong s biu bit cc x [cc quan nng ca cn thn] n thng biu hin cng vi xc, tc , th, tng v t ; [v trong cc th] n ch tng ng vi x th".

(It is not aware of what it "grasps" and "receives", of its place and of its discriminatory power. It is always associated with touch, attention, sensation, thought and volition. But it is always associated with sensation of indifference only".

(04)

"Thc ny v cc tm s ca n l v ph v v k, [n] tri chy nh dng sng, [khi t n] qu v A La Hn [th tt c] u bung x".

(It is unobscured and undefined. The case of Mental Contact is also like this. It is perpetual evolution like a violent current, and is renounced in the state of an arhat).

(05)

"Thc nng bin th hai gi tn l Mt na, nng ta vo v duyn vi thc [A li da] kia, nn tnh v tng ca n l suy ngh [t lng]".

(The second evolving consciousness is called manas. It functions with storehouse consciousness as its support and object. It has essentially the characteristics of "Cognition").

(06)

"[N] thng biu hin cng vi 4 phin no, [ l] : ng si, ng kin, ng mn v ng i, [cng nh] cng vi xc... vn vn..."

(It is always accompanied by four defilements, i.e. ignorance about self, belief in self together with pride in self, and love of self. It is associated also with others [mental associates] like touch etc...)

(07)

"Tnh ca thc Mt na l hu ph v k, sinh khi u th chp ng , [cho n khi t n] qu v A La Hn, Dit tn nh v o xut th th n khng cn [hin hu] na".

(It belongs to the difiled-undefiled category ; it works along the dhtu or bhumi in which the sentient being is born and attached ; it ceases to exist at the stage of arhat, in the meditation of annihilation and on the supramundane path).

(08)

"Thc nng bin th ba c su loi sai khc, tnh, tng u phn bit [c th] thin, bt thin, v v k".

(This third development of consciousness has six different categories ; perception of the object is the nature and characteristics of these six consciousness ; they are good, bad, and neither of them).

(09)

"y l cc tm s : bin hnh, biu bit [hay bit cnh], thin, phin no, bt nh, tng ng vi ba th".

(They are associated with universal mental factors, with the special and good metal factors, with the defilements ; along with the secondary defilements and the indeterminate mental factors ; all these are associated with the three feelings).

(10)

"Trc, tm s bin hnh l Xc v.v...; ri, tm s bit cnh l : Dc, Thng gii, Nim, nh, v Hu. Cnh b duyn khng ging nhau".

(First, universal mental factors are Mental Contact and so forth ; next, special mental factors, i.e. Desire, Resolve, Memory, Meditation and Wisdom : the objects caused by the special mental factors are different).

(11)

"Thin tm s l : Tn, tm, qu, v tham, v sn, v si, tinh cn, khinh an, khng phng dt, hnh x v bt hi".

(The good mental factors are belief, sense of shame, sense of integrity, the three roots of non-covetousness and so forth ; diligence, composure of mind, vigilence, equanimity, and non-injury).

(12)

"Phin no l : Tham, sn, si, mn, nghi, c kin ; ty phin no l : phn, hn, ph, no, tt, xan".

(The defilements are covetousness, anger, delusion, conceit, doubt and false views ; the secondary defilements are fury, enmity, hypocricy, vexation, envy and parsimony).

(13)

"Cung, sim v hi, kiu, v tm v v qu, tro c v hn trm, bt tn v gii i".

(Deception, duplicity, harmfulness, pride, shamelessness, non-integrity, restlessness, conceit, unbelief and indolence).

(14)

"Phng dt v tht nim, tn lon v bt chnh tri ; [v bn th] bt nh l : hi, min, tm v t. Tm v t c th chia thnh hai loi".

(Carelessness, forgetfulness, distraction, thoughtlessness, the indeterminate mental qualities are called remorse, drowsiness, reasoning and deliberation, these two can be of two kinds).

(15)

"Nng vo thc cn bn [A li da], nm thc ty duyn hin, hoc chung hoc chng chung, nh sng nng vo nc [m hin khi]".

(Depending on the root consciousness, the five consciousness originate in accordance with various conditions, sometimes together, sometimes separately, just as waves originate on water).

(16)

" thc thng hin khi, tr trong ci v tng v hai nh v tm, ng m hay cht gi".

(The thought consciousness manifests at all times, except for those who are born in the "Heaven without Thought", for those in the two mindless meditations, and for those who are born in the states of unconsciousness).

(17)

"Cc thc ny chuyn bin [thnh] phn bit v [i tng] b phn bit; [v rng], v c hai u l khng nn [ni] tt c l Duy thc".

(The various consciousness manifest in two divisions, perception and the object of perception. Because of this, all these do not exist. Therefore, all is MereConsciousness).

(18)

"Do tt c ht ging trong Tng thc, bin chuyn nh vy v nh vy; v sc bin chuyn m sanh ra th gii biu bit v a th".

(From the consciousness containing the seeds, such and such development occur; through the power to mutual influence, such and such distinction are produced).

(19)

"Do cc tp kh - nghip, v cc chng t chp th ca c nng v s, nn khi thn D thc qua i th tip tc ti sinh".

(The "force of habit" of previous action together with the "force of habit" of the two concepts, engenders succeeding retribution after the previous retribution has been exhausted).

(20)

"Do t tnh gi lp nn chp tt c l tht. T tnh gi lp [hay bin k] , t n khng tht c".

(From such and such imaginations, such and such things are imagined. What is apprehended by this imagination, has no self-nature).

(21)

"Cn t tnh ty thuc [hay y tha khi] do cc duyn m sinh. [Bn cht ca] t tnh tuyt i [vin thnh tht] v ty thuc [y tha] n xa la mi hnh thi gi lp [bin k]".

(The self-nature that arises from dependence on others, is the [act of] discriminations produced by causes and conditions ; the nature of ultimate reality is different from this, as the former is perpetually free from the former nature [i.e. imagined nature]).

(22)

"[T tnh] ty thuc v tuyt i va khc va khng khc, nh tnh cht v thng, khng th thy rng y [l tuyt i] v kia [l ty thuc]".

(Therefore the nature of ultimate reality and the nature of dependence on others are neither different nor non-different, just as impernanence is neither different nor nondifferent from the impermanent dharmas. As long as this (nature of ultimate reality) is not perceived, that (nature of dependence on others) is also not perceived).

(23)

"Nng vo ba tnh ny m lp thnh ba v tnh, nn bn [mt ] ca Pht ni rng tt c cc php l v tnh".

(On the basis of these threefold natures, threefold natures of naturelessness are established. Therefore the Buddha preached with a secret that all dharmas are devoid of self-nature).

(24)

"Trc ht l "tng v tnh", th hai l "v t nhin tnh", v sau cng l xa la mi chp trc, tnh chp ng v php".

(The first one is with regard to characteristics ; the second is with regard to origination ; the last is far away from the first [nature of imagination] in which the natures of tman and Dharma are conceived).

(25)

"Nh th l "Thng ngha" ca cc php cng gi l "Nh tnh", v tnh thng nh vy, nn [Thng ngha tnh] l Duy thc tht tnh".

(This absolute truth about all the dharmas is also the absolute Suchness. Because it is always thus in its nature, it is the real nature of Mere-Consciousness).

(26)

"T khi sinh thc cha hin khi cho n khi hin khi v cu tr Duy thc tn h, [trong thi gian ] cha th dit tr hai s chp th cn ng yn".

(Until the consciousness to seek to reside in the nature of mere-consciousness has not arisen, the attachments from the twofold concepts cannot be suppressed)

(27)

"[Nu] hin tin cn nim v "Duy thc tnh" ; v, v cn c s c nh th, th khng thc th an tr trong Duy thc".

(One who takes something before him as an object and declares it as the nature of the Vijnaptimtrat, since he has something in his possession he is not really residing in the Vijnaptimtrat).

(28)

"Cho n khi no i tng [b duyn] v tr [nng duyn] u c bung x, khi xa la hai s chp th v an tr trong Duy thc".

(When in perceiving the sphere of objects, wisdom [jnana] no longer conceives any idea of object, then that wisdom is in the state of Vijnaptimtrat. Because both the object to be grasped and the act of grasping by consciousness are not there).

(29)

"Khng s c v khng th t ngh, l tr xut th [v phn bit tr] ; v xa la th [phin no chng] v trng [s tri chng], nn chng t chuyn y".

(Not conceivable and not comprehensible is this supramundane wisdom ; because of the abandonment of the two-fold grossness or incapabilities revolution at substratum or transformation of layavijnna into wisdom is obtained).

(30)

"y l ci v lu, bt t ngh, thin, thng, an lc, gii thot thn, i Mu Ni, danh php".

(Such pure dhtu is unimaginable, good and eternal. It is a state of bliss, an "emancipated body", called the famous law of the great sage [Skyamuni]).

Phn III : Ging Lun Tm L Hc Pht Gio Qua 30 Bi Tng Duy Thc

III.1. Chng 1: Tm l hc Pht gio qua ni dung 30 bi tng Duy thc ca Vasubandhu.

III.1.1 nh ngha v Duy thc v h thng 8 thc

A- Duy thc

Duy thc, ting Phn gi l Vijnana hoc l Vijnapti. Tip u ng Vi c ngha l phn bit, nhn thc, phn chnh c dch l thc. Vijnapti c dch l thc, c khi c dch l biu bit, tc biu th hay hin th s phn bit. Ting Anh dch t thc hay biu bit l : manifestations, perceptions... Trong cc tc phm Duy thc ca ngi Huyn Trang th t Vijnana hay Vijnapti u c dch l thc.

Nh vy ngha ca thc (Vijnana hay Vijnapti) l s biu hin phn bit cc hin tng thuc th gii ca tm l v vt l. T y, khi nim biu bit (manifestation) c chia thnh hai loi :

1/ Biu sc (Vijnapti - rpa), v

2/ V biu sc (Avijnapti - rpa)

- Biu sc l s hin th phn bit nh mu sc, hnh thi. T d nh khi vui v th sc mt ti tnh v trn y sc mnh. Sc mnh l nng lc c th tc ng vo lm chuyn ng i tng khc ; v, v biu sc nh khi y xe, sc mnh y ci xe chy l nng lng, nng lng khng hin th nn gi l v biu sc. Tuy nhin, nng lng khi c biu th th gi l biu sc. (Nng lng cng l mt loi sc). V ngc li, khi nng lng cn tim tng trong con ngi, cha c biu th ra ngoi th gi l v biu sc. Do , thc khng n gin ch thuc v tm l m n cn c xem nh l mt loi sc (mental energy).

Duy (only, mere) c ngha l ch. Vijnanavada hay Vijnanamatra c ngha l Duy thc, hay ni y l : "Ch c thc - biu hin". Nh th, s biu hin ca thc bao gi cng y c hai phn : ch th nhn thc v i tng c nhn thc.

V nhng g biu hin t hai gc (ch th v i tng ca nhn thc) u c gi l Duy thc. (Th ch thc chuyn bin ; phn bit, s phn bit ; do b, th giai v ; c nht thit Duy thc) - Consciousness manifest itself in two parts : the knower and the known)

Nh th, biu hin ca thc l th gii sn h i a, sum la vn tng m con ngi nhn bit. C th hn l tt c nhng hot ng trong i sng ca con ngi nh : th trng, siu th, ngn hng, cc t chc x hi v.v... S lin h cht ch gia con ngi v th gii cng nh gia ch th v khch th ta h nh khi ta ng nhn nh Lanbiang, ta ang mt ht trong n v n ang hin th v ph trn trong ta. Mi quan h bt kh phn ly gia ch th tri gic v i tng c tri gic c gi l Duy thc, tc l "ch c thc biu bit", ch khng phi l ch c tm thc m khng c th gii thc ti khch quan. Do , ch Duy cn c hiu l s biu hin, biu bit ca tm thc v nu thiu vng n (tc tm thc) th tt c i tng ca n (Php) u khng c mt.

B- H thng tm thc

Ni dung ca Duy thc hc ni chung v 30 bi tng Duy thc ni ring u tp trung soi sng h thng tm thc cn bn - tin trnh sinh khi v hon dit ca cc hin tng tm l. H thng ny nh mt tng th c phn chia thnh tm loi quan nng. y, tt nhin, khng c s tch bit, ring l i vi tm thc cn bn ny. Mt thc c mt l ton b tng th ca tm thc c mt. H thng tm thc c phn tch theo th t nh sau :

8/ A-li-da thc (layavijnna) 7/ Mt-na thc (Manas) 6/ thc (Manovijnna) 5/ Nhn thc [mt] 4/ Nh thc [tai] 3/ T thc [mi] 5 thc cm 2/ Thit thc [li] gic (the sene1/ Thn thc [c th] organ - indriya).

Trn y l ni dung ca tm thc cn bn. Gi y chng ta i vo phn tch c s tm l hc qua tm thc trong Duy thc hc Pht gio.

III.1.2 Tng Thc ALAYA

A- Khi nim chung v Tng thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[01]

"Do gi lp nn ni c Ng v Php [ch th v i tng], c tt c s vt hin tng, [nhng] tt c Ng v Php u nng vo Thc m sinh ra ; [bn cht] ca thc - nng bin c ba [c tnh]".

[02]

"[ l] : D thc v T lng, cng vi Liu bit cnh. Trc ht l thc A-li-da, cng gi l D thc hay Nht thit chng".

Tin ca Duy thc hc c xc nh ngay bi tng th nht [01]. Tt c cc php (hin tng s vt) l khng tht c t tnh (v t tnh). Do , khi ni v Ng (ch th) v Php (i tng) ch l s gi nh ca tm thc. T d nh : nh th ny th gi l ci bn ; nh th kia th gi l ci gh. S gi nh nh th i vi tt c hin tng s vt (tm l cng nh vt l) lun lun ty thuc vo s tri chy nng ng ca tm thc (gi l thc - nng bin). T , tm thc c chia thnh ba loi c th theo cc tc nng c th nh c trnh by bi tng s [02]. Ba c tnh ca thc c phn chia theo tc nng c th bao gm :

D thc (Vipka) ch cho Tng thc Alaya (thc th 8) T lng (Manana) ch cho thc Mt na (thc th 7) Liu bit cnh (Vijnapti) ch cho 5 thc cm gic

y, chng ta trc ht kho st v D thc thc.

D thc thc (Vipkavijnna), nh c ni r trong bi tng s [02], cn c gi l Tng thc (layavijnna) v Nht thit chng thc (Sarvabijaka). Cc danh t ny khng phi l ng ngha m mi danh t c mt ngha khc nhau, nhm gii minh cc tnh nng ca thc th tm.

* Tng thc (layavijnna) : ch tng (storehouse) ngha l kho tng, c chc nng dung cha (storing) tt c chng t (bijas) tc l ht ging tm thc (seeds of mind). Tng thc, do , c v nh l nn tng ca tm thc, l t tm pht trin. V th, Tng thc c xem nh l t tng - hay th ca tm. y, n c ba tnh cht : Nng tng : l ch th dung cha S tng : l i tng c dung cha hay ca s dung cha Ng i chp tng : b ng nhn l ng tnh vnh hng.

Nh th, tm c nhn thc lun lun bao gm hai phn, l ch th nhn thc v i tng c nhn thc. T d, gim c vin bo tng l ch th ct gi v bo tr cc hin vt, gi l Nng tng ; cc hin vt c ct gi v bo tr bi ng gim c vin bo tng gi l S tng. Nh vy, Nng tng l ch th ct gi v bo tr, S tng l i tng c ct gi v bo tr. Ti y, tc dng u tin ca tm l tng (storing) - ct gi v bo tr. V khi ni n tng th phi ni n Nng tng (ch th) v S tng (i tng). Tc dng th hai ca tm l [b] "Ng i chp tng" - tc l b thc th by (Manas) chp lm ng tnh : ci ti, ci ca ti, ci t ng ca ti ... Tc nng th nht ca tm, nh va trnh by, mang tnh cch nng ng. V tc nng th hai ny (Ng i chp tng) mang tnh cht b ng, tc l b thin chp bi mt thc khc, l Mt na thc. Ti sao Tng thc l i tng b chp nh l ng th (The object of attachment as a self) s c gii thch phn trnh by v thc Mt na.

* Nht thit chng thc (Sarvabijaka) : Mt tnh nng khc ca tm l Nht thit chng. Sarva l tt c (Nht thit), Bija l ht ging (chng). Ngha l tnh nng ca Tng thc c th dung cha tt c ht ging (chng t) thin, c trong tm thc.

Thng thng mi hin tng din bin trong th gii thc ti khch quan cng nh trong tm thc lun lun c sinh khi t cc ht ging ( nim) tim tng trong tm thc. Ti , khi cc ht ging ang ng yn trong Tng thc th gi l nhn, v s hin khi ca n c gi l qu. T d, trong tm thc chng ta c y cc ht ging thin v bt thin, khi no gp thun duyn l n hin khi (hin hnh). Nh s sn hn lun lun sn c trong ta, khi gp thun duyn (nh b ai mng chi, nh p...) th ht ging sn hn s bin hin. Cng nh hoa cam v tri cam du cha xut hin, nhng mm mng ca hoa v tri cam c sn trong cy cam. S kin ny c gi l Cn bn thc. Trong lun th ca Nht Thit Hu B cng c cp n Cn bn thc (Mulavijnna) ; v ng Dip B (Tamrasatiya) th gi l Hu phn thc (Bhavangasota) - ngha l cc ht ging tm thc nh biu hin ca sng-nc lun lun hin hu trong dng nc.

V khi nim Cn bn thc, ngha l thc c bn, nh ht ging sn sinh ra mi hin tng s vt nh : vui, bun, m, ng, sinh t, Nit bn, thn, tm, th gian, gii, a v.v... y nn ch rng, theo quan im ca Duy thc, th thn th ca con ngi cng c nhn din hay pht sinh t trong tm thc, v tm y c hiu l Nht thit chng thc.

* D thc thc (Vipkavijnna) : D thc (Vipka) c ngha l s chn mui ca nghip qu hay s kt tinh "kh cht" ca mi con ngi; ni n D thc l ni n tnh nng tng quan nhn qu ca dng tm thc. D thc c chia thnh ba loi :

1/ D thi nhi thc : Thi im chn mui ca qu khc vi thi im gieo nhn.

T d : tri cam, thi im sinh ra v thi im chn mui l khc nhau.

2/ D loi nhi thc : khi chn mui th bin cht

T d : tri cam khi mi sinh ra th chua, n khi chn vng th ngt.

3/ Bin d nhi thc : khi chn mui th bin thi (bin tng).

T d : tri cam lc nh th mu xanh, n khi chn mui th ng sang mu vng.

y, s phn bit khi nim "D thc" ct l soi sng ci bn cht v k (khng th xc nh l thin c) hay bt nh ca Tng thc, tc l D thc thc. Nh th, s bin bit v cc danh t Tng thc, Nht thit chng thc v D thc thc l nhm gii minh cc tnh nng c bn ca tm thc (thc th tm).

B- Cc c tnh ca Tng thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[03]

"[c tnh ca n l] bt kh tri : chp th v duy tr, [nhng] trong s biu bit cc x [cc quan nng ca cn thn] n thng biu hin cng vi xc, tc , th, tng v t ; [v trong cc th] n ch tng ng vi x th".

[04]

"Thc ny v cc tm s ca n l v ph v v k, [n] tri chy nh dng sng, [khi t n] qu v A La Hn [th tt c] u bung x".

Nh va c trnh by hai bi tng [03 v 04], tnh cht ca Tng thc c nhng iu khng th bit c (bt kh tri) so vi tri gic thng nghim ca con ngi, l :

1/ S ct gi v duy tr cc chng t ca cn thn (thn th) v kh th gian (th gii thc ti khch quan), lm cho n khng bin mt v ch nhn duyn hin hnh.

2/ Tnh cht nng ng (nng duyn - thuc ch th, li dch c l kin phn) ca Tng thc v cng nhim mu v tinh t.

Do , c tnh ca Tng thc bao gm hai tnh cht ; mt l nng ng - tc l ch th ct gi v duy tr cc chng t ca thn th v th gii thc ti khch quan, li dch c l kin phn - tc ch th ; hai l b ng - tc l i tng (chng t ca thn th v th gii thc ti khch quan) c ct gi v duy tr bi ch th (subject), li dch c l tng phn - tc i tng.

Tuy nhin, trong s biu bit (phn bit) cc x (yatana) - ngha l cn thn v th gii thc ti khch quan - n thng biu hin cng vi cc tm s (Cetasika), tc l tc dng ca tm, bao gm nm loi c bn : Xc (Sparsa), tc (Manaskara), th (Vedana), tng (Samjna) v t (Cetana).

Trc ht, v khi nim tm s (Cetasika), l tc nng hot ng (tc dng) ca tm. T d tm s nh nhng ngn/ln sng ba o pht sinh t nc ; hay cy ci, ni rng pht sinh t t. Tm s l nhng thuc tnh s hu ca tm (Citta). C 51 loi tm s, nhng y chng ta ch cp n nm tm s (xc, tc , th, tng v t) ; nm tm s ny l cc hin tng tm l (mental formations) hin hnh cng vi h thng tm thc mt cch ph qut (universally operating), bao gm c trong Tng thc, Mt na thc, thc v nm thc gic quan (mt, tai, mi, li, thn th).

1/ Xc (Sparsa) : l s cm xc, xc chm, hay giao tip gia th gii tm l v vt l, gia thn th (con ngi) v cnh vt (th gii t nhin), hay gia tm v tm. T d : s tri gic v mt s th no , nh mt cnh hoa chng hn, ch c mt khi xut hin s giao tip v tip bin gia con mt v cnh hoa ; cng nh khi tm thc con ngi tip xc vi ni bun hay nim vui ca tm thc chnh n v.v... S giao tip gia cc cn (mt, tai, mi, li, thn th, thc) v trn (sc, thanh, hng, v, xc, php) l c s hnh thnh tri gic (s hiu bit, phn bit hay liu bit v biu bit) ca tm thc nh : mt-thy, tai-nghe, mi-ngi, li-nm, thn-cm xc, -suy t.

2/ Tc (Manaskara) : l s tp trung (Manas) hay ch v mt i tng no . T d : nh khi ci nga xem hoa, gia mt rng hoa mnh mng bng dng ta dng li v mt cnh hoa th di no . Nh th, s hin khi nim v mt i tng no gi l tc .

3/ Th (Vedana) : l s cm th cc hin tng nh vui, bun v trung tnh (khng vui, khng bun). Cm th c ba loi c bn : Kh th : cm th bt an, kh au... Lc th : cm th an lc, hnh phc... X th : cm th trung tnh khng b chi phi bi vui, bun, kh, lc...

Th (feeling) l thc n nui sng tm thc i vi con ngi. Cm th nh l mt dng sng tri chy tng tc trong i ngi, n khng h dng ngh. Do , con ng gii thot chnh l s thot ly mi n l ca con ngi v cc s cm th ca tm thc v minh.

4/ Tng (Samjna) : l n tng hay tng tng ca tri gic ch khng phi l t tng. T d, sau khi nhn thy mt cnh hoa no , ngi nhn tng tng v ngh ngi v nhan sc v tnh cht ca cnh hoa . Tng l mt trong nhng tc dng chnh ca tm thc ; tuy nhin, gia tng v thc ti th hon ton khc bit. Mt tri gic (a cognition, a perception) v mt s th no , ngha l, tri gic ch phng pht hay l nh tng ca thc ti. Gia tri gic v th gii thc ti l mt khong

cch xa vi ; do , khng th dng tri gic hay n tng ca tri gic lnh hi thc ti. V th nhng s nhn thc, tri gic, hiu bit v.v... v mt s th hay hin tng no u c gi l tng. V theo quan im ca Duy thc ni ring hay Pht gio ni chung, phn ln tri gic (tng) thng nghim ca con ngi l sai lm (58). V na, cn ghi nhn rng, ngoi th gii tri gic v t tng ca con ngi cn c cc th gii nh Tri V tng (Asannasatta), Phi tng v cc cnh gii thin nh bc cao Dit th tng nh (Nirodha - sampatti - State of meditation of annihilation).

5/ T (Cetana) : T khng phi l t duy theo quan nim tm (Vitaka) v t (Viccara) trong thin qun, m t (Cetana) y l mt ng lc tm l a n m t quyt nh (volition). Ni theo ngn ng ca Nghip (Karma), t chnh l hnh ng tc (volitional action), v tt nhin n l nghip. C th ni, Th - Tng l i dng mnh mng, v T-s-tc (Cetana) l sng gi ba o. Sng nc "th-tngt" va l nng tng (ch th) va l s tng (i tng), li va l kin phn (tc nng ca ch th nhn thc), va l tng phn (diu dng ca i tng c nhn thc). Do , xc, tc , th, tng v t l nm tm hnh vn l biu hin ca thc (Vijnna). Tm hnh l sng, tm vng l nc; sng cng l nc v nc cng l sng. S tng tc (mt l hai, hai l mt) ny l biu hin ca cc hin tng tm l ca c tm (Citta), (Manas) v thc (Vijnna).

Cc danh t nh Duy tm (Citta matra), Duy thc (Vijnnavada) v Duy biu (Vijnaptimatra) trong lun th v kinh tng u c ngha tng t nh vy.

Nh th, thc th tm ny tng ng vi 5 tm s bin hnh (Universal mental factors), v s biu hin ca n rt tinh t, khng hin th s kh v vui, do n ch tng ng vi x th.

Bi tng [04] ni tip rng ; tnh cht ca Tng thc v cc tm s ca n l v ph (Anivrta) - tc khng b vy ba, ngn che - v v k (vykrta) - tc khng b chi phi bi thin hay c (being neither good nor bad); ting Anh gi l non-defiled (v ph) v non-defined (v k). S hin hu ca n tri chy nh dng sng (hng chuyn nh bc lu), khng th ni l thng hng hay on dit. Cho n khi no thng chng A La Hn v th tt c u tan bin, bung x. Tuy nhin, y ch x b

ci danh t Alaya, ngha l t vng thc chuyn thnh thnh tr, l th tnh thanh tnh thng tr ca Alaya nhng khng phi l bin hin ca Alaya mt hin tng, v cng khng khc vi Alaya mt t th. y l ngha ca t tng "Pht php tc phi Pht php th danh Pht php" trong kinh tng v lun th i tha.

C- Cc mi quan h ca Tng thc

Nh trnh by, mt nhn thc bao gi cng c nhn din khi c s giao tip gia ch th nhn thc, v i tng nhn thc v biu hin ra mt h qu ca nhn thc . V th trong Tng thc, c bit l khi nim Nht thit chng thc, (tt c ht ging trong Tng thc) ni ln cc mi quan h c bn nh : kh-vui, m-ng, phm-thnh, chung-ring, v.v... Do , y chng ta cn xt n mt s quan h c bn trong din tin ca Tng thc.

Trong Mahyna - Satadharma - Vidydvara - Sstra (i tha Bch php minh mn lun), ngi Vasubandhu cp n nhng quan h ca Tng thc nh sau :

1/ Tng thc v ba cnh

Ba cnh l : Tnh cnh (The realm of things in themselves), i cht cnh (The realm of representations) v c nh cnh (The realm of mere images). Ba cnh ny l i tng ca nhn thc (Visaya) cng gi l tng phn (Nimittahaga) hay s duyn (Alambhaga). Ni theo trit hc phng Ty, ba cnh l i tng (Object) ca ch th (Subject) nhn thc.

a) Tnh cnh : l t thn ca th gii thc ti khch quan, ci m Kant gi l "ding un sick" (La chose en soi, hay Thing in itself) v J.P. Sartre gi l "tre en soi" - hin hu chnh n. Tnh l bn cht, cnh l i tng ; nh vy Tnh cnh c ngha l bn cht ca i tng hay bn cht ca th gii thc ti khch quan. y, chng ta khng th t n hay lnh hi c bn cht ca thc ti khch quan. T d, t thn

ca nh Lanbiang th hon ton khc vi ci tri gic ca chng ta v n. nh Lanbiang trong thc ti v trong tri gic khng th ging nhau v bn thn tri gic ca con ngi thng b mo m v rt sai lm. Do , tri gic thng nghim ca con ngi khng th t n Tnh cnh (The realm of things in themselves).

b) i cht cnh : l nh tng c nng g vo v hin sinh bi Tnh cnh. C th ni hnh nh v mt thc ti no trong tri gic ca ta l i cht cnh (cnh c mang theo, c phn nh t thc ti). T d, khi ta thng ght mt mu ngi no , th hnh nh ca mu ngi l hnh nh c sng to bi tm thc ch khng phi l hnh nh ca ngi trong thc ti. C th ngi mnh ght trong thc ti th rt d thng v ngc li v.v...; do , con ng thin qun trong Pht gio chnh l con ng bung b mi i cht cnh (o nh) th nhp vo Tnh cnh (thc ti) ca t thn v th gii. Di nh sng ca Duy thc hc, s sng ca con ngi hu nh l sng vi i cht cnh nhiu hn l vi Tnh cnh ; v y l nguyn nhn tc thnh kh au, dc vng...

c) c nh cnh : l th gii nh tng ch c trong tm thc ch khng c trong thc ti ; l hnh nh ca thc trong mng, mt biu hin ca Tng thc Alaya. y cn ghi nhn rng ci m chng ta gi l Pht trong tm v cho rng mnh tng sng vi Pht v.v... thc cht ch l Pht ca i cht cnh v c nh cnh. V ch khi no con ngi tht s gic ng mi c th t n Pht trong Tnh cnh, tc l Pht tnh. Tuy nhin, c i cht cnh v c nh cnh u l nhng hnh nh vay mn hay c sinh khi t Tnh cnh. C ba cnh ny u l biu hin ca Tng thc Alaya.

Do , trong quan h gia Tng thc v ba cnh, th Tng thc ch quan h hay duyn vi Tnh cnh.

2/ Tng thc v ba tnh

Ba tnh trong trit hc Duy thc l thin (good), bt thin (bad) v v k (neither good nor bad) - tc khng thin, khng c hay l trung tnh. Trong ba tnh (tnh cht) ny, Tng thc ch quan h vi v k (Avykrta).

3/ Tng thc v ba lng

Lng (Pramana) l hnh thi ca nhn thc (Valuable source of knowledge) bao gm ba lng:

a) Hin lng (Direct perception) : l s nhn thc trc tip hay trc gic (Direct cognition) v mt i tng no m khng cn phi i qua suy lun hay logic. T d, khi nhn thy cy vit th bit r l cy vit ch khng cn suy lun mi nhn din ra cy vit...

b) T lng (Inferance) : l s nhn thc phn bit gin tip (Indirect perception) hay dng n suy lun nhn din mt i tng no . V th, nu suy lun tt, chnh xc th c th t n s tht, nhng phn nhiu l sai lm. T d, ng bn ny i ta thy bn kia i c mt ln khi, ta suy lun c khi tc c la. Nhng khi leo qua i th s tht l c khi m khng c la, v l khi my ch khng phi khi la. Trong trng hp ny, T lng sai ; do n c gi l t t lng (the wrong perception).

c) Phi lng (Apramana) : T lng sai v Hin lng sai th gi l Phi lng (Wrong perception).

Nh vy trong hai lng : Hin lng (Pratyaksa) v T lng (Anumana), tr Phi lng (Apramana), c chia thnh hai loi : nu ng th gi l chn hin lng v chn t lng, nu sai th gi l t hin lng v t t lng.

Nh th, trong ba lng Tng thc ch quan h vi Hin lng.

4/ Tng thc v ba th

Th (Vedana) l cm th (feeling). Trong Duy thc cp n ba th (kh th, lc th v x th) hay nm th (kh th, lc th, u th, h th v x th). Trong cc th trn, Tng thc ch quan h hay tng ng vi x th.

5/ Tng thc ba ci v chn a

* Gii (Dhatu) l ci ca tm thc (States of mind), gm c ba ci :

a) Ci dc (realm of desire) : th gii ca con ngi v cc loi sinh th (dc l dc vng kht vng, ham mun, thm kht...)

b) Ci sc (realm of form) : th gii vt cht nhng nh nhng v tinh t hn ci dc.

c) Ci v sc (realm of no form) : th gii phi vt cht, vt th (matters) hay th gii ca nng lng (energy). Tm thc cng l mt dng nng lng (mental energy).

* a (Bhumi) l th gii tm, bao gm chn a

a) Dc gii

- 1 Ng th tp c

- 2 Ly sinh h lc

- 3 nh sanh h lc

b) Sc gii

- 4 Ly h diu lc

- 5 X nim thanh tnh

- 6 Khng v bin x

- 7 Thc v bin x

c) V sc gii

- 8 V s hu x

- 9 Phi tng phi phi tng x

6/ Tng thc v chn duyn

Thc ny ch c 4 duyn : a) Cn (Mtna), b) Cnh (cn thn, th gii v chng t), c) Tc , d) Chng t.

Th gian (The world) c chia thnh 2 loi l Kh th gian (v tnh chng sinh) v Tnh th gian (hu tnh chng sinh) hay cc loi sinh th - hm thc (sentient beings)

- Kh th gian (non-sentient beings) nh : sng, ni, khng kh, tri t, tng ozone, thc vt v.v...

- Tt c gii, a v th gian u l biu hin ca Tng thc. y, trong ba ci v chn a Tng thc u quan h ty theo nhn duyn. Tuy nhin, khi t n Bt a (Bt ng a), hnh gi on tr cu sinh php chp, khng cn cm th sinh t. Do tn gi D thc thc khng cn na m c gi l V cu thc v chuyn thnh i vin cnh tr (tu gic v i)

Trn y chng ta va kho st i cng v cc mi quan h duyn sinh ca Tng thc, gi y chng ta i vo tm hiu hnh thi ca Tng thc.

D- Hnh thi ca Tng thc

Nh va trnh by, Tng thc quan h y ba ci v chn a, ty theo nhn duyn, nghip lc (Volitional force). Tuy nhin, hnh thi c bn ca Tng thc l v hnh, v tng (v sc) ; hnh thi ca Tng thc v cc thc khc ni chung l phi vt th (non-form), n l mt dng ca nng lng (energy) - nng lng tm l (mental energy). Theo quan im ca khoa hc hin i, "Vt cht l s c kt ca nng lng v nng lng l s pha long ca vt cht". T d, v vt cht nh mt

gram Uranium, khi bin thnh nng lng nguyn t (atomic energy) sc cng ph v tiu dit ca n khng th tng tng c. Hay mt tri chng hn, nh sng ca n cng l mt dng nng lng, do nh sng nng lng mt tri m mun loi pht sinh.

Nh vy, hnh thi ca thc c th v nh s chuyn ng ca vt cht v nng lng, ca sng v nc..., n va l phi vt th va l vt th. Tuy nhin, hnh thi c bn ca n l nng lng - tc phi vt th; do , nng lng va thuc v sc li va l v sc. y cn ghi nhn rng, mi s phn bit u l tng i. y l ngha ca Chn nh - Duyn khi (ca B tt M Minh), tc l Chn nh = hin tng, v hin tng = Chn nh ; v, Chn nh v hin tng khng hai, khng khc.

Trn y l phn trnh by i cng v cc khi nim c bn ca Tng thc, cng gi l A-li-da-thc, thc th tm, D thc thc hay Nht thit chng thc. y l nhng khi nim rt c bn v quan trng tip tc i vo tm hiu cc thc (consciousness) tip sau.

III.1.3 Mt Na Thc (MANAS)

Tng ngn vit rng :

[05]

"Thc nng bin th hai gi tn l Mt na, nng ta vo v duyn vi thc [A -lida] kia, nn tnh v tng ca n l suy ngh [t lng]".

[06]

"[N] thng biu hin cng vi bn phin no, [ l] : ng si, ng kin, ng mn v ng i, [cng nh] cng vi xc v.v...".

A- Khi nim chung v Mt na thc

V tn gi, Mt na thc c nhiu cch gi khc nhau nh : cn (cn nguyn ca thc - thc th 6), thc th by (v ng di thc th tm - Tng thc), Truyn tng thc (v c chc nng lu chuyn hai chiu, a cc php [dharmas] hin hnh [current] vo Tng thc, v lm cho cc chng t trong Tng thc bin thnh cc php hin hnh) v thc (v thc ny sinh v dit tng tc, khng gin on. Tuy nhin, trnh ln ln vi thc th su [ thc], Mt na thng c gi l cn hay l , gi chung l Mt na thc.

V ci ngun, Mt na thc c sinh khi t Cn bn thc (Tng thc Alaya), do nng vo Tng thc hin hnh v c tc nng (function) lu chuyn, i lu (interchange) nn Mt na c gi l Chuyn thc (Pravrtti vijnna). Duy thc hc c mt Cn bn thc (Alaya) v by chuyn thc (Mt na thc + 6 thc gic quan : mt, tai, mi, li, thn th v thc). - evolving consciousness.

Thng thng, theo trit hc - tm l hin i, khi cp n cc lnh vc thuc v tri gic, nhn thc v.v..., ngi ta thng cp n hai gc ca mt nhn thc, l ch th nhn thc (Subject) v i tng (Object) c nhn thc. Ngc li, trong Duy thc hc c in thng cp n ba gc ca mt nhn thc, l : kin phn (darsanabhaga) - tc ch th nhn thc, tng phn (Nimittabhaga)- tc i tng c nhn thc v t th phn (Svabhavikabhaga) - tc l phn cn bn ca thc lm nn cho ch th v i tng ca nhn thc. T d, nc l kin phn, sng l tng phn v bn cht long, khng mu, khng mi (hay hp cht ca H2O) l t th phn.

Tng t nh th, trong h thng tm thc, mi thc u c y c ba phn. Tt nhin mt t tng c th (particular) l ba, nhng mt tng th ph qut (universal) l mt.

V tnh kh, tnh kh (nature) ca Mt na l T lng (Mentation, Cogitation) - suy t, lo ngh v m p (Manyana) kin phn ca A- li-da, chp rng l thc ng (Self). Nhng trong kin phn, c tng phn v t th phn (hay t chng phn). Do , ni chung l Mt na lun lun m cht (chp th) Tng thc lm ng (essence); v th tnh kh ca Mt na thng biu hin cng vi bn phin no, l :

a) Ng si (tmamoha - Self ignorance) : l quan nim sai lm v ng.

b) Ng kin (tmadrsti - Self - belief) : l s hiu bit, nhn thc sai lm v ng, cho rng l mt ci ng c lp, vnh hng.

c) Ng mn (tmamna - Self - pride) : l thi kiu cng cho rng ta (ti) l hn (arrogance).

d) Ng i (tmasneha - Self - love) : l s yu mnh, yu ci ti (I), ci ca ti (mine) v ci t ng ca ti (myself).

S chp th ca Mt na thc cng tng t nh th i vi nm tm s bin hnh (xc, tc , th, tng, t).

3- Cc c tnh ca Mt na thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[07]

"Tnh ca thc Mt na l hu ph v k, sinh khi u th chp ng , [cho n khi t n] qu v A La Hn, Dit tn nh v o xut th th n khng cn [hin hu] na".

Nh trnh by, Mt na l Chuyn thc, n mt mt chp Tng thc lm ng ; mt khc, n li l nn tng cho s nhim v tnh ca su chuyn thc trc (mt, tai, mi, li, thn, v thc).

V sao ni Mt na lm nn tng cho s nhim v tnh ca 6 thc trc ? V l, su chuyn thc lun lun lin h cht ch vi s hin din ca Mt na, v Mt na lun lun tc ng - chc nng lu chuyn, i lu (interchange) gia chng t v hin hnh - n su chuyn thc. Do , nu s cung si ca Mt na cng ln th kh nng sng sut ca su chuyn thc cng nh theo quan h t l nghch. Ngc li, Mt na c gii thot chng no, ngha l qui gim ln mc cung si trong bn phin no (si, kin, mn, i) v.v... n mc no, th kh nng thanh tnh sng sut ca su chuyn thc cng ln ln chng , cng theo quan h t l nghch.

Cn xc nh r, tnh kh ca Mt na l va thm (reflecting) - kho st, thm st - li va hng (always) - lun lun c mt sut 24 gi trong mt ngy.

Nh th, im khc bit ca Mt na v Tng thc l tnh kh ca Mt na va thm li va hng - ngha l lun lun t lng lo ngh, tnh ton (always reflecting). Ngc li Tng thc c hng (permanent) nhng khng c thm. V na, tng ngn ni rng, tnh ca n (Mt na) l hu ph v k.

Ti y ta thy rng, c Tng thc v Mt na, tnh ca n u v k. Tuy nhin, Tng thc th v ph, v k; cn Mt na th v k nhng hu ph - ngha l c b ngn che.

V s b ngn che chnh l s si tnh ca n, tc l ng si, ng kin, ng mn v ng i.

y chng ta c mt kt lun rng, c Tng thc v Mt na, tnh kh ca n l v k (khng thin khng c). Do , t thn Tng thc v Mt na l th ng, khng c kh nng t gii thot ra khi nhng chng t, tp kh nhim , bt tnh, bt thin v.v... V th vai tr cch mng gii tr cn tnh cung si ca tm thc l thin chc ca thc th su, tc thc; v cn nh rng ch c thc (thc th su) mi c kh nng soi sng hay lm mt cuc cch mng - chuyn y (paravrittiasraya) t trong cn ca tm thc.

Chuyn y (sudden change) l s thay i, t bin, chuyn ha hay o ln hon ton c cu thuyn thch ni ti ca tm thc ; v nh th, thc th su l v tng qun cch mng, nhng ci cn c cch mng chnh l Tng thc v Mt na thc - ngha l phi ng thi va gieo trng chng t thnh thin vo Tng thc , va gi ra mi cm nhim cung si ca Mt na thc. Do , ni cho cng, chuyn y chnh l s thay i mt cch ton din ton b c cu ca tm thc, ngha l thay i ton b h thng tng duyn giao ha ca tm thc ch khng phi l s chuyn y ring cho tng thc no.

Mt im khc bit khc trong tnh kh ca Mt na l "i cht hu ph thng tnh bn, ty duyn chp ng, lng vi phi" (59). Ngha l, trong khi Tng thc ly Tnh cnh lm i tng th ngc li, Mt na ly i cht cnh (o gic nh) lm i tng. Thc ny (Mt na) do ly i cht cnh lm i tng, v tnh cht ca n li b ngn che bi si m - chp ng, do , n lin thng vi c hai thc Tnh (Mt na) v Bn (Tng thc). T , khi Mt na duyn vo i tng no th chp i tng lm ng, v s chp ng nh th l hon ton sai lm, nn gi l phi lng (wrong perception). Trn y l nhng c tnh c bn ca Mt na thc.

C- Cc mi quan h ca Mt na thc

* a v ca tri thc thng nghim :

- Trong ba cnh : Mt na ch quan h vi i cht cnh.

- Trong ba lng : Mt na ch c phi lng.

- Trong ba tnh : Mt na l hu ph v k.

- Trong ba gii v chn a : Mt na c mt y ty theo nhn duyn.

- Trong 51 loi tm s : Mt na c 18 loi, l :

*5 tm s bin hnh (xc, tc , th, tng v t)

*1 tm s l Tu (trong nm tm s bit cnh - five particular) : ngha l cho rng ci thy ca mnh l ng, l cn yu, l ng theo ui. Tu ca Mt na l tr tu hu ng ch khng phi l tr tu v ng (nonself-wisdom).

*4 loi cn bn phin no : ng si, ng kin, ng mn v ng i. V 8 loi ty phin no (phin no th yu) l : phn (anger gin d), hn (enmity th hn), ph (concealment), no (affliction u phin), tt (envy ghen t), xan (parsimony keo kit), cung (deception di tr), xim (frandulence nnh ht). y l tm th i ty phin no.

[phn : gin, hn : hn, ph : che giu, no : u bun, tt : ganh ght, xan : bn xn, cung : la di, xim : nnh ht]

Trong chn duyn : Mt na ch lin h n 3 duyn:

a) Cn - cnh duyn, b) Tc duyn, c) Chng t duyn.

* thnh v - tri thc siu nghim (60)

Khi hnh gi t n S a (Hoan h a) th mi phin no chng (Affliction obstacle) - s tham, gin ... bun phin... bt an v.v... v s tri chng (knowledge obstacle) - s b vng vu vo kin thc ca mnh, cho rng l chn l v.v... u c on tr. (Chng - l s chng ngi - obstacle : tr l, bt ng, cng nhc... nh tng bng ngn chn dng nc).

V khi t n Bt a (Bt ng a) th Mt na chm dt cu sinh ng chp (s bm vu vo ng chp hay tp kh - ng chp, n c mt cng vi [together - cu sinh] lc con ngi va sinh ra). S cu sinh chm dt ngha l Tng thc c gii thot (release) mi rng buc, bm vu ca Mt na. V th y, Mt na thc chuyn thnh Bnh ng tnh tr (Samatjnna) - tc nng lc thu th ca tu gic c th nhn thc v thy r ton chn php gii trong mt hin hu (existence). y l ni dung ca "Mt l tt c, tt c l mt", hay "trn u si lng, ti thy sut c ba i ch Pht ", hoc "trong mt nim ti thy ba i..." v.v... nh c trnh by trong Hoa Nghim (Gandavyha), qua s gii ca ngi Php Tng.

D- Hnh thi c bn ca Mt na thc

y, chng ta quay tr li vi hai khi nim c bn ca Mt na l "Tnh" (mlaklesas - cn ca ng si, ng kin, ng mn v ng i) v "Cu sinh" (tp kh di truyn ca nghip thc) thm nh hnh thi c bn ca Mt na.

Trc ht, Tnh y c ngha l dc i (Tanh). Ni theo ngn ng ca Freud, Tnh l bn nng (Id) ca dc vng bao gm hai xung nng (pulsion) : xung nng tha ha (pulsion de mort) hay cht, v xung nng tnh dc (libido), hay ni chung l cc xung lc c tnh bn nng, thi thc con ngi tm kim s tha mn ca nhng nhu cu sinh l c bn nh n, ung, sinh dc, tnh i, vui chi v.v... Tuy nhin, Tnh ca Mt na c khi qut ha phm vi rng v xa hn qua bn phm tr : si m ng ; hnh din, kiu cng v ng ; v s yu thng, luyn i t ng. Bn phm tr ny va l nn tng va mang tnh cch bao qut ton b i sng nhu cu sinh l ca con ngi. V rng mi s th kh au hay hnh phc ca con ngi u bt ngun t s chp th ci ti, ci ca ti v ci t ng ca ti.

Mt khc, khi nim Cu sinh (together) - tc cng sinh khi v cng hin hu - ni ln ci "kh cht" (nature) hay tp kh di truyn ca i sng tm thc con ngi, ng thi n cng l "Kit sinh thc" (Gandhabha) hay ci " nim ti s" trong mi chu k sng mi.

Do , ni theo tm l hc hin i, th hnh thi ca Mt na chnh l s vn hnh ca t duy hu ng theo nguyn tc ca dc i, thc gic tm l con ngi i tm kim s tha mn dc vng, khoi lc - mt loi hnh phc gi to, mng m v in di ca trn gian.

III.1.4 Thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[08]

Thc nng bin th ba, c su loi sai khc, tnh, tng u phn bit [c th] thin, bt thin v v k".

A- Khi nim chung v thc

Bi k s [08] m u cho s trnh by v thc - thc th su (Manovijnna). Thng thng thc th su l mt trong su thc gic quan (mt, tai, mi, li, thn v thc) m tng ngn gi chung l "thc nng bin th ba v c su loi sai khc". Tuy nhin, y chng ta ch tp trung tm hiu v thc.

Thc th su ny ly cn ca Mt na lm c s v ly php trn (Dharmas) lm i tng. Khi cn v trn tip xc vi nhau nh tai-nghe, mt-thy, ... v s nghe, thy l h qu ca nhn thc (tri gic), s nhn thc c gi l thc. (Cn phn bit rng Mt na thc d cng c gi l thc, nhng bn cht ca n l cn v mang tnh cch th ng (v k) ch khng phi l nng ng. Trong h thng tm thc, thc (The sense - centre consciousness) l thc tinh xo v nng ng nht (c hu nht c ti linh ly). Trong s t duy v thc hnh cc l thin th n ng u, v trong s tnh ton, mu m, xo quyt lm cc iu c th n cng ng u. V th cc lun th Duy thc thng dng thnh ng "Cng vi th, ti vi khi" (Cng v ti n u ng u ch cho thc). Tuy nhin, im khc bit c bn gia thc v Mt na thc l ch thc c tnh nng thm st (reflecting) m khng c tnh nng hng hu (permanent) ; ngc li, Mt na thc th va c tnh nng thm st li va c tnh nng hng hu - tng tc. (Xem phn cc trng thi ca thc).

B- Cc c tnh v s lin h ca thc

thc c phm vi hot ng bao qut hn c so vi Tng thc v Mt na thc.

- Trong ba tnh : thc c y cc tnh cht : thin (Kusala), bt thin (Akusala) v v k (Advaya hay Avykrta).

- Trong ba lng : thc c y hin lng (Pramana), t lng (Anumana) v phi lng (Apramana).

- Trong ba cnh : thc c y Tnh cnh (realm of things in themselves), i cht cnh (realm of representations) v c nh cnh (realm of mere images)

- Trong ba ci v chn a : thc c mt y , ty theo nhn duyn.

- Trong 51 tm s : thc c mt v lin h y , bao gm : 5 tm s bin hnh, 5 tm s bit cnh, 11 thin tm s, 6 tm cn bn phin no, 20 tm ty phin no v 4 tm bt nh.

a) 5 tm s bin hnh : (xc, tc , th, tng v t) nh trnh by.

b) 5 tm s bit cnh (Special caittas) :

1/ Dc (Chanda) : s kht vng, mong mun, khao kht ... (desire).

2/ Thng gii (Adhimoksa) : s hiu bit r rng, minh bch, khng nghi ng (resolve)

3/ Nim (Smrti) : s ghi nh, tm nim (memory)

4/ nh (Samdhi) : s chuyn ch, thin nh (meditation)

5/ Hu (Prajn) : s sng sut ca tm thc (wisdom)

c) 11 thin tm s : (Phm tnh ca tm)

1/ Tn (Sraddh) : nim tin (belief)

2/ Tinh tn (Utsha) : sing nng (diligence).

3/ Tm (Hri) : t xu h vi lng mnh (shame).

4/ Qu (Aptrpya) : t h thn vi ngi (sense of integrity).

5/ V tham (Alobha) : khng tham lam (non-covetousness).

6/ V sn (Advesa) : khng sn hn (non- anger).

7/ V si (Amoha) : khng ngu si (non-delusion).

8/ Khinh an (Prasrabdhi) : s nh nhng ca tm thc (composure hay lightness).

9/ Bt phng dt (Aprmda) : khng bung lung, li bing, phng ng (vigilance).

10/ Hnh x (Upeks) : s khng chp trc hay bm vu trong tm thc (equanimity).

11/ Bt hi (Avihims) : s khng lm tn hi (non-injury).

d) 6 tm phin no cn bn :

1/ Tham (Rga) : tm tham lam (covetousness).

2/ Sn (Pratigha) : tm sn hn (anger).

3/ Si (Moha) : tm si m (delusion).

4/ Mn (Mna) : tm kiu cng, ngo mn (conceit).

5/ Nghi (Vicikits) : tm nghi ng (doubt).

6/ c kin (Kudrsti) : c kin c 5 loi :

- Thn kin : chp ng.

- Bin kin : chp hoc c / khng, hoc thng / on...

- T kin : m tn, d oan, ...

- Kin th : bo th tri kin ca mnh / ngi...

- Gii cm th : chp vo hnh thc, l nghi, phong tc...

e) 20 tm phin no th yu (Upaklesas)

1/ Phn (Krodha) : gin d (fury).

2/ Hn (Upanh) : hn ly (enmity).

3/ Ph (Mraksa) : che giu ti li (hypocrisy).

4/ No (Pradsa) : u bun (vexation).

5/ Tt (Issy) : ganh ght (envy).

6/ Xan (Mtsarya) : bn xn (parsimony).

7/ Cung (Sthyam) : la di (deception).

8/ Xim (My) : nnh ht (duplicity).

9/ Hi (Vihims) : tn hi (harmfulness).

10/ Kiu (Mada) : kiu cng (pride).

(Trn y l 10 tiu ty).

11/ V tm (hrikya) : t mnh khng bit h thn (shamelessness).

12/ V qu (Anapatrpya) : khng bit xu h vi ngi (non-integrity)

(y l hai trung ty)

13/ Tro c (Auddhatya) : s giao ng trong tm (restlessness).

14/ Hn trm (Styna) : s trm ut, u tr (torpidmindedness).

15/ Bt tn (sraddhya) : khng c nim tin (unbelief).

16/ Gii i (Kausidya) : chng li bing, tr ni (indolence).

17/ Phng dt (Pramda) : bung lung, khng thn trng (carelessness).

18/ Tht nim (Musitsmrti) : ng tr, lng qun (forgetfulness).

19/ Tn lon (Viksepa) : ri lon tm thc (distraction).

20/ Bt chnh tri (Asamprajanya) : s hiu bit sai lm, bt chnh (non-discernment).

f) 4 tm s bt nh (non- determined caittas)

Tm s bt nh l tm khng th xc nh hay khng nht thit l thin hay c.

1/ Hi (Kankrtya) : s n nn hi tic vic qua (remorse)

2/ Min (Middha) : s ng qun, thim thip (drowsiness).

3/ Tm (Vitarka) : tm kim (mental search), truy tm (paryesan).

4/ T (Vicra) : thm nh, qun st (judgment)

Nu 4 tm bt nh ny xy ra ng thi ng ch v theo chiu hng tch cc hay tiu cc m c xc nh l thin hay bt thin.

- Trong chn duyn : thc ch lin h n nm duyn : a) Cn duyn, b) Cnh duyn, c) Tc duyn, d) Cn bn duyn, e) Chng t duyn.

Tm li, s kh au hay hnh phc trong qu trnh din tin ca tm l con ngi hon ton khng vt ngoi h thng tm thc v 51 loi tm s ny.

Cho n khi hnh gi t n S a (Hoan h a) th s phn bit ng v php c on tr, nhng tp kh cu sinh ca ng v php vn cn tim phc (ng yn) trong Tng thc. Khi t n Tht a (Vin hnh a) th chng t Cu sinh ca s chp ng c on tn, dng vn hnh ca cc php c iu phc, Tng thc lc ny ch thun v lu. n khi sp bc vo Pht v, chng t cu sinh php - chp c on tn, thc chuyn thnh "Diu quan st tr" - tr tu c nng lc quan st khp "ba nghn th gii".

C- S vn hnh ca thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[16]

" thc thng hin khi, tr trong ci v tng v hai nh v tm, ng m hay cht gi".

Nh trnh by, Tng thc v Mt na thc th hin khi thng hng, cn thc cng thng hin hnh nhng trong nm trng hp sau y n vng mt (tc khng thng hng) :

1/ Trong ci Tri V tng : ci khng c tri gic.

2/ Trong V tng nh (Asamjnika samapatti).

3/ Trong Dit tn nh (Nirodha samapatti): trong nh ny khng c tri gic v khng c cm th, nn gi l Dit th tng nh.

4/ Trong trng hp ng m : (ng khng c mng).

5/ Trong trng hp bt tnh (coma) : bt tnh nhn s.

Nh th s vn hnh ca thc l c thm st nhng khng c hng hu.

D- 5 trng thi ca thc

thc thng hin khi trong 5 trng thi c bn sau y :

1/ Ng cu thc : l thc hin khi theo / cng vi 5 gic quan (mt, tai, mi, li v thn).

2/ c u thc : l thc hot ng c lp mt mnh khng chung cng vi cc quan nng.

3/ Tn v thc : l thc phng tng khng trong nh (concentration)

4/ nh trung thc : l thc trong lc thin nh.

5/ Lon trung thc : thc trong s in lon (mad).

Tm li, phm vi hot ng ca thc bao qut v xuyn thng c ba cnh (Tnh cnh, i cht cnh v c nh cnh), ba lng (hin lng, t lng v phi lng) vba tnh (tnh thin, tnh c v tnh v k). S vn hnh ca thc l linh hot, nng ng v sc bn nht. Nhng ti sao Mt na thc khng chp thc lm ng (self) m li chp Tng thc lm ng? V rng, tnh ca Tng thc l thng ti - tri chy nh dng sng, dng sng tm thc (hng chuyn nh bc lu) ; tri li, thc d hot ng linh hot, nng ng, bn nhy, nhng tnh ca n l v thng, gin on ; do , Mt na thc hay tnh thc khng ly n ( thc) lm Ng th (Self). Ngi Huyn Trang trong s gii Duy thc kt lun nh sau :

"Tnh cnh bt ty tm,

c nh duy ty kin,

i cht thng tnh-bn

Tnh chng ng ty ng.

Ngha l, Tnh cnh l thc ti n khng h b chi phi hay bin thi theo dng chy ca tm thc, tc l n nh vy. c nh cnh l nh tng hon ton c dng ln bi kin phn (ch th) ca tm thc. c nh cnh l nh tng c to tc bi tm thc, v l sn phm ca tm thc, v ch (duy) c kin lp bi tm thc; do , n thng khng lin h g n thc ti. c nh, nu trong lin h, th n ch l bng dng hay nh tng ca th gii thc ti. Cn i cht cnh - i tng ca Mt na thc - n c nh hng d nh ca c tnh thc (Manas) v cn bn thc (Alaya). Nh th, i cht cnh khng phi l Tnh cnh, cng khng phi l c nh cnh nhng n c lin h, v bn cht, vi Tnh cnh, chnh l s lin h gia Tnh v Bn.

V cui cng th mi bn cht (tnh) v chng loi (chng) vn vn (ng) u ty theo nhn duyn c th m tng ng hay hp xng vi nhau.

Nh th, thc (Manovijnna) v c s th ta vo Mt na, v tc nng th c th hot ng mt mnh hoc hot ng chung vi nm thc trc (tin ng thc). y l nhng khi nim c bn v thc - thc th su trong h thng tm thc.

III.1.5 Nm Thc Gic Quan

Tng ngn vit rng :

[15]

"Nng vo thc Cn bn [A-li-da], nm thc ty duyn hin, hoc chung hoc chng chung, nh sng nng vo nc".

A- Khi nim chung v nm thc gic quan

Trong Duy thc thng ni n su thc cm quan (mt, tai, mi, li, thn, thc) ; y, tip theo phn thc, s trnh by v ni dung ca 5 thc gic quan (The five consciousness), cng gi l nm thc trc (tin ng thc), bao gm :

1. Nhn thc : s nhn thc ca th gic - mt.

2. Nh thc : s nhn thc ca thnh gic - tai.

3. T thc : s nhn thc ca khu gic - mi.

4. Thit thc : s nhn thc ca v gic - li.

5. Thn thc : s nhn thc ca thn gic - c th.

Nm thc ny nng ta vo Cn bn thc (Tng thc) hay ni chung l tm thc (bao gm c thc) m hin khi (originate) v vn hnh (operate). V chc nng hot ng, nm thc ny lin h trc tip n thc hay hin hnh trn cn bn ca dng thc. Trong nm gic quan nu cng hot ng vi thc th gi l hot ng chung. T d, cng vic dch ca ngi lm phng truyn hnh, cng lc anh ta va nghe, va nhn, va ht th, va ngm ko v va bin chp v.v... Lm vic nh th th thc ca anh ta cng hot ng chung v cng phn tn u cho c nm thc cm quan ; y l hot ng chung. Tuy nhin, nu lm nh th, nng lng thc b phn tn, khng th tp trung, v do hiu qu nhn thc b yu i. Ngc li, nu nng lng thc ch tp trung vo hoc nghe (nh nghe TOEFL) hoc nhn (nh mo ng chut)... th hiu qu ca nhn thc s tt hn ; y gi l hot ng ring ; tc l, mi thc cm quan ch tp trung hot ng cng vi thc, m khng phi cng hot ng mt ln.

 y, cn ghi nhn rng s hot ng ca 5 thc cm quan trn dng thc c v nh sng v nc: nc l dng tm- thc v sng l 5 thc cm quan. y l mi lin h mt thit ca tm - thc v nm thc trc.

B- Cc c tnh v s lin h ca nm thc

- Trong ba cnh : 5 thc ny ch c Tnh cnh - thy bit nh tht hin hu nh l chnh n (To their appearances as they are).

- Trong ba lng : 5 thc ny ch c Hin lng - nh nhn bnh tr bit l bnh tr...

- Trong ba tnh : 5 thc ny c thin, c v v k.

- Trong 5 th : 5 thc ny ch c kh th, lc th v x th .

- Trong ba ci :

a) Ci Dc : 5 thc ny c mt y .

b) Ci Sc : ch c 3 thc : nhn thc, nh thc v thn thc ; t thc v thit thc khng hin hnh. (Nhn, nh, thn, tam nh a c).

- Trong chn a : 5 thc ny ch hin hnh trong hai a : Ng th tp c a - tc l ci Dc ; v Ly sanh h lc a - tc l ci Sc - thuc S thin - trong Nh a.

S thin th c nm thc, n Nh a ch cn 3 thc (nhn, nh, thn). V rng, t Nh a tr ln, hnh gi du c t v thit nhng n khng vn hnh.

- Trong 51 tm s : 5 thc ny ch tng ng vi 34 tm s : 5 tm bin hnh, 5 tm bit cnh, 11 tm thin, 3 tm cn phin no, 2 trung ty v 8 i ty (phin no th yu).

- Trong chn duyn :

* Nhn thc c : 1) H khng, 2) nh sng, 3) Cn, 4) Cnh, 5) Tc , 6) Phn bit y, 7) Nhim tnh y, 8) Cn bn y, 9) Chng t y.

* Nh thc ch c 8 duyn (ging nh trn) tr nh sng.

* T, thit v thn thc ch c 7 duyn (ging nh trn) tr h khng v nh sng.

Theo trit hc Duy thc, cho n khi Tng thc chuyn thnh i vin cnh tr th 5 thc ny bin thnh "Thnh s tc tr".

Nm thc li c chia thnh hai loi l tnh sc cn v ph trn cn. Tnh sc cn l h thng thn kinh cm gic. Tnh sc ngha l vt cht (sc) dng tinh t (tnh). T d, con mt l cn, nhng n l ph trn cn, v s th kch ca vt cht biu hin ra bn ngoi. Cn tnh sc cn l phn vi t (vi m) lin h, vn hnh qua trung khu thn kinh cm gic.

Tm li, trong h thng tm thc, s lu chuyn t chng t (ht ging) sang hin hnh hoc t hin hnh, (current) vo chng t ca tt c hin hu t th gii ca cc hin tng tm l cho n th gii thc ti khch quan ca mi hin tng s vt (The world of phenomena), tt c u phi ty thuc vo cc iu kin sau, bao gm : Nhn duyn (Hetu pratyaya) - ht ging trong Tng thc ; S duyn (Alambanapratyaya) - i tng ca nhn thc ; Tng thng duyn (Adhipatipratyaya) - cc iu kin (hoc thun hoc nghch) tc ng vo nhn duyn ; v ng v gic duyn (Nisyandapratyaya) - s tri chy tng tc ca nhn duyn.

C- Phn kt v tm thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[17]

"Cc thc ny chuyn bin [thnh] phn bit v [i tng] b phn bit. [V rng], v c hai u l khng, nn [ni] tt c l Duy thc".

Nh trnh by, mi tm thc v tm s u c ba c tnh, l : 1) kin phn (tc nng phn bit); 2) Tng phn (i tng b phn bit) ; 3) T th phn (tnh cnh thc ti). V, tc nng ca t th phn l kim tho v chng minh cho kin phn ; v th, tc nng c gi l chng t chng phn.

y, im then cht, quan trng cn ghi nhn l chnh tc nng phn bit v i tng b phn bit u l s biu hin t t th ca Tng thc. V cng t , sn h i a, th gii sum la vn tng c phn bit v nh danh, v sau n hin hnh nh l mi mi hin hu (actual dharma). y l ngha "Tam gii duy tm" hay "Nht thit duy tm to". V rng, v do tc nng phn bit nn c danh (name) v tng (form) sai khc a th. Do nu chp vo danh xng v tng trng cho rng

 l tht ng, l ng th (Self) l t tnh (Essence), l bn ng (Ego) v.v... th u ri vo h vng. Tt c hin hu c nh danh bi tn gi, hay c qui c bi mt hnh thc no v.v..., chng u l sn phm ca phn bit ch khng phi l ca thc ti. V, hin hu no c sinh ra t phn bit th u l khng ; do , gi l "c nht thit Duy thc" - tt c u hin khi t thc (Vijnna). Tng ngn vit :

[18]

"Do tt c ht ging trong Tng thc, bin chuyn nh vy v nh vy, v sc bin chuyn m sinh ra th gii biu bit v a th".

III.2..Chng 2:

Con ngi v th gii qua trit hc duy thc

II.2.1 Tng thc v gne - di truyn

Tng ngn vit rng :

[19]

"Do cc tp kh - nghip v cc chng t chp th ca c nng v s, nn khi thn D thc qua i th tip tc ti sinh".

Tng ngn trn tp ch vo cc khi nim quan trng v c bn nht trong dng sinh dit ca tm thc, con ngi v th gii, l : chng t tp kh (Vsan), nghip (Karma) v phn bit nh nguyn (Grahas) nh : nhn (Pudgalas) v php (Dharmas), kin (Nimitta) v tng (Darsana), danh (Nman) v sc (Rpa), tm (Citta) v tm s (Caittas), bn thc (Mla) v tnh thc (Vipka)...

1/ Chng t

Chng t l ht ging (seeds) v tp kh l ng lc ca khun mu tm l (forces of habit) - thi quen. y, trc ht chng ta bn v chng t (bij).

Trong trit hc Duy thc, chng t l mt khi nim ni v cn hay ci ngun sn c ca tm thc, n vn khng c u mi (non-beginging) - v thy ; do , trc vin cnh ca dng sng tm thc, mi hin tng tm l sinh khi v mt i u nng vo ht ging sn c - thut ng gi l "Chng t bn hu" (bn hu : bhta) trong Tng thc. V th i vi th gii thc ti khch quan nh t, nc, gi, la, khng gian, thi gian, phng hng, v tm thc (Bt i) l nhng iu kin c bn kin lp nn sinh thi ca mun loi (hu tnh v v tnh). Trong quan im ca trit hc Duy thc, thi gian, khng gian tm thc... l mt tng th bt kh phn ly. Di nh sng ca chn l Duyn khi (Paticcasampada) th khng c ci-cht sau cng v khng c ci-sng u tin (v thy - v chung). Mi bin ca khng v thi tnh u l bin hin ca tm thc, cn bn thn ca th gii thc ti khch quan l v bin. Einstein, trong thuyt tng i (60) chng minh rng khng h c ci thc th c lp ca khng gian v thi gian ; khng gian v thi gian cng l mt tng th. Tng t nh th i vi mun ngn ht ging trong tm thc, khng c ht ging no c mt thc th c lp bt bin, tt c u l s tri ln trong mi nim tng tc. S tri ln tng tc ging nh nhng git nc ni tip nhau, nng ta nhau trong dng nc tun chy ca sng, sui, thc ghnh... Tuy nhin, chng t c phn thnh nhiu loi nh : chng t sn c, chng t c trao truyn, chng t c hun tp. y, trn gc di truyn ca nghip, chng ta ch cp n nhng chng t trao truyn v hun tp.

* Tn hun chng t :

Tn hun chng t l nhng ht ging tm thc mi (tn) c gieo (hun) vo Tng thc. Khi nim ny ch c dng cho dng tm thc trong s giao tip ca hin ti. V thc cht, mi ht ging u c hai phn : bn hu v hun tp. Bn hu l ci c sn, hun tp l s vun trng, ti tm lm cho ci c sn hin hnh (actual dharmas). Do , gia hin hnh v chng t l s i lu, tng tc cng hin hu. T d, ht ging u bun vn c sn trong Tng thc ca mi con ngi, nhng n ch trng thi ng yn ch cha hin hnh - ngha l cha tr thnh mt hin tng tht s (actual dharmas) ; cho n khi hi cc iu kin nh ai m nhc... chng ta, lp tc ci ht ging u bun hin hnh - ngha l t Tng thc n hin ln nh mt n tng u bun r rt v t n biu hin qua sc din con ngi.

Tng t nh hoa cam v tri cam, ht ging ca n vn sn c trong cy cam ; khi iu kin hi , hoa v tri s xut hin. S xut hin ca hoa v tri l hin hnh - l mt php hay hin tng, s th tht s. Do , s tc ng t bn ngoi - nh thy gio dy hc tr ht, s kin c gi l tn hun ; cn kh nng c th ht ca hc tr l bn hu.

* Hun tp v tp kh

Nu nh tn hun c xem l s bt u gieo trng, th hun tp l s chm sc, ti tm v tp kh l s xng p, hun tp to nn mt kh cht no , hoc thin hoc bt thin. T d, ht thuc ln u tin l tn hun, mi ngy u ht thuc l hun tp, v tnh kh ghin thuc l tp kh. Hoc, nim Pht ln u tin l tn hun, mi ngy nim Pht l hun tp, v nim v Pht lun lun ghi mi trong lng ri c th hin trong phong thi ca cuc sng hng ngy v.v... l tp kh.

Nh vy, tn hun, hun tp v tp kh l mt tin trnh tr nn (process of becoming) ca i sng tm thc. N thng biu hin c th qua thi quen, n chnh l phong cch v c tnh hay ci bit nghip (nghip ring) ca mi c nhn. c Pht dy : "Con ngi l ch nhn ca nghip (karma), l k tha t nghip. Nghip l thai tng t m con ngi sinh ra, nghip l bng hu ca con ngi chnh n". (61). Do thin hay c, thnh hay phm u ty thuc vo tin trnh tr nn ny.

Tuy nhin, nh cp, bn cht ca ht ging tm thc bao gi cng c hai phn l bn hu v tn hun, ni theo ngn ng ca thi i l tim nng (potentiality) v hin thc (reality). Tim nng chnh l chng t v hin thc l chng t hin hnh. V, mi quan h i lu gia tim nng v hin thc l mi quan h ca chng t v hin hnh ; chng t duyn khi hin hnh v hin hnh da vo chng t. Mt s chuyn ha hai chiu nh th chnh l tm im ca mi s sng to (invention) ; ngha l ht ging ca Tng thc khng ngng sinh trng bi s tng tc v b sung cho nhau gia tim nng v hin thc. Tim nng v hin thc, v mt biu hin th khc nhau nhng v bn cht l mt ; chng khng hai, khng khc. Tim nng sinh khi hin thc, hin thc sinh khi tim nng ; khng c tim nng th khng c hin thc v ngc li... y l ngha Duyn khi ca Tng thc Alaya qua chng t v hin hnh.

* Bn cht ca tp kh

Tp kh l hin thn ca nghip thc, n va mang tnh cch sinh hc (biological) li va mang tnh cch tm l (psychological). Do , hin thn ca tp kh chnh l con ngi ton din ca c hai mt tm l v vt l, t duy v hnh ng, vt cht v tinh thn, t tng v tng tng, bit nghip v cng nghip, c nhn v cng ng v.v... Khng th tm ra bt k mt hin tng no thun ty mang tnh cch hoc l ring, hoc chung ; trong ci ring c ci chung, trong ci chung c ci ring. y l nh l ca Trung o (Middle way) v Duyn khi, nh l y bo rng :

"Khi A c mt th B c mt,

Khi A khng c mt th B khng c mt.

Khi A sinh khi th B sinh khi,

Khi A on dit th B on dit".

y, mi hin tng qua lng knh Duyn khi u c nhn thy va nh mt tng th li va nh mt c th. cp n vn ny, kinh Hoa Nghim a ra mt c tnh v mt s th ca php gii nh sau :

1- Th gii ca s (The realm of phenomena or event) : L th gii hin thc ca v s s kin, d kin khch quan.

2- Th gii ca l (The realm of noumena or principle) : L th gii ca nhng trt t, qui tc, nh lut, tun hon, t nhin.

3- Th gii ca l s vin dung (The realm of principle against events in total freedom and merging) : L th gii tng giao, tng nhip, tip bin ln nhau, tc ng ln nhau - trong l c s, trong s c l.

4- Th gii ca s s vin dung (The realm of events against events in total freedom and merging) : L th gii hin hu bi mi hin tng s vt, bi nhng bn sc c bit, bi nhng s th c th, sai bit; nhng tt c s a th sai bit u nng ta vo nhau m c (62).

y chng ta thy r, hin hu va mang tnh cch ring ca n nhng cng va mang tnh cht chung ca ton th; ngha l hin hu lun lun mang trong n tnh cht cng biu v t biu. Do tnh cht giao thoa ca t biu v cng biu nn s th hin hu c soi sng nh l mt tng th ton din, vin dung, v ngi (Nonobstruction of principles and events). S kin ny Hoa Nghim (Avatamsaka) gi l "li thin" (Indra's net) (63) ; v tnh cht ca n, l cc si ngc kt thnh mng li lun lun giao thoa, phn chiu, lp lnh chiu ri nhau. y l ngha ca s vin dung ca bn cht v hnh thc (nature and form), mt v nhiu (one and many),

bao la v nh nhim (immensity and smallness), c th v ph qut (particular and universal)...

Kinh bo rng : "Tt c ni Kim Cang bao la v tn c th t l lng trn si lng". (All infinite Vajra mountains can be poised on the tip of a hair). Nh th, tp kh hay th cch sng (mode) ca mi con ngi cng c th phn nh mt cch no ci mode ca mi ngi trong cng mt x hi, mt thi i ; v s hin din ca con ngi lun lun phn nh v x hi m anh ta ang sng. Bi l anh ta va l sn phm ca chnh anh ta li va l sn phm ca x hi m anh ta vi t cch l thnh vin ca mt cng ng.

* S qua i ca thn D thc

Thn D thc cn c gi l bo thn, tc l thn thc ; bao gm c chng t, tp kh v nghip ca mi con ngi. Do , ni n thn D thc l ni n th gii tm l hn l sinh l. Khi sc thn (thn vt cht hay c th bng xng bng tht) ny qua i (cht), th thn D thc tip tc ti sinh. Nh vy, suy cho cng thn D thc chnh l ng lc ca tm l nghip thc n thc y tm kim mt sanh thn mi khi con ngi nm xung vnh hng ; y l hin tng ti sinh (reincarnation) ca mun loi tnh th gian (sentient beings). Tt nhin i vi kh th gian (nh c, cy, hoa, l, sng, sui, ni, i...) cng tng t, nhng c th cch ring ca n.

C mt iu cn ghi nhn rng, trc vin cnh ca lun hi ti sinh (Samsra), con ngi thng ng nhn thn D thc nh l mt thc th thng hng (eternal entity), l im tm bt bin ; qua , kin lp vng lun hi sinh ha. Thc ra, vn hon ton khc.

Nh chng ta bit, ngay c s hin hu ca Tng thc vn "b" xem l vnh hng thng ti, l ng th c lp v.v..., nhng trong quan im ca trit hc Duy thc, nh trnh by, s hin hu ca Tng thc nh mt dng sng lun lun tri chy ; l ngha "hng chuyn nh bc lu". V cho n khi hnh gi t n a v A La Hn, th s "hng chuyn nh bc lu" s b "A La Hn v x", ngha l n tan

bin. Nh th, ngay ti khi nim "tri chy nh dng nc" cng khng th gi l thng hng, vnh cu c, h hung l "A La Hn v x". Nh vy, s tri chy ca Tng thc hay c n thn D thc ni ln tnh cch v thng (impermanent), v v thng nn bit rng n l v ng (Anatta).

Thn D thc s tht s qua i, chm dt min vin khi v ch khi hnh gi to c mt s chuyn y (Asrayaparvritti) trong c cu ni ti ca Tng thc, ngha l bc sang mt th gii thot hin ngoi nh nguyn (dualism), siu vit mi lng phn ca hu, v, sinh, dit, thng, on, kh, lai ; chnh l th gii ca Nit bn V thng. Nhng, nn nh rng "la sinh t khng c Nit bn ; Nit bn v sinh t khng hai, khng khc". (Trung Lun)

Phn trnh by trn y l s gii minh i cng v ngha c truyn tng trong tng ngn [19], ni v Tng thc v gne - di truyn :

"Do cc tp kh - nghip, v cc chng t

chp th ca c nng v s, nn khi

thn D thc qua i, th tip tc ti sinh".

III.2.2 Vn nhn thc

Tng ngn vit rng :

[20]

"Do t tnh gi lp, nn chp tt c l tht. T tnh gi lp [hay bin k] , t n khng tht c".

[21]

"Cn t tnh ty thuc [hay y tha khi] do cc duyn m sinh. [Bn cht ca] t tnh tuyt i [vin thnh tht] v ty thuc [y tha khi] n xa la mi hnh thi gi lp [bin k]".

[22]

"[T tnh] ty thuc v tuyt i, va khc va khng khc, nh tnh cht v thng, khng th thy rng y [l tuyt i] v kia [l ty thuc]".

Theo trit hc Duy thc, thng thng, th cch nhn thc ca con ngi c chia thnh ba loi khc nhau. y cn lu rng, trong Duy thc hc Pht gio ni n nhn thc - tc l ch th nhn thc, th bao gi ch th nhn thc cng c t trong mi tng quan, tng h vi i tng c nhn thc (Subject-Object duality). Do , ni n ch th nhn thc cng l ni n i tng c nhn thc, nu vng mt trong hai th s nhn thc bt thnh.

Trc vin cnh ca thc ti lun (Ontological analysis) v gii thot lun (Soteriological analysis), v trong tin trnh Duy thc, bt k hin hu no cng c nhn din qua ba t tnh, l :

1- T tnh gi lp (Parikalpita - svabhava), li dch c l Bin k chp.

2- T tnh ty thuc (Paratantra - svabhava), li dch c l Y tha khi.

3- T tnh tuyt i (Parinispanna - svabhava), li dch c l Vin thnh tht.

C th tm tt ngha ca ba t tnh nh sau:

1- T tnh gi lp (imagined nature) :

Trong vin kin ca t nhin, thng thng, con ngi c xu hng s hu ha cn tnh ca s vt theo nhn thc ca mnh v xem n nh mt s th c bit (visera), c lp bi mt tn gi (name) no . T d, ton hc cho rng hnh vung l mt ng thng gp khc, khp kn c bn on bng nhau; hoc l, ng thng l ng ni lin ngn nht gia hai im v.v... T , khi ni n ch Vung, ngi ta thng hnh dung n mt s th c hnh dng nh vy, nh vy... v p t ln bt k mt hnh th no c vc dng nh vy, nh vy t tnh l Vung. Nhng thc cht ci t tnh Vung l t tnh gi lp (imagined nature), ngha l n khng tht c. N, do con ngi qui c l vung v t tn l vung nn n c gi l t tnh vung. Gi s, nu vi mt s th cng tng t nh vy (ngha l hnh vung), nhng ngay t u n c nh danh l mo v c nh ngha rng : mo l mt ng thng gp khc, khp kn c bn on bng nhau ; th ng nhin, ci hnh vung v c ci t tnh vung khng cn na; by gi, ci t tnh c gi l "t tnh mo".

Nh th, t tnh gi lp l khng tht c v hon ton do tri thc dng nn ty thuc vo quan im chung ca cng ng v thi i. T tnh gi lp hon ton khc bit vi s th m chnh n b gi lp bi mt s nh danh. T d nh thp Effel, t thn n th hon ton khc bit vi ci gi l Effel. Do , Effel ch l mt s gi nh, n khng tht c. S gi nh ny c pht sinh t qu trnh giao thoa tng tc ca cn, trn v thc, hay ca cc un (Skandhas), x (Ayatanas) v gii (Dhatus).

2- T tnh ty thuc (Dependent nature)

Rng cc s th (hin tng s vt ca c tm l v vt l) vn khng thc c ci t tnh gi lp, nh th khng c ngha l s vt khng hin hu. y, qua t tnh ty thuc nhm gii minh tin trnh hin hu (process of becoming) ca s vt. Nh chng ta bit, trong th gii tng duyn bao la mnh mng v tn ny, mi hin hu u c t tng v cng tng, u mang tnh cch chung v ring..., do , khng th c bt lun mt hin hu no c th tn ti c lp nh mt thc th (entity) n nht v a mang trong n mt bn sc c bit. Mi hin hu va xut hin nh l chnh n (tng tng) li va xut hin nh l mt ci g khc n (t tng). T d, dng nc tri chy, n va biu hin chnh n nh l tng tng ca H2O ; nhng ng thi n cng biu hin ci g khc n nh l t tng ca hydro khc vi oxy... y, t tnh ty thuc l s nng ta vo nhau (dependence on others), tng tc ln nhau (interchange) m hin thnh nn mt ci gi l s th hin hu (existence). Nh ci bn khng ch l ci bn n nht, m n l mt tng hp ca cy, g, plastic, inh, c, ... bn tay khi c ca ngi th,..., khng gian, thi gian, phng hng, v.v... Nh th, t tnh ty thuc soi sng ci bn cht v t tnh (Nihsvabhava) ca tt c hin hu. y, t tnh ty thuc ng ngha vi Duyn sinh tnh v V ng tnh (Anatta) - ngha l tt c hin hu l v thng, v ng.

Mt khc, quan im ny va ph bc mi lun thuyt qui np (reduction), qui gim th gii thc ti hin sinh v mt thc th ti hu duy nht nh Brahman, Thng ..., li va khng chp nhn cc ch thuyt "ngu nhin", theo cho rng s vthin hu c hnh thnh theo mt th ch ngha vt cht n thun. V nh th, nu khc t t tnh ty thuc - Duyn sinh ny s hoc ri vo h v ch ngha, hoc l chng i li chn l thc ti - khch quan.

3- T tnh tuyt i (Ultimate reality)

Vi t tnh tuyt i, rng hin hu l Nh nh (Tathata). V t trong t th, hin hu vn khng mang t tnh gi lp (imagined nature) ; v ngay c t tnh ty thuc (dependent nature), thc cht n l Duyn sinh tnh hay t tnh Khng - tc l thc tnh-v tnh. Nh th, trn bnh din ngn ng v t duy, ci m gi l t tnh th khng bao gi hin hu v thc hu, n l V ng (Anatta) - Nht thit V ng.

Nh vy, s bin bit v gii minh v ba t tnh l nhm soi sng hin hu nh l chnh n ; rng, t tnh gi lp vn khng ; rng, t tnh ty thuc l Duyn sinh v ng ; v rng, t tnh tuyt i l Nh nh - mang c tnh Nit bn. C ba t tnh trn lun lun hin hu trong cng th gii thc ti mnh mng bao la, hu tn m v tn ny. S phn minh thu trit v ba t tnh ct l soi sng ba v tnh hay th nhp thc ti Tnh Khng - gii thot ti hu. y l con ng hin qun (thin nh) i vo cnh gii gii thot, siu vit nh nguyn v thng chng Nit bn ngay ti cuc i ny ca trit hc Duy thc.

III.2.3 Thc ti hin hu v thc ti o

Tng ngn vit rng :

[23]

"Nng vo ba tnh ny m lp thnh ba v tnh, nn bn ca Pht ni rng, tt c php l v tnh".

[24]

"Trc ht l "Tng v tnh", th hai l "V t nhin tnh", v sau cng l xa la mi chp trc, tnh chp ng v php".

[25]

"Nh th l "Thng ngha" ca cc php, cng gi l "Nh tnh", v tnh thng nh vy, nn [Thng ngha tnh] l Duy thc tht tnh".

Nhn thc r v ba t tnh, nh trnh by, l con ng duy nht kh d i vo th nhp ba v tnh. y l ci nhn nh thc (Yathabhtam) c phng chiu trn c hai chiu tng i v tuyt i. Trn chiu tng i, hin hu c nhn thy l hu vi (Samskrta -dharma) - thuc v php sinh dit (created elements) ; ngc li, trn chiu tuyt i, hin hu c soi tn bn th v vi (Asamskrta - dharma) - bt sinh, bt dit (non-created elements). y l ni dung ca chn l Nh (Double truth), cng tc l Trung o (Middle way) - ngha l hin hu lun lun c soi sng c hai mt cng c v tuyt i (Conventional and Absolute). Tng t nh th, thc ti (reality) do cng l mt hin hu bao qut c hai chiu nh nh tng v bng hnh - mt ton th bt kh phn ly ; tuy nhin, vi thc ti, l chn l bt kh thuyt bi ngn ng. V th, tng ngn s [23] bo rng : "Nng vo ba t tnh thnh lp ba v tnh ; v, mt ca Pht , qua ba t tnh mun ni rng tt c php l v tnh (Nihsvabhava)". y, ba v tnh c trnh by nh sau :

1- Tng v tnh (Laksananihsvabhvat)

Rng hin hu ca th gii v vn s vt hin tng sai bit, a th ny u l sn phm c to tc t tm thc, n l do thc bin hin thnh thin sai vn tng (nh th, nh th bin) ; v ci m gi l nhng tnh cch c th (characteristics) ca th gii thc ti khch quan ny thc cht ch l t tnh gi lp (imagined nature) - mt loi thc ti o - ngha l n c gi nh bi cng c n thun (mundane) v do tri thc thng nghim to nn ; n l mt loi tri gic sai lm v gii hn ca t duy hu ng. Do tnh cch sai lm v gii hn ca tri thc thng nghim m hin hu c xem nh l chn l cng c (Conventional truth) - tc l chn l ca nhng k cn v minh cha thot ly khi bin kin (ditthi) ca s phn bit lng nguyn (dualism) c v khng ny.

T , trn bnh din ngn ng, ting ni u tin v thc ti - trong trit hc Duy thc - theo mt ca Pht l Tng v tnh (Non- existence regarding characteristics).

2- V t nhin tnh (Utpattinihsvabhvat)

Rng hin hu t th gii nim cho n th gii thc ti khch quan, chng lun lun tng tc ln nhau v iu kin ha ln nhau. Th tnh (essence) ca n khng phi t nhin m c, tt c u l hin hu ca tng duyn (dependent origination) nn biu hin l v thng. T quan im ny, ci gi l thc th bt bin (immortal entity) thc cht l "bng hoa trn tri" hay "hoa m gia h khng" (flower in the sky). Do , ting ni th hai v thc ti - trong tin trnh Duy thc - theo mt ca Pht l V t nhin tnh.

3- Thng ngha v tnh (Paramrthanihsvahvat)

Rng hin hu khng phi l v khng h c t tnh gi lp ; rng hin hu l hin hu t nh l Duyn khi - tc ty thuc - pht sinh ; v nh th, t tnh ca hin hu l khng thc c (unreal by nature) ; v do , hin hu chnh n l thc ti -hin hu (ultimate reality). N thot ly ngoi v thot hin khi tng i tnh, gi nh tnh v y duyn tnh - n l thc ti tuyt i, bt kh thuyt v bt kh t ngh. y l ting ni ti hu v thc ti - trong tin trnh kh d ca trit hc Duy thc - m theo mt ca Pht (a secret intention of Lord Buddha) hin hu l Thng ngha v tnh, tc l thc ti-hin hu hay thc ti nh thc - mt cnh gii thc ti ti hu t t th (The ultimate reality in its nature).

III.2.4 Nm cp th nhp thc ti v ng

Tng ngn vit rng :

[26]

"T khi sinh thc cha hin khi cho n khi hin khi v cu tr Duy thc tnh, [trong thi gian ] th cha th dit tr hai s chp th cn ng yn".

[27]

"[Nu] hin tin cn nim v "Duy thc tnh" ; v, v cn c s c nh th, th khng thc th an tr trong Duy thc".

[28]

"Cho n khi no i tng [b duyn] v tr [nng duyn] u c bung x, khi xa la hai s chp th v an tr trong Duy thc".

[29]

"Khng c s c v khng th t ngh, l tr xut th [v phn bit tr], v xa la th [phin no chng] v trng [s tri chng] nn chng t chuyn y".

[30]

"y l ci v lu, bt t ngh, thin, thng, an lc, gii thot thn, i Mu Ni, danh php].

Nm tng ngn cui cng trong 30 bi tng Duy thc trnh by v nm cp thng chng tu gic hay th nhp thc ti v ng - Nit bn Ti thng. y l con ng

hin qun (thin nh), thc tin i vo ngun mch ca tu gic siu vit (Prajnaparamita) - ci bn th uyn nguyn t nghn xa.

Theo ngn ng c in ca trit hc Duy thc, tin trnh phn tch tm l c chia thnh nhiu loi :

A- L thuyt tuyn (c 2 loi) :

1/ Duy thc tng : (cc hin tng tm l )

2/ Duy thc tnh : (thc ti hin hu siu vit mi danh xng v tng trng ca cc hin tng tm l ...)

B- Thc hnh tuyn (1 loi) :

3/ Duy thc hnh : (con ng tu tp thin nh - chnh kin v chnh t duy ... Duy thc hnh l thc hnh tu tp v Duy thc).

C- a v tm chng (c 5 loi)

4/ Duy thc qu : (kt qu ca s thin nh v Duy thc hay thng chng Tu gic bnh ng v i - tc tr tu v phn bit, v ng - hay Duy thc thc tnh)

V Duy thc qu, c chia thnh 5 loi, gi l ng v Duy thc (5 a v thng chng) : 1) T lng ; 2) Gia hnh ; 3) Thng t ; 4) Tu tp ; v 5) Cu cnh ,

nm a v ny c trnh by c th trong 5 tng ngn cui cng nh trn. y, chng ta s kho st i cng v 5 a v Duy thc.

1- T Lng (Sambhnvasth) tng ngn s [26]

"T khi sinh thc cha hin khi cho n khi hin khi v cu tr Duy thc tnh, [trong thi gian ] th cha th dit tr hai s chp th cn ng yn".

Trc ht, "sinh thc" y c hiu l tm B (Bodhicitta) - tc l tm thc ca tu gic (mind of Bodhi) bnh ng (v phn bit tr). T khi sinh thc cn yn ng cho n lc n thc dy v thy r s tri chy ca dng sng tm thc (cc hin tng tm l), ri ct dy mt kht vng gic ng (Enlightenment) thnh tu tr tu v phn bit (Nirvikalprajnna) - hay an tr trong Duy thc tnh (Vijnptimtrat). Trong sut thi gian ny, tc thi gian m p hoi vng Gic ng Ti thng (Supreme Enlightenment), hai s chp th (Grhas hay Grhadvaya) vn cn ng yn trong tm thc. Hai s chp th l :

a) Nng th (Grhaka) - s bm vu vo tc nng nhn thc ca ch th.

b) S th (Grhya) - s bm vu vo cc i tng c nhn thc bi ch th.

y, s chp th (ttachment) vo nng v s l mt chng ngi ln m hnh gi hay con ngi cn phi vt qua tin vo tu gic.

V ngha ca T lng (Sambhara), tc l s chun b hnh trang tham d vo gia tc ca Nh Lai (state of Accumulation moral equipments - Sambhrvasth).

2- Gia hnh (Prayogvasth) - tng ngn [27]

"[Nu] hin tin cn nim v "Duy thc tnh" ; v, v cn c s c nh th, th khng thc th an tr trong Duy thc".

Gia hnh l hnh ng n lc vt qua (intensifying action) s chp th nng v s hay ng v php, ch th v i tng... Tuy nhin, gia hnh y l s vt qua chnh th gii ca nim v s phn bit (Vikalpa), cho rng c mt thc th - Duy thc tnh, v c ngi i vo sng trong ci thc th Duy thc tnh . y, r rng Duy thc tnh l th gii c lnh hi bi nim ch khng phi l s th nhp ton tri. V do , nu cn cho rng bn ny l Duy thc tng v bn kia l Duy thc tnh v.v... th cha th li nhp thc ti-Duy thc. V l, s phn bit l sn phm ca nim, m nim th l thuc vo t duy Nh nguyn (Dualism) ; nh th, cng t duy th cng xa ri thc ti. V na, nim v thc ti th hon ton khng phi l thc ti. nim v thc ti l hai khi nim bt kh tng dung. Tuy nhin bin gii ca nim v thc ti ch l ng t, k tc ; bt c lc no v u, khi nim c bung x, phng thch, ngay ti - thc ti ton chn v chnh l s an tr trong Duy thc thc tnh.

cp gia hnh, chng ta cn chuyn ch vo 4 i tng hin qun (Paryesan) l : Danh xng (Nman) D kin (Vastu) hay hin tng s vt T tnh (Svabhva) Bn sc c bit (Visera)

Thc tp quan st nh th, chng ta s nhn ra rng t tnh ca hin hu ch c trong tn gi (danh xng) ch khng c trong thc ti. y l con ng tu tp "Nh th tri kin" - tc xy dng cho chng ta mt "ci nhn nh thc" (Yathbhtaparijnna) -

mt ci nhn duy nht dt dn chng ta i vo sng trong Duy thc thc tnh (The bhtatathat of Vijnaptimtrt) - tc Nit bn.

3) Thng t (Prativedvasth) - tng ngn s [28]

"Cho n khi no i tng [b duyn] v tr [nng duyn] u c bung x, khi xa la hai s chp th v an tr trong Duy thc".

Thng t l s thng sut ca tm thc, c c sau qu trnh thc tp Gia hnh (Proyogvastha) ; lc by gi, bc qua giai on th ba, s chp th ca c ch th (nng) v i tng (s) u c bung x. Ti y tr tu V phn bit (Nirvikalpakajnna) bt u pht sinh. Tr tu V phn bit (non-discriminating wisdom) l tu gic ton tri nh mt tri trn nh non cao c th soi sng khp th gian. Do , thng t l mt trc gic u tin (The first intuition) v chn l - tuyt i (Ultimate truth). Ti y hnh gi tht s bc vo sinh a ca Vijnaptimtrat - th gii thc tnh Duy thc.

4) Tu tp (Bhvanvasth) - tng ngn s [29]

"Khng c s c v khng th t ngh, l tr xut th [V phn bit tr], v xa la th [phin no chng] v trng [s tri chng], nn chng t chuyn y".

Nu nh Thng t (Prativedvasth) c xem nh l s hiu bit v thng sut gio l, th Tu tp (Bhvanvasth) l s thc hnh nhng li dy trong gio l, bao gm y Gii, nh v Tu. Tuy nhin s tu tp y chnh l con ng thc hnh B tt o, con ng xy dng mt s chuyn y (srayaparvrtti) trong Tng thc. l mt s thay i ton b c cu ang vn hnh ca tm thc (inner transformation), mt s t bin (sudden change) v i t trong ngun mch su xa ca tm thc sau khi hai phin no c bn tan bin thnh h v. Hai phin no cn bn gi l hai chng ngi (obstacle) : phin no (affliction) v s tri (knowledge). S hiu bit

cng c xem l mt loi phin no; v l, con ngi thng bm vu v cho rng tri thc ca mnh l ton ho, v ri m chm trong s hiu bit m khng chu bung x. S chp th vo tri thc c v nh nhng tng bng lm ngng ng s tri chy ca dng sng tm thc ; do , khi hai phin no c bung x, ngha l cng ti , s chuyn y xut hin. y l s gic ng cao nht (Supreme Enlightenment) hay cn gi l A Nu a La Tam Miu Tam B (Anuttarasamyaksambodhi) - a v ca Pht .

5) Cu cnh (Nisthvasth) - tng ngn th [30]

"y l ci v lu, bt t ngh, thin, thng, an lc, gii thot thn, i Mu Ni, danh php".

Cu cnh l a v gic ng, gii thot cao nht, khng cn a v no cao hn na. V th, i vi Duy thc, cu cnh (Nisthvasth) tc Nit bn - thanh tnh. V tnh cht ca cu cnh v l : bt t ngh (khng th t duy c), thin (khng c nhim v php bt thin), thng (thng ti vnh cu), an lc (khng c s kh no bc bch) , gii thot thn (khng b cc phin no tri buc), i Mu Ni-danh php (Php thn tch tnh v thng).

Nh th, cu cnh l Duy thc thc tnh l Nit bn, l V ng, l Tnh Khng, l Chn nh v l thc ti-hin hu.

iu quan trng l cu cnh khng phi l mt cnh gii vin vng, xa xi no ht, m n lun lun c mt gia ci i trn th u huyn sng lc trong cng mt thc ti-hin hu, by gi v y (The here and now).

Trn y l phn trnh by i cng v trit hc Duy thc qua 30 bi tng Duy thc ca Vasubandhu ; v y cng l phn i cng v Tm l hc Pht gio c trnh by trong hu ht cc h thng trit hc Duy thc ca c lun th v kinh tng. V

mt trnh by c th c nhiu s khc bit v quan im, ngn ng v cch phn loi v.v..., nhng v phn ni dung c bn th cc h thng u tp ch vo dng vn hnh ca tm thc theo nhng gio hun ca Pht c ghi li trong kinh tng Nikya v cc kinh in ca i tha Pht gio.

Phn IV : Duy Thc Hc V h Thng Tm L Hc Pht Gio

IV.1 Chng 1 : Vn tm l gio dc

IV.1.1 Tng quan

Tm l gio dc (Educational psychology) l khoa hc kho st cc vn v con ngi nh : nhn tnh (personality), tnh hnh (behaviour) v s pht trin tm l ca tr em, thanh thiu nin v ngi ln...; ng thi tm hiu, quan st v xy dng cc ng hng gio dc tm l thng qua cc phng tin c bn ca hc ng nh : vic dy v hc, cc dng c, thit b kho cu, th nghim v.v... v xut bin php c th nhm gip con ngi nm bt v gii quyt cc vn c nhn trong i sng. (64)

T xa n nay, cc nh tm l gio dc ra nhiu phng php nghin cu v ng dng cho ngnh tm l gio dc (nh trnh by phn tm l hc). Tuy nhin, hu ht cc l thuyt y u tp trung xoay quanh mt thc th-ng tnh (self) nh l im trung tm ca ngnh tm l gio dc. iu gp phn to nn bc pht trin ln lao cho tri thc ca con ngi; nhng n cng to ra khng t cc mu thun, nghch l trong vic xy dng i sng hnh phc tht s ca con ngi.

Bi l tnh cht ca ng tnh (personality, self, ego) l chp th (attachment) v kht vng (desire), n din tin trong s phn bit th gii thc ti khch quan thnh th gii hin hu ca sai bit a th. V, mi mi s vt hin tng ca c tm l v vt l u c thc t ng p t ln mt bn sc c bit (vesera). Ni theo ngn ng ca Duy thc, l th gii ca t tnh gi lp (parikalpitasvabhva) - mt th gii ca gi tng sai lm (false imaginations), hon ton khng tht. Do , khi cc nh tm l v tm l gio dc xem ng tnh nh mt thc th chi phi ton b c cu ca i sng tm l v vt l, ngay t , con ngi phi i din vi t ng v gii quyt nhng kht vng khng th tng tng c ca t ng. y l then cht ca s khng hong tm l v tm l gio dc ca cc l thuyt tm l , nhn tnh, gio dc... t xa n nay; ng thi, n cng l tc nhn lm cho cc l thuyt y ri vo tha ha (alienation).

V l, con ngi v kht vng ca thc t ng l v cng tn. S kht vng , qua lng knh ca Duy thc hc v Pht hc ni chung, khng nhng ch n gin l dc vng c th ca mi con ngi nh Dc hu (The realm of desire - hay ci dc), m n cn i vo cc cnh gii khc nh : Sc hu (The realm of existence) v V sc hu (The realm of non-existence) (65). Tuy nhin, ch ring i din vi Dc hu, tc th gii ca con ngi (v cc loi sinh th), cc h thng tm l (psychology) v tm l gio dc (Educational psychology) cng cn rt nhiu im gii hn. C th ni, tm l hc phng Ty, nu so vi trit hc Duy thc, th nh cao ca n ch dng li thc, v phn cn li c a vo v thc. Freud l ngi u tin khai thc v v thc, v sau Freud th Karl Jung i xa hn na, l s phn tch v tm thc cng ng (Collective consciousness) - ngha l s tng tc phn chiu ca tm thc c dn tri v tng dung, tng nhip gia cng ng. y, cp n v thc, v l v thc c th c xem l tng ng vi Tng thc trong Duy thc hc Pht gio. Trong Phn tm hc ca Freud, th gii tm l c chia thnh ba phn, l : V thc (state of unconsciousness), tim thc (subconscience) v thc (conscicousness). V thc mang tnh bn nng (Id), tim thc ng gia v thc v thc, v thc l s tri gic, t gic v th gii thc ti khch quan, thc mang hai yu t : tri thc (nh cm tnh, cm gic, tri gic...) v tri thc l tnh (nh khi nim, phn on, l lun...) (66)

V li, mc du c bt ngun t trit hc - qua cc trit gia nh Platon, Aristote v.v... - song, tm l hc phng Ty chnh thc ra i nh mt ngnh hc c lp l t u th k 19, tc cho n nay ch hn mt trm nm. Trong khi , tm l hc Pht gio - qua h thng trit hc Duy thc - ra i t nht l mt ngn nm trm nm, tc hn 15 th k qua. Do , tt nhin khng th so snh gia s non tr ca h

thng tm l phng Ty v s thm nin ca phng ng, c bit l Pht gio. Ngy nay, hu ht cc lun th (Abhidhammas) v trit hc Duy thc ca Pht gio c dch sang nhiu ngn ng phng Ty v s nh hng ca n i vi h thng tm l hc phng Ty ngy cng su m.

Tuy nhin, iu m tc gi mun cp n y l s gii hn c bn ca tm l hc v tm l gio dc phng Ty khi ly thc t ng lm tm cho mi l thuyt tm l v tm l gio dc. Trong khi , c Pht, hn 2600 nm v trc tng tuyn b : "Tt c php l V ng" - ngha l tt c hin tng s vt t tm l n vt l u khng c thc tnh (xem phn "i cng Duy thc hc"). V nh th, s xy dng mt ng tnh lm tm phi chng l mt sai lm ln ca h thng tm l gio dc phng Ty ?

Tin s E.F. Schumacher, trong tc phm "Small is Beautiful" (Nh l p) - mt cun sch c in trn 700.000 bn - ghi nhn v s khng hong ca nn vn minh phng Ty nh sau (67) : "Nu nn vn minh phng Ty thng xuyn ri vo trng thi khng hong th c th ni rng c nhng sai lm no trong h thng gio dc ca n". V, Schumacher trnh by su im then cht m ng cho rng n lun lun nm trong tm thc ca con ngi "hc thc" ("educated" people) ca thi i. C th tm tt nh sau : (68)

1/ T tng tin ha cho rng cc hnh thc cao hn lin tc pht trin khi cc hnh thc thp hn nh l mt loi tin trnh t nhin v t ng. S ng dng h thng t tng ny din ra trong sut hn mt th k i vi cc lnh vc trong i sng m khng c bt k mt s ngoi l no.

2/ C nhng t tng cnh tranh - s la chn t nhin v s sng cn tt nht, n dng nh c bin h cho tin trnh t ng v t nhin ca s tin ha v pht trin.

3/ C nhng t tng cho rng nhng biu hin cao hn ca i sng con ngi nh : tn gio, trit hc, ngh thut v.v... - ci m Marx gi l "Ht ging o tng trong b

c ca con ngi" (The phantasmagonias in the brains of men), thc cht khng g khc hn l "s b sung cn thit trong tin trnh ca i sng vt cht", mt thng tng kin trc c thit lp ha trang v tng phn li nhun kinh t...

4/ Trong s cnh tranh, ngi ta c th ngh rng vi cch gii thch ca Marxist v nhng biu hin cao hn ca i sng con ngi, phn tm hc ca Freud qui gim nhng biu hin v mt vng xung ng ti tm ca tim thc v gii thch chng ch yu nh l s khng tha mn ca nhng kht vng tnh dc ngay trong thi u th v nin thiu.

5/ C nhng t tng chung v ch ngha tng i, khc t mi gi tr tuyt i, gii tn mi qui tc v tiu chun a n mt s xi mn ton b v nhn thc chn l trong ch ngha thc dng. V n lm nh hng n thm ch l ton hc, m Bertand Russell nh ngha nh l "mt ch m chng ta khng bao gi bit chng ta ang ni v ci g hay nhng g chng ta ni l s tht".

6/ Cui cng l t tng chin thng ca ch ngha tch cc - cho rng, cc gi tr tri thc ch c th t c qua phng php ca khoa hc t nhin; v t , khng c tri thc no cn nguyn vn, xc thc, tr phi n c y c trn nhng s tht c quan st mt cch tng qut. Ch ngha tch cc, mt khc, ch quan tm n s "bit" v t chi mi kh th ca i tng tri thc v cc ngha v mc tiu ca n...

Trn y l phn nh gi ca E.F. Schumacher v cc nguyn nhn gy ra khng hong tm l ca con ngi trong cc nn vn minh phng Ty. iu ny cho thy rng, s kin ly thc t ng lm tm im trong vic gio dc v pht trin nhn tnh ca con ngi (The personality of human beings) trong cc h thng tm l gio dc phng Ty chnh l nguyn nhn a n s tn vinh mt nn vn minh vt cht, sn sinh ra ch ngha thc dng (Pragmatism), xa nha mi gi tr chn l v a n mt s bng n c nhn m Maslow, ngi u tin a ra h thng cc nhu cu ca con ngi, bao gm mt hnh thp nm bc v bc cao nht l "nhu cu t khng nh" - mt tn gi khc ca s bng n c nhn. S kin ny li tip din ngy cng mnh v nht l nhng nm cui cng ca th k 20, nh cao ca s "bng n c nhn" c chuyn sang mt tn gi mi l s "chin thng ca c nhn".

Trong tc phm d on v tng lai ca nhn loi ca hai nh tng lai hc M John Naisbitt v Patricia Aburdene di nhan : "Mi xu hng mi cho nhng nm 1990 cc xu hng v m nm 2000" (Ten New Directions for The 1990's Megatrends 2000) (69), cp n cc vn "chin thng ca c nhn", c th tm tt nh sau :

*Chin thng ca c nhn l mt ch ln, ng th 10 trong phn kt lun v th k 20.

Tc phm cho rng, c nhn l ch th sng to cc tc phm ngh thut, khi qut ha trit hc chnh tr v c mt s th nghim tinh thn siu vit. ng thi, v phng din vt cht, chnh c nhn l ngi trc tip b tin tit kim vo mt n v kinh doanh mi, h tr cho cc ng nghip hoc cc thnh vin trong gia nh t n thnh cng. C nhn, do , hin nay l n by c hiu qu cao hn so vi cc th ch trong s thay i i sng kinh t vt cht mt cch nng ng, nh nhng.

- Nguyn tc u tin trong tro lu k nguyn mi (New age) l hc thuyt v trch nhim c nhn. Thc ra y l khi nim Karma (Nghip) c phng Ty ha t ng phng ; ngha l con ngi phi hon ton chu trch nhim v mi t duy v hnh ng ca chnh mnh. Tuy nhin, hc thuyt v trch nhim c nhn ny khng ging vi ch ngha c nhn (individualism), m l mt th trit hc o c - nng c nhn v trch nhim ca c nhn ln phm vi ton cu (comos). l s cng chu trch nhim v s bo v mi trng sinh thi, ngn nga chin tranh ht nhn, loi tr s i ngho v.v... S thnh t ca c nhn mt cch chn chnh s ng gp thit thc cho i sng cng ng.

- c im ca k nguyn mi l c nhn ha v ton cu ha cng xy ra trong mt thi im - song hnh.

- Nghch l ln nht ca k nguyn mi l cng ton cu ha, th cc c nhn li cng tr nn quan trng ha - c sc mnh ln hn. V l, s thay i ny c phn nh trong gii tuyn Media - Internet ton cu. Do , s nghe nhn v tip cn thng tin kp thi s tng cng sc mnh cho cc c nhn.

- Trong cc on th nh tn gio, th ch chnh tr, cng on... cc c nhn c th ln trnh trch nhim, nhng cc c nhn y khng th ln trn chnh n, v khng c ch trn.

- Cng ngh hin i lm tng cng sc mnh ca c nhn. Hin nay c hn mt t my in thoi ti ch cc c nhn giao dch trc tip vi nhau m khng cn thng qua h thng quc gia... Qu hng in t mi (in thoi, fax, computer, vin thng v tinh...) ang to li cnh quang ca th gii.

- Thng l khch hng - tc l ngi tiu dng, v sn phm c gi tr cao l tr tu sng to. Do , cc ngnh khoa hc nhn vn v x hi ang c phc hng trn ton cu.

- Trch nhim mi ca x hi l n p li cho cc kt qu sng to ca c nhn mt cch thch ng...

... Trn y l mt trong mi (t sau m li) khuynh hng v m ca nm 2000, ng thi cng l nhng thch thc v khch l ln lao nht trong lch s vn minh nhn loi.

T nhng trch dn trn, cho thy rng thc v t ng - v ci ti (I), ci ca ti (mine), v ci t ng ca ti (myself) qu thc l mt tng, m di i mt tu gic v thng ca c Pht l v minh. N thc y con ngi i t thch thc ny n thch thc khc, i t thm kn n bn cng khai v n cng khai ha trn mc ton cu. Tt nhin mt s th bao gi cng c hai mt : tch cc v tiu cc. Song

trn thc t, thc t ng bao gi cng a y con ngi i vo cc bc bch, kh au ; trong khi mc ch ca i sng con ngi l tm kim hnh phc v chn l.

Ni nh th khng c ngha l Pht gio ch trng ngi li trong s lng qun (ta vng) theo quan im ca Khng T ; m tri li n ku gi con ngi, nh thc con ngi i ra khi cn mng m v mt t ng sai lm, huyn hoc, ri t vn ln mt i sng minh trit ca thc ti V ng. l i sng ca s ton chn, ton thin v ton m. V tt nhin con ng i n th gii thc ti v ng khng n gin nh mt s nh i ca ng tin, m n i hi con ngi mt s n lc t thn cao nht, mt thc trch nhim cao nht v mt tinh thn bi-tr-dng cao nht. Thc ra, s kin xy dng mt thc t ng l iu ai cng lm c, nu khng mun ni l s mc nhin. Nhng vt qua thc t ng v cc mu thun, nhu cu, xung lc... ni ti ca n l iu khng phi ai cng lm c. V y cng l then cht ca s thit lp mt i sng hnh phc - an lc tht s cho con ngi. Do , h thng tm l gio dc Pht gio c bt u t y, tc l t thc (consciousness) ca mi con ngi.

IV.1.2 nh hng v mc tiu ca tm l gio dc Pht gio

A- nh hng gio dc

H thng gio dc Pht gio l con ng hng n s pht trin ton din ca con ngi qua cc mt ca i sng, c bit l tm thc, nhm kin to mt i sng tr tu v hnh phc tht s ngay ti con ngi ny v cuc i ny. Tt nhin, con ng y bao gm c hai mt tm l v vt l, nhn thc v hnh ng, l tng v thc ti v.v... iu ny c c Pht xc nh r qua gio l Trung o (Middle Way) - ngha l nu con ngi khng xa ri hai cc oan : hoc l kh hnh p xc, hoc l ly lc th ca xc thn lm mc ch ca i ngi u ri vo kh au. V ci hnh phc thong qua (fleeting happiness) m con ngi cm nhn c t hai cc oan , thc cht ch l o nh ca kht vng v cung si, n cht n v cht i trong nhy mt ! Do , nh hng gio dc Pht gio l con ng gio dc m theo cch ni ca E.F. Schumacher : "... khng phi l con ngi phi bit mi th mt t, cng khng phi l bit r chi tit ca mi vn ..., m l ngi tht s bit r im trung tm ca vn - khng m h, nghi hoc v nim tin c bn ca mnh,

v quan im ca mnh, v ngha v mc ch ca i sng... bi s soi sng t ni tm" (70). Hoc, ni theo Plato qua ngi vit ca Jasper : "... l s tr v cn nh tm thc (Eros) - tc ci Mt ti hu (Absolute Oneness) hay ci Mt (Arete) - ton th ca chn l vnh cu ...; v l con ng a con ngi n mt vin cnh ca s ton chn (sophon), ton thin (agathon) v ton m (kalon)" (71).

Plato (427 - 347 B.C) ra i sau c Pht (563-483 B.C) khong 136 nm trc Ty lch (72), l mt mn ni ting ca Socrates. Theo Jasper, nhng g ngi ta bit v Socrates l qua Plato. Trong t d v "hang " ni ting ca ng c th ni l rt gn gi vi t tng gio dc Pht gio. S th l nh vy, nhn loi c xem nh l nhng k b xing xch trong mt hang ti tm. Chng ch c th nhn thy mt ngun sng mp m t ngn la hng lp le, thp thong. Ci g c nhn thy y ch l nhng chic bng trn tng. Trc vin cnh ca mt thc ti nh th, nhng k ang b xing xch c cho rng nhng chic bng trn tng l s tht, l chn l. Th ri, sau khi c ci b xing xch, mt ngi vn vai, ng dy v chuyn tm nhn... Lc by gi ci kinh nghim u tin l ci c b au v l ln u tin hn xoay u chuyn tm nhn v hng khc. V khi nhn nhng ngn la hng sng th mt hn b nhc nhi ; v hn theo thi quen, by gi ch mun nhn li nhng chic bng mp m n hin trn tng. Khi b y ra khi hang, ln u tin i din vi nh sng ca mt tri, mt ca hn b la khng nhn ra g c. Ri sau , mt cch chm ri hn nhn ra. Sau khi nhn thc c s tht (chn l), hn mun tr li hang cu ri bng hu ca mnh. Nhng tr tru thay, bn b ca hn phn i v e da mt cch kch lit nu hn dm can thip vo "s tht" v nhng chic bng trn tng!

Cu chuyn t d v "hang " ny cng tng t nh cu chuyn "nhng chng m s voi" ca c Pht c ghi li trong tng th vn hc Pht gio.

y l s tht v con ngi v th gii ca con ngi. Th gii y ang b V minh (Ignorance) bao ph, ging y. V s th ca mt nn gio dc ng ngha khng cn cch no khc hn l "ko nhng sinh linh ang b xing xch ra khi hang v minh", t mi ngi t mnh nhn thy s tht (Ehipasiko). Xut pht t im then cht trng yu ny, con ng gio dc Pht gio c c Pht bt da trn nguyn tc ca T Thnh (Cattri-riya-sacca) - tc l mi ngi hy t nhn bit mt cch r rng : "S tht v kh au, s tht v nguyn nhn ca kh au, s tht v

s tn dit kh au, v s tht v con ng a n s tn dit kh au", tc Nit bn - an lc, gii thot. y l nh hng gio dc Pht gio.

B- Mc tiu gio dc

nh hng gio dc Pht gio l con ng i ra khi kh au (Dukkha) v mc tiu hng n l Nit bn (Nirvana). y, Nit bn khng c ngha l an ngh nghn thu trong s vnh tch mt tr x c liu vnh hng xa xi no ; m, Nit bn l s t n Tu gic bnh ng v i (Nirvikalpajnna) cho d ngay khi cn sng hay l cht. Mi s gii thch no khc ngoi ngha ny v Nit bn u ri vo phin din, sai lm. Tt nhin, ni nh th khng c ngha l ph nhn mi quan im gii minh v phn loi Nit bn nh ca Thanh Vn v Pht, nhng ni dung chnh ca Nit bn l nh th. V chnh c Pht l ngi u tin trong lch s nhn loi m ra cnh ca "bt t" (Nirvana) ny ; v cng t , v lng php mn, phng tin... c c Pht xut, gii thiu qua con ngi c th t n Nit bn. Tuy nhin y, chng ta ch kho st v con ng i vo Nit bn - qua gc tm l gio dc (Educational psychology) nh c trnh by trong trit hc Duy thc. l s m u t Tng thc v s kt thc cng l Tng thc. Nh vy, Tng thc chnh l hai mt ca Nit bn thc ti. V rng, trong Tng thc dung cha c cc ht nhn (hetu) nhim v thanh tnh, v mc tiu ca phng php tm l gio dc Pht gio l lm cho cc ht nhn nhim, bt thin trong Tng thc tan bin, dit tn, tr li bn tnh thanh tnh v nhim cho Tng thc, m thut ng gi l Bch tnh thc hay V cu thc (Amalavijnna). y l ngha "la sanh t khng c Nit bn, mun n Nit bn phi i vo sanh t ; v Nit bn v sanh t khng hai, khng khc". (73)

Mt khc, trn bnh din chuyn mn, mc tiu ca h thng tm l gio dc trong trit hc Duy thc (Vijnana hay Vijnapti) l hng n mt s chuyn y (Asrayaparvrtti hay Parvrtti) - tc l thay i ton b nn tng c cu ni ti ca tm thc (Transformation at the base), phng thch cc ht ging nng hun (subject) v s hun (object) trong tin trnh vn hnh ca tm (citta) v tm s (cetasika). Hay ni mt cch c th l gii tr cc ht ging tp nim tri ln trong din bin tm l ca ch th nhn thc v i tng c nhn thc. V th, h thng tm l gio dc Pht gio khng nhng ch tp trung kho st cc hin tng tm l nh : vui, bun, kh, lc... m cn i vo nm bt ci bn cht ca cc hin tng tm l - tc nhng ht ging (seeds), tp kh (energy of the past and the present habit) v gene nghip hay cn gi l Nghip thc, Kit sanh thc (Gandhabha) cng gi l hng m v.v... -

 l cc ng c chnh gy nn s bt an, ri lon v khng hong tm l. Do , thnh tu mt s chuyn y trong tm thc l mc tiu ti hu - Nit bn gii thot ca cc gii php c ra bi trit hc Duy thc.

IV.1.3 C s v i tng ca tm l gio dc Pht gio

Trong cc h thng Pht hc (Buddhist studies) ni chung u ly con ngi lm tm. Nhng con ngi y c xem l con ngi - v ng, l i tng c th un nn, chuyn ha v vn n nh cao ca chn, thin, m ch khng phi l con ngi xut hin nh mt thc th c lp (separate entity). Tng t nh th, ngnh tm l gio dc Pht gio (Buddhist educational psychology) tp trung vo con ngi ton din (whole man) tc con ngi vi y mi c tnh (virtue), phm cht (quality), tnh hnh (behaviour), tm thc (mind), thc (consciousness), tnh cm (sentiment) v.v... Hay ni khc hn l con ngi ca nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh, thc).

Tuy nhin, v mt chuyn mn, ngnh tm l gio dc Pht gio tp ch vo h thng tm thc (Tng thc, Mt na thc, thc v nm thc gic quan - mt, tai, mi, li, thn) v xem nh l c s kho st, nghin cu v ng dng tu tp (bao gm c dy, hc, v thc hnh). y, tuy nhin, i tng chnh ca s c th un nn, gio dc v c th ch o trong vic to ra mt Parvrtti (chuyn y) trong ton b c cu ca tm thc (mental formation) l thc (manovijnna), tc thc th su trong h thng tm thc. V do , thc l i tng chnh ca tm l gio dc Pht gio. V l, nh trnh by trong phn i cng v 30 bi tng Duy thc (Phn III), thc th tm - Tng thc, tnh kh ca n l v ph v v k, khng c thm nh, phn bit, lo ngh (t lng), m n lun lun tri chy nh mt dng sng (hng chuyn nh bc lu) vi cc chc nng hot ng chnh l ct cha, duy tr tt c ht ging trong chiu su tm thc - (Tng thc). Cn tnh kh ca Mt na thc - tc thc th by l hu ph (b che y bi s chp th v t ng : ng si, ng mn, ng bin v ng i), nhng v k (khng ch ng); n hon ton ty thuc vo Tng thc. c trng ca thc ny l t lng (reflecting), va thm (reflecting) li va hng (always) - tc l lun lun lo ngh, suy t, thm st... (always reflecting). Chc nng ca thc ny l nn tng cho s nhim hay thanh tnh ca thc v nm thc gic quan, gi l nhim-tnh Y. Y (asraya) l ch da, l c s. Thc th by c pht sinh t Tng thc v lm nn tng cho thc v nm thc gic quan. Ni theo ngn ng ca tm l hc hin i, thc th by l c ch ca bn nng dc vng - hay bn

nng sinh tn ca con ngi, cng gi l c ch t tn (mcanisme de autopreservation).

Ring i vi thc - tc thc th su, n nng vo c s ca Mt na ( cn) v cc php trn lm i tng m c pht sinh. c tnh ca thc l n c y ba tnh (thin, c v v k - tc khng thin khng c) ; n c y c ba lng (hnh thi ca nhn thc) : Hin lng ( trc gic hay trc kin), T lng (suy lun, phn on), v Phi lng (cc phn on sai lm) ; n c y ba cnh ; Tnh cnh (thc ti), c nh cnh (nh tng trong thc), v i cht cnh (nh tng v thc ti) ... Do thc c phm vi hot ng bao qut, ch o trong cc hnh thi ca nhn thc... v lin h nng ng trc tip n nm thc gic quan, cng nh kh nng to tc ca n v.v... nn thc tr thnh i tng quan trng nht ca tm l gio dc Pht gio. V li, chng ta thy rng mc d Tng thc v Mt na thc l hai i tng rt quan trng ca thc, n va l ci nn tng trc tip (Mt na thc) ca thc, va l nn tng bao qut (Tng thc) ca thc. Song, do tnh kh c c ca n l v k, nn n ng vai th ng (hot ng lng l), nh t rng cho mun ngn chng loi tho dc, cy ci pht sinh. Ngc li tnh cht ca thc, nh cp, thng c ba tnh (thin c, v v k), n ng vai nng ng - tch cc. V do , thc mang tnh cht tri (dominant) nu so vi Tng thc v Mt na thc. y l cc l do ti sao ngnh tm l hc Pht gio v Pht hc ni chung u ch trng n thc. c Pht, trong kinh Php C, dy rng : " dn u cc php, lm ch to tc, i vi nhim , ni nng hay hnh ng, kh no bc theo sau, nh bnh xe theo chn con vt ko... i vi thanh tnh, an lc bc theo sau, nh bng khng ri hnh". (Phm Song yu).

Tuy nhin, y c mt iu cn ghi nhn rng, Tng thc c xem nh l bn th ca nc ; Mt na thc, thc v nm thc gic quan l sng - tc biu hin ca nc. V mt hin tng, tm thc c phn loi theo tng chc nng, hot ng; nhng v mt bn th, by chuyn thc (Mt na thc, thc v nm thc gic quan) u l bin ca Tng thc. Do , h thng tm thc c xem nh l mt tng th; trong thc c Tng thc, trong Mt na thc cng c Tng thc v trong c nm thc gic quan u c Tng thc. y l hin hu ca mt tng th bt kh phn ly. T y, h thng tm l gio dc Pht gio s khi hnh t thc (Manovijnna).

IV.2 Chng 2: Tm l gio dc Pht gio

IV.2.1 S vn hnh ca thc

Nh trnh by, s tri ln (sinh, dit) tng tc ca Tng thc v Mt na thc l v gin (khng gin on), thut ng gi l "hng" (permanent). Tri li, thc c lc hot ng, c lc khng hot ng, nh trong nm trng hp sau y : (1) trong ci tri V tng, (2-3) trong hai nh V tm (Dit tn nh, v V tng nh), (4) ng m khng c mng m, v (5) bt tnh nhn s (cht gi, xu). Ngoi nm trng hp trn, thc lun lun hot ng. S vn hnh c c th ha qua 51 tc nng c bn ca tm thc, gi l tm s, bao gm :

1/ 5 tc nng c bn v bao qut ca tm : (1) cm xc, (2) tc , (3) Cm th, (4) n tng v (5) cc ng lc tm l (T).

2/ 5 tc nng c th ca tm : (1) ham mun, (2) hiu bit-thng sut, (3) ghi nh, (4) tp trung v (5) vn dng l tr.

3/ 11 tc nng ca tm v iu thin : nim tin, sing nng, bit t xu h, bit mc c vi ngi khc, khng tham lam, khng sn hn, khng si m, khng phng ng, khng chp trc, khng lm iu nguy him n (cc i tng khc).

4/ 6 tc nng c bn ca tm gy ra phin no :

(1) tham lam, (2) sn hn, (3) si m, (4) kiu mn, (5) hoi nghi, (6) s hiu bit mang tnh cht ti c, bao gm 5 loi : (a) chp ng, (b) c thnh kin, (c) m tn d oan, (d) ch quan v bo th, (e) i theo cc h tc, hnh thc v gio iu.

5/ 20 tc nng th yu ca tm gy ra phin no : chia thnh 3 loi :

a- Phm vi hp : (1) gin, (2) hn, (3) che giu ti li, (4) u phin, (5) ganh t, (6) bn xn, (7) la di, (8) nnh ht, (9) lm hi, (10) kiu cng.

b- Phm vi bnh thng : (11) khng bit xu h vi lng tm, (12) khng bit xu h vi k khc.

c- Phm vi bao qut : (13) thn tm giao ng, (14) chng trm ut, (15) li bing, (16) phng tng, (17) ng tr, (18) ri lon tm l , s hiu bit bt chnh.

6/ 4 tc nng trung tnh (bt nh) ca tm :

(1) n nn, (2) chng bun ng, (3) s thao thc tm cu, (4) s thm nh k lng.

(gi 4 tc nng ny l bt nh, v nu mi tc nng i theo iu thin, n c gi l thin, v ngc li l c...)

Trn y l 51 tc nng ca tm l hay cn gi l cc hin tng tm l ca con ngi, v phm vi hot ng ca mi tc nng tm l trn lun lun gn lin vi thc. Ni khc i, thc lun lun c mt trong 51 hin tng tm l trn bt k khi no cc hin tng xut hin. T d, s trm ut s din ra khi thc b suy thoi v phn tn gn nh t lit, hoc ng tr s xy ra khi thc thiu s tp trung v.v... Tng t nh th i vi cc hin tng nh bun, gin, thng, yu, ght, mun...

V gii quyt cc hin tng tm l trn, cn phi p dng phng php T . T d, khi s u phin xy ra, con ngi khng cn phi chy trn n hay cu khn van xin ai ht. y, chng ta cn tm mt ch yn tnh, vng ngi, dng li cc tp nim, bt u quan st v i din vi s u phin. Hy quan st tht k : (1) hin

tng u phin, (2) nguyn nhn ca s u phin, (3) s chm dt u phin v (4) (lm cch no i vo) con ng a n s chm dt u phin. y l phng php rt hu hiu cn c hng dn c th cho tng i tng c th. Thc t cho thy, khi c s u phin, bn hy ng chy trn n bng cch no khc hn l c mnh dn i din v ngm nhn n. S ngm nhn mt cch chuyn ch v c hiu qu, lp tc u phin s tan bin (vn ny s c trnh by c th hn phn sau).

IV.2.2 Cc hnh thc ca thc

Trong Duy thc hc, c ba hnh thi c bn ca thc hay l s nhn thc, hiu bit v cc hin tng din bin ca th gii tm l v th gii thc ti khch quan (vt l), bao gm :

(1) Trc gic (Hin lng)

(2) Suy lun (T lng)

(3) Nhn thc sai lm (Phi lng)

1/ Trc gic : L s nhn thc trc tip (derect perception) m khng cn thng qua qu trnh suy lun. T d, ang i trn h ph, bt cht ta gp con b, lin bit l con b m khng cn phi dng n suy lun hay phn on.

2/ Suy lun : L s nhn thc gin tip (Indirect perception) qua s phn bit, so snh, suy ngh... ri mi a n mt nhn thc. T d, ang i trn h ph, bt cht ta gp con b, nhng lc mt b hoa nn nhn con b khng r, thy n ging con tru... Sau khi n gn, mt ht hoa, ta nhn thy ng l con b. S phn bit khc nhau v lin tng n tru v b cui cng xc nh con b l qu trnh suy lun.

3/ Nhn thc sai lm : Nu trc gic sai v suy lun cng sai th gi l nhn thc sai lm. T d, ang i trn h ph, bt cht gp con b m c tng l con tru ; ri suy lun con tru c hai ci sng, con vt ny cng c hai ci sng ; nh vy con vt ny l con tru. Nh th l trc gic sai lm v suy lun cng sai lm. iu ny gi l Phi lng (Wrong perception). Tng t nh cu chuyn t d v "hang " ca Plato, hay "nhng ngi m s voi" trong vn hc Pht gio.

Ba hnh thi nhn thc trn li c chia thnh 4 loi c th theo cc trng hp ng v sai.

1/ Trc gic ng : (Cn gi l Chn hin lng)

T d : nhn con b bit r l con b.

2/ Trc gic sai : (Cn gi l T hin lng)

T d : nhn ci bng trn tng m tng l ngi tht.

3/ Suy lun ng : (Cn gi l Chn t lng)

T d : V c khi nn c la (ng vi s tht)

4/ Suy lun sai : (Cn gi l T t lng)

T d : V c khi nn c la (sai vi s tht, v khi l khi my, ch khng phi l khi la. Suy lun nh th l v ngi suy lun ng xa thy khi tng l c la).

Trn y l s trnh by v hnh thi ca nhn thc gc c bn theo tri thc bnh thng ca con ngi.

IV.2.3 Cc trng thi hot ng ca thc

C nm trng thi hot ng ca thc, l : thc trong tn lon, thc c lp, thc trong nh, thc trong s in lon v thc trong tng quan vi nm thc gic quan.

1/ thc trong tn lon (Tn v thc) :

L thc b phn tn, khng tp trung. T d, va nghe in thoi, va m tin, va ni chuyn... thc trong tn lon lm suy gim hiu qu ca nng lc hot ng, ca cng vic v thng gy ra s ri lon v lng qun.

2/ thc c lp (c u thc) :

L thc lm vic mt mnh khng lin h vi 5 thc ca gic quan nh : mt, tai, mi, li v thn. Trong trng hp ngi lng yn suy t khng n s chi phi bn ngoi gi l thc c lp. thc c lp khi t n s tp trung cao, n gn vi thc trong nh.

3/ thc trong nh (nh trung thc) :

L thc c iu phc bi chnh kin v chnh t duy ; v i tng ca thc trong nh l nhng i tng khng lin h n tham, sn, v si. Do , thc tri chy trong thin nh theo mt mc hin qun no , nh khi th, hay thn th, cm th, tm thc v php trn... c gi l chnh nh (Right concentration). Ngc li, nu i tng ca thc trong nh cn lin h n tham, sn, si hay cc i tng lm sinh khi tham, sn, si... c gi l t nh. S khc nhau c bn gia thc trong nh v thc c lp l ch, thc trong nh c iu phc bi chnh tri kin (Right view) ; cn thc c lp l thc hot ng mt mnh nhng t do...

4/ thc trong s in lon (Lon trung thc):

L thc khng c hng dn v kim ch bi l tr, n gn nh b iu hnh bi bn nng v s ri lon ca thc chnh n. thc trong s in lon l mt loi bnh l c bit.

5/ thc trong tng quan vi nm thc gic quan

(Ng cu thc) : L s hot ng chung, cng sinh khi v cng hon dit ca thc vi nm thc gic quan. Nh khi p xe chng hn, thc cng hot ng vi nm thc gic quan. T d, thn p xe, mt nhn ng, tai nghe earphone v.v...

Trong nm trng thi hot ng trn, thc trong nh lun lun trng thi cao nht v c hiu qu nht. chnh l s nh tm, chuyn ch vo cng vic m mnh ang lm nh thin nh, hc hnh, c sch, nghe nhc ... Nng lng ca thc trong nh l ngun nng lng c tp trung. Do , cc nh tm l tr liu xem thc trong nh nh l mt phng tin hin i v nhim mu nht trong cc k thut lm sng nh in sinh hc, tm l tr liu v.v...

IV.2.4 Cc mi lin h gia thc v thc ti

Trong phn trnh by v c tnh ca thc cp n chc nng thng sut ba cnh (i tng) ca thc, l Tnh cnh (thc ti), i cht cnh (nh tng ca thc ti) v c nh cnh (nh tng ca thc).

1/ thc v Tnh cnh

Nh nh ngha (trong phn III), Tnh cnh l th gii thc ti. N khng b chi phi hay bin thi ca thc ch quan. T d, nh Lanbiang l thc ti. Nhn thc ca chng ta v nh Lanbiang th khng bao gi ng nh l nh Lanbiang chnh n. V mt thc, n khng th c ng ha vi bn cht ca nh Lanbiang. V mt nhn thc, nh Lanbiang c mt khng gian ba chiu (di, rng, cao) v c tm hng (ng, ty, nam, bc, ng-bc, ty-bc, ng-nam, ty-nam); do , khi i din nh Lanbiang chng ta ch c th nhn thc c n trong chiu/mt trc tip. Nh th, s nhn thc v pha ng ca nh Lanbiang khng phi l mt nhn thc ton din. V pha ng ca nh Lanbiang khng phi l nh Lanbiang, m n ch l mt phn ca nh Lanbiang. Do , nhn thc ca con ngi bao gi cng b gii hn bi khng gian, thi gian v tm nhn ca con ngi chnh n. V thng, i din vi mt thc ti no , chng ta ch tht s nhn thc mt phn rt nh ca thc ti m thi. Tng t nh th i vi tt c s vt hin tng. Cn lu rng, khi ni thc c th tip xc vi thc ti (Tnh cnh) c ngha l thc l thc ca trc gic (Hin tng), m khng phi l thc ca suy lun (T lng) hay ca nhn thc phin din, sai lm (Phi lng). Bt k thc no km theo mt s phn bit d nh nhoi n u cng u l thc ca suy lun. Do vy, thc ch tip xc vi thc ti tht s khi v ch khi hon ton vng mt mi s phn bit.

2/ thc v i cht cnh

y l lnh vc chuyn mn ca thc hay l i tng thng xuyn ca thc. Nh c nh ngha, i cht cnh l bng dng ca thc ti, l nh tng ca thc ti. T d, du ch mt ln ngm nhn nh Lanbiang, song nim v nh

Lanbiang v nh tng ca nh Lanbiang lun lun c ct gi trong Tng thc. Bt k lc no, khi chng ta ngh n nh Lanbiang th lp tc cc nh tng ca n s hin ra trong tm thc ca chng ta. y l mt loi thc ti o, l nh tng, l bng dng ca thc ti. V hu ht 24 gi trong mt ngy, con ngi thng sng vi thc ti o, mt thc ti hon ton khng thc, b bp mo, b nho nn li bi thc ch quan. N l mt cht liu kch thch s kht vng, thm mun v.v..., v cng l nguyn nhn gy ra kh au. T d, hnh nh ca ngi yu c cch y 20 nm, thng hoc n vn hin ln trong tm thc ca chng ta ; v c ngi hng sng vi qu kh, vi nhng ni nim au kh, tuyt vng... Cc nh tng ca qu kh s khng mt i m n lun lun c ghi chp li, c lu gi li trong Tng thc, gi l k c. cng l "mt cun nht k m i u bn cng mang theo". y l l do ti sao kinh Nht D Hin ni :

"Qu kh khng truy tm, Tng lai khng c vng, Qu kh qua ri Tng lai th cha n Ch c php hin ti Tu qun chnh y"...

C th ni, vng cnh (qu kh) v vin cnh (tng lai) hu nh chi phi 90% i sng ca con ngi. Nh th c ngha l con ngi nh mt cuc sng tht s (by gi v y) ca mnh cho cc nui tic qu kh v c vng tng lai. V y l mi lin h thng xuyn ca thc v thc ti o (i cht cnh).

3/ thc v c nh cnh

Nh trnh by, c nh cnh l nh tng do thc to ra, n khng c trong thc ti v khng lin h g n thc ti. T d, trong chim bao, ta thy cc nng tin n hi hoa cho mnh, thy cc thin thn h tr mnh, thy cc s th m i thng mnh

cha bao gi thy, v n thc cht cng cha bao gi c. Hoc cc nh tng hi ha ca trng phi siu thc (Surealism), cc nh tng siu hnh (Metaphysical) v.v... u thuc v sng to ca thc c lp, n l bn cht ca c nh cnh (nh tng khng c trong thc ti). y l ni dung ca cc mi lin h gia thc v thc ti.

IV.2.5 Bn cht v hin tng ca thc

Ni n bn cht v hin tng ca thc cng l ni chung cho c tm thc. V ngay t u, tm thc c cp nh l mt tng th bt kh phn ly, gi chung l tm thc hay tm thc. Tuy nhin, y s th c tp ch vo thc ca cc chc nng hot ng ca n m thi.

S hin hu ca thc l do nng vo cn v trn cnh m sinh khi ; do , n sinh v dit ty theo nhn duyn. Thc t thn n vn l s biu hin, m biu hin l biu hin t ci g ; cho nn i vi thc, ch c s hoc l biu hin, hoc l khng biu hin ch khng c khi nim "bt u v kt thc". V li, bn thn ca s biu hin l phn bit, tc l ci ny khc ci kia. Chnh s phn bit hay ni chung l "biu bit" (Vikalpa), l bn cht ca thc.

Mt khc, biu bit th lun lun phi c s biu bit (ch th hay kin phn) v ci c biu bit (i tng hay tng phn). Hai yu t ny nng ta vo nhau v sinh ra mt biu bit - tc mt nhn thc. Nh vy, nhn thc bao gi cng phi c ch th nhn thc (subject), i tng c nhn thc (object), khng th thiu mt trong hai. V do , mt c trng khc ca biu bit cn phi bn n l : t biu v cng biu.

T biu l biu hin ring ca chnh n, cng biu l biu hin chung v n. iu ny tng t nh khi nim "tre-en-soi" v "tre-pour-soi" ca J.P. Sartre trong Hin sinh thuyt. (74)

T d con c trong h chng hn, n vn c mt i sng ring ca n, n tung tng bi li, n vy ui n bun (C bun th c vy ui, ngi bun cnh c ngc xui cng bun), n s b "nu canh" v.v... Nhng, qua nhn thc ca anh chng ngh s, ca nh sinh vt hc v ca ch u bp th con c hon ton khc nhau... Cng nh th, nc i vi c l tt c s sng, nhng i vi con ngi n ch l "mt phn tt yu ca i sng". l tnh cch t biu v cng biu ca Vikalpa (biu bit). Tng t, khng gian, thi gian, bn i (t, nc, gi, la), v v.v... tt c u l biu bit ca thc. Khi hi iu kin (nhn duyn) th n biu hin, v khi cha duyn th n n tng. V do , i vi hin hu (cc php) khng th ni l n hay i, khng hay c.

Tm li, bn cht v hin tng, con ngi v th gii, t thn v tha nhn, t biu v cng biu, c nhn v cng ng... tt c l mt tng th ca "Duyn khi". Ni theo ngn ng ca Hoa Nghim, tt c u mang ngha "tng tc" (interbeing), "tng nhp" (interpenetration) hay "Mt l tt c, tt c l Mt". Trong thc ca ta c c thc ca cng ng (collective consciousness" (khi nim ca Jung) v ngc li, trong thc ca cng ng cng c thc ca ta v.v...

Trn y l phn trnh by i cng v thc - i tng chnh ca tm l gio dc Pht gio. Ngha l thc ng mt vai tr v cng quan trng trong tin trnh gio dc, gip cho con ngi vn n mt s ton tri (gic ng). thc l ngi cm uc soi sng cho ton th ngi nh tm thc v th gii hin tng khch quan. V ch c nh sng ca thc mi c th em li cho cuc i ca chnh mi con ngi mt i sng hiu bit tht s. Tuy nhin, nn nh rng thc l v ng v khng vnh hng, ch trt t mt ci v ngt xu l thc bng tiu. Nhng g cn li y l ht ging, tp kh v nghip nm trong lng Tng thc, ngay c khi thn th ny yn gic nghn thu. Do , con ngi s mi mi chm m trong th gii lun hi ti sinh ; v con ngi s tht s gii thot - gic ng khi v ch khi no mi ht ging nhim, mi tp kh trn lao, v mi nghip thc cu u, bt thin khng cn hin hu trong lng Tng thc.

IV.2.6 Con ng gio dc truyn thng ca Pht gio

Con ng gio dc truyn thng ca Pht gio xuyn sut 25 th k qua k t thi c Pht (563-483 B.C) cho n nay bao gi cng c t trn nn tng ca Gii hc (Adhisla - sikkh), nh hc (Adhicitta - sikkh) v Tu hc (Adhipann sikkha).

Gii hc l nhng mn hc v gii lut hay c s ca lun l o c Pht gio, bao gm cc gii iu c th nh 5 gii, 10 gii v.v... ty theo i tng c th nh Pht t ti gia v tu s... Tuy nhin, cc gii iu v mt hnh thc c xem nh l qui tc m phm, nhng tiu chun v gi tr o c; do n thng mang tnh cht khun mu, c l. Nhng v mt bn cht, gii php l ci ngun ca o l, l nng lng nui sng sinh mng tu gic ca nh Pht. c Pht dy : "Bao lu gii lut cn th Pht php cn". V nh th, bn cht ca gii php khng phi ch l nhng g c th hin qua cc gii iu m n cn i xa hn na, l nhng ht ging thanh tnh nm trong chiu su ca tm thc. Nh vy, Gii hc cng l mn hc i vo tm thc, kho st v thanh lc (trch php) cc ht ging nhim v pht trin cc ht ging thanh tnh trong tm thc ca con ngi.

nh hc l mn hc i vo iu phc cc tm hnh hay cn gi l thc. S iu phc nhm mc ch hng dn con ngi i ra khi cc ri lon ca i sng tm l, v xa hn l th nhp chn l-thc ti, gii thot kh au ngay ti i sng ny. nh hc, ni cho l thin nh bao gm cc phng tin, th cch khc nhau nh thin qun - nng v t duy, v thin ch - nghing v iu phc hi th, thn v tm. Tuy nhin, i tng chnh ca s thin nh l lm cho tm trong sch (t tnh k ) ; cho n khi no tm c thanh tnh ngha l khi hnh gi t c s gic ngton tri. Tin trnh i n s gic ng c c Pht dy r qua t Thin, cu nh:

(1) Ly sanh h lc, (2) nh sanh h lc, (3) Ly h diu lc, (4) X nim thanh tnh, (5) Khng v bin x, (6) Thc v bin x, (7) V s hu x, (8) Phi tng phi phi tng x, v (9) Dit th tng nh.

Tu hc l mn hc i vo tr tu (wisdom). Tr tu c pht sinh t chnh kin (Right view) v chnh t duy (Right thinking), tc l nhn ng s tht v t duy

ng s tht. V tr tu cao nht l tr tu v ng hay tr tu v phn bit nh c cp trong trit hc Duy thc.

T nhng chi tit trn, ta thy rng Gii-nh-Tu d c biu hin di nhng hnh thi khc nhau; song, c ba u qui v mt mc ch duy nht l lm cho tm thc tr nn thanh tnh, trong sch. y l im nht qun, c c trong ton b cc h thng gio dc Pht gio. V nu "o" c nh ngha l "Con ng" v "Pht" c nh ngha l "con ngi gic ng", th o Pht chnh l "con ng a con ngi i n gic ng" ; y l ni dung ca con ng gio dc Pht gio. Tt nhin, mc tiu l nh th, song con ng i n mc tiu th khng th ging nhau. Cng nh tt c mi ngi u mang giy, nhng khng th c mt i giy no c th c dng chung cho tt c mi ngi. l v mi ngi c mt ci nghip c nhn ca ring mnh. Cng v l do ny nn c Pht dng n "phng tin" nh con thuyn a ngi sang sng. V th, ni n gio dc l phi ni n phng tin gio dc, tc l cc iu kin cn thit dy v hc ; cc dng c, thit b kho cu, th nghim ; cc ng hng, bin php c th v.v... nhm gip con ngi nm bt v gii quyt cc vn trong cuc sng hin thc.

Cng vy, i vi Pht gio, cc hnh thc sinh hot nh hc hnh, nim Pht, tng kinh, hay thin nh v.v... cho n cc sinh hot bnh thng nh qut nh, gnh nc, b ci... u c xem nh l phng tin iu phc v thanh lc thn tm ca t thn v cho tha nhn. Mi hnh thc khc d mang danh ngha Pht gio v c biu hin nh th no i na m khng hng n cc mc tiu trn th hon ton i ngc li vi tinh thn Pht gio.

IV.2.7 Tinh thn gio dc Pht gio

Gio dc thng c biu hin qua cc mi trng nht nh nh gia nh, hc ng v x hi. V tinh thn gio dc lun lun c th hin qua cc mi tng quan hai chiu ca s truyn th v khch l gia thy v tr, gia cha m v con ci v.v... Do , trc ht gio dc phi c xem l mi quan h song phng (Bileteral relation) ; v trong mi quan h song phng , tm thc ca ngi hc tr l trung tm im ca gio dc.

Gio dc, theo tinh thn Pht gio ni chung v Duy thc hc ni ring, l con ng nh thc thc t gic ca mi ngi v gip cho thc t gic vn n s trc nhn v th nghim chn l bng th cch nng ng v sng to ca chnh n trong mt tng th hi ha gia con tim v tr tu.

y, mi c th c xem nh l ch nhn ca hnh phc v kh au, khng ai khc ngoi con ngi chnh n phi hon ton chu trch nhim v kho tng tm thc ca mnh. Trong kho tng tm thc y c cha y cc ht ging ca thin v c, ca a ngc v Nit bn, ca trn th v siu th... Cho n vic gieo trng v lm cho sinh khi hay loi tr v hy dit cc ht ging ca tm thc v.v..., u do thc ca c th quyt nh. Nh th, mi ngi sau khi nhn thc s tht v ngun gc ca kh au v hnh phc, hy t chn cho mnh mt i sng, mt sinh mnh theo mun ca mnh. y, qua lng knh ca Duy thc v Pht gio ni chung, khng c mt ng quyn nng no hay mt k siu nhn no c th ng tr v chi phi sinh mnh ca con ngi ngoi thc ca chnh con ngi y. Cng khng c mt ng lc siu nhin no c th ban thng hay trng pht con ngi, cng nh khng c mt quyn uy no ti thng hn quyn uy ca tm thc trong con ngi chnh n. Ngay c cc khi nim nh nghip, nghip thc, tp kh v.v... tt c u do thc ca mi c th to nn. Nghip (Karma) l ci sinh mnh thc hu, hin tin m i u con ngi cng mang theo. Nhng Nghip l g ? c Pht dy : "Nghip l hnh ng c tc " (volitional action), hay hnh ng c pht sinh t tm thc ; v Ngi dy r rng : "Con ngi l ch nhn ca nghip, l k tha t nghip. Nghip l quyn thuc, l thai tng m t con ngi c sinh ra".

Nh th, tinh thn gio dc Pht gio l tinh thn nh thc con ngi v tr con ngi v vi chnh n. y, thc ca mi c th bao gi cng ng vai tr trung tm trong cc lnh vc ca i sng.

Stanley Hall - mt nh tm l hc ngi M - v hc tr ca ng l John Dewey - mt nh trit hc thc dng - l nhng ngi xng mt phng php gio dc mi ti M nhng nm cui th k 19 v u th k 20. Theo quan im ca phng php gio dc mi m Hall v Dewey bt - mt thi thnh hnh v vn cn nh hng n nn gio dc ca M cho n ngy nay - th "s tin trin ca tm l con ngi pht sinh t bn trong m ra. Nh vy, s tin trin y khng phi nh s thc y

bn ngoi m c. V gio dc phi ly a tr lm khi im, phi cn c trn tm l ca n ch khng phi l ca ngi dy n, phi da vo nng lc v nhu cu ca mi a tr, phi ly k lut t gic lm phng tin, a tr l trung tm im ca hc ng" (75).

V th gii ca tm l trong gio dc, Dewey cho rng : "Tm l ca tr con khng phi l mt tinh th (systme statique) c ng yn mi mt ch, gi mt mc, m n l mt "ng lc" din tin khng ngng" (76). Vi ng, ci m gi l bn ng thc cht khng g khc hn l tin trnh hot ng (Le moi c'est de l'activit). N l mt ngun nng lng tim tng trong tm thc v lun lun hot ng tm cch th hin "ci chn tnh" ca n, v tin trnh hot ng khng ngng c biu hin qua ba hnh thc : (1) ch (Volont), (2) Tri gic (Intelligence) v (3) Tnh tnh (caractire). V theo Dewey, gio dc chnh l s o luyn tnh tnh. Ngha l trc ht, gio dc gip ci ng lc sn c trong tm tr ca mi ngi, pht ng v ku gi n ci ng lc nguyn sinh ca con ngi, ri sau , hng dn n pht trin v thch ng ha vi x hi.

Sau cng Dewey kt lun nh sau : "Gio dc khng phi l mt cng vic dy ch, dy ting, m trc ht l cho tr sng, hot ng theo tin pht ca chng, theo ting p ca con tim chng trong mt bu khng kh thun tin, cho c c th, tm tnh v tr tu ca chng dung dng v ny n iu ha. Gio dc c ngha l hc, nhng hc nh s sng v trong s sng (apprendre par la vie et dans la vie)"(77). V t , Dewey ra cc nguyn tc gio dc nh : (1) Nguyn tc gio dc ng pht sinh" (pdagogie gntique), (2) "Nguyn tc s phm c nng" (pdagogie fonctionnelle) v (3) "Nguyn tc thc x hi". (78)

T nhng dn d trn, chng ta thy rng t nht mt vi gc no v thc t gic, v tm thc hay cc tim lc tm l v.v..., nn gio dc hin i bt gp tinh thn gio dc ca Pht gio, mt tinh thn t ch, t gic, nng ng, sng to... trong gio dc m c Pht truyn dy cho cc v thnh t ca Ngi cch y hn 26 th k.

Phn V : Kt Lun v Ti liu Tham chiu

Qua phn trnh by v Tm l hc v tm l gio dc Pht gio trn c s ca h thng tm thc c thuyt minh bi 30 bi tng Duy thc ca Vasubandhu, cc phn tch v tm thc ca Bch php minh mn lun, (bi Vasudbandhu) v Nhip lun ca Asanga, cng nh mt s t tng trong kinh tng v lun th ca i tha, chng ta c th i n mt s kt lun sau :

1- Duy thc hc l tm l hc Pht gio, v ni dung ca n tp trung kho st, nghin cu v phn tch t cc hin tng tm l cho n ci bn cht ca cc hin tng tm l . Mt khc, Duy thc hc cng cp n con ng c th pht trin tm thc v lm cho tm thc con ngi i ra mi ri lon, bt an, au kh t n mt s ton tri cao nht - tc l chng c gic ng - Nit bn nh c trnh by c th trong nm a v ca Duy thc.

2- L do phn tch c th cc c tnh, hin tng, bn cht, trng thi v cc mi lin h v.v..., ca tm thc trong trit hc Duy thc l gip con ngi nhn thc r rng cc yu t ca tm thc nh phin no, cn bn ca phin no, tm thin, tm bt thin, tm s tc v.v... Qua , mi ngi t nhn thc r rng ci cn ca kh au v hnh phc, ca thc ti o v thc ti nh thc... V cng t , mi ngi t kin to cho mnh mt sinh mnh (chnh bo) v cuc i (y bo) an lc, hnh phc tht s.

3- im c o ni bt nht ca Duy thc hc cng nh im khc bit c bn gia Duy thc hc v cc h thng tm l hc Ty phng l Tng thc.

Tng thc, nh trnh by, l mt tng th va l nn tng, va l nh cao ca ton b trit hc Duy thc, cng nh con ng khi u v kt thc ca mt tin trn h tm l t cung si, ngu mui n thnh tr-tu gic v thng ; y c trnh by c th qua hai gc : nhn thc v hnh ng. Trc ht, mi ngi cn phi c

gio dc, c nh thc nhn din r rng tt c hin hu trn cuc i ny t cc hin tng tm l th kch, nh bun, gin, yu, thng n cc hin hu ca th gii siu thc, nh v tng nh, dit tn nh ; v thm ch ngay c th gii thc ti khch quan vi mun ngn d bit a th v.v... tt c u l biu hin ca Tng thc. Cho n ci gi l nhn tnh, ng tnh, ci tp kh nng hun v s hun... thc cht cng ch l nhng tc nng v biu hin ca Tng thc. Tng thc l mt dng sng ang tri chy, do mi tc nng v biu hin ca n d c biu th di bt k hnh thc no cng khng th gi l c "mt ng tnh vnh hng-bt t".

Trong khi , cc h thng tm l hc phng Ty hoc l ch dng li thc t ng, hoc l i xa hn - mt vng v thc nh nhng khi nim ca Freud v Jung. Nhng khi i din vi cc vn thng thit, bc bch ca con ngi nh : kht vng ca tnh dc, kht vng ca con tim, kht vng ca thc v.v... th cc h thng tm l y ra nhng "ting gi" t bn nng (Id), t t ng, t siu ng... V, hng gii quyt cc vn thng thit y khng cn cch no khc hn l i vo mt gii php "bo ha", hoc "p ng nhu cu" - tc chiu theo "ting gi" ca thc - t ng.

Sau cng v ngc li, con ng i v pha trc ca Pht gio l con ng ca tr tu - ngha l sau khi nhn thc r v chn l, con ngi hoc l theo chn l i n mt thc ti-ton tri (gic ng), hoc l s mi mi m chm trong cn kht vng trn th ang thiu t. y l s thch v i nht ca nhn loi trc vin cnh ca Chn nh v tc ly. Tuy nhin, nn nh rng : "Nit bn sinh t th khng hoa".

4- im c bn ca s ging nhau v khc nhau trong tm l hc Pht gio v tm l hc hin i l ch : v mt ging nhau, c hai h thng tm l hc u tp trung nghin cu, kho st cc vn tm l, cc hin tng v din tin ca tm l - ngha l cng hng v s nhn thc ca con ngi, tc l thc. Tuy nhin, trong khi Pht gio qua trit l ca mnh soi sng ci t tnh v tnh (Nihsvabhava) ca con ngi v th gii - c ngha l "Tt c u v ng - Anatta". Ngc li, tm l hc hin i n lc xy dng hc thuyt ca mnh theo ting gi ca bn nng dc vng, ca thc t ng ... v do phi lin tc i din cc vn nng bng ca cc mu thun ni ti gia kht vng ca t ng v thc x hi, thc o l - ngha l "con tim" v "khi c" lin tc nh nhau. V cng t , con ngi vi thc t ng cho rng y l Ti (I), y l ci ca Ti (mine), y l ci t ng ca Ti (myself) v chp th, bm vu vo ci ti, ci ca ti, v ci t ng ca ti, ngh rng l thng ti

vnh hng. V th, do chp th vo t ng, m say vo t ng m con ngi thng xuyn ri vo t khng hong ny n khng hong khc, l cc khng hong ca con tim v l tr...

5- Quan nim v con ngi : Di lng knh ca Duy thc hc, con ngi khng phi l mt sinh th c lp, mt con ngi c th, hay mt sinh vt x hi nh quan im ca trit hc Ty phng ; cng khng phi l mt phn ca bn th i ng (Brahman), nh trit hc n c i ; cng khng phi l hin hu t v vi, hay nguyn l vn hnh ca m dng nh trit hc Trung Hoa. Con ngi theo Pht gio, trc ht l mt biu hin t Tng thc, bao gm y cc nhn duyn (a, thy, ha, phong, khng, thi, phng, thc) v xut hin nh mt tng th bt kh phn ly ca nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh, thc) ; v bn cht ca con ngi khng g khc hn l mt tch hp ca nhn duyn cng vi dng nghip thc. Nu c mt y cc nhn duyn m thiu vng dng nghip thc (hay Kit sinh thc) th con ngi khng th hnh thnh nh mt sinh vt bit t duy, c tri gic, bit sng to v c con tim yu thng...; m tri li, con ngi thiu vng dng nghip thc s l tng v tri, khng th gio dc, un nn, o luyn c. Nhng Nghip y l g ? Nh trnh by, l cc ht ging, cc tp kh, cc to tc trong chiu su ca tm thc. Ni khc i, nghip chnh l t duy v hnh ng ca chnh mi con ngi, l cc nghip thin, c (v v k). Con ngi, trn i trn th, to nghip (nhn) g th phi gnh chu nghip (qu) . Hnh ng, t duy v to tc ca ta nh mt th tri khon c vay mn, v mt ngy no n phi c tr li cho tri ch - tc l con ngi chnh n. Nh th, s hiu bit, nhn thc ng n v Nghip (Karma) s gip bn thot khi li m hoc ca cc "ng" to ha, quyn nng, ng tr, chi phi sinh mnh ca chnh bn. V t , bn hy t chn cho mnh mt hng i.

6- Con ng tu tp ca Duy thc : Mc ch ca Duy thc c lp ra l gip con ngi tin n mt s chuyn y - mt thay i trn vn ton b c cu tm thc ca con ngi. l ci c cu c thit lp bi dc vng, chp th, tham i, bi cc xung nng tnh dc, hin hu v khng hin hu v.v... V con ng chuyn y c Nhip Lun ca Asanga nh r qua su bc : (1) Th nht l do cng nng hin qun thin nh, do cc lc Thng gii (s hiu bit - tr tu) trong giao tip (a vn) hun tp, v do c s h thn nn cc phin no c suy gim v mt phn bng tiu. y l s chuyn y bng cch qui gim sc mnh v tng thm kh nng. (2) Th hai l s chuyn y bng thng t. Ring i vi cc v B Tt vo i a (t s a n lc a), sc mnh ca s chuyn y chnh l "i mt" nhn cuc i hin hu. , ci chn tht c hin th, cn ci phi chn tht th khng hin th.

(3) Th ba l chuyn y bng s tu tp (t tht a n thp a). a v ny ch c chn l hin th cn cc nh tng ca chn l th khng. Ngha l B Tt c kh nng thu th (hay nhn xuyn sut) ton chn php gii. (4) Th t l chuyn y bng th tnh thanh tnh vin mn. y, B Tt tung tng gia dng i sinh t phiu bt ny m khng cn bt k mt chng ngi no ; y l s t n chn l ti hu cu cnh, tc gic ng gii thot ton din. (5) Th nm l s chuyn y ca hng Thanh Vn - l s ch t n nhn khng - V ng. V (6) th su l s chuyn y ca B Tt - S thng t c Nhn khng - V ng v Php khng - V ng. Hai s chuyn y th nm v th su ch l cch phn loi theo quan nim v Mahayana (i tha) v Hinayana (Tiu tha). Nh th cch trnh by v su bc chuyn y ca Asanga c Vasubhandhu h thng ha li thnh nm a v Duy thc, l : t lng, gia hnh, thng t, tu tp v cu cnh.

7- Th gii quan ca Duy thc c nhn bng i mt "nhn duyn". T con ngi n th gii s vt hin tng tt c u l hin hu ca nhn duyn ; v khi nim Duy thc tc l khi nim "Nhn duyn". Theo Asanga, tt c hin hu lun lun c bn nhn duyn : (1) Nhn duyn, (2) S duyn, (3) Tng thng duyn v (4) ng v gin duyn. y Duy thc chnh l Nhn duyn. Nh th, trong tt c cc lnh vc t tm l n vt cht, mt s th nu mun nh hnh phi y bn nhn duyn. c bit trong lnh vc gio dc, bn nhn duyn ny chnh l nguyn tc c bn ca s thit lp mt ng hng gio dc tt nht i vi con ngi. T bn nhn duyn ny, th gii v con ngi c xem nh l mt tng th ca cc mi quan h v hng lot cc gi tr tng quan ln nhau, tt c u iu kin ha ln nhau, nh mun loi vn vt khng th sng v sinh trng m thiu nng lng trong tng tia nng ca mt tri.

Phn ch thch

(1) Khi nim cng ngh hin nay bao gm 4 yu t c bn:

a) Technoware (k ngh my mc) -> Technology

b) Humanware (k ngh con ngi) -> Human being

c) Inforware (k ngh thng tin) -> Information

d) Organware (k ngh t chc) -> Organization.

V, s vn hnh ca cng ngh bt buc phi din ra theo hai qui lut :

1- Trade-off (nh i) v 2- Opportunity cost (chi ph c hi).

(2) Theo kinh t gia Jeremy Rifkin, Ch tch Hi ng Kinh t Washington th thi i hin ti l thi i ca robot v computer. T nm 1960, lc lng lao ng c xanh (blue collar) l 33%, nhng hin nay ch cn 17%, v tnh n nm 2025 s cn li 2%. n lc , cc qun tr gia bc trung (white collar), th k (secretary), tip tn (receptionist), tip th (marketing)... u b loi, (t liu ca Newsweek 1995).

(3) Xem Kinh t chnh tr hc (tp I)

Nguyn Vn Lun, Trng i hc Tng hp TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.

(4) Quan nim ca cc nh tm l hc nh Freud, Malinowski, Maslow, Erich Fromn... xem *"Escape From Freedom", Erich Fromn, Reinhart and company, Inc., 1941. *"Mother - Right and The Sexual Ignorance of Savages", Ernest Jones, 1925. *"Methods in Social Science", Stuart, edited by A. Rice, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1931 (phn A - Hypothesis Rooted in the Preconceptions of a Single Civilization - Tested by Bronislaw Malinowski ca Harold D. Lasswell.

(5) Kinh Dhammapada, cc hnh (formations), cc php (existences) u l cu trc ca t duy hu ng, v c dng ln bi tri gic sai lm (vng tng). Nhng hin hu (php) trong tm l v cu trc ca tm l l v thng, v ng; hay ni c th hn l sc (rpa) v tm (citta) l v thng, v ng (xem ni dung phn sau).

(6) Xem "The Concept of Personality Revealed through The Pancanikaya, tr 006, (bn photo), 1996.

(7) Jean Paul Sartre (1905-?) mt nh t tng hin sinh c xem l c t tng gn gi nht vi Pht gio. Nhng kim tho tm l hc ca ng nh "tre-pour-soi" (hin hu cho n) v "tre-en-soi" (hin hu chnh n), hay "hin hu c trc ng th" (existence preceedes essence) v.v... l cn bn ca trit hc hin sinh. V iu cng cho thy s khc bit cn bn ca hin sinh thuyt v Pht gio (ch trng V ngAnatta, v Trung o- Majjhim-patipad). Tuy nhin, im tng ng ca Sartre vi Pht gio l "Con ngi phi hon ton chu trch nhim v t duy v hnh ng ca chnh mnh". (xem 100 Great Thinkers, J.E. Greene, Washington Square Press, New York, 1967).

(8) i tng ca tm l hc (Psychology) l nghin cu cc s kin tm l, cn o c hc (Ethics) nhm n xc nh cc bn phn, trch nhim, v cc vn thin, c.

V quan im nghin cu, tm l hc l khoa hc m t, kim tho i sng tm l, cn o c hc th hng n vic tc thnh cc qui phm, qui tc qua , nu con ngi tun th th s t n nhng iu thin.

(9) "Owner of their Karma are the beings, heirs of their karma, the karma is their womb from which they are born, their karma is their friend, their refuge. Whatever karma they perform, good or bad, there of they will be the heirs" (Majjhima Nikaya 135).

(10) Theo t chc NCEA, nm 1996 xp loi v nh gi cc nc c mi trng b suy gim nh sau :

1- Php : 41,2% 2 - Canada : 38,1%

3- M : 22,1% 4 - Nht Bn : 19,1%

5- Ty c : 16,5% 6 - Thy in : 15,5%

7- Anh : 14,3% 8 - H Lan : 11,4%

9- an Mch : 10,6%. V M l nc x rc nhiu nht trn th gii : 180 triu tn /nm. ng Alparvovtz, Ch tch NCEA tuyn b rng : "Do mc pht trin thp ca nn kinh t nn hu qu l nh vy, nu pht trin hn na th mc nguy him cng tng". (NCEA's report, 1996 ti Hi ngh mi trng - America).

(11) Thng qua hiu ng nh knh (do Dioxide de carbone), b Algela Merket, B trng Mi trng c cho rng, nu khng gim 60% kh t, du la, than ..., th n nm 2100, mc nc bin s tng ln 1m, lm mt din tch sinh sng ca 94 triu ngi. V vn ny, b tuyn b : "Chng ta ang cng i trn mt chuyn tu".

(12) Trung B kinh I. 87, trong "Some Teachings of Lord Buddha on Peace and Human Dignity", Thch Minh Chu, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1995, tr. 40.

(13) "He who builds up such imaginations, he is equal, he is superior, he is inferior to me. Such imaginations will lead to quarrels ! He who is unshaken by there three fancies, to him, there will be no equality, no superiority". (Samyutta Nikya. i. 12)

(14) "Victory engenders hatred ! Defeat brings up suffering ! He who gives up victory and defeat, with serenity, he enjoys happiness". (Samyutta Nikya. I. 102)

* Trch dn ca Thch Minh Chu, trong "Some Teachings of Lord Buddha on Peace and Human Dignity", VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1995, tr. 40-51.

(15) Xem biu ca 3 h thng trn phn sau (phn biu ).

(16) Asanga, Lun s l v T th 20 dng Thin n . Vasubandhu, Lun s l v T th 21 dng Thin n .

(17) Trc Aristote khong 200 nm, c Pht (563-483 B.C.) trnh by mi lin h ca 5 un (Skandhas) v 12 nhn duyn hay Duyn khi (paticcasamupda), tc l mi tng duyn khng th tch ri gia con ngi v th gii rt c th trong Nikya. (xem : 100 Great Thinkers, J.E. Greene, Washington Square Press, Newyork, 1967).

(18) Xem "T in Trit hc", nh xb i hc & Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1987

- "Culture and Personality", J.J. Honigman, Harper & Bros, NY, 1952.

- "Handbook of Social Psychology", Gardner Lindzey (ch bin), 2 vols, AddisionWesley, Cambridge, 1954.

- "Social Psychology", Robert E.L. Faris, Ronald Press, Newyork, 1952.

(19) Xem "Tm l hc kinh doanh v qun tr", Nguyn Vn L, Nxb Tr, TP. H Ch Minh, 1994.

- "An Outline of Psychoanalysis", Sigmund Freud, Norton, Newyork, 1949.

- "Sociology", Leonard Broom, and Philip Selzick, Peterson and Company, Evanston, Illinois, USA, 1958.

(20) "Personality can be described as the psychological characteristics that both determine and reflect how a person will respond to his or her environment". Trch dn ca Nguyn Vn L trong "Psychology of Business and Administration", Nxb Tr, 1994, tr. 58.

(21) Xem "L-gch hc v phng php nghin cu khoa hc", L T Thnh Nxb Tr, TP. H Ch Minh, 1993.

- Tp san Trit hc v t tng, s 1-2, San Jose, 1996.

(21) "Mind Self and Society", George H. Mead, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1943.

(22) "Sociology", Leonard Broom & Philip Selznick, Peterson and Company, Evanston, Illinois, USA, 1958.

(23) Bn dch : X hi hc, Trung tm nghin cu VN, Ban tu th Din Hng, Si Gn, 1962.

(24) Mind Self and Society,..., tr. 140.

(25) X hi hc ....., tr. 118

(26) Ibid..., tr. 119-120.

(27) Xem "An Outline of Psychoanalysis", Sigmund Freud, Norton, Newyork, 1949.

(28) T in trit hc gin yu, Nxb i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip , H Ni, 1987, tr.267.

(29) Sociology ..., tr. 111

(30) Ibid, tr. 113

(31) Xung nng (pulsion), l nhng xung lc mang tnh nng ng lun lun thi thc thc tm kim s tha mn cho cc nhu cu sinh l c bn nh : n ung, sinh dc... Sinh dc hay nhc dc (khoi lc xc tht) nu khng c tha mn, th c th dng nng lng u t cho cc hot ng vn ha, s kin ny c gi l thng hoa

(Sublimation). Ngc li, nhc dc nu khng gii quyt c s to thnh cc bnh l nh : dn nn (repression) mc cm (oedipe), d tn (truculent), qui k (eyocentric), thm lng (inhibited), a cm (hypermotivit) v.v..

(32) Theories of Personality, Calvin. H. Hall and Gardner Lindzey, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 1991.

- Handbook of Social Psychology, 2 vols, Gardner Lindzey, Cambridge, Addision Wesley, 1954.

(33) c thm "Tm l bnh nhn", A.V. Kvaxenco, Ju. G. Dubarep, Nxb Mir, Maxcva, H Ni, 1986.

(34) Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromn, Reinhart and Company, Inc, 1941.

(35) Tm l hc qun tr, kinh doanh, Nguyn Vn L, Nxb Tr, 1994, tr. 72 -73.

(36) "The Role of Dominance in the Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates : III. A. Theory of Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates", A.H. Maslow, Jouraual of Genetic Psychology, 48 (1936), 310-38.

(37) Sociology,..., tr 103

(38) Tm l hc kinh doanh v qun tr,..., tr. 73.

(39) Xem ch thch s (7).

(40) Xem "Tm hiu nhn sinh quan Pht gio". Thch Tm Thin, THPG TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1995.

- Lc s Pht gio n , Thch Thanh Kim, THPG TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1989.

(41) Tiu tha Pht gio t tng lun, Kimura Taiken, Thch Qung dch, Tu th i hc Vn Hnh, Sign, 1959, tr. 37, (b mi in).

(42) Ibid, tr. 36-45 (b mi)

(43) Ibid, tr. 42-43.

(44) Ngi Ca a Din Ni T, mt ngi tinh thng Tam tng ra i sau Pht khong 300 nm, ngi c xem l thy t ca Thng Ta b qua tc phm Pht tr lun. (Xem Lc s Pht gio n , Thch Thanh Kim, THPG TP. H Ch Minh, TP.HCM, 1989, tr. 90.

(45) y l hai b lun trung tm ca Hu b lc by gi.

(46) V nin i ra i ca cc v Lun s ny vo khong t u th k II n cui th k th IV.

(Xem : Lc s Pht gio n , Thch Thanh Kim..., tr. 135-136)

(47) Xem thm : Lc s Pht gio n - Sd, tr. 116.

(48) Ibid, tr. 165-166.

(49) Tng truyn B Tt Di Lc (Maitreya) ti cung tri Tusita ng xung ging ng Ayodhya, Trung n, nc Magadha ging v Duy thc cho ngi Asanga sut 4 thng - Sd, tr. 176.

(50) Trong cc lun th trn, Cu x lun thuc v gio ngha ca Hinayana, Duy thc tam thp tng v nh thp tng thuc v Mahayana.

(51) Khng phi l ngi A Nu a La thi c Pht.

(52) Thng php tp yu lun, Thch Minh Chu dch, 2 quyn, Tu th vin i hc Vn Hnh, Sign, 1971 (ti bn).

(53) Xem Trng B kinh, bn dch ca Thch Minh Chu, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1993.

(54) Xem i cng Cu x lun, Thch Thin Siu, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.

(55) c thm : "Tiu tha & i tha Pht gio t tng lun", Kimura Taiken, Thch Qung dch, Tu th i hc Vn Hnh, SiGn, 1959.

- "i cng Cu x lun", Thch Thin Siu, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.

(55) Xem "Ging lun Duy Biu Hc" (Tm l hc Pht gio), Nht Hnh, L Bi, TP. H Ch Minh, 1996, tr.13.

(56) Xem "L thuyt khoa gio v con ngi qua t tng Gandavyaha (Hoa Nghim), Thch Tm Thin, TP.H Ch Minh, 1996.

(57) Treatise in Thirty Verses on Mere-Conciousness; Swati Ganguly, Motilal Banarsifdass Publishers, Private limited, Delhi, First Edition1992.

(58) Xem "Vn c bn ca trit hc Pht gio", Thch Tm Thin, BVHTW.GHPGVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1997.

(59) Bch Php Minh Mn lun ca Vasubandhu, bn dch ca Ngi Huyn Trang.

(60) Xem Vn C bn ca Trit hc Pht gio Thch Tm Thin, BVHTW.GHPGVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1997

(61) "Einstein The Life and Time, Ronald W.Clark, Avon Books, World Publishing Company, Newyork, 1993.

(62 The Buddhist Teaching of Totality - (The Philosophy of Hwa Yen Buddhism) Garma C.C.Chang, The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 1989.

(63) Hua Yen Buddhism, The Jewel Net of Indra, Francis H.Cook, Sri Satguru Publications, New Delhi, 1994.

(64) Xem The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, edited by Ted Honderich, Oxford University Press Inc., Newyork 1995.

(65) Trong Pht gio thng cp n cc a (bhumi) v gii (dhatu) nh : tam gii (ba ci), bao gm :

1- Dc gii : cng gi l Ng th tp c (tri, ngi, a ngc, ng qu v sc sanh) ; hay th gii ca s ham mun, dc vng - gi l Karmadhatu (The realm of desire).

2- Sc gii : C 4 ci - s thin, nh thin, tam thin, v t thin - gi l Rupdhatu (The realm of existence).

3- V sc gii : C 4 ci : Khng v bin x, thc v bin x, v s hu x v phi tng phi phi tng x - gi l Arpadhatu (The realm of non-existence). Cng cc ci ca tam gii li gi l Cu hu - 9 cnh gii (worlds).

(66) Xem The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, edited by Ted Honderich, Oxford University Press Inc., Newyork, 1995, tr. 300-301.

(67) "Small is Beautiful", E.F. Schumacher, Harper & Row USA, 1989, tr. 84.

(68) Ibid, tr. 93.

(69) Ten New Direction for The 1990's Megatrends 2.000, John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene, William Morrow and Company, Inc., Newyork, 1990.

(70) "Small is Beautiful"...., tr. 100.

(71) "The Great Philosophers", Karl Jaspers, Harcourt, Brace & World, Newyork, 1962 (4 tp).

(72) 100 Great Thinkers, Dr J.E. Greene, Washington Square Press, Inc., Newyork, 1967, tr. XI.

(73) Vn ny c trnh by c th trong cc lun th v kinh tng i tha. Xem kinh Nit Bn, Trung Qun Lun v Bt Nh Tm Kinh.

(74) Xem "Vn c bn ca trit hc Pht gio", Thch Tm Thin, BVHT.GHPGVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1997.

(75) S phm l thuyt, Trn Vn Qu, Trung tm Hc liu, SiGn, 1963, tr. 104.

(76) Ibid, tr. 104.

(77) Ibid, tr. 105

(78) 1- Nguyn tc ng pht sinh : L s khch l tc ng - khi dng cho tm thc chy ra ch khng phi l nhi nht, p t nh rt nc vo thng.

2- Nguyn tc s phm c nng : L s xc tin, thc y ci tim lc ca tm l pht trin theo nhu cu ca cuc sng.

3- Nguyn tc thc x hi : L h qu ca nguyn tc s phm c nng.

ThMc Sch Tham Kho

* Ti liu Anh ng

1- Treatise in Thirty Verses on Mere- Consciousness, tr. by Swati Ganguly, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Private Limited, Delhi, 1992.

2- The Human Body, by The Reader's Digest Association Limited, London and Cape Town 1964

3- Buddhist Logic, by F. Th. Stcherbatsky, Dover Publications, Inc. Newyork, 1962.

4- Buddhist Thought in India, E. Conze, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962.

5- The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, T.R.V. Murti, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1960.

6- Buddhism and its relation to religion and science, R.G de S. Wettimung, M.D. Gunasena & Co., Ltd, Colombo, 1961.

7- Contemporary Indian Philosophy, edited by Radhakrishnan and J.H. Muirhead, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, Humanities Press Inc, Newyork, 1966.

8- The Concept of Personality Revealed Through The Pancanikaya (Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy) by Bhikshu Nguyen Hoi (Thch Chn Thin) Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 1995.

9- Sociology, by Leonard Broom and Philip Seiznick, Peterson and Company Evanston, Illnois, USA. 1962.

10- 100 Great Thinkers, Dr. J.E.Greene Washington Square Press, Inc, Newyork, 1967.

11- Process Metaphysic and Hua-yen Buddhism, Steve Odin, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi, 1995.

12- The Jewel Net of Indra, Francis Hi Cook, Sri Satguru Publications, India, 1994.

13- The Buddhist Teaching of Totality, Garma - C.C. Chang, The Pennsylvania State, University Press, London, 1989.

14- The Book of the Gradual Saying (Anguttara-Nikya) Mrs. Rhys Davids, Pali Test Society, London, 1960.

15- The Literature of the Personalists of early Buddhism, Thich Thien Chau, Vietnam Buddhist Research Institude, HCM.C, 1997.

16- Indian Philosophy, Radhakrishnan, Unwin Brothers Ltd, London, 1962.

17- The Perennial, Dictionary of World Religions, Keith Crim, General editor, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1989.

18. Buddhist Dictionary (Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines) Nyanatiloka, Frewin & Co., Ltd, Colombo, Ceylon, 1972.

19- The History of Buddhist Thought, E.J. Thomas, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1971.

20- The Samyutta Nikya, ed.M.L. Feer, Pali Test Society, London, reprinted 1969.

21- The Majjhima Nikya, ed.V. Trenekner & R. Chelmers, Pts, London, 1960.

22- The Digha Nikya, ed. T.W. Rhys Davids & J.E. Carpenter, Pts, London, 1960.

* Ti liu Vit ng

- Ti liu gc :

1- Duy thc tam thp tng, Thch Thin Hoa dch (trong Duy thc hc), THPGTP H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.

2- Nhip Lun, Tr Quang dch, NXB Thnh ph H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1995.

3- i tha khi tn lun, Tr Quang dch, NXB TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1994.

4- Kinh Gii Thm Mt, Tr Quang dch, NXB TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1994.

5- Thnh Duy thc lun, Thch Thin Siu dch, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1996.

6- Cu X lun, Thch Thin Siu dch, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1995.

7- Bch php minh mn lun, Thch Thin Hoa dch (trong duy thc hc), THPGTP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.

8- Thng php tp yu lun (Abhidhammatthasangaha), Thch Minh Chu, Vin i hc Vn Hnh, Sign, 1971.

9- i tr lun, cc bn dch (khng y ) ca Tr Hi, Diu Khng ... ti liu rono.

* Ti liu th yu

1- Ging lun Duy biu hc, Nht Hnh, L Bi, 1996.

2- Nghin cu kinh Lng Gi, D.T. Suzuki, Thch Chn Thin v Trn Tun Mn dch, GHPGVN, Ban GDTN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.

3- Tm l hc, Trn Bch Lan, Ngn Ng XB, Sign, 1969.

4- Tm l hc (Kinh doanh v Qun tr), GS. Nguyn Vn L, NXB Tr, 1994.

5- Tm l hc, Thi Tr Dng & Trn Vn Thin, Trng H Kinh t, TP. H Ch Minh, 1994.

6- S phm l thuyt, Trn Vn Qu, Trung tm Hc liu xb, Sign, 1968.

7- Trit tm l i cng, o Ph Th, Nguyn Quang Tuyn, Vit Anh, Lt.

8- T in trit hc, i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip xb, H Ni, 1987.