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Volume : 2, Issue-18, May: 2013

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l awyers line

- may - 2013

M PK F
Q:
Is there any rule to file case against Police officers? .my
house is in private plot and they shows that u r in different
plot.they got sum of amt from builder?

.
P, cF
guna@lawyersline.net

- S.Rajasekar, Mumbai

Ans:
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l awyers line

- may - 2013

19

Unfortunately, sometimes citizens feel that they are treated

unjustly or abused by the police and wish to file a complaint
against a police officer. This can sometimes be an intimidating task because if the officers friends are on staff, then the
person filing the complaint is scared of being harassed. You
can also file a complaint against a police officer by mail or
online, depending on your jurisdiction.

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Q:

Q:

Why cant the woman is karta of Hindu undivided family?

Ans:

What if a person goes to jail on IPC 498A, 506, 509. How

can
he come out of this cases ?
- A.Prameela, Coimbatore
- L.Chandru, Tharamani

Ans:
Prior to the Supreme Court judgement in Sahdeo Singh
He can apply u/sec.439 Cr.P.C.for bail in District or High
V/s Ramchabila Singh (1978) case in the Nagpur High Court,
that a mother, though not a coparcener in the joint family, Court or he can apply for regular bail in Magistrate Court.
was in the absence of adult male members competent to
act as Karta (manager) of the family and that her acts as a
Q:
manager if they are for legal necessity or the benefit to the
What is the procedure to have a bail in IPC 380 Case.?
estate, would be binding on the joint family. However, in the
- N.Kingsley, Trichy
said Supreme Court judgement, the honourable court held that
only a coparcener can be the Karta manager of a joint family.
Ans:
Since a widow or a mother is not a coparcener, she cannot be
If the accused now is not under custody then he can file
the manager of a joint family.
an anticipatory bail u/sec.438 cr.p.c. or if the accused is now
under custody then he can file a regular bail petition u/sec.439
cr.p.c. in District or High Court through lawyer.M:
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Q:
i am not legally divorced or separated. my husband and
I are on bad terms and we are going to get a divorce. He has
taken a lot of money out of our account today so I will not
have access to it. Is this fair? Can he take what he wants when
we are talking about getting a divorce?
- T.Sherley, Pondycherry

Ans:
Until there is a court order as to the division of marital
assets the account is marital property and either of you can
take what you require. The only way to prevent this is for
you to take the money and open your own personal account.
Whatever was taken will be counted in the overall marital assets of the divorce so at some point you will be able to recover
your half when the assets of the marriage are divided in the
final divorce. Theres simply nothing you can do until you
get a case filed and get a court order prohibiting him from
depleting marital assets. The courts will routinely issue orders
of this nature pending the final divorce. So if you can get the
money out and put it in a separate account you can protect
yourself until the court issues orders as to marital finances.

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C : 044 & 2365 0044
I: guna@lawyersline.net
20

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- may - 2013

Assessment of Compensation
in Motor Accident Claims
V.Sarojini, B.A., B.L.,
Advocate - Madras High Court

n order to give effective rights to the

person injured or expired in an accident,
Fatal Accidents Act, 1885 was enacted in
India. This Act provided only a procedure
and a right of named legal heirs to claim
compensation from the person committing negligence. This enactment has
worked in India for a comfortable long
period. Because of increase in automation and consequential losses of life and
property in accident, it was considered
that to give relief to the victims of accident
claims an effective law should be brought
in. To facilitate this, provisions have been
inserted for compulsory third party insurance and to provide a machinery of adjudication of claim in Motor Vehicle Act by
amending Act No.110 of 1956, by which
Section 93 to 109 with reference to third
party insurance and Section 110(A) to
110(F) with reference to creation of Motor
Accident Claims Tribunal and procedure
for adjudication of claim has been provided. Initially the liability was restricted to
a particular sum but after 1982 the liability of the Insurance Company has been
made unlimited and even the defences of
the Insurance Companies have been restricted so as to ensure payment of compensation to third parties.
In the year 1982 a new concept of
providing interim compensation on No
Fault basis have been introduced by addition of Section 92(A) to 92(E). By the
same amendment, relief has also been
given those persons who expire by hit
and run accidents, where the offending
vehicles are not identified.
In 1988 a new Motor Vehicle Act has
been introduced and in new Motor Vehicle Acts Chapter 10 provides for interim
award. Chapter 11 provides for insurance
of motor vehicle against third party risk
and Chapter 12 provides for the constitution of Claims Tribunal and adjudication
of claim and related matters. This law is
still in an era of serious changes.
Section 163A has been added in this
l awyers line

- may - 2013

Chapter by amending Act 54 of 1994

w.e.f. 14.11.94 whereby special provision as to payment of compensation on
structural formula basis has been provided. This provision is being introduced
to provide compensation to the third
party victims without proving negligence
or tortious act. Schedule-II has been appended to the Act to give such structural
formula. Honble Supreme Court has
held that award under Section 163A is
final, independent and not in addition of
award in claim petition under Section 166
where claim is sought on negligence basis. Thus, one can claim compensation in
either of the Section.
Section 165 provides the form of
constitution of Claim Tribunal in adjudging claims of compensation in respect of
accidents involving the death of bodily injury to persons arising out of the use of
Motor Vehicle. Being welfare legislation
the scope of this term has been widened
which includes accident by a stationery
vehicle, injuries suffered by passengers
in bomb blast, injuries due to fire in petrol
tanker. Murder in a motor vehicle has also
been covered as a motor accident.
Assessment of Claim:
The assessment of compensation,
however, be made good but cannot be
said to be foolproof. In every such assessment certain assumptions are to
be made and there is all possibility of
variance from Judge to Judge in applying
the various principles enunciated by the
Courts from time to time. Lord Viscount
Simon has evolved a method of assessment known as Nances method more
popularly as discounting method. The
another popular method, which is known
as Davis Method was evolved by Lord
Wright.
Honble Supreme Court while dealing
with a matter evolved a formula. Yearly
Income Yearly expenditure on Deceased
gives the sum expended on legal representatives. If this amount is capitalized
subject to certain deductions, pecuniary
loss to the family can be assessed. While
improving the above formula Supreme
Court in CKS Iyers case has stated that
there is no exact uniform rule for measuring the value of human life and measure
21

of damages cannot be arrived at by a

mathematical calculation but the amount
recoverable depends upon life expectancy of legal representative beneficiaries. In the same period Lord Diploc has
evolved Interest Capitalization method by
calculating net pecuniary loss on annual
basis and multiplied with number of years
purchase. The Honble Supreme Court of
India with the development of accident
claims has decided the landmark case
of Susamma Thomas has started giving
appreciation to the annual income of deceased. This appreciation ranges to the
double of income depending upon the
nature of job, age, future prospects etc.
Supreme Court has held that after determining and doubling annual income, 1/3
should be deducted towards the expenses to be incurred on the deceased and
the remaining amount should be multiplied by a multiplier depending on the age
of deceased and beneficiary. The maximum multiplier approved by Supreme
Court in this case was 16. Later, Supreme
Courts 3 Judges bench have approved
the Davis formula along with determination of dependency on unit basis in which
the adults have been taken as 2 units and
the minors has been taken as 1 unit. The
multiplier, which was approved as 16 in
www.l awyersline.net

Sushma Thomas case, was increased to maximum of 18. In this

case the court did not allow double of the amount except that a
premium may be given looking to the future prospects. But, in a
recent Supreme Court judgment, in order to make compensation
just and to take consideration of overall factors multiplier was
reduced from 16 to 12 in case of deceased of 38 years. In same
facts and circumstances, in another case Supreme Court has
said for determination of multiplier depends upon (1) age of deceased (2) age of claimants (3) marital status (4) education and
employment of the claimants; and (5) loss of pecuniary benefits.
The Supreme Court has also held that criteria of awarding compensation include some guess work, some hypothetical consid-

FJ v 146
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eration and some amount of sympathy linked with the nature

of disability caused are all involved. But, all such elements are
required to be viewed with the objective standard.
In view of the above case laws, one can say that the assessment of compensation is to be guided by way of applying
precedents on the facts and circumstances of a particular case.
It should not be misunderstood that an injured or legal representatives of the deceased should be given exorbitant claim, but
the law restrict them to be just compensation so as to save the
injured or legal representatives of deceased from possible pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses guided by the above judgments.
Conclusion and Suggestions:

cFF E
cFF HK M...

The law of accident claims is fast growing and the

amendments to suit the requirement of the object are necessitated but at the same time interest of those should be watched
who are disbursing the compensation i.e. Insurance Companies. Without affording them right to contest, imposing liability
to make payment cannot be approved by law. Section 170 provides for seeking permission but this provision can be misused
by the owners and claimants in collusion. Presently because of
increasing scale of compensations almost 10 to 15% or even
more cases presented to the Claim Tribunals are fake or the
other accidents have been converted into road accidents with
connivance of the police authorities. It is necessary that while
increasing the burden of the Insurance Companies they must
get a right of proper contest to mitigate fake cases and also the
quantum.The intention of legislation is to provide just compensation and not exorbitant compensation. This should always be
kept in mind.
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M
Free Legal Assistant

v N
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M O A. M
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Phone: 9841607006/9444047006

72/3, Anand Appartments, Ground Floor,

100 Feet Road, Vadapalani, Chennai -26.
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BOUNDARIES OF PREVILEGES OF
PARLIAMENT AND LEGISLATURE
(Dedicated to R.V.Krishna Ayyar on his 39th death anniversary 05.05.2013)

C.Rajagopalachariar was one of the front leaders of the

congress freedom movement and is considered as the conscious keeper of Mahatma Gandhi. He was one of those who
famed the fical policies of the congress after freedom and after the Congress under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the
Prime Minister of India. The Congress felt that a lefist approach
to the economic life of India is required then in 1947 when India
woke to freedom when the world was asleep. Thus a socialist
ideology was introduced in the financial matters of the Government of India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru termed it as socialist
Pattern of Society. This concept of a socialist budget was first
introduced by Dr.John Mathai when he became the Finance Minister of India. This means there would be taxation of the rich,
landlords and business men and there would be less and less of
taxation on the poorer section on the people. This was adopted
by successive Finance Ministers. Sir Chintamun Dashmuk then
T.T.Krishnamachari adopted it. At the same time TTK maintained
the price control. Common man did not feel the impact of taxation. This policy perhaps led to the gradual encouragement to the
private sector and individuals. This led to the system of permits,
licences and quotas. Rajagopalachari felt that this licence, permit
quota raj will lead to corruption and favouritism. Even though he
wanted a certain amount of control over business houses and industrial units new entrants to business and trade, he opposed the
licence and permit Raj. But Pandit Nehru struck to the policy and
so Rajagopalachari left the congress to oppose this policy of socialist pattern of society. The resulted in Rajagopalachari founding the Swatantra Party. Rajaji had to tour the entire country from
Kashmir to Kanyakumari, from Assam till Punjab. While he was
opposing the policy of the congress, he has to expose congress
men who wanted to gain by the licence and permit policy. One
such meeting was held in Punjab. He was invited to address the
Bar Association at Chandigrah on the about 26th March 1960.
This meeting was referred by Indian Express dated 26th March
1960 under the caption, opposition to Congresss C R shows
the way to save democracy. Rajaji stated, congress legislators
are such people whom any first calss magistrate would round up.
They are those without any means of livelihood.
These observation were considered as derogatory of the
dignity of the members of Legislature and Parliament. A motion of Privilege was given notice of in Lok Sabha when Shri
M.Ananthasayanam Ayyanger was the Speaker. Hon Speaker
felt that ther was no reference to any individual and it is only a
passing reference in a speech by Rajaji and therefore the matter cannot be taken up as motion of privilege against Rajaji. He
disallowed the motion.
But the matter did not stop there. The same was raised as
a motion of Privilege in the Andhra Assembly. The speaker of
the Assembly Shri Alluri Kaleswara Rao, admitted the motion and
sought an explanation from Rajaji. Rajaji cannot think of any person than the parliamentary legend R.V.Krishna Ayyar to explain
the matter. In a letter Rajaji requested Krishna Ayyar to say, (1)
that he made the speech at Punjab but not in Andhra state. (2)
He was not residing at Andhra state and (3) The Lok Sabha has
already disposed of the matter and so the motion against him
shall fail.
It may be pointed out that every citizen has fundamental
rights. Privileges of the legislatures and parliament are special
protective system for them to function effectively in the house.
www.l awyersline.net

R V KRISHNA AYYAR

These special rights are provided to the members only to provide

them as a defence from outside interferences. But these privileges not to be used as a weapon to assault others. These rights can
be used to protect them but cannot be used to offend anyone outside the House. Krishna Ayyar told Rajagopalachari that he has
made a general statement and his intention he is not to offend anyone in the House. Further the legislature and parliament should
not be used to curb the opposite views and public opinion. Thus
on this score the motion of privileges against Rajaji shall fail. But
the other reasons of Rajagoplachari is not tenable.It is not necessary that one should live within the jurisdiction of any legislature
or parliament. Any person residing any where can be caught for
branch of privileges. Secondly, that a speech need not be made
with in the area of the legislature or parliament. A speech may be
made any where in the world. The question is only what is stated
is an offence to the legislature and if so, the question of breach
of privileges shall be invoked. Thirdly the other defence of Rajaji
that the Speaker of Lok Sabha has already disposed the issue
and so it should not be raised in any other legislature. Krishna
Ayyar rejected this defence also. If what one spoke is a breach of
privileges, then the matter can be raised in every one the legislature and simply because Lok Sabha Speaker has declined the
issued to be raised is no bar for the issue to be taken up in other
legislature. Every legislature can take up the issue.
After R.V.Krishna Ayyar explanation, the motion of privileges
against Rajaji was disallowed in the Andhra Assembly also. It is
said that Shri A.Kaleswara Rao has consulted R.V.Krishna Ayyar
before dealing with the matter. Both fundamental right and privileges are constitutional rights. They should be complementary
one shall not exclude the other. There should be horomanoas
tolerance by them. Only then Parliamentary system can serve
its purpose.

Letter from Rajagopalachari

32

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