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(disambiguation). Page move-protected Nuclear fusion releases nuclear potential energy within the Sun, keeping the tem perature high, which leads to emission of electromagnetic radiation, some of whi ch hits Earth. Having a lower temperature, Earth sends back very little such the rmal radiation of its own. Neither the Sun nor the Earth is said to have heat. I nstead, the thermal transfer process itself is called heat or heating, and the a mount of heat means just that amount of energy undergoing transfer within such a process. The Sun's internal energy decreases by that amount, and the Earth's in creases by the same amount. This is the main source of energy for life on Earth. In physics and chemistry, heat is energy transferred between a system and its su rroundings by mechanisms other than work and without the transfer of matter.[1][ 2][3][4][5] The transfer of energy can occur in two simple ways, conduction,[6] and radiation,[7] and in a more complicated way called convection. Heat is not a property or component or constituent of a system or body; rather, it describes a process of transfer of energy. Even though heat is not a conserved quantity, i n a peculiarity of customary language, the term 'heat flow' is often used. If the surroundings of a system can be described also as a thermodynamic system with a temperature, and it is connected to the system by a pathway for heat tran sfer, then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat flow occurs spon taneously from the hotter to the colder system. It is accompanied by an increase in the total entropy of system and surroundings. In a heat engine, which operat es in a cyclic process, internal energy of bodies is harnessed to provide useful work, heat being supplied from a hot reservoir, always with an associated disch arge of waste heat to a cold reservoir. Through an arrangement of systems and de vices, which operate in a cyclic process, called a heat pump, externally supplie d work can be used to transfer internal energy indirectly from a cold to a hot b ody, but such a transfer cannot occur directly between the bodies, without the h eat pump. Transfers of energy as heat are macroscopic processes. Kinetic theory explains t hem in terms of the motions and interactions of microscopic constituents such as molecules and photons. For instance, heat flow occurs when the more rapidly mov ing or strongly excited molecules in a high temperature body transfer some of th eir energy (by mechanisms other than work, in other words by direct contact with conduction, by radiation exchange, or by convection) to the less energized mole cules in a lower temperature body. The SI unit of heat is the joule. Heat can be measured by calorimetry,[8] or det ermined by calculations based on other quantities, relying on the first law of t hermodynamics. In calorimetry, the concepts of latent heat and of sensible heat are used. Latent heat produces changes of state without temperature change, whil e sensible heat produces temperature change without change of state. Contents 1 2 3 4 Overview Microscopic view of heat History Transfers of energy between closed systems 4.1 Adiabatic transfer of energy as work between two bodies 4.2 Transfers of energy as heat between two bodies 4.3 Diathermal wall 4.4 Convective circulation 4.5 Transfers of energy involving more than two bodies 4.5.1 Heat engine

4.5.2 Convective transfer of energy 5 Macroscopic view of quantity of energy transferred as heat 6 Notation and units 7 Estimation of quantity of heat 8 Internal energy and enthalpy 9 Latent and sensible heat 10 Specific heat 11 Rigorous mathematical definition of quantity of energy transferred as hea t 12 Heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium regarded as jointly primitive notions 13 Entropy 14 Heat transfer in engineering 15 Practical applications 16 Usage of words 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 19.1 Bibliography 20 External links Overview Heat may flow across the boundary of the system and thus change its internal ene rgy. Heat in physics is defined as energy transferred between closed systems by mecha nisms other than work. Heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder systems. W hen two closed systems come into thermal contact, they exchange energy through t he microscopic interactions of their particles. When the systems are at differen t temperatures, the result is a spontaneous net flow of energy that continues un til the temperatures are equal. At that point the net flow of energy is zero, an d the systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Spontaneous heat transfer i s an irreversible process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the internal energy of an isolated system is conserved. To change the internal energy of a system, energy must be transferred to or from the system. For a closed system, heat and work are the me chanisms by which energy can be transferred. For an open system, internal energy can be changed also by transfer of matter.[9] Work performed by a closed system is, by definition, an energy transfer from the system that is due to a change t o its external or mechanical parameters, such as the volume, magnetization, and location of center of mass in a gravitational field.[10][11][12][13][14] When energy is transferred to a body purely as heat, its internal energy increas es. This additional energy is stored as kinetic and potential energy of the atom s and molecules in the body.[15] Heat itself is not stored within a body. Like w ork, it exists only as energy in transit from one body to another or between a b ody and its surroundings. Between closed systems, a given suitable heat conductor is indifferent to the so urce and destination of the heat it conducts, and a given heat transfer between two bodies is indifferent to the choice of a suitable heat conductor. Consequent ly all purely conducted heat is of the same kind.[16] Microscopic view of heat Heat is the kinetic energy of particles, atoms, molecules etc. and their underly ing microscopic degrees of freedom. This energy is also described by the tempera ture of the particles to which it is related via the Boltzmann's constant kB) [1 7] Heat transfer arises due to the temperature differences via the exchange of k inetic energy by molecular interactions. If the molecules of systems at differen

t temperatures interact in othewise stable conditions, the total kinetic energy remains the same but it is redistributed between both systems until an intermedi ate temperature is reached, somewhere between the initial temperatures of the tw o systems. An early and vague expression of this was made by Francis Bacon.[18][ 19] Precise and detailed versions of it were developed in the nineteenth century .[20] History Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in his 1871 classic Theory of Heat, was one of many who began to build on the already established idea that heat has som ething to do with matter in motion. This was the same idea put forth by Sir Benj amin Thompson in 1798, who said he was only following up on the work of many oth ers. One of Maxwell's recommended books was Heat as a Mode of Motion, by John Ty ndall. Maxwell outlined four stipulations for the definition of heat: It is something which may be transferred from one body to another, according to the second law of thermodynamics. It is a measurable quantity, and thus treated mathematically. It cannot be treated as a substance, because it may be transformed into some thing that is not a substance, e.g., mechanical work. Heat is one of the forms of energy. From empirically based ideas of heat, and from other empirical observations, the notions of internal energy and of entropy can be derived, so as to lead to the recognition of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.[21] This was the way of the historical pioneers of thermodynamics.