PVT

Properties of Reservoir Fluids as function of Pressure Volume

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Temperature

PVT Behaviour

Main Reservoir Fluids: Black Oil Solution-Gas Drive Dry Gas

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p>pb p<pb p>pd

Bo, o, co are ASSUMED constant Bo, o, co = f(p) Bg, g, cg = f(p)

Reservoir Fluids
Schematic Phase Diagrams Generic (single and multi-component cases) Black Oil Solution-Gas Drive Dry Gas Black Oil (p>pb) Properties: Bo, o, co (ASSUMED constant) Solution-Gas Drive (p<pb) Properties: Bo, o, co
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Dry Gas (p>pd) Properties: Bg, g, cg Summary of Fluid Properties and Sources

Pressure - Volume Behaviour Single Component System

Pressure Liquid Bubble point Dew point Gas

FIRST BUBBLE OF GAS

LAST DROP OF LIQUID

Volume
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Pressure vs Temperature Single Component System

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3D Phase Diagram Single Component System

Liquid Pressure

Gas Liquid

Critical point Gas

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Vo

lum e

re tu ra e p em

Pressure - Volume Behaviour Two Component System

Pressure Liquid Bubble point

Dew point

FIRST BUBBLE OF GAS

LAST DROP OF LIQUID

Gas

Volume
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P - T Behaviour 2 Component System

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Diagram for a Multi-Component System

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Note the "Bubble Point" and "Dew Point" lines. Location of critical point determines fluid type.

Reservoir Fluids

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Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids types

Reservoir Fluids Black Oil p-T Diagram

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Black Oil : o>40o API, (GOR)i < 2000 scf/STB, Boi < 2.0 RB/STB, C7+ > 20 %.

Reservoir Fluids Volatile Oil p-T Diagram

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Volatile Oil: o<45o API, 2000 < (GOR)i < 3300 scf/STB, Boi > 2.0 RB/STB, 12.5 < C7+ < 20 %.

Reservoir Fluids Retrograde Gas p-T Diagram

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Retrograde Gas : 45<o<60o API, 3300 < (GOR)i < 150,000 scf/STB, C7+ < 12.5 %.

Reservoir Fluids Wet Gas p-T Diagram

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Wet Gas: (GOR)i > 50,000 scf/STB.

Reservoir Fluids Dry Gas p-T Diagram

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Dry Gas

Reservoir Fluids
Formation Volume Factor: Bo,g,w Fluid volume at reservoir conditions Bo,g,w = Fluid volume at standard conditions

The Formation Volume Factor "converts" surface volumes to downhole conditions. Typical values: Oil: 1.2 Gas: 0.003
100

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to to
to

2.4 RB/STB 0.01 rcf/scf

333 scf/rcf (=expansion factor)

Formation Volume factors

Solution gas Solution gas Surface conditions

Oil

Gas Rs Rsw

Water

Bo

Bg
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Bw

Reservoir conditions

Oil

Water Gas

Retrograde Gas Condensate

Condensate

Surface conditions GLR

Gas

Bg
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Reservoir conditions

Gas

Reservoir Fluids
Viscosity: o,g,w Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow, - the proportionality of shear rate to shear stress - a sort of internal friction. Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature and fluid composition.

Typical values:
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Oil: Gas:

0.2 0.01

to to

30 cp 0.05 cp

Compressibility
Important reservoir parameters:

drained area permeability reservoir thickness porosity compressibility

Of importance is the TOTAL system compressibility:

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ct = chc.Shc + cw.Sw + cf
HC: hydrocarbon, w: water, f: formation

Compressibility
Hydrocarbon Compressibility: co,g
1 dBo Bg dRso + Bo dp Bo dp

Oil Typical values p > pb p < pb

co =

to 20

x10-6 psi-1 x10-6 psi-1

30 to 200

Gas
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cg =

1 dBg Bg dp

Typical values

50 to 1000 x10-6 psi-1

Compressibility
Water Typical values 3
cw = 1 dBw Bg dRsw + Bw dp Bw dp

to 5

x10-6 psi-1

Formation Typical values: 2 10

cf =

1 d dp

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to 10 x10-6 psi-1 normal to 100 x10-6 psi-1 very high

Fluid Correlations
Oil PVT Correlations used in Topaze or Saphir
Rs/pb Standing Lasater Vasquez and Beggs Glaso Lasater- Standing Petrosky and Farshad Beggs and Robinson
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Bo ; -

o
;

co ; -

; -

Beal

; generally used as default)

Gas Correlations
Gas PVT Correlations used in Topaze or Saphir

z-factor Dranchuk, et al. Beggs and Brill Hall and Yarborough Lee, et al. Carr, et al. ; -

g
;

; generally used as default

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Gas compressibility (cg) is computed from the z-factor using: 1 dBg 1 1 dz = cg = Bg dp p z dp

General Oil Properties

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Black Oil PVT Properties: (general behavior, pb=5000 psia)

Oil Reservoir below Bubble Point: "Solution-Gas Drive"

1. Pressure above Bubble Point. Wells produce oil and associated gas.

2.

Pressure drops below Bubble Point. Bubbles of solution gas form in reservoir.

3.

Critical gas saturation reached. Gas is now mobile.

4.
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Gas flows towards producing wells. Wells now produce oil, associated gas and solution gas.

Oil Reservoir below Bubble Point: "Solution-Gas Drive"

1.
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As fluid is produced, the reservoir pressure drops towards abandonment. The Oil production is high at first, rapidly dropping off as more gas is produced. At critical gas saturation, the Gas-Oil ratio rises rapidly to a maximum, then falls as the lower gas compressibility offsets the increased gas mobility.

2. 3.

Dry Gas

In terms of equations solutions the main difference between the oil and gas case is that the gas properties are highly pressure dependent. Viscosity g and Compressibility ct are function of the pressure

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Dry gas
In order to keep the liquid flow equations linear, the variations in gas properties are accounted for by the real gas pseudopressure function

m( p) =

p0

2 p. dp ( p). z( p)

Pseudo-pressure function is then substituted for pressure in the analysis.

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To take into account the varying mgcg a pseudo- time can be used in the analysis.

References
1. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953). 2. Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

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