08 Basic Basics of Networking

Gemini Communication Ltd.
Innovation & Leadership
Basics of Networking
Ref. 1010001100
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BASICS OF NETWORKING
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BASIC NETWORKING DEVICES IN LAN SET UP.

Hub Bridges Switch Router UTP Cable STP Cable. RJ 45 Connectors
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HUB

A Hub is a passive and Layer 1 device, shared media, used in star topology network. Properties of Hub: They amplify signals They propagate signals through the network They do not require filtering They do not require path determination or switching. Hub is a collision domain-The network area with which data packets originate and collide is called collision domain. The Work Station handling capacity is limited.The total bandwidth is presented at all the ports in a Hub.
CSMA-CD:
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BRIDGES
Bridges operate at Layer 2,the data link layer Bridges eliminate unnecessary traffic and minimises the chances of collisions occurring on a network by dividing it into segments and filtering traffic based on station or MAC address. It creates the MAC address table by self learning. They control broadcasts to the network . They maintain address tables. Bridges are software based and slower in nature.
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SWITCH
A switch is an active device which has the same characteristics of a Bridge . The advantage of switch is hardware based and faster in nature.
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ROUTER
Routers are used to connect separate networks and to access the internet. Routers provide end to end routing by passing the data packets and routing traffic between different networks based on network protocol or Layer 3 information. Router matches information in the routing table with the datas destination IP address and sends incoming data to correct subnetwork and host.
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CSMA/CD
In Computer networking , Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network control protocol in which a carrier sensing scheme is used. CSMA/CD is an access method that allows only one station to transmit at a time on a shared medium.
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ETHERNET STANDARD
It operates at a base band signaling rate of 10 Mbps, which is referred to as 10Base. 10 Base 2 Known as thin ethernet allows network segments up to 185 meters on coaxial cable. 10 Base 5-Known as thick ethernet ,allows network segments upto 500 meters on coaxial cable. 10 Base T-Provides access using inexpensive UTP cables typically upto 100 meters.
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UTP CABLE
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most common cable used in computer networking . It is a thin, flexible cable that is easy to string between walls. UTP costs less per foot than any other type of LAN cable .It is more prone to electrical noise and interference than other types of networking media. Its unrepeated length limit is 100 meters.
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STP CABLE
STP cabling includes metal shielding over each individual pair of copper wires. This type of shielding protects cable from external EMI (electromagnetic interferences ) STP cables are more expensive than UTP cable.
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UNICAST
Unicast unicast is the sending of information packets to a single destination .
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MULTICAST
Multicast is the delivery of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once, creating copies only when the links to the destinations split.
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BROADCAST
In computer networking, broadcasting refers to transmitting a packet that will be received (conceptually) by every device on the network Data as on June,06
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PROTOCOLS
A protocol is a set of messages with a specific format TYPES OF PROTOCOLS Routing Protocols Routed Protocols
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ROUTED PROTOCOLS
Routed Protocols provide enough information in its network layer address to allow a packet to be forwarded from host to host based on the addressing scheme. Packets generally are conveyed from end system to end system. TYPES AppleTalk IPX IP
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
A routing protocol allows the routers to communicate with other routers to update and maintain tables. Routing protocol messages move between routers. TYPES RIP IGRP OSPF EIGRP
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VLAN
VLAN divides a single LAN into'X" number of Virtual LANs. VLAN technology creates virtual LANs that utilize the benefits of independent Lan, while retaining access to the entire LAN. A virtual LAN removes selected traffic and places it within a virtual LAN The result is less traffic on the entire LAN
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VLAN CONNECTION
SWITCH 1-Ports 1-3(Vlan 1) Ports 4-6(Vlan 2) SWITCH 2-Ports 1-3(Vlan 1) Ports 4-6(Vlan 2)
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TYPES OF VLANS
PORT BASED VLANS IP BASED VLANS MAC ADDRESS BASED VLANS
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN L2 & L3 SWITCHES

The only difference between Layer 2 and Layer 3 is that Layer3 switching hub support routing function
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BENEFITS OF LAYER3 SWITCHING

INTER VLAN CONNECTIVITY ENHANCED PERFORMANCE SIMPLIFIED MANAGEMENT ENHANCED SECURITY LOW COST FLEXIBLE NETWORK SEGMENTATION BETTER USE OF SERVER RESOURCES
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LAYERS OF NETWORKING
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Physical layer The physical layer is the most basic network layer, providing only the means of transmitting raw bits rather than packets over a physical data link connecting network nodes. No packet headers nor trailers are consequently added to the data by the physical layer Data link This is the layer which transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network or between nodes on the same local area network segments. The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and might provide the means to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical layer. Examples of data link protocols are Ethernet for local area networks and PPP, HDLC and ADCCP for point-to-point connections. Network layer The network layer is level three of the seven level OSI model as well as of the five layer. In the four layer TCP/IP reference model it is called Internet layer, which is the second layer from below. It responds to service requests from the transpot layer and issues service requests to the data link layer
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Transport layer In computing and telecommunitaion , the transport layer is the second highest layer in the four and five layer TCP/IP rrefrence odels, where it responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the network layer. It is also the name of layer four of the seven layer OSI model, where it responds to service requests from the session layer and issues service requests to the network layer. The definitions of the transport layer are slightly different in these two models. The following text primarily refers to the TCP/IP model Session layer The session layer is level five of the seven level OSI model It responds to service requests from the presentation layer and issues service requests to the transport layer.The Session layer provides the mechanism for managing the dialogue between end-user application processes. It provides for either full duplex or half-duplex operation and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures presentation layer The presentation layer is the sixth level of the seven layer OSI model. It responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the session layer.The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display. It relieves the application layer of concern regarding syntactical differences in data representation within the end-user systems. Note: An example of a presentation service would be the conversion of an EBCDICcoded text file to an ASCII-coded file Application layer The application layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model. It Data common as on June,06 25 interfaces directly to and performs application services for the application processes; it also issues requests to the presentation layer.The Gemini Communication Company Confidential Ver 1.0 www.gcl.in common application layer services provide semantic conversion between
PORT NOS
Application Layer FTP HTTP HTTPS TELNET DNS SMTP TFTP POP3 SNMP
Port no Transport Layer
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80
8080 TCP
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53
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69 UDP
110
161
Port no are unique and industry standard
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IP ADDRESS
An IP address is 32 bit logical address. Each IP address is divided into 4 octets (8 bits each) An IP address is based on the internet protocol. IP addresses exist at Layer 3,the network layer of the OSI reference model. Every LAN must have its own unique IP addreess,an IP address is essential for internetworking over WAN to take place. An IP address exists at Layer 3,the network layer of OSI reference model.
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MAC ADDRESS
Media Access Control address (MAC address) is a unique identification attached to most network adapters (NICs). It is a number that acts like a name for a particular network adapter, so, for example, the network cards (or built-in network adapters) in two different computers will have different names, or MAC addresses, as would an Ethernet adapter and a wireless adapter in the same computer, and as would multiple network cards in a router.MAC address is 48 bit in nature
.
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IP CLASSES
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IP ADDRESS CLASSES
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Subnet Mask
The subnet mask is the network address plus the bits reserved for identifying the sub network. (By convention, the bits for the network address are all set to 1, though it would also work if the bits were set exactly as in the network address.) In this case, therefore, the subnet mask would be 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000. It's called a mask because it can be used to identify the subnet to which an IP address belongs by performing a on the mask and the IP address. The result is the sub network address :Subnet Mask 255.255.240.000 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 IP Address 150.215.017.009 10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001 Subnet Address150.215.016.000 10010110.11010111.00010000.00000000 Data as on June,06
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NAT
NAT (Network Address Translation or Network Address Translator) is the translation of an Internet Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address known within another network. One network is designated the inside network and the other is the outside. Typically, a company maps its local inside network addresses to one or more global outside .
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Static NAT
Types of NAT
Static NAT is a one-to-one mapping between an unregistered IP address and a registered IP address.
Dynamic NAT
Static NAT
More commonly, Dynamic NAT is implemented, where a pool of public IP addresses is shared by an entire private IP subnet. When a private host initiates a connection, a public IP address is selected. The mapping of the computers non-routable IP address matched to the selected IP address is stored in the NAT Table. As long as the outgoing connection is maintained, the private host can be reached by incoming packets sent to the specified public address. When the binding expires, the address is returned to the pool for reuse.
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TYPES OF NAT
Overloading
A variation of Dynamic NAT known as Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered IP address by multiplexing streams differentiated by the TCP/UDP port number.
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Thank You
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Contact : info@gcl.in
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Gemini Communication Ltd.

Innovation & Leadership

BASIC NETWORKING DEVICES IN LAN SET UP.

Gemini Communication Company Confidential

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN L2 & L3 SWITCHES

BENEFITS OF LAYER3 SWITCHING

Port no Transport Layer

Port no are unique and industry standard

Gemini Communication Company Confidential

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