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International Journal of Management (IJM), OF ISSN MANAGEMENT 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL (IJM) 6510(Online), Volume

e 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)


ISSN 0976-6502 (Print) ISSN 0976-6510 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, pp. 34-48 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijm.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 6.9071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJM
IAEME

INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AMONG SMALL INVESTORS: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA STATE
Dr. Shivakumar Deene Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce, School of Business Studies, Central University of Karnataka-Gulbarga (Karnataka-India) Dr. Satyanarayan Pathi Professor, Dept. of Business Administration, Brahampur University, Brahampur-Odisha

ABSTRACT The present study aims to assess the investment strategies and motivational factors involved in corporate investment by small investors of Karnataka state. A total of 425 respondents were randomly selected from cities of Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Gulbarga, Bidar and other major cities of Karnataka. A structured questionnaire developed by the researcher in consultation with the expert was employed for eliciting information from small investors. The data was collected on various investment strategies adopted by small investors, and factors which motivated them to invest in corporate securities. The data collected were analysed through chi-square tests using SPSS for windows. Results revealed that risk and returns topped the list, followed by Intrinsic Value /Current Market Price, Timings of investment, Cost Price of Shares, and Services of Financial Advisors by small investors. For corporate investment by small investors following factors played important roleQuality of Management, Track record of the company, Persuasion of intermediaries, Interim Results, and Press coverage. INTRODUCTION Investing in various kinds of financial assets has become a widespread practice for many people either for accumulation of wealth or for meeting their future financial requirements with the income generated thereon. Now-a-days a wide range of financial assets are made available to people for investment. In the finance area, investment refers solely to the acquisition and administration of securities, which saliently includes stocks, bonds and debentures and warrants that are usually traded in organized markets. An investment is a commitment of funds made in the expectation of some positive rate of return, which will commensurate with the risk assumed by an investor. Corporate
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) securities are being chosen by the investors as the most profitable investment avenue among the financial assets. Corporate securities include different types of securities issued by corporate enterprises to raise funds to meet their long term financial requirements. They are becoming increasingly popular forms of investment among the household savers for regular return, liquidity and capital appreciation. The survey conducted by Dr. L.C. Gupta divulged that nearly three-fourths of shareholders belonging to the income class of below Rs.5,000 per month entered the share market only after 1980. The reforms initiated in the financial sector and fiscal incentives provided by the Government of India attracted the people to invest their savings in corporate securities. Speculative knowledge, gambling instinct, greed and credulity of the investing public also made them to shift their preference in favour of corporate securities. During the last few years a number of new public limited companies were floated and some of the existing private limited companies were converted into public limited companies and they entered the capital market to take advantage of the widespread enthusiasm of the public for subscription to corporate securities. The existing public limited companies are also harnessing the public sentiment by making public and rights issues to meet the financial requirements of expansion and diversification of their business .An analysis of public response for public issue made by Reliance Power Ltd revealed that they were expected to raise only 175 crore by way of public issue, but they were able to raise 12,600 crore. The public response clearly indicates the extent of population induced in favour of corporate securities. Investors of corporate securities are classified broadly into a) Institutional investors and b) Small investors. Small investors of corporate securities are primarily found among the rich people. But people belonging to the middle class have also started investing substantial amount of their savings in corporate securities. The concept Small investor is not rigidly defined and adopted by various authorities at different times. The investment made in securities of a single company was considered in the share ownership surveys conducted by the RBI and the market value of the securities dealt on a day is considered by the SEBI to determine the small investor. The concept small investor is to be understood as a relative concept. The SEBI defines a small investor as any investor buying or selling securities on a cash transaction for a market value not exceeding Rs. 50,000 in aggregate on any day shown in a contract note issued by the stock brokers. Small investors could soon call the shots in Indias equity markets say some analysts, who expect up to $32 billion of household savings to have flowed into the market in the 12 months to March 2008. This could insulate Indiaa markets from global shocks, much like Chinas and South Koreas. This amount is almost double the record $ 17 billion purchases of Indian equities by foreign institutional investors (FIIs) this year, till mid-December. Analysts say that at the pace at which small money is coming to the market, FII dominance will soon end. According to N.Krishnan, Head, Research at CLSA India Ltd, there will be a significant increase in the quantum of Indias household savings that flow to financial assets, partly because much of this money is now accounted for, a result of a far more effective tax regime. When money come from legitimate sources and is accounted in the system, people will try to earn returns on that capital (and not hoard it). Investments in assets such as gold will decrease, he said. NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY: Investing in corporate securities is not as easy as that of investing in any other kind of financial assets. Investors are careful in selecting a security out of a variety of corporate securities that are offered to them by the corporate sector. The risk-return characteristics of the corporate securities and a number of other factors are taken into consideration before they take their investment decisions. The investing public differ in their tastes and outlook and their investment objectives vary from one to another and may also vary from time to time for a given investor. As such, it becomes
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) somewhat complex and complicated to take a right investment decision that suits the specific objectives of an investor. Most of the investors are not sharp enough to manage their own investments. Investors who are competent to take their investment decisions independently, would depend largely on the information made available in prospectus, annual reports, financial periodicals, publications of the Government, Stock Exchanges and other institutions. Wealthy Investors take the investment advice from the professional investment advisers. But small investors are not rich enough to consult a professional investment adviser, who differs them the benefit of professional management. Small investors generally have heard-like approach and they do not act in a rational manner. Their decisions to invest in any security are largely depend upon the advice from accessible dealers in securities, bankers and investor-friends. Further, their decisions are also be influenced by the rumors and market gossip. Occasionally, the rumors may prove to be intelligent expectation of events when they are based on the leakages of vital information. But in most of the cases the rumors are largely untrue and will be circulated to achieve selfish ends of a few persons. The small investors are puzzled frequently by the swings in the market prices of corporate securities in general and the unusual price variations in boom and depression phases of stock markets in particular. They are not aware of the technicalities involved in the purchase and sale of securities. For example, during the 1992 - Securities Scam, the scrips of many companies, which were neither profitable nor had any chance to recover, registered an unimaginable rise in their market prices. The scrips of old and well established companies were in short supply at a heavy demand and were quoted at four or five digit figures. The small investors purchased the scrips of sick/low profit earning/newly established companies as they became handy and were available relatively at a very low price. This irrational behaviour of investors amply explains that they were hasty in their decision making and yield to their inborn qualities of greed and gullibility. The small investors impulse to enter securities markets is very high. The experiences of a few successful investors inspire them to strive for quick profits. But they do not have sustenance power of the wealthy investors, when the market conditions turn unfavorable. A number of investors with the objectives extraneous to those of traditional investors are entering into the securities markets. They are aiming to make quick profits within a short span of time from the changes in market prices of corporate securities. The quick profit made on investment in corporate securities by a few investors had contributed to the growth of a new and relatively younger group of investors. Such investors are interested more in quick speculative gains on trading in securities, rather than in long term participation in corporate ownership. The benefits derived by long term investors in the form of dividends or interest, rights, bonus etc., were ignored and making speculative profits has become the prime objective for many investors. The ethos of investment in corporate securities is drastically changing day-by-day. The age-old objectives of investors have undergone transformation into making quick profits. The neophytes and lay investors, who would not keep pace with the changes in the perspective, ball for the tricks played by unscrupulous promoters, brokers and other vested interests. Lack of proper knowledge, education and counseling made the majority of investors of today to conceive, nurture and develop a gambling instinct rather than to have an intelligent approach towards investment in corporate securities. In India, the trading in corporate securities is taking place through 22 recognized Stock Exchanges which are located in metropolitan cities and big cities. A few unrecognized trading floors or satellite exchanges are also providing trading facilities in some cities and towns, where recognized Stock Exchanges are not located. Investors approach the member-brokers of these exchanges to effect their securities deals on behalf of them. The investors in far-flung towns cannot approach them directly as it involves transportation and other costs. The firms engaged in securities business and sub-brokers in such remote areas are more accessible to such investors. Most of them do not accept for execution of the odd lots and small marketable lots of securities. Further, the securities which are not traded or thinly traded in stock exchanges are also refused to be handled. If anybody gives his
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) consent to do so, there would be a greater variation in the bid and offer prices quoted. The brokers handle the entire paper-work relating to the securities transitioned for commission. As such, the investors expect better standards of service and observance of business ethics from them. The unhealthy practices of certain brokers such as manipulation of security prices, issuing false and misleading statements are causing hardships and monetary loss to the innocent investors. The frequent closure of stock exchanges due to boycotting the trading by brokers on one or the other pretext amply reveals the absence of professionalism in their conduct. The investor complaints against the stock-broking community such as, non-execution of orders in time or at advised prices, undue delay in payment or effecting the delivery of the securities are increasing day-by-day. Excessive speculation and over-trading by some brokers lead them to commit default or become bankrupt. In such circumstances, the small, unwary investors were always on the receiving end. The Stock Exchanges are supposed to do much to protect the interests of investors , inter alia, by ensuring orderly trading in securities and checking excessive speculation. The government of India has been formulating its industrial and fiscal policies with bias to encourage the investing public to favour corporate securities. A number of legal and administrative measures have been initiated during the last one decade to regulate the securities markets and to ensure investor protection. The interests of investors in corporate securities are affected by the actions of promoters, company managements, merchant bankers, brokers, sub-brokers and other market players in the securities markets. The legislation in India to curb the unfair practices and malpractices by all those concerned with the securities markets includes mainly the Companies Act, 1956, the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 and the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. A number of provisions and rules have been prescribed in these acts, to confer various rights on the investors. But certain ambiguities and loopholes persisted in the existing legislations are exploited by vested interests. Further, the authorities concerned are also lenient to enforce the provisions betimes when the interests of the investors are in jeopardy or when a crisis persists in the securities markets to the detriment of interests of the investing community. As such, whenever the investors are deprived of their rights, there must be adequate and accessible legal means to enable them to assert their rights, otherwise, the enforcement of rights will be rendered impracticable. The government of India has been effecting a number of policy changes for the regulation of securities markets, trading in securities and the functions of market operators. Incentives are offered to the investing public, to promote the habit of investment in corporate securities. Investor education is gaining momentum and the need for investor protection is highlighted and emphasized by the authorities at almost all the forums concerned. Investors are also becoming more and more conscious of their rights and privileges. A number of companies are exploiting the enthusiasm of the investing people to invest in corporate securities, by making public and rights issues of securities at huge premia. The 1992 securities scam and the frequent boom phases of the stock markets helped certain market operators to amass wealth at the cost of innocent and unwary investors. A number of investors are receiving a raw deal from the company managements and brokers. Consequently, the investor grievances are also increasing. In view of the above developments that are taking place since a decade, it is proposed to undertake the research entitled "THE INVESTMENT STRATEGY OF SMALL INVESTORS: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA STATE". The study will be an empirical examination of the small investors experiences and problems faced by them in the process of buying, holding and selling corporate securities. It will also include an enquiry into the investors perceptions and preferences and their investment strategies. Further, an enquiry will be made into the need and form of protection desired by the small investors to safeguard their own rights and interests.

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) REVIEW OF LITERATURE There is a vast body of literature by eminent scholars and financial experts on different aspects of the capital market. The literature available on capital market mainly deals with various aspects such as stock market efficiency, stock pricing, stock valuation and stock market operations. This paper presents an overview of the important studies and literature on capital market. Shiller (2000) noticed that stock market is administered by the market information which directly affects the decision making process of the investors. Numbers of demographical variable were experientially considered such as gender, age and risk tolerance level of individuals to analyze the investors purchasing behavior. Booker (2002) analyzed the influencing factors on decisions of those investors who use analysts/financial advisors recommendations to arrive at a short-term decision for holding or selling a definite stock. The results highlighted that a strong form of the analyst summary recommendation reports, that is, one with additional information supporting the analysts/financial advisors position further, reduces the disposition error for gains and also reduces the disposition error for losses. Naser et al. (2003), while analysing the attitude of small investors keenly found that, individual investors ranked the annual report as the second most prefered source of information and institutional investors place annual reports as the first source of information. Malmendier and Shanthikumar (2003) Tired to uncover the question like whether the small/individual investors are inexperience or not and they noticed during the study that, large investors generate abnormal volumes of buyer initiated trades after a positive recommendation only if the analyst is unaffiliated. Small traders exert abnormal buy pressure after all positive recommendations, including those of affiliated analysts. Dr. K Santi Swarup (2003) in a paper entitled Measures for improving common investor confidence in Indian primary market a survey, focused upon the decisions taken by the investors whilst investing in primary markets, the study divulged that the sample investors found of their own analysis in contrast to investment advisor . They also believe market price as a better indicator than analyst suggestion. The study also identifies factors that are affecting primary market situation in India. Issue price, information availability, market price after listing and liquidity emerge as important factors. This study proposes that investors need to be assured of some return and current level of risk associated with investment in the market is very high. They have had bad experience in terms of lower market price after listing and high issue price. Accordingly number of measures in terms of regulatory, policy level and market oriented were suggested to improve the investor confidence in equity primary markets. However, this paper does not concentrate the measures for improving investor confidence in secondary market. C. S. Shylajan and Sushama Marathe (2006) in an article A study of attitudes and trading behaviour of stock market investors, mark the major factors accountable for determining the attitudes and trading behavior of stock market investors. Based on their common investing attitude and behaviour, the stock market investors are classified into two categories i.e. aggressive investors and non aggressive investors. John Graham and Alok Kumar (2006) in a study entitled Do dividend clienteles exist? Evidence on dividend preferences of retail investors evaluates portfolio holdings of retail investors of older and low income category, this study put forwards that these investors found of dividend paying stocks, the study also place on records the trading behaviour of retail investors and point-out that the investor trades around dividend events are consistent with clientele behaviour. Further, it also points out that old and low income investor exhibits abnormal buying behaviour following dividend announcements.

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To analyse the strategies adopted by small investors in investment decisions with specific reference to corporate securities in Karnataka. To study the role of various motivational factors in corporate investment.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY Following hypothesis have been developed for the purpose of this study: H1: Small investors adopt varied strategies for corporate investment H2: Motivational factors play important role in corporate investment TYPE OF RESEARCH The present study is a Descriptive and exploratory in nature. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Though the financial system of India consists of many avenues within it, as far as the small investors are concerned. The present study is limited to the Industrial Securities Market. The securities market is a major component of the Indian Financial System dominated by industrial securities, consisting of two interlinked segments, namely, the primary market, also called as the new issue market, and the secondary market or the stock exchange. THE SOURCES OF DATA The data required for the study was being collected from primary and secondary sources. The research work being an empirical study based on the primary data. The information on investors perceptions, preferences, strategies and problems has been collected through a structured questionnaire. Secondary data was also used to support the theoretical and statistical background required to build up the tempo of the research and the major secondary data has been sourced from the Journals, Business Magazines, the Internet, Published Doctoral Theses, Dissertations and Business News Papers etc. this was being used for literature support in accomplishing the data mining towards completion of the study. The secondary data has also included the information obtained from the records and files of the Bangalore Stock Exchange Limited. VARIABLES IDENTIFIED AS STRATEGIES AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS Following strategies have been highlighted for investment by the researcher in consultation with the experts in corporate investment: 1. Comparison of the Intrinsic Value (SV) with its Current Market Price (CMP). 2. Investment Decision keeping in mind CPS. 3. Consideration based on beta value 4. Timings of investment 5. Availing Services of financial/investment advisor 6. Assessment of qualities of an advisor 7. Risk perception on returns
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) Following motivational factors have been considered for corporate investment by the researcher in consultation with the experts 1. Persuasion of intermediaries 2. Advertisement 3. Market gossip and Rumour 4. Un-official Premiums 5. Press Coverage 6. Interim Results 7. Future Prospects 8. Personal Judgement 9. Promoters Track Record 10. Quality of Management ANALYSIS OF DATA For the present study chi-square tests were applied to verify the significance of difference of response frequencies on various investment strategies and motivational factors using SPSS for windows (version 21.0). TIME SPAN The study was conducted to understand the different strategies and perception of individual investors in the State of Karnataka and covers a period from January 2012 through December 2013. SAMPLE RESPONDENTS AND LOCATION To make the study more appropriate, effective and useful it goes without saying that, the size of the sample selected for executing the study should be ideal and should contain all the attributes of the population. In a study of this kind involving large population with diverse features made the selection of sample bit difficult, but still to make the study more relevant, an appropriate method of sampling namely convenient random sampling was used, since this is an appropriate method providing the appropriate sample size for the study representing all the districts in Karnataka State and to make the study acceptable a sample of around 425 units were used{ As per the theory of Krejcie, Robert V. and Daryle W Morgan) which stipulates that any sample size selected beyond 384 is having all probability of repeating the same behavior/attitude with similar features from across the population. But whilst selecting the sample population, instead of 384, 425 samples were being chosen, giving 10 per cent as a margin of lapses. While selecting sample small investors proper representation was given to factors like age, income, education, and occupation etc. to make the sample representative of the population more apposite. The present study was executed in Karnataka State covering all the 27 districts; an effort was also made to focus on such areas where the density of small investors making investments in corporate securities is more. For instance, areas like Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore and Hubli etc. where the investors are more exposed to stock market activities. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The analysis has been presented under 3 sections-general information, investment strategies and motivational factors.

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) I. GENERAL INFORMATION Table No.1 Frequency and percent responses for Types of Investment
Sl.N o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Types of Investment Mutual Funds Stock or share GICs Registered Education Saving Plan (RESP) Savings Bonds Bonds, excluding Savings Bonds Income Trusts Segregated Funds RRSP Options Exchange Traded Funds Hedge Funds Others Frequency (only Yes) 108 136 98 43 34 Percent (only Yes) 25.4 32.0 23.1 Chi-square X2=137.856; P=.000 X2=55.08; P=.000 X2=123.391; P=.000 X2=270.402; P=.000 X2=299.88; P=.000 -

10.1 8.0 -

When the respondents were asked about what kind of investment they have, 32.0% of them indicated that they have Stock or share, 25.4% of them possessed mutual funds, 23.1% of them were with GICs 10.1% of them had savings bonds and remaining 8.0% of them had Bonds, excluding Savings Bonds . None of them possessed Registered Education Saving Plan (RESP), Income Trusts, Segregated Funds, RRSP, Options, Exchange Traded Funds, Hedge Funds and others. Chi-sqaure test revealed a significant difference between these groups of frequencies of responses for Mutual Funds (X2=137.856; P=.000), Stock or share (X2=55.08; P=.000), GICs (X2=123.391; P=.000), Savings Bonds (X2=270.402; P=.000) and Bonds, excluding Savings Bonds (X2=299.88; P=.000). Table No.2 Frequency and percent responses for the Process of Investment
Sl.No. 1. Investment Decisions Skimmed documents your advisor provided and decided based on the advisors verbal recommendation. Carefully review documents advisor has provided and decided based on these documents and the advisors verbal recommendation Carefully review documents advisor has provided, listened to their recommendation and consider own research. Decide solely based on own research, independent of the information advisor provided. Decide based on advisors verbal recommendation only. Other, specify Total Frequency 65 Percent 15.3 Chi-square X2=121.754; P=.000

2.

109

25.6

3.

129

30.4

4.

61 44 17 425

14.4 10.4 4.0 100

5. 6.

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) When strategies for making investment decisions were verified, 30.4% of the respondents indicated that they Carefully review documents advisor has provided, listened to their recommendation and consider own research, 25.6% of them indicated Carefully review documents advisor has provided and decided based on these documents and the advisors verbal recommendation , 15.3% of them indicated Skimmed documents your advisor provided and decided based on the advisors verbal recommendation, 14.4% of them indicated Decide solely based on own research, independent of the information advisor provided, and 10.4% of them revealed that they Decide based on advisors verbal recommendation only. Other strategies contributed only 4.0%. When chi-square test was applied to these groups of frequencies, a significant difference was observed (X2=121.754; P=.000). Table No. 3 Frequency and percent responses for Sources of Investment Information Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Sources of Investment Friends/Family Financial/Investment Advisor/Broker Prospectus/Offering Documents for the Investment Annual Reports Regulatory Organisations Magazines Newspapers Financial Advice Websites Online Chat Rooms Other None/Not Stated Total Frequency Percent 111 129 44 52 35 12 10 21 10 1 111 425 26.1 30.4 10.4 12.2 8.2 2.8 2.4 4.9 2.4 .2 26.1 100 Chi-square X2=412.953; P=.000

On the whole 30.4% of the respondents used Financial/Investment Advisor/Broker as the source of information that you use to guide your investment decisions, 26.1% of them utilized friends/family, 12.2% of them utilized Annual Reports, 10.4% of them were relied on Prospectus/Offering Documents for the Investment, 8.2% of them depend on Regulatory Organisations and very few of them were depending on magazines, newspapers, Financial Advice Websites, Online Chat Rooms and other sources. 26.1% of them did not state any source of information. When chi-square test was applied to these groups of frequencies, a significant difference was observed (X2=412.953; P=.000). HYPOTHESIS TESTING II. INVESTMENT STRATEGIES

H1: Small investors adopt varied strategies for corporate investment STRATEGY 1: Comparison of the Intrinsic Value (IV) with its Current Market Price (CMP).

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) Table No.4 Frequency and percent responses for Comparison of the Intrinsic Value (IV) with its Current Market Price (CMP) Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Comparison Very Important Somewhat Important Not too Important Not at all Important Refused Total Frequency 221 120 52 27 5 425 Percent 52.0 28.2 12.2 6.4 1.2 100 Chi-square X2=359.694; P=.000

Majority of the respondents (52.0%), opined very important, for the question How important is the comparison of the estimated share value with its current market price?, followed by 28.2% of them indicated somewhat important, 12.2% of them indicated not too important, 6.4% of them opined not at all imporatnt and very few of them refused to answer (1.2%). When chi-square test was applied to these groups of frequencies, a significant difference was observed (X2=359.694; P=.000). STRATEGY 2: Investment Decision keeping in mind CPS. Table No.5 Frequency and percent response for Investment Decision keeping in mind Cost Price of Shares (CPS) Sl.No. 1 2 3 Investment Decision keeping in mind CPS Yes No Dont Know/Not Sure Total Frequency 319 66 40 425 Percent 75.1 15.5 9.4 100 Chi-square X2=335.355; P=.000

On the whole we find majority of the respondents indicated yes for the question Do you take an investment decision keeping in mind averaging the Cost Price of Shares?, followed by 15.5% of the respondents indicated no and remaining 9.4% of them were not sure Chi-square test revealed a significant difference between these groups of frequencies of responses (X2=335.355; P=.000). STRATEGY 3: Consideration based on beta value. Table No.6 Frequency and percent responses for Consideration based on beta value Sl.No. 1 2 3 Consideration of Beta Vaue Yes No Dont Know/Not Sure Total Frequency 272 45 108 425 Percent 64.0 10.6 25.4 100 Chi-square X2=193.868; P=.000

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) When the respondents were asked about Do you undertake the investment decision based on beta value? , a majority of the respondents indicated yes (64.0%), 10.6% of them indicated no and almost one fourth of them were not sure about is (25.4%). Chi-sqaure test revealed a significant difference between these groups of frequencies of responses (X2=193.868; P=.000). STRATEGY 4: Timings of investment. Table No. 7 Frequency and percent responses for Timings of Investment Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Preference When share prices are low When share prices are high When share prices are stagnant Can not say Total Frequency 340 10 66 9 425 Percent 80.0 2.4 15.5 2.1 100 Chi-square X2=705.701; P=.000

Majority of the respondents (80.0%), opined When share prices are low, for the question When do you prefer to invest in share?, followed by 15.5% of them indicated When share prices are stagnant, 2.4% of them indicated When share prices are high and remaining 2.1% of them were not sure. When chi-square test was applied to these groups of frequencies, a significant difference was observed (X2=705.701; P=.000) STRATEGY 5: Availing services of financial/investment advisor. Table No.8 Frequency and percent responses for Availing Services of financial/investment advisor Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Availing services of Financial / Investment Advisor All/ Most of the time All the time Most of the time Sometimes Occasionally Sometimes Total Frequency 151 86 66 52 44 26 425 Percent 35.5 20.2 15.5 12.2 10.4 6.1 100 Chi-square X2=137.856; P=.000

On the whole we find that 35.5% of the respondents indicated all most of the time for the question While making investment decisions, how often do you use a financial/investment advisor?, followed by 20.2% of the respondents indicated all the time, 15.5% of them opined most of the time, 12.2% of them indicated sometimes, 10.4% of them indicated occasionally and remaining 6.1% of the indicated sometimes. Chi-sqaure test revealed a significant difference between these groups of frequencies of responses (X2=137.856; P=.000).

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) STRATEGY 6: Assessment of qualities of an advisor. Table No.9 Frequency and percent responses for Qualities of Advisors Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Qualities Training/Education That the re registered with a securities regulator That are registered with a securities regulator Fees they charge Experience Professional Credentials Disciplinary History Job title suggests that they are fairly senior in the organisation Referral from Someone Other Total Frequency Percent Chi-square X2=356.729; P=.000

30 86 27 35 152 44 10 39 2 425

7.1 20.2 6.4 8.2 35.8 10.4 2.4 9.2 .5 100

When the respondents were asked about most important things they want to know about the advisor, 35.8% of them indicated Professional Credentials, 20.2% of them indicated registration with a securities regulator, 10.4% of them indicated Disciplinary History, 9.2% of them indicated Referral from Someone and very few of them indicated Fees they charge, experience, and job title etc. When chi-square test was applied to these groups of frequencies, a significant difference was observed (X2=356.729; P=.000) STRATEGY 7: Risk perception on returns. Table No. 10 Frequency and percent responses for Perception on Risk and Return Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. Information on Risk and Return Very important Somewhat important Not important Total Frequency 316 109 0 425 Percent 74.4 25.6 0 100 Chi-square X2=100.821; P=.000

Majority of the respondents indicated very important for the question When making an investment, how important is information on risk and return?, followed by 25.6% of the respondents indicated somewhat important and none of them indicated not important. Chi-sqaure test revealed a significant difference between these groups of frequencies of responses (X2=100.821; P=.000).
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) III: MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS H2: Motivational factors play important role in corporate investment. Table No.11 Frequency and percent responses for Motivational Factors of Investment
Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Inducements Persuasion of intermediaries Advertisement Market gossip and Rumour Un-official Premiums Press Coverage Interim Results Future Prospects Personal Judgement Promoters Track Record Quality of Management First Preference 191 (44.9) 172 (40.5) 108 (25.4) 43 (10.1) 179 (42.1) 191 (44.9) 151 (35.5) 172 (40.5) 212 (49.9) 253 (59.5) Second Preference 129 (30.4) 152 (35.8) 192 (45.2) 129 (30.4) 192 (45.2) 173 (40.7) 163 (38.4) 137 (32.2) 173 (40.7) 152 (35.8) Third Preference 105 (24.7) 101 (23.8) 125 (29.4) 253 (59.5) 54 (12.7) 61 (14.4) 111 (26.1) 116 (27.3) 40 (9.4) 20 (4.7) Chi-sqaure X2=27.802; P=.000 X2=18.922; P=.000 X2=27.845; P=.000 2 X =157.346; P=.000 2 X =81.972; P=.000 X2=70.042; P=.000 X2=10.466; P=.005 X2=11.299; P=.004 X2=114.809; P=.000 X2=192.739; P=.000

Quality of management (59.5%), Persuasion of intermediaries (44.9%), and Interim Results (44.9%), were the top first preferences for inducement to purchase securities. Market gossip and Rumour (45.2%), press coverage (45.2%) Interim Results/ Promoters Track Record were the top 4 second preferences for inducement to purchase securities. Un-official Premiums (59.5%), Market gossip and Rumour (29.4%) and Future Prospects (26.14%) were the 3 top third preferences for inducement to purchase securities. Chi-sqaure tests revealed significant differences for the types of inducements for purchase securities for first, second and third preferences. Table No.12 Summary table for investment strategies and motivational factors
Strategies Strategies Risk and Return Intrinsic Value /Current Market Price Timings of invest Cost Price of Shares Services of Financial Advisors Motivational factors Factors Percent Quality of Management Track record of the company Persuasion of intermediaries Interim Results Press coverage 59,5 49.9 44.9 44.9 42.1

Percent 91 80 80 75 71

Rank 1.0 2.5 2.5 4 5

Rank 1 2 3.5 3.5 5

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) DISCUSSION MAIN FINDINGS As far as the investment strategies by small investors are concerned, risk and returns topped the list, followed by Intrinsic Value /Current Market Price, Timings of investment, Cost Price of Shares, and Services of Financial Advisors. For corporate investment by small investors following factors played important role- Quality of Management, Track record of the company, Persuasion of intermediaries, Interim Results, and Press coverage. Both hypotheses 1 and 2 are accepted as we found that the investors do adopt various strategies for better outcome of their investment and motivational factors do play an important role in investment; as the study clearly revealed that there are different motivational factors do play in judgement of the investor for investment. An in-depth analysis of the contents also divulged that out of the various strategies adopted for taking investment decisions, investors have ranked risk and return as their first preferred strategy, wherein they use to analyse the real time risk and returns associated with the corporate securities. If the risk accompanied with the security is more, they are reluctant to invest in that particular share. The second preferred investment strategies that the investors have adopted equally are difference between Intrinsic Value & Current Market Price and Timing of Investment. This means, all the investors used to compare the intrinsic value of the shares with that of Current Market Price of the share and if the current market price of the share is more than that of the intrinsic value, investors are keen on investing in that particular company shares. This picture clearly reveals that the investors are more market driven and always follow the market path in their investment decisions. As far as the timing of investment is considered in the form of strategic investment, the investors clearly opined that, they invest in corporate securities when the share price is low and this component document that the investors are more price sensitive and that price influences their investment decisions and also they wanted to purchase the same number of securities by paying less. Further, the investors ranked Cost Price of Shares and Services of Financial Advisors as the fourth and fifth preferred investment strategies at the time of their investment decisions. Likewise there are varied motivational factors, which force the small investors to purchase the corporate securities. Out of the various motivational factors, top five motivational factors have been ranked in order of their preference and it was found that the investors are motivated maximum by the quality of management. This picture undoubtedly uncovers the changing perception of the small investors in Indian context that too after the different scams like Satyam Technology and recent addition of Sahara Groups. It is the quality of management which matters not anything else, so as to lure the small investors. The second motivational factor was track record of a company. If the past performance of the company is good, then the investors will go for it. Otherwise they simply do not opt for it. The other motivational factors were persuasion of intermediaries, interim results of a company and Press coverage are concerned, they place it third, fourth and fifth motivational factors respectively. This shows their level of intelligence and their unwillingness to rely upon the external m factors. REFERENCE 1. Kevin James, 2000, The Price of Retail investing in the UK, [Online], Social Science Research Network, Available fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=428041
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) 2. Krishnan R, Booker DM (2002). Investors use of Analysts recommendations. Behavioral Research in Accounting. 14: 129-158. 3. K Santi Swarup, 2003, Measures For Improving Common Investor Confidence In Indian Primary Market A Survey, [Online], National Stock Exchange India Limited, Available from http://www.nseindia.com/content/research/Paper64.pdf 4. Naser K, Nuseibeh R (2003). Users perception of corporate reporting: evidence from Saudi Arabia. J. Br. Acc. Rev., 35(2): 129-153. 5. Shanthikumar D, Malmendier (2003). Are small investors naive?, Stanford University, Working Paper. 6. John Graham and Alok Kumar, 2006, Do Dividend Clienteles Exist? Evidence on Dividend Preferences of Retail Investors, [Online], Social Science Research Network, Available from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=482563. 7. Dr. K. Rakesh and Mr. V S M Srinivas, Understanding Individual Investors Investment Behavior in Mutual Funds (A Study on Investors of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh), International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 185 - 198, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510. 8. Dr. Narayan Baser, Dr. Mamta Brahmbhatt, Jay Talati & Riddhi Sanghavi, An Analytical Study on Investors Awareness and Perception Towards the Hedge Funds in Gujarat, International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 1 - 10. ISSN Print: 0976 6324, ISSN Online: 0976 6332.

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