Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBJECTS
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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DRAWING BASICS ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MACHINE DRAWINGS
DRAWING BASICS
Objectives
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Define basic industrial drawing structure Define line types Define types of drawings
Purpose of Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as: Architectural building layouts Electrical wiring Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts Location of equipment How to assemble equipment Details of equipment
Types of Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Engineering Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Title block Grid system Revision block Notes and legends Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
Drawing Sizes
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Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typical
A (letter)
8 by 11inches B - 11 by 17inches
sizes
C - 17 by 22 inches
D - 22 by 34 inches E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
A0 (841 x 1189)
Title Blocks
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Basic Blueprint Reading
?@A COMPANY
Revision Blocks
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Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as: A
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Parts Lists
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is
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Scales
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item. For example a scale of = 1 means a measurement of inch (the quote symbol is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.
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Grid System
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1 A B C
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Basic Lines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Object lines Hidden lines Cutting plane lines Centerlines Extension lines Dimension lines Leaders line Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.
Hidden Line
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The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.
Center Line
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Basic Blueprint Reading
The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.
Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension. Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part. The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part
Phantom
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Leader
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A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it
Grind Surface
Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.
Break Lines
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Break lines are uses to terminate a view to z Short Break Line conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
Break lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections
250 feet
Section Lines
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Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view. The lines are normally drawn diagonally.
Dimensioning Systems
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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.656 .19
.50 1.56
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Metric Dimensioning
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Basic Blueprint Reading
16.5 5
13 40
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Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Typical
Radius
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Abbreviations
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Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOTTOM CENTER TO CENTER CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CONCRETE DIAMETER EAST, ELECTRICAL ELEVATION FINISH GRADE HORIZONTAL MH MIN N NC NTS OC O.D. OHW PL MANHOLE MINIMUM NORTH NOT IN CONTACT NOT TO SCALE ON CENTER OUSIDE DIAMETER OVERHEAD WIRES PROPERTY LINE R REF R/W SCH SF SQ STA T TYP RADIUS REFERENCE RIGHT OF WAY SCHEDULE SQUARE FEET SQUARE STATION TELEPHONE TYPICAL
HP
IE
HIGH POINT
INVERT ELEVATION INVERT
POB
POE PP
POINT OF BEGINNING
POINT OF ENDING POWER POLE
UNO
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INV
Drawing Legends
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.
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Isometric Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Perspective
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Vanishing point
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Orthographic Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Bottom
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Projection view
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The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols. By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader. These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
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Civil
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas. Civil drawings are sometimes called:
They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
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Contour Lines
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Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.
180 160
140
120
110
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Architectural
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project. They include items such as:
Working drawings Structural drawings Floor plans Elevation drawings Section drawings Flow diagrams
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Gridlines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.
C B A 1
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
3
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Mechanical
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:
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An Exploded View
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Pneumatic/Hydraulic
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
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Plumbing/Piping
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Basic Blueprint Reading
36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
40.00
36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
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P&ID
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Piping and Instrumentation Drawings These drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material. All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.
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Example P&ID
FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
SLUG CATCHER
FILTER SEPARATOR
TEST SEPARATOR
HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS TANK
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Electrical
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment. They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram. Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.
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Example Ladder
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a rung to the ladder.
L1 Pushbutton
L2
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Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.
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Electrical Schematics
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1
D1 C2 T1 R2
Q2
R1
L1
C3 +
C1
R3 + VGG -
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Summary
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
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Objectives
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Define how industrial electrical drawings are structured. Define Graphical Symbols Define Electrical wiring diagrams
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Diagrams
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels. It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
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Electrical Diagrams
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder. All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as Single Line diagrams Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side. Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical line Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.
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Example Diagram
DISC 1FU L1 2FU 460V 3 60 L2 3FU L3 15 AMP 2OL 2T1 1L3 1T3 1L2 1T2 1MTR HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR 3 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 213 1M 1L1 1OL 1T1
X1 10 AMP 6FU 10 AMP 4FU 1PB MASTER STOP 3 1 1 2 3 AUTOMATIC 11 4 5 5 3PB RESET 11 6 7 CYCLE START 5 8 6PB 9 15 7PB 1CR 26 26 22 16 2CR 17 CRH CRA 5PB MANUAL 4PB 12 7 1M 2PB START MOTORS 1OL 8 9 2OL
115 V
CRM CRM CRH 13 2LT R 6 CRA AUTOMATIC 5, 14, 16, 21 AUTOMATIC MANUAL 6, 7, 15, 18, 23 MANUAL MASTER RELAY 3,3 CRM
5 14
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Lines
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Connections
Wiring Not Connected
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Connected
Termination or connection
TS4-15
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Graphical Symbols
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used. A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.
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Tapped Resistor
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Fuses
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Coil
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Motors Symbols
3 PHASE MOTOR
Basic Blueprint Reading
DC MOTOR
or
DC MOTOR FIELD
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Transformer Symbols
H3
H2
H4
X2
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Pilot Lights
PUSH-TO-TEST
Basic Blueprint Reading
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NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
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NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
Normally Closed
Normally Open
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NORMALLY CLOSED
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Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Pressure Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Foot Switches
NORMALLY CLOSED
NORMALLY OPEN
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Toggle Switch
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Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
Basic Blueprint Reading
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Selector Switch
3-POSITION
Second Off First Position Position Position
Basic Blueprint Reading
2-POSITION
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Pushbuttons
SINGLE CIRCUIT
Basic Blueprint Reading
DOUBLE CIRCUIT
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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E-Stop Pushbuttons
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NORMALLY CLOSED
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
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A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.
Pushbutton symbol
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Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111CR
211Sol
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BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage RED AC Control Circuits BLUE DC Control Circuits YELLOW Interlock Control Circuits GREEN Equipment grounding WHITE Grounded Circuit Conductor
Wire Identification
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
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Device Designations
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The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS Limit Switch CR - Control Relay T - Transformer FU - Fuse MTR - Motor LT - Pilot Light DISC Disconnect OL - Overload Relay PB - Pushbutton S - Switch
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Line Numbers
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Each line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down.
L1 Pushbutton 1 Limit Switch 2 Foot Switch 3 Temperature Switch 4 Relay CR2 Pressure Switch 115 VAC Relay CR1 Solenoid L2
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Line Numbers
Wire-Reference Numbers
Wire Numbers
Basic Blueprint Reading
L1
115 VAC
L2
Relay 3 4 ( 2, 3 )
Pushbutton
1 2 1 1 CR1 2 2
CR3
CR1
Limit Switch
CR1
Foot Switch 4 1 7
CR2
Relay CR3
(1)
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L2
Relay
CR1 ( 2, 3 )
1 CR1 2
Limit Switch
3 Foot Switch 4
CR1
CR2
Terminal Numbers
L1
Basic Blueprint Reading
115 VAC
L2 Relay 3
2
Pushbutton
1 2 1 2 CR1
1 3
CR3
CR1
4
10
( 2, 3 )
2 CR1
5 6
Limit Switch
6
2
Relay CR2 4
10
(4)
Foot Switch
4 1 7
1
CR2
3
8
2
Relay CR3
10
(1)
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Panel/Door Layouts
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Basic Blueprint Reading
9 TE RM . 1T B
1 X 3 46 0V
1M
2OL 9 9 1/2
DISC
1 1/2 X 3
1
1OL
2 3 4 5
1 1/2 X 3
36 TE RM .
4F 5F U U
6F 7F U U 115V 11 5V 1 1/2 X 3
AUTOMATIC
MANUAL
1 1/2 X 3
1CR
2CR
3CR
4CR
5CR
4PB
5PB
1 1/2 X 3
RESET 3PB
47 51 52 53
6CR
7CR
8CR
9CR
6 1/2 7 1/8
FULL DEPTH
HEAD RETRACTED
LUBE FAULT
5LT
6LT
9LT
29 TE RM .
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1 1/2 X 3
11 5V
1 1/2 X 3
26 1/2 7 1/2
90
15 1/8 5 1/2
115 V
Drawing Identification
Prefix AD E Type of Drawing Air Diagram (Mechanical) Scale Layout (Mechanical) Description These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices. These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
EL
These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job. These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.
EM
EO
HO
PL
WD WDO
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Block Diagrams
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format. Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information. Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines
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Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A. PRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE ENGERGIZED. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED. NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON 3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE. 1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS 6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART 2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED. 3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR. 4. 5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS. 5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING 7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART. 6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR. 7. 2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.
B.
C.
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Electrical Layouts - EL
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.
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Wiring (connection) diagram a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.
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Start
Basic Blueprint Reading
M (aux) Stop
NO
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Electronic Schematics
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1
D1 C2 T1 R2
Q2
R1
L1
C3 +
C1
R3 + VGG -
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Summary
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Objectives
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Shapes
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:
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Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as Fluid Power The basic difference is Flow symbol. If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.
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HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
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This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings. The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a device The devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.
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Flow lines
Flow line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single
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Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical Pilot control, bleed, filter
12 3
2 10 1
Dashed
Chain
Line
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Spring
Circle Shapes
Circles
Basic Blueprint Reading
Square at 45o
Rectangle
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piston
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Basic Symbols
Semi-circle
Basic Blueprint Reading
rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle mechanical connection piston rod, lever, shaft
Capsule
Double line
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Functional Elements
Triangle
Basic Blueprint Reading
Spring
Arrow
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Functional Elements
Arrows
Basic Blueprint Reading
Tee
Restriction
112
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion Shaft rotation
clockwise from right hand end
both
Functional Elements
Temperature
Basic Blueprint Reading
Operator
Prime mover
Electric motor
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Function components
Silencer
Basic Blueprint Reading
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Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rotating joint
Plant
Compressor and electric motor
Basic Blueprint Reading
Air receiver
Isolating valve
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Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge
Basic Blueprint Reading
Filters
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Pressure regulators
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A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Basic Blueprint Reading
The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2.. The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds. The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.
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A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state) The boxes are two pictures of the same valve
operated
normal
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Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions. Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path. Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot. Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve
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A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.
operated
normal
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Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to end
operated
normal
127
The port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal
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129
130
131
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
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The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
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The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
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A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
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The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
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The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
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The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
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The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flipped A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally closed
normally open
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Operators
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:
General manual Lever
Push button
Pedal
Pull button
Treadle
Rotary knob
Operators Contd
Plunger
Pressure
Pilot pressure
Differential pressure
Detent in 3 positions
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Operators Contd
Electrical
Basic Blueprint Reading
Solenoid pilot with manual override and external pilot supply When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral
142
Port markings
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:
Basic Blueprint Reading
Numerical Designations 2, 4, 6 . . . . 9
Supply Air
Exhaust Pilot Lines
P
R, S, T ..W Z, Y, X ..
1
3, 5, 7 12, 14, 16, 18
143
2 14
4 12 14
2 12
3 5
1 3
144
Port Markings
12
10
12
3
10
2 14 1
4 12 3 14
2 12 1
145
Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting
Basic Blueprint Reading
147
BALANCER VALVE #2 #1 #0
DOWN PB2
#2 COMMON PB3 #1
3 1 2
#7
#1
#1
CLAMP PB4
3 1 4 2
1 2 3 PS1
#8 #9
5 1 3 14
#3 #4
2 1 2-2
PV1
5 1 3 4 2
#23
UNCLAMP PB5
CLAMP CYL. A1
1
#8 3 NTD1
3
#9
12
3 1 OR2 3 1 2
#15
#19
1 2-2
NTD2 3
#5 #6
1 2-2 1
#10 #11
#10
14
NTD3 3
PV2
5 1 3 4 2
ROTATE ADVANCE
NTD4
#11
1
12
1 OR3
3 #13
#13 #22
14
#25
2
PV3
5 1 3
RAISE DISABLE
#17
1 2 1 OR4 3
3 1 2
#1
4 2
#25
5 1 3
12
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Summary
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Objectives
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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Define Piping Drawings Identify Piping Symbols Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID) Identify P&ID Symbols
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Piping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves. To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&IDs), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols. This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.
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Piping Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
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The single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.
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Pipe Crossing
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The crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.
When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it
Near pipe
Far pipe
154
Connections
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Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot
Detachable connection
Permanent connection
155
Adjoining apparatus
Fittings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
156
UNION
GATE VALVE
Y-FITTING CAP
PLUG
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
ELBOW
157
Pictorial Drawings
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.
158
Pictorial example
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Basic Blueprint Reading
PLUG
UNION
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
CHECK VALVE
REDUCER
45 ELBOW
ELBOW
159
Symbol
160
Gate Valve
Valves
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Basic Blueprint Reading
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE
BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
161
P&IDs
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Basic Blueprint Reading
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
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2. 3.
4.
5.
These process flow diagrams include: Pipe line numbers and directions Pipe specifications and line sizes All equipment All valves All Instrumentation with controlling devices
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Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE MINOR PROCESS LINES
Basic Blueprint Reading
PROCESS TUBING HYDRAULIC LINES ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL ELECTRICAL LEADS PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR) INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
164
Valve Symbols
Valve Normally Open
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve Normally Closed Needle Valve Normally Closed Ball Valve Normally Closed Globe Valve Normally Closed Gate Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Open Ball Valve Normally Open Globe Valve Normally Open Gate Valve Normally Open Butterfly Valve
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N.C.
Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.
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Balloon Labeling
z
z z
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve. The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example:
FC
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment. The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories.
Sensed Parameter F = flow T = temperature P = pressure I = current L = level V = voltage Z = position Type of Indicator or Controller R = recorder I = indicator C = controller Type of Component T = transmitter M = modifier E = element Type of Signal
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Instrument Behind Board Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier
P/I PM or P/I or E/I
Examples of Transmitters
FT
PT FT
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Flow Transmitter
PressureTransmitter
Controllers
z
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller
FC
Proportional
P PI PID I/P
Temperature Controller TC
Pressure Controller Level Controller PC TC
Proportional - Integral
Proportional Integral - Differential Current to Pneumatic
170
Components
z
Within every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.
Steam Turbine
Pumps
or
Tanks
or
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Misc. Symbols
z
In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions. Building/Area Boundary
XX-001-X-Y
XX-002-X-Y
XX-003-X-Y
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E-102
V-101
LC
LG
HEATING MEDIUM E-101 REBOILER 230F
275F
LC
P-101A & 101B PRODUCT STORAGE STORAGE
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Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
174
175
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
z
z z
Define Topographical Maps Define Contour Maps Define Geology and Mining Terms Define Site Plans Drawings Define Floor Plans Define Elevation Drawings Define Structural Drawings and symbols
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Topographical Maps
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Maps which describe in detail local features of the earths surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earths surface.
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Contours
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Most topographical maps are drawn as contours. Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..
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Control Points
Contours
Relative Elevations
179
Profile
Contours Continued
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide. Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
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Contour
Elevation Grid
181
z z z z z
Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north. Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes. Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault. Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein. Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface.
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Strike
183
Fault Plane
Seam or Stratum
Thickness
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway Railroad
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Telephone Line
Power Line
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Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings. T They provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.
185
186
Example Symbols
Earth-rough grade
Basic Blueprint Reading
187
Earth-finish grade
Floor Plans
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor the widths and locations of door and window openings the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms the types and locations of utility installations
188
Window Symbol
189
Elevation Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building. These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation
Side Elevation
190
Structural Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.
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Beams
z
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot
or
S
Top End Front
Symbols
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Channels
z
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
C
Top End Front
or
Symbols
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Angles
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
L
Top
Symbol
End
Front
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Tees
z
A structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
ST or T
Top
Symbols
196
Front End
Members
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.
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Vertical Members
z
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure. The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
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Horizontal Members
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
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Trusses
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
200
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
201
MACHINE DRAWINGS
202
Objectives
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
203
Machine Drawings
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
In learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.
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Tolerances
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z z
Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed. This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension. Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples. The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only. The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable. In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated
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Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method
.498 DIA + .000 - .002
Bilateral Method
30 1
.875 .005 7 1 8 64
Limit Method
.500 DIA .502
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Tolerance Symbols
Flatness & Straightness
Basic Blueprint Reading
Roundness
Angularity
Perpendicularity Parallelism Concentricity True Position
Symmetry
(MMC) Maximum Material Condition (RFS) Regardless of Feature size Datum Identifying symbol .001
M
-A-
Tolerance Datum
Symbol
Class Exercise
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
208
Fillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet
209
Rounds
Slots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Dovetail Slide
210
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slot
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
211
Screw Threads
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Gears
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
When gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.
Dedendum Addendum
213
Springs
z
There are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines
214
Finish Marks
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons. A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
x
x
02
60
3 X MIN.
60
Example of Use
215
Welding
z
Basic Blueprint Reading
Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass. Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld
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Symbol
1. Reference Line 7. Tail will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of inch 2. Arrow connects reference line to joint
OAW
2
5. Supplementary symbols this illustrates a convex weld 6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.
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Example Drawing
218
Summary
z z
Basic Blueprint Reading
z
219